In this statement, the ancient Greek philosopher discusses the topic of social inequality in society, or rather, the essence of the problem of poverty and wealth. This problem has plagued humanity throughout its entire existence. Today, due to the ongoing global financial crisis, it has escalated with renewed vigor.
People differ in gender, age, height, hair color, intelligence, and many other characteristics. In his statement, Democritus does not divide people, but indicates the content of the problem.
That is, it examines the essence of poverty and wealth through the awareness of the degree of satisfaction of human needs.
Let's turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement. The concepts of "poverty" and "wealth" are reciprocal. Poverty is a condition in which a person is unable to meet his biological needs. Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the general standard of living in a given society. Wealth is an abundance of values in a person that exceed the vital needs of a person.
A person can own several cars, have a country house and still be not satisfied.
Another has a large and friendly family, an inexpensive car and for him this is abundance. It is important that a person does not set himself the task of acquiring all material wealth, but it is also impossible to live like an ascetic. The goal of life should be broader than the personal one; it should proceed from the desire to do good to people. Only then will a person be truly rich and happy.
This problem is touched upon in many literary works. Thus, in Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky contrasts the magnificent and luxurious Petersburg with the poor and doomed Raskolnikov. And showing what actions poverty prompts people to do: Sonya works in a "brothel" to help the family, but the author focuses not only on the material condition of the heroes, but also shows us that a person, having not a penny behind his back, is -really mentally rich.
There is a big chasm between wealth and poverty. And the material condition certainly has great importance in a person's life, but you should never forget about the development of your inner world, acquiring material values for the development and well-being of your life.
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Shaikhutdinova Aigul Ildarovna, 11th grade student of MBOU Secondary School No. 6 in Aznakaevo
Essays on Wealth and Poverty
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I chose this topic because the topic of poverty and wealth can be considered the most significant of all social problems inherent in any social system at all times. The problem of wealth and poverty has been worrying the minds of millions of people since time immemorial, when, with the advent of private property and inequality, the period of primitive communism ended and the transition to civilization took place, in which primitive equality was replaced by social stratification, characterized by an uneven distribution of the most limited resources of society. money, power, education and prestige between different strata (strata) of the population. The problem of wealth and poverty does not lose its relevance today, especially for Russia. Russia's transition to a market economy was accompanied by a rapid stratification of society into rich and poor. According to official data from Rosstat, the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level in 2013 was 19.6 million. Thus, poor citizens make up 13.8% of the total population of Russia. Having looked through many dictionaries from the dictionaries of Dahl and Ozhegov to the encyclopedic dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Whether a person is rich or poor depends on the amount of money and the necessary goods and access to them. As the people say: "The poor are empty, but the rich are full." The poor have a low level of income and expenses, as a result of which they cannot maintain the desired living standards., And the rich personan abundance of tangible and intangible values, such as money, means of production, real estate or personal property. Nobody wants to be poor voluntarily, everyone wants to be rich. Why then can't most people get rich? Many scientists were looking for answers to this question, such as Aristotle, Plato, T. Hobbes, P.-J. Proudhon, F. Nietzsche, G. Marcuse, E. Fromm, F. Hayek. M. Weber, T. Veblen, W. Sombart, K. Marx, P. Sorokin, F. Engels. A. Smith and others. Poverty is the result of diverse and interrelated causes, which are grouped into the following groups: economic ( unemployment, low wage , low labor productivity, non-competitiveness industry); socio-medical (disability, old age , high levelmorbidity); demographic (single-parent families, a large numberdependents in the family); educational qualification (low leveleducation, insufficient professional training); political (military conflicts, forcedmigration ); regional-geographical (uneven development of regions); fatalistic (the cause of poverty is seen in the absence of luck and twists of fate).
I believe that in addition to objective reasons leading to poverty, there are also subjective reasons. Now scientists are talking about the presence of the psychology of poverty. Some of the guilt for their position of poverty lies with the person himself. Character traits such as laziness, passivity, lack of goals in life, low adaptability, low self-esteem, fear, fear of change, lack of enterprise and initiative, alcoholism are also the causes of poverty. A rich person has a completely different way of thinking than a poor person. The rich are confident in their abilities, believe in success, are not afraid of difficulties and consider all the possibilities to achieve their goal, and the poor thinks that nothing will work out for him, that nothing depends on him, he is fixated
on the obstacles. The poor only dream of wealth beyond their reach, and the rich take action to get it. Poor people associate with losers, envy the rich and resent their success, considering wealth to be evil, and all the rich to be dishonest and bad. Rich people learn fromsuccessful people , they admire them and do everything to become successful.
My opinion is that poverty and wealth are determined not by gold, but by the attitude towards it.
The ancient wisdom correctly says: “Happy is not the one who has a lot, but the one who has enough!
Material well-being should be combined with spiritual wealth. Much depends on the person himself, on his choice. You need to teach people to be rich both materially and spiritually.
As for the question of whether it is necessary to tax the rich with more taxes than the poor, it is impossible to answer unequivocally. At first glance, it seems that it is fair that the one who has more should pay more. But even with the 13% income tax in Russia, the rich pay more. Those who earn, for example, 10 thousand rubles pay 1300 rubles, and who earns 1 million rubles and pays the same income, they will already pay 160 thousand rubles. And if you increase taxes for the rich, for example, introduce a proportional tax, then you need to do this within reasonable limits, so as not to deprive people of the incentive to earn money and not alienate people from property, as we already had in the history of dispossession. Otherwise, the rich will look for loopholes to hide their income. This can lead to the development of the shadow economy, capital outflow, as well as how the rich Depardieu can escape from taxes to other countries with their capital. All of this will hit our economy. First, we need to develop the correct criteria for wealth in order to tax the rich, and not shift it to the wallets of the middle class. Second, taxes should stimulate business development, not rob it.
I would give the Nobel Prize to anyone who came up with a new efficient and fair tax system.
The tax policy of the state should be an effective mechanism contributing to the development of the economy and society as a whole, ensuring an increase in the living standard of the population. Death and taxes are inevitable. As saidHolmes Oliver Wendell: "Taxes are the price we pay for the opportunity to live in a civilized society"
Podolsk Institute of Moscow State Open University
Social Research Program
"Social problem
-
POVERTY"
Completed by student Checked by: Ivanov Y. Ya.
Groups "9-35"
Elena Kuznetsova
Podolsk 2005
1.Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 1
2. The concept of poverty. History of Poverty Studies ……………………. ……………………… .2
3. Basic concepts of poverty study and measurement …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
4. The problem of poverty in Russia …………………………………………. ……………………………… ..4
5. Signs of groups of the “social bottom” …………………………………………………………… ...… ..4
6. On the verge of the “bottom” …………………………………………………………………………………….… 6
7.Methods to fight poverty ……………………………………………………………… ... ……… .7
8.Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………… .... 8
Introduction
Poverty has always been an urgent problem, but in modern Russia this issue is especially acute. Currently, a significant part of the population is below the poverty line or close to the border of the "social bottom". This is especially noticeable against the background of strong stratification, when the difference in incomes between the poor and the rich is tens, hundreds and thousands of times. And this process is dynamic, the poor are getting poorer, and the rich are getting richer.
In this essay, I considered the following issues: different interpretations of the concept of poverty, the history of the study of poverty, the basic concepts of the study and measurement of poverty. The topic of the essay, to which I paid special attention, was the problem of poverty in Russia, in the study of which I identified the main groups of the poor and their signs. I looked at the category of people who are close to the poverty line. I tried to find out the reasons for their fall to the "social bottom", as well as methods of dealing with this phenomenon.
Poverty concept. The history of the study of poverty.
Poverty - characteristic of the economic position of an individual or group, in which they cannot pay the cost of the necessary goods themselves.
Poverty - inability to maintain a certain acceptable standard of living.
Poverty - this is a condition in which the basic needs of a person exceed his ability to satisfy them.
In studies of the causes and place of poverty in society, the period from the 18th to the first half of the 20th century and modern studies of poverty in the 20th century (F.A. Hayek, P. Townsend, etc.) are distinguished. Already the works of A. Smith have revealed the relative nature of poverty through the connection between poverty and social shame, i.e. the gap between social standards and the material ability to adhere to them. Back in the 19th century, it was proposed to calculate the poverty line on the basis of family budgets and thereby introduce the criterion of absolute poverty, link the criteria for determining poverty with the level of income and satisfaction of the basic needs of an individual associated with maintaining a certain level of his working capacity and health. Both economists and sociologists made a significant contribution to the study of poverty problems, most of whom recognized the regularity of the existence of poverty in society; the difference of points of view consisted, first of all, in the recognition or denial of the necessity of state intervention in solving the problem of poverty and in the scale of such intervention.
In Russia, poverty research on the basis of budget surveys began in 1908-1909, the most famous of which was conducted by A.M. Stopin in 1909 and published in 1913 and completely in 1916 - concerned the budget of the oil industrial worker, this is the only study so far that has provided an analysis of needs and budgets in the national context (7 nationalities). According to this survey, the lowest-income groups (below 250 rubles) spent more than three-quarters of all income on physiological needs, while the highest-income groups (over 900 rubles) spent slightly more than half; specially investigated the budgets of the unemployed. In 1918. the first minimum budget was drawn up, and budget surveys of urban workers and employees continued until 1927 and their publication until 1929, the budgets of collective farmers are 1-2 years longer, but the latter were largely falsified. The cessation of first publications, and then of the surveys themselves, was due to a picture of the standard of living that was sharply different in their results from those descriptions that were given officially. The most "indecent" fact, from the point of view of the authorities, is the rapid growth of alcohol consumption at the expense of the family's living expenses.
Basic concepts for studying and measuring poverty.
Poverty measurements are based on three main concepts: absolute, based on the formal compliance of incomes with the established minimum means of subsistence; subjective, based on assessments of their own position with the people themselves; relative, assuming that, given the differences in consumption standards in different communities, establishing a single minimum “poverty line” is at least problematic and depends on the average living standard of a particular country.
In the era of the crisis of the so-called welfare state, which affected the development of countries of the world (in Russia, these processes are also recorded), many scientists and politicians come to the conclusion that poverty in modern industrial
society should no longer be considered as an absolute, but as a relative state, and, therefore, will inevitably exist as long as there is social inequality.
The weak point of any quantitative assessment of poverty is the neglect of a wide range of other available resources that affect the maintenance of the material well-being of people.
Relative poverty concept (the poor are distinguished according to the median principle): those whose income makes up a certain proportion of the "median" income in a given country at a given period of time are recognized as poor. Moreover, the poverty line is always at the same distance from the median, which statistically characterizes the standard of living achieved in society.
It is precisely in recent years that Russian sociologists have begun to come to the conclusion that poverty research requires an analysis of the deprivation, deprivation, and limitations in social life experienced by a certain proportion of the population. This is the essence of the deprivation approach in assessing poverty, an integral part of the concept of its relative understanding and study.
Assessment in poverty based on the deprivation approach should distinguish between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of deprivation.
Qualitative filling of various levels of deprivation of poor households:
4th stage of deprivation - the stage of poverty, when resources are not enough for adequate food, the family saves on hygiene items, does not renew clothes for children as they grow up, refuses to buy fruits, juices, and does not have durable items such as a TV and refrigerator.
3rd stage of deprivation - the level of acute need (poverty) - deprivation is concentrated on the quality of food, lack of clothes and shoes (adult family members are forced to refuse to renew them), it is difficult for a family to maintain housing in order, to have simple everyday furniture, to organize, if necessary, the necessary ritual ceremony (funeral, commemoration), to purchase vital medicines and medical devices, limit the ability to invite and visit guests.
2nd stage of deprivation - level of constraint (low-income)- when there is not enough money for the family's favorite delicacies, gifts for loved ones, newspapers, magazines, books; the quality of leisure for adults and children decreases; the family cannot afford to buy a washing machine, visit relatives living far away; refuses paid services, primarily necessary medical services.
1st stage - level characterizing living standards close to average and does not mean the existence of a deviation from the generally accepted way of life in the Russian community. Families at this stage need to improve their living conditions, save on the purchase of modern expensive durables, paid educational, recreational services, family rest and entertainment.
There are a number of poverty indices, giving its various characteristics: for example, surplus-separating index, when the share of different income groups in the total population is used in the form of coefficients, it makes it possible to give both a qualitative and a quantitative assessment of changes in poverty among population groups in relation to global poverty; Rauls index reflects the position of only the poorest family, other indices reflect the proportional inadequacy of the incomes of the poor, the total lack of income, which falls short of the poverty line.
Poverty problem in Russia.
Overall score the number of marginals, which was obtained on the basis of a special sociological survey in Russia as a whole, is no less than 10% of the urban population. The peculiarity of the process of marginalization of the Russian population is that the groups that fall to the social bottom have a very low probability of returning to normal life, lining up in market relations. Due to the fact that the process of marginalization has reached a large scale and has, moreover, negative dynamics, a special study was carried out on the problems of marginalization in Russia.
Signs of groups of "social bottom".
The allocation of groups of the population to the "social bottom" as a specific stratum is undoubtedly conditional. However, these groups have similar features: they are people, for the most part, rejected by society, deprived of social resources, stable connections, who have lost elementary social skills and dominant values of society. At the same time, beggars, homeless people, street children, street prostitutes - each of the groups has its own characteristics; but there are no rigid boundaries between them: a homeless person can be a beggar, and a homeless child can be a homeless person. However, indicated
zonal groups have their own main characteristics, specificity of formation and socio-demographic characteristics, which makes it possible to identify them.
The main feature of the group "Beggars" - to ask for alms in connection with the loss of income or its catastrophic fall in the absence of help from any side (society or close people) and the inability to earn them through labor. Three quarters of the poor live in their apartments (houses) or with friends; two thirds of them have secondary and higher education. The number of beggars is increasing due to the increase in poverty caused by the August 17 crisis - and due to the rise in unemployment, non-payment of wages and pensions, which are becoming widespread.
Homeless people - it is actually an abbreviation for the definition of a "homeless" person. It is obvious that the absence of a "roof" over one's head is the main characteristic of this group. They become homeless as a result of release from prison, family conflict and leaving home, as a result of illegal transactions with housing, as well as as a result of forced migration (refugees). Two-thirds of homeless people live at train stations, in basements, in the attics of houses and “wherever they have to”. More than half of them have secondary and higher education. A new factor in the loss of their own home today is associated with unsuccessful business conduct, when the creditor forcibly evicts the debtor without any decisions of the legal authorities.
The third group includes only children between the ages of 6 and 17. / This is its main feature. There are two sources for the formation of this group. First, children run away (leave) home as a result of conflict or difficult family conditions (parental alcoholism, violence); the second is the loss of parents (death, prison) or the actual abandonment of children by the parents. Street children can live in their own apartments, but also live a homeless lifestyle if they are left alone.
Estimates made on the basis of the results of an all-Russian study show that the lower limit of the size of the social bottom is 10% of the urban population, or 10.8 million people, including 3.4 million people - beggars, 3.3 million people - homeless people, 2.8 million people - street children and 1.3 million people - street prostitutes. Street children deserve special attention, their share is 10% of the number of children in the corresponding age group. This means that today, in the context of a falling birth rate, 63 thousand people born in Russia turn out to be unnecessary for their parents, and they either refuse or are ready to abandon their children.
The above figures do not match the official statistics. So, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, there are from 100 to 350 thousand homeless people in Russia.
The catalyst for the downward mobility process is mainly external environmental factors determined by the low level of social support (single pensioners, disabled people, single mothers) and social isolation (refugees, drug addicts, criminals, gypsies). The psychological state of the paupers is characterized by a note of despair and hopelessness. At the same time, their gaze reveals the whole spectrum of human emotions: the despair of people who have fallen into a relatively recent place and are not yet sufficiently socialized in their new environment (beggars), the hopeless calmness of “old-timers” (homeless people) and the optimism of street children.
Analysis of the data shows that the social bottom has a predominantly "male face", among them - two-thirds of men and one-third of women. Almost 90% of the homeless are men; three quarters of them are people between the ages of 20 and 50. The average age of beggars and homeless people is approaching 45; for street children it is equal to 10 years, for prostitutes - 28 years. The minimum age for beggars is 12 years; they start to go home from 6 years old.
There are few people with higher education among the inhabitants of the bottom. However, the majority of beggars and homeless people have secondary and specialized secondary education; at the same time, 6% received higher education; homeless people and prostitutes also have it.
About 14% of the marginalized live in small groups or colonies, the rest - in families and singles. The habitats of representatives of the social bottom are very diverse: they settle in apartments (of their own or of their friends), in basements and in the attics of houses, in abandoned houses and garden houses, at railway stations and ports, in heating mains and sewers, in landfills. The most unsettled are homeless people and street children.
As a source of livelihood, it should be noted the collection of glass containers and scrap materials, things and products in landfills and in garbage containers, the execution of various orders and the resale of goods. One of the main sources of income is alms.
Among beggars and street children, the largest percentage of alcoholics and substance abusers. Most of the representatives of the bottom bear noticeable traces of beatings. Two thirds of them eat extremely irregularly and poor quality food. But in general, they assess their health with a moderate degree of optimism. Many of them do not use drugs.
Homeless people and street children are almost completely not covered by medical services.
The Russian social bottom is very dangerous. Homeless people and street children are prone to violence; are armed (according to representatives of the bottom, 85% of homeless children and 34% of homeless people) with melee weapons, and 28% have firearms. The environment in which the street children live is literally stuffed with weapons. Especially often they use toxic substances.
There are fewer violent people among the homeless. They drink alcohol more often and more than other paupers, but abstain from the use of toxic and narcotic substances. A significant proportion of them end up in prison.
On the verge of the "bottom".
The process of social differentiation is growing rapidly: the rich are becoming richer, and the poor are becoming poorer. As a result, two worlds are formed, two Russia, with their own socio-cultural values, lifestyles and behaviors (cultures): the world of the richest and wealthiest class and the world of the poorest (outsiders), officially called losers. All life prospects are radically different for representatives of different property strata - from social growth and official position to family relationships and interest in work. Loss of social life orientations is very strongly related to income level and quality of life. It is here, in the stratum of the have-nots and the poor, that a special, one might say, new stratum is formed - the “bottom-up” one. That group of people who are already being drawn to the social bottom. Here people are forced to finally break off ties with the "big" society, they break under the weight of failures and social rejection.
The problem of finding a place in life significantly affects social well-being and the nature of social optimism. If the majority of the rich look to the future with hope, or at least calmly, then the representatives of the poor do not expect anything good from life; their attitude is characterized by pessimism and despair. In this psychological phenomenon of the poorest one can see the state of dowry: they are still in society, but with despair they see that they cannot resist here. 83% of poor Russians and 80% of the poor are constantly experiencing a sense of anxiety. They are not so much worried about the low wage, how much its non-payment, not so much the economic situation of the industry as the state of their enterprise. The reason for such selectivity is connected not even with the fact that they live hard, but with the desire to survive. "Pridonye" is a zone of domination of social depression, an area of social catastrophes, in which people finally break down and are thrown out of society.
Getting into the natural layer is characterized by high level pessimism: people are lonely, they consider themselves to be on the verge of collapse. The bottom layer, like the edge of the social funnel, is relatively small (5% of the population) and all the poor cannot be included here. However, it is in this stratum that there are people who have already begun to be drawn into the social abyss and most of them cannot swim out on their own. Finding themselves on the brink of social degradation, social decline, people most often do not see sources of support and begin to experience a state of panic. The poor are ready to expect help only from God.
The presented problem forms a serious threat to social security, affecting not an individual person, but society as a whole.
Poverty reduction methods.
Many countries, primarily Scandinavian, are leading effective fight with poverty. To combat poverty among young people, although it is a temporary phenomenon, in many countries there are grants for education and child support for young families, and for older ages - supplements to a pension, if its size and pensioner's income provide only a low level of welfare.
Any government, based on its program of activities, must choose between the scale of income redistribution programs to combat poverty and programs to stimulate labor activity and savings in budgetary funds. So, in the USA in 1960-1970. social politics was aimed at creating favorable opportunities for the poor, and since 1980 there has been a significant cut in budget funds allocated to the provision of food vouchers, school meals, free medical care and other measures aimed at reducing poverty.
To eradicate poverty and reduce poverty, the international community proposed in the mid-1990s. national governments:
1. develop comprehensive strategies.
2.improve for poor communities ( social groups) access to production resources and infrastructure.
3. strive to meet basic human needs in all segments of the population.
4.Strengthen and expand legislation to strengthen social protection and reducing the vulnerability of certain categories of people.
In a general formulation, all these questions are directly related to the strategic course of the Russian Government. The governments declared the need to create a state with a socially oriented economy in the new Russia.
In such a state, the development center is, of course, the person, the solution of his problems with a constant increase in the level and improvement of the quality of life, unconditional respect for the rights of each individual, and the achievement of social development goals is not secondary to the goals economic development
For more accurate and systematic observation of all social processes, the United Nations Development Program has been preparing annual reports on human development for the Russian Federation and other CIS countries since 1995. To determine the general level of social development based on human potential, the reports use the so-called human development index, which is increasingly being used in our country not only by researchers, but also by politicians and allows any international comparison and classification of countries.
Conclusion.
Having considered the concept of poverty, one can come to a conclusion and draw several
generalizations on this topic. The concept of poverty is interpreted in different ways: both as a low level of income and expenses, and as the impossibility of maintaining the desired living standards, and as the impossibility of maintaining the desired living standards, and as a certain sense of self in society.
When considering the problem of poverty in Russia, which is quite acute, the following groups of the "social bottom" were singled out: beggars, homeless people, street children. A sign of beggars is begging for alms, homeless people - lack of "shelter" over their heads, children - age 6-17 years. The factors of downward mobility are: the factor of political determinism, criminality, personal bad luck in life, one's own guilt, and social isolation.
Part of the population is on the verge of sinking, to the “bottom”, due to difficult economic circumstances. These people are in a state of complex social depression, they do not live, but strive to survive.
Poverty remains an important problem in our country and around the world. It, I think, cannot be eradicated, but it can be reduced.
Since ancient times, man has strived for abundance and prosperity. For yourself, your family, your people, and sometimes all peoples together. Sages, inventors, travelers, generals - each in his own way tried to bring the age of abundance closer. Alas, the world is not perfect. The age of complete abundance is still a pipe dream of humanity. To gain a deeper understanding of the problem and try to find ways to solve it, it is worth exploring two fundamental concepts: poverty and wealth.
For any of the peoples of the world, poverty has always become a terrible test. Scientists define poverty as economic performance a person or a group of people who cannot afford to have a certain minimal set the goods of the first necessity. Philosophers and poets viewed poverty differently. Ancient greek philosopher Plato believed: "Poverty does not consist in a decrease in property, but in an increase in gluttony." “I do not find anything attractive or instructive in poverty,” the famous actor Charlie Chaplin said about poverty. Poverty was addressed in their writings different people: philosophers and poets, artists and politicians. A. N. Ostrovsky summarizes them well in his work. “Poverty is not a vice,” says Ostrovsky, with three in simple words summarizing the opinions of millions.
Wealth is the exact opposite of poverty. The scientific definition of wealth looks like this: "Wealth is an abundance of material and intangible values in a person or society, such as money, means of production, real estate or personal property." The question is whether wealth is not the missing milestone for universal abundance. Russian writer D.I. Fonvizin wrote about wealth this way: “Leaving wealth to children? They will be smart - they will do without him; and wealth does not help a foolish son. Cash is not cash denominations. The golden fool is all fool. ”It turns out that wealth cannot play a decisive role in the creation of world prosperity. But what can be done? It seems to me that the way out is simple, and it lies in the harmonious combination of wealth and poverty, as two halves of one whole.
This is easier said than done, of course. There is a big chasm between wealth and poverty. But after all, common happiness should be built together. World history has repeatedly proved to man that his strength is in unity with others. And so I think that if each person, having built his own happiness, shares with another, then the age of abundance will surely come.
I, Albina Vasilievna Starovoitova, a teacher of the German language at school No. 2 in the city of Mezhdurechensk, chose the theme “Poverty is not a vice”.
At school, the level of material well-being of each child is very clearly visible. Parents dress their children according to their ability. Someone buys clothes in expensive boutiques, and someone in Chinese markets.
I am positive about the introduction of compulsory school uniforms. For 8 years I have been acting as an organizer of work with parents, I have drawn up the Regulations on school uniforms and invite representatives of garment factories in the cities of the region to school parent meetings. Legal representatives of students have the opportunity to purchase a beautiful and comfortable school uniform at affordable prices. Now, in the outward appearance of students, the line between poverty and wealth is gradually blurring.
I will start my essay with a quote: “Poverty is not a vice, it is truth. But poverty is a vice! " (F.M.Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment").
Indeed, let poverty and the result of imperfection of the economy, or some kind of independent this person reasons (war, earthquake, flood for example), but it is not difficult to remain a Human if you are still poor. First of all, people, of course, are themselves to blame for their situation. Man creates his own destiny. If a person wants to become rich, then he will be. You need to make an effort - and everything will work out.
People are a product of domination market economy, capitalism, and, accordingly, are on the axis, thrown out of the game; those who failed to sell on time or buy someone on time, who failed to suppress others, and became depressed.
The topic of poverty and wealth has been of interest to people for a long time.
Scientists define poverty as an economic characteristic of a person who cannot afford to have a minimum set of basic necessities. Philosophers and poets viewed poverty differently. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato believed: "Poverty consists not in a decrease in property, but in an increase in gluttony." “I do not find anything attractive or instructive in poverty,” the famous actor Charlie Chaplin said about poverty. Various people have addressed the topic of poverty in their writings: philosophers and poets, artists and politicians. A. N. Ostrovsky summarizes them well in his work. “Poverty is not a vice,” says Ostrovsky, summarizing the views of millions in three simple words.
Wealth is the exact opposite of poverty. The scientific definition of wealth looks like this: "Wealth is an abundance of material and intangible values in a person or society, such as money, means of production, real estate or personal property."
Russian writer D.I. Fonvizin wrote about wealth this way: “Leaving wealth to children? They will be smart - they will do without him; and wealth does not help a foolish son.
There is a big chasm between wealth and poverty. But after all, common happiness should be built together. And so I think that if each person, having built his own happiness, shares with another, then the century of common happiness will surely come.
Scottish poet Robert Burnsall my life I was interested in the human essence, the concept of morality, rich poverty, or vice versa, poor wealth. Vhis poem "Honest Poverty" discusses the eternal questions: what is poverty and wealth, what is honor and intelligence. How honor and intelligence are combined with wealth and poverty.
The poem contrasts poor, but honest and rich, but dishonest people. He claims that wealth does not mean that its owner is an honest and noble person. Quite the opposite: often a rich person turns out to be stupid and a scoundrel. I think that during the time of Robert Burns (and he lived in the 18th century) it was so. Then everything in England was run by rich and noble people. They were not necessarily the smartest, but their money and their titles gave them the right to rule the country.
At the same time, many smart and worthy people could not find use for their abilities. After all, they were poor and ignoble. Here is Robert Burns and speaks in his poem with criticism of such orders:
We eat bread and drink water,
We hide in rags
And all that jazz
And meanwhile a fool and a rogue
Dressed in silk and drinking wine
And all that jazz.
The poem "Honest Poverty" is one of the answers to many questions: why a person is poor, what will help him to get out of poverty, how to preserve purity in his soul, while having the opportunity to get rich, etc. Burns in the poem urges not to be ashamed of your poverty. A person who is dependent on money and wealth cannot be regarded as an intelligent person. This poem is consonant with the Russian proverb: "They are greeted by their clothes, escorted by their minds." This is the very first and most important human dignity that cannot be bought. This is the pride of both rich and poor.
It is impossible to reward with the mind, to pay off, it is impossible to buy it. Orders, ribbons, expensive clothes are not an indicator of intelligence. Who in Burns "is dressed in silk and drinks wine" is a fool and a cheat. Burns is optimistic in his views: The day will come and the hour will strike,
When to mind and honor
All over the earth the turn will come
Come first.
It seems to me that the time that Burns dreamed of has not yet come. The desire of people to live better is natural, but the desire to live better at the expense of others is a sign of our time. Smart people today vegetate, and in honor the one who is more cunning, physically stronger, who has stronger nerves. Let's hope:
That there will be a day
When around
All people will become brothers!
And human qualities will then be really appreciated.
Sources:
http:// ycilka. net/ tvir. php? id=820# ixzz3 zdxZgYsx .
http:// center- yf. ru/ data/ economy/ bednost- esse. php "
Poem by Robert Burns "Honest Poverty"
Ich habe, Starowojtowa Albina Wassiljewna, der Lehrer des Deutschen, die Schulen No. 2 Städte Meschduretschenska das Thema "die Armut nicht das Laster" gewählt. In der Schule ist das Niveauinder materiellen Wohtdes seergehens jeutdes de Kintern beech den Möglichkeiten.Jemand kauft die Kleidung in teueren Boutiquen, und jemanden auf den chinesischen Märkten.Ich verhalte mich zur Einleitung der obligatorischen Schuluniform positiv.Ich erfülle die Funktionen des Organisators der 8 ich lade aufschool-wide
die Elternversammlungen der Vertreter der Bekleidungswerke der Städte des Gebietes ein. Die gesetzlichen Vertreter der Ausgebildeten haben die Möglichkeit, die schöne und bequeme Schuluniform nach den preiswerten Preisen zu erwerben. Jetzt wird im Aussehen der Schüler der Rand zwischen der Armut und dem Reichtum allmählich gewaschen. Das Essay werde ich mit dem Zitat beginnen: “die Armut nicht das Laster, ist die Wahrheit. Aber das Elend - das Laster! " (F.M. Dostojewski, "das Verbrechen und die Strafe"). Wirklich, wenn auch die Armut und das Ergebnis der Unvollkommenheit der Wirtschaft, oder irgendwelcher unabhängig vom gegebenen Menschen der Gründe (der Krieg, das Erdbeen, die Überschwemmung, zum Beispiel, duffer, blend, blend, mens der,) bist. In erster Linie sind die Menschen, natürlich, an der Lage selbst schuldig. Der Mensch schafft das Schicksal selbst. Wenn der Mensch reich werden will, so wird er von ihm. Man muss die Anstrengungen machen - und aller wird sich ergeben. Die Menschen sind ein Produkt der Herrschaft der Marktwirtschaft, des Kapitalismus, und entsprechend befinden sich auf die Achsen, die aus dem Spiel hinausgeworfen sind; nicht schaffend rechtzeitig, oder rechtzeitig jemanden verkauft zu werden, nicht schaffend zu kaufen, andere zu unterdrücken, wurden unterdrückt eben. Das Thema der Armut und des Reichtumes von den einstigen Zeiten interessiert die Menschen. Die Gelehrten bestimmen die Armut wie die Wirtschaftscharakteristik des Menschen, nicht könnend, sich zu gönnen, den minimalen Satz des Wohls der ersten Notwendigkeit zu haben. Die Philosophen und die Dichter betrachteten Armut anders. Altgriechischer Philosoph Platon hielt: "die Armut besteht nicht in der Verkleinerung des Eigentums, und in der Vergrößerung der Unersättlichkeit." "Ich finde in der Armut nichts attraktiv oder lehrreich" - so über die Armut sagte berühmter Schauspieler Charlie Tschaplin. An das Thema der Armut in den Werken behandelten verschiedene Menschen: die Philosophen und die Dichter, Maler und die Politteiker ihm im Werk führt ANOstrowski zu. "Die Armut nicht das Laster", - sagt Ostrowski, von drei einfachen Wörtern die Meinungen Millionen zusammenfassend. - der Überfluss beim Menschen oder der Gesellschaft der materiellen und immateriellen Werte, solcher, wie das Geld, das Produktionsmittel, Immobilien oder das persönliche Eigentum ". Russischer Schriftsteller D.I. Fonwisin so schrieb über den Reichtum: “den Reichtum den Kindern Abzugeben? Werden klug sein - ohne ihn werden umgehen; und dem dummen Sohn nicht in die Hilfe der Reichtum. Zwischen dem Reichtum und der Armut der große Abgrund. Aber doch soll das allgemeine Glück zusammen eben gebaut werden. Und deshalb denke ich, dass wenn jeder Mensch, das Glück aufgebaut, wird anderem mitteilen, so wird das Jahrhundert des allgemeinen Glückes unbedingt treten. Schottischen Dichter Robert Bernsa interessierten das menschliche Wesen, die Begriffe von der Moral, die reiche Armut oder im Gegenteil, den armen Reichtum lebenslang. Im Gedicht urteilt "die Ehrliche Armut" den ewigen Fragen: was ist Armut und der Reichtum, was ist Ehre und den Verstand. Wie die Ehre und der Verstand mit dem Reichtum und der Armut kombiniert werden. Im Gedicht sind arm, aber ehrlich und reich, aber die unehrlichen Menschen entgegengesetzt. Er behauptet, dass der Reichtum nicht bedeutet, dass sein Besitzer ein Mensch ehrlich und edel ist. Schneller im Gegenteil: der oft reiche Mensch zeigt sich dumm und dem Schuft. Ich denke, dass es unter Robert Bernsa (und er lebte im XVIII. Jahrhundert) als auch war. Dann machten von allem in England die Menschen reich und vornehm zurecht. Sie waren nicht unbedingt klügst, aber ihre Geld und ihre Titel gestatteten ihnen das Recht, das Land zu verwalten. Gleichzeitig konnten sehr viele kluge und würdige Menschen die Anwendung den Fähigkeiten nicht finden. Doch waren sie auch der unedelen Herkunft arm. Robert Berns tritt im Gedicht mit der Kritik solcher Ordnungen eben auf: Wir das Brot essen auch das Wasser wir trinken, Wir werden von den Lumpen bedeckt Und ganz solch übrig, Und inzwischen der Dummkopf und der die Gauner die Gauner Und solches ganze Übrige. Das Gedicht "die Ehrliche Armut" ist eine der Antworten auf eine Menge der Fragen: warum ist der Mensch arm, was ihm helfen wird, aus dem Elend ausgerissen zu werden, wie die Sauberkeit in derich Seele aufzusparen, die Mögabl. ä. Berns im Gedicht bereichert zu werden ruft, sich vor der Armut nicht zu genieren. Der Mensch, der vom Geld abhängt, des Reichtumes, kann wie der Mensch klug nicht bewertet sein. Dieses Gedicht ist mit der russischen sprichwörtlichen Redensart harmonisch: "begegnen nach den Klamotten, begleiten nach dem Verstand." Die am meisten erste und wichtige Würde des Menschen, die es unmöglich ist, zu kaufen. Es ist der Stolz sowohl reich, als auch arm. Mit dem Verstand ist es unmöglich, zu belohnen, zu zahlen, es ist es unmöglich, zu kaufen. Die Orden, des Bands, teuere Kleidungen ist nicht die Kennziffer des Verstands. Wer ist bei Bernsa "in die Seiden bekleidet und die Schuld trinkt", - der Dumme und der Gauner.Burns
ist in den Blicken optimistisch: es Wird der Tag anbrechen, und die Stunde wird lochen, Wenn dem Verstand und der Ehre Auf der ganzen Erde wird die Reihe kommen Auf dem ersten Platz zu stehen. Mir scheint es, dass die Zeit, von dem Berns träumte, es ist noch nicht getreten. Das Streben der Menschen, besser zu leben - ist natürlich, aber das Streben, besser auf Kosten von Umgebung - das Merkmal unserer Zeit zu leben. Die klugen Menschen heutevegetate
, und in der Ehre, wer, stärker physisch schlauer ist, bei dem die Nerven fester ist. Wir werden hoffen: Dass der Tag wird, Wenn rundherum Alle Menschen werden die Brüder! Und die menschlichen Qualitäten werden dann nach der Würde wirklich bewertet werden.