In many sources, in addition to the phrase: "Chief of the General Staff of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces - Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, Colonel General", there are no other facts from the biography of Sergei Rudsky. And on the Internet any Interesting Facts from the life of a military leader are absent. Therefore, we will try to piece together the mosaic of the biography of General Rudsky. And let's start, of course, with his name.
Hero name
Many sources refer to General Sergei Rudskiy somewhat differently. Referring to those close to the Ministry of Defense and announcing the appointment of a new candidate to the post of chief of the General Staff of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, they do not even bother to clarify the correct spelling of his surname.
Perhaps this confusion is associated with the name of another military leader - a hero of the USSR, a retired major general of aviation, and the last), the former governor of Kursk, Alexander Rutskoi.
These personalities - Rudsky and Rutskoy - are not connected by kinship and a common surname, as it seemed to someone. There is nothing in common between them, except for love for the motherland and duty to the country. And Sergei Fyodorovich, unlike Alexander Vladimirovich, has not yet reached the rank of General. Rudskoy's father is an outstanding military leader, like Rutskoi, a hero of the USSR, but not the first close general of Yeltsin.
Parents
Literally, everyone predicted a brilliant military career for the future general, Sergei Fedorovich Rudsky. After all, Sergei's father, Fedor Andreevich, is an important figure in military history Russia, he has many orders and medals, including: Lenin, Nevsky, Patriotic War I degree, Red Star. Also in the piggy bank of Fyodor Rudskiy there are many medals, including the "Golden Star".
Sergei Fedorovich's father was born in the Ukrainian village of Avdeevka in the 1920s. At the age of 18, in the 39th year, he decided to enlist in the Red Army. General Rudsky's father was a simple peasant. Before him, the men in the family did not even have a thought about a military career.
Inspired by his service in the Red Army, Fyodor Rudskoy decides to continue it, and in 1941 he graduates from the Saratov Tank Military School No. 3.
There is no information about the mother in the biography of Lieutenant General Sergei Rudsky.
Father's career
The pages of history cherish the memory of the Kursk Bulge - one of the most powerful battles in the history of the Great Patriotic War. It was thanks to the events that unfolded in the summer of 1943 that the initiative passed into the hands of the Red Army. It was one of the most ambitious tank battles- about 6 thousand cars defended the independence of the country, and with them two million people and 4 thousand aircraft. General Rudsky's father took part in the Battle of Kursk.
Fyodor Andreyevich's company held back the onslaught of the German fascist invaders for an hour. The soldiers selflessly awaited the arrival of the main forces of confrontation. In this battle Fyodor Rudskoy personally destroyed three indestructible Royal Tiger tanks.
The heroic pages in the biography of Fyodor Rudsky do not end there.
Another source indicates that Fyodor Andreevich destroyed an entire company of Wehrmacht soldiers, or rather, everything that remained of it after the battles in present-day Kaliningrad. Fyodor Rudskoy blocked the retreat route. On both sides, he cut off the path of the Fritz retreating from Königsberg. The fate of the hostages was as follows - Rudskiy's platoon drove over them with tanks. About one and a half kilometers ... This feat turned for Fyodor Andreevich "Hero of the USSR".
Post-war years
The family of General Rudsky was lucky - his father returned home safe and sound. Except for the wounds left by the war.
Upon his return, Fyodor Andreevich decides to continue his military career. The piggy bank of his regalia is supplemented by 2 diplomas - of the Military Academy armored forces and the Military Academy of the General Staff. Several years later, Fyodor Rudskoy himself took the helm of the military education of the USSR - he headed one of the military educational institutions of Belarus.
In 1969, Fyodor Andreevich was invited to become the head of the Minsk Suvorov military school. The very one where his son, the future General Rudskoy, will take his first steps into military life.
Until his death, which befell the brave soldier in 1982, he gave the service to the Motherland. He graduated 13 courses, raising excellent military personnel. Many of them, thanks to their amazing education, received the ranks of generals, and the courage and courage instilled from childhood allowed many of them to become heroes.
In honor of Fyodor Rudsky, a memorial sign and a memorial plaque have been erected in his native village of Avdeevka.
His son, Sergei Rudskoy, Colonel General and the future chief of the General Staff of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, will not betray military affairs - the work of his father's life. However, she will still choose a different sphere.
Education
The military career of the future General Rudsky Sergei Fedorovich began at the Minsk Suvorov Military School. According to sources, in particular, the book by Nikolai Zygmuntovich Kunz "The Pride of the Cadet Brotherhood", the future colonel-general made his first step into the military field in 1977. It was in this year that he became a graduate of an educational institution.
It is known that the next stage of training for Sergei Fedorovich was the Moscow Higher Combined Arms Command School.
However, there is no publicly available information about the time he spent at the educational institution. It is only known that he was one of his pupils. In addition to Sergei Fedorovich, the highest military posts in the Russian Federation are held by at least 3 graduates of the Moscow Military District of Commerce with the ranks of colonel-generals: First Deputy General Staff Bogdanovsky, Chief of the CSTO Staff Sidorov, Commander of the Western Military District Kartapolov.
Military career
The first mentions of him in the status of a military leader date back to 1995. As a lieutenant colonel, Sergei Rudskoy was the commander of the 255th Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment, which took part in the first and second Chechen campaigns. The regiment itself has a rich past, it became the successor of the 7th Guards Separate Motorized Rifle Stalingrad-Korsun Red Banner Brigade. During World War II, Field Marshal Paulus himself surrendered to her soldiers. The regiment itself is referred to as "255th Guards Motorized Rifle Volgograd-Korsunsky Red Banner." On his account there are many successful operations carried out during the years of the Russian-Chechen wars. And in some of them the regiment was commanded by Rudskoy himself.
First award
For his valor in Grozny, Sergei Rudskoy was awarded a gold star "Hero of Russia".
First of all, Sergei Fyodorovich had to say "Thank you" for the award to the commander of the group of forces "North" Lev Rokhlin. It was he who presented Rudsky for the award. According to sources, the main feat, then still Lieutenant Colonel Sergei Rudsky, was a reverent attitude towards the lives of soldiers. Despite the harsh military situation (however, in a war it is not easy and calm), the regiment left the battles with the least losses.
Starfall
Next important date in the biography of Sergei Fedorovich - December 2012. On the basis of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, his title began to sound: Lieutenant General Sergei Rudskoy.
According to sources, the award might not have found its hero. The fact is that by the decree more than 50 officers were awarded the ranks. The former head of the Ministry, Anatoly Serdyukov, was against such generosity, so during the year the documents were thoroughly checked. However, Sergei Shoigu, who came to power, launched a starfall.
Many believe the delay was justified. In order to receive a new rank, a soldier must hold a position for at least a year and have no comments. And when former minister they were all over the place. However, the global network does not have or is diligently hiding information about further career advancement, for what merits the Colonel-General's stars fell on his shoulder straps.
In the biography of Lieutenant General Sergei Rudsky, his contribution to the fight against Serdyukov's legacy is especially noted. Sergei Fedorovich devoted several years to solving these issues.
Fight against Serdyukovism
As the first deputy chief of the Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, Sergei Fedorovich stood at the origins of the struggle against the "Serdyukovism". For people whose military garrison is associated only with the filming location of the series "Mines in the Fairway" and "Goryunov", it is worth explaining that "Serdyukovshchina" is called the time of the government of the armed forces of the minister of the same name. After his loud and dizzying "fall" from the government chair, his surname became a household name. And it symbolizes the stage of the fall and plunder of the Ministry of the Armed Forces.
In 2013, at a round table with the loud title "A year after the change of leadership of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - results and prospects", Lieutenant General Sergei Rudskoy made a report in which he reported on promising directions... Among them: an increase in the number of military personnel, the restoration of institutions and places of cultural recreation in the garrisons, as well as the development of measures to increase the prestige of the service. Within the framework of round table one of the participants inquired about the fate of the houses of the naval officers, which Serdyukov planned to mercilessly demolish. Lieutenant General Rudskoy assured those present that nothing of the kind would happen. And it is worth noting that he kept his word.
Present time
So far, the final page in the biography of General Sergei Rudsky has become the patronage of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces. It happened on November 10, 2015. However, in some sources, the date is determined by the 24th number. But they all agree on one thing - it was in November.
First Deputy Chief of the Main Operations Directorate (GOU) of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General Viktor Poznikhir, spoke at the 7th Xiangshan Security Forum, which is taking place on October 10-12 in Beijing, on the topic "Global Layered Missile Defense System (ABM) The United States as a Threat to the Military Security of Russia and China and to Strategic Stability in the World. "
“Anti-missile defense is one of the key topics on which the prevention of an arms race and nuclear disarmament, as well as ensuring strategic stability and military security in the world currently directly depend,” stated Lieutenant General Viktor Poznikhir.
He noted that as a result of the unilateral withdrawal of the United States of America from the 1972 ABM Treaty in 2002, the cornerstone of the system of global strategic stability was destroyed. The Pentagon launched large-scale work to create a national missile defense system capable of disrupting the existing balance of power in the world.
“Through the possession of missile defense systems, the United States is seeking to gain significant advantages in strategic weapons systems over Russia and China. This can lead to unpredictable consequences, ”said the first deputy head of the GOU.
According to Viktor Poznikhir, the illusion of invulnerability and impunity under the “umbrella” of missile defense will stimulate Washington to take unilateral steps in solving global and regional problems. This can objectively lead to a decrease in the application threshold. nuclear weapons to forestall enemy actions.
“For clarity, let's imagine the following picture: there are two gladiators in the arena, approximately equal strength, each holding a sword. They know the strong and weak sides both their own and the enemy. Both understand that if the fight begins, it will not be good for both, and it is not known who will emerge as the winner. This keeps them from attacking each other, ”said Lieutenant General Poznihir. - If one of the gladiators takes up a shield, he will gain significant superiority and will think that he is able to win, especially if he strikes first. What should the second gladiator do? Naturally, he will also take up a shield, as well as a longer and stronger sword. This is approximately what is happening today as a result of the deployment of the American anti-missile system. "
As the first deputy chief of the GOU emphasized, Russia, together with its Chinese partners, carefully analyzed the composition, deployment and combat capabilities of the global missile defense system created by the United States.
“I would like to emphasize that Russian and Chinese assessments of its negative impact on strategic stability completely coincided. Using the thesis about the Iranian and North Korean "missile threats" as a pretext, one of the elements of the US strategic triad is being deployed in the immediate vicinity of the borders of Russia and China. At the same time, the missile defense system significantly changes the balance of forces in the field of offensive weapons, as it makes it possible to more effectively plan a disarming missile strike, ”said Viktor Poznikhir.
According to him, the true goals of creating a global US missile defense system are: reducing the potential of Russia's strategic nuclear forces, and with regard to the Chinese nuclear missile potential - obtaining the possibility of its complete zeroing; covert creation of a powerful strike component for the possible delivery of disarming and decapitating strikes against our countries; and expanding capabilities to destroy artificial earth satellites in low orbits.
The First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation commented on what these conclusions were based on.
According to Lieutenant General Viktor Poznihir, the configuration and total anti-missile potential of the US global missile defense system are inadequate to the level of real and projected missile threats that Washington refers to.
“For example, North Korea is currently only demonstrating its capabilities to create long-range ballistic missiles. I consider it generally inappropriate to talk about a missile threat from Iran after the agreements on its nuclear program have been concluded, ”said the deputy head of the GOU.
Nevertheless, the US missile defense system, according to the data declared by the Americans, by 2020 will include about 50 GBI interceptors, about 700 land and sea-based Standard-3 interceptors and more than 200 THAAD interceptors.
“Even assuming that several anti-missiles will be assigned to one target, it turns out - it comes about the potential ability of the missile defense system to intercept hundreds of missiles! - Victor Poznikhir emphasized.
According to him, more than forty missile defense ships will carry out combat service in various waters of the World Ocean, including the seas washing the shores of the Russian Federation and China.
Thus, under the pretext of countering North Korean and Iranian "missile threats", a system is being deployed, designed primarily to combat Russian and Chinese missiles, the speaker said.
Research institutions of the Russian Ministry of Defense have modeled options for the combat use of US missile defense systems. It showed that the "Standard-3" interceptor missiles have the ability to intercept ICBMs and SLBMs not only on the average, as claimed by the United States, but also on the initial segment of the missile's flight path. This poses a more serious threat to the nuclear potential of Russia and China, since the interceptor missiles will be capable of striking Russian and Chinese ballistic missiles until their warheads are separated from the marching stages. This fact was confirmed by a number of independent American experts.
According to Lieutenant General Viktor Poznikhir, the Standard-3 interceptor missile, modification 2A, fired from a ship from the Baltic Sea, is capable of shooting down a Russian intercontinental ballistic missile launched from the European territory of Russia. The interception takes place at the acceleration stages of the missile flight.
In addition, the Mk-41 universal launchers deployed on missile defense ships, in addition to the Standard-3 anti-missile missiles, are used to launch Tomahok high-precision long-range cruise missiles, said the first deputy chief of the GOU.
“It is these launchers that are used at the anti-missile defense bases in Romania and Poland. The American arguments that in the ground version they are not able to use cruise missiles, due to the design features and program-algorithmic restrictions, to put it mildly, are unconvincing, - said Lieutenant General Viktor Poznikhir. "As a rocket scientist by education, I authoritatively declare that any devices that allegedly do not allow placing a cruise missile in containers of a land-based complex are easily dismantled, and program-algorithmic restrictions are completely eliminated by pressing the program reset button."
In addition, Viktor Poznikhir recalled that the very fact of using a shipborne cruise missile launcher in the ground version is a violation by the United States of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. This Treaty prohibits the deployment of ground-based systems with a cruise missile firing range of more than 500 km. And the range of Tomahok missiles is 2500 km.
Viktor Poznikhir stressed that almost the entire European part of Russia could be under attack from American cruise missiles. At the same time, the re-equipment of Mk-41 launchers with Tomahok cruise missiles at bases in Europe and on missile defense ships can be carried out covertly and in a short time.
“We are also aware of the ongoing work in the United States in the field of using Mk-41 launchers for the deployment of hypersonic weapons systems. And this is a different flight time to the targets, several times smaller and a significantly greater threat to the security of Russia, - said the lieutenant general. - And, finally, who can guarantee that instead of the "THAAD" complex on the territory South Korea will there be a future Aegis Ashore ground-based complex similar to those deployed in Romania and Poland? And in this case, a significant part of the territory of China will be under a possible blow, ”Victor Poznihir put the question.
According to the first deputy chief of the GOU, in February 2008, the United States demonstrated the possibility of hitting spacecraft with missile defense strike weapons. Then the American satellite at an altitude of about 250 km was destroyed by the Standard-3 anti-missile, modification 1A, launched from the US Navy destroyer from the Hawaiian Islands.
The capabilities of the promising Standard-3 interceptor missiles of the 2A modification with an increased engagement zone, as well as the GBI interceptor missiles, are much greater. This makes it possible to destroy spacecraft of the Russian and Chinese orbital groups. Moreover, given the global nature of the actions of ships with anti-missile missiles, the United States will be able to intervene in space activities any state.
“We have repeatedly drawn the attention of the Americans to these factors, but our arguments are not accepted, the obvious facts are ignored. In response, we hear unfounded statements about the “non-directionality” of the missile defense system being created against Russia and China, - stated Viktor Poznikhir. "Our initiatives to conclude relevant international agreements that remove the concerns of the Russian side in connection with the creation of a US missile defense system were not accepted by the American side."
According to the first deputy chief of the GOU, “the United States is refusing to provide legally binding guarantees that its anti-missile potential will not be directed against the Russian Federation with the development of effective measures transparency and verification ”.
In addition, at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the United States and its allies are blocking Russian-Chinese initiatives in the field of preventing the deployment of weapons in space, the use of force and the threat of force against space objects.
Also, the United States and its allies actually refused to discuss the issue of creating a missile defense system in Europe, rejecting the options it proposed, taking into account Russian interests.
In addition, despite the agreements reached with Iran on its nuclear program, the deployment of the European missile defense segment is proceeding according to the previously outlined plan.
According to Lieutenant General Viktor Poznihir, all of the above actions do not add credibility to the US statements that the missiles and satellites of Russia and China are not considered as targets for the missile defense system under construction.
“I would also like to draw Special attention the fact that the regional US missile defense systems in Europe and in the Asia-Pacific region are one of the echelons of the US national missile defense system. It is no coincidence that their management is under the exclusive jurisdiction of Washington, and the funds of the allies are being modernized to suit their standards, ”said the first deputy head of the GOU.
According to Russian military experts, the United States hopes, due to its possession, to obtain the possibility of delivering a surprise nuclear missile strike with impunity in any region of the world, not excluding Russia and China.
“The logic here is simple: the so-called“ decapitating and disarming strikes ”are delivered by means developed within the framework of the concept of“ global instant strike ”; The missiles that survived from the attacked side, launched in the direction of the United States for a retaliatory strike, are destroyed by a multi-echeloned missile defense system, - said Viktor Poznikhir. "But the hope for such a turn of events is a dangerous illusion."
According to him, Russia is forced to take adequate retaliatory measures aimed at preventing the anti-missile plans of the United States and its allies from affecting the existing balance of forces in the field of strategic weapons. China is acting in a similar way.
“I would like to emphasize that by placing American missile defense systems, the governments of the respective countries make their peoples hostages of American claims for the use of force with impunity,” said Lieutenant General Viktor Poznikhir.
“Before presenting conclusions based on the results of my speech, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the military experts of Russia and China are united in assessing the true orientation of the US anti-missile system. We are working together on how to minimize the possible damage to the security of our countries as a result of the creation of its segment in the Asia-Pacific region, - said the First Deputy Head of the Main Operations Directorate of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. "This year we have already conducted the first joint computerized Russian-Chinese command and staff exercises on missile defense."
During these exercises, different options joint actions to defend against missile strikes from the side of a simulated adversary who has deployed a grouping of anti-missile defense assets near our borders. Similar events will take place in 2017.
According to Lieutenant General Viktor Poznihir, based on the results of the analysis of the actions of the United States and its allies in the field of missile defense, the following conclusions can be drawn:
First. The US decision to create a global layered missile defense system is not related to the response to Iran's missile threats and North Korea... It is primarily due to the desire to gain military superiority over Russia and China.
Second. The American global layered missile defense system, possessing anti-missile, anti-space and strike capabilities, is part of strategic offensive forces of the United States. The main task of its regional components is to serve as the front line of blocking the strategic nuclear forces and space grouping of Russia and China. US missile defense is not a means of defense; it is an element of the implementation of plans to achieve strategic dominance in the world.
Third. The goal of the United States to involve allies in its own missile defense plans is not to build a joint defense, but to assign to them some financial costs and the use of their territories to defend the metropolis. All control of the system is with the Americans. Whom and when to defend will be decided by the Pentagon. The populations of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region are becoming hostage to unpredictable US missile defense actions.
The General Staff (General Staff of the RF Armed Forces) is a unit commanding the troops of the Russian Federation. He also plans actions to protect the country from external invasion, establishes the hierarchy of military units and performs other duties that are provided for this body by the Council of the Ministry of Defense.
The General Staff of the RF Armed Forces is a federal body and reports directly to the Ministry of Defense. The main task of the unit is considered to be the protection of state borders and intelligence activities.
The history of the creation and reforms of the headquarters
The Ministry of Defense emerged a year after the collapse of the USSR. It used the standards and part of the resources of the USSR Ministry of Defense. The General Staff was formed by the decree of the Ministry. However, the day of the formation of the modern General Staff is not marked as a holiday.
The official holiday of the staff of the General Staff is associated with an event from long history, when the first General Staff in Russia was founded by Catherine II on January 14 (old style), 1763. By order of the Minister of Defense dated January 30, 2002, this day is celebrated on January 25 every year.
In 2004, reform was carried out within the ministry, as a result of which functions (administrative, economic) that did not correspond to its tasks were removed from the General Staff.
The military conflict with Georgia in 2008 accelerated the reform of the Russian Armed Forces, its goal was to optimize management. Within the framework of the reform, two basic sets of tasks were identified within the ministry:
- Aircraft use and construction planning.
- Economic and strategic calculations for the provision of military units.
A clear delineation of the administrative responsibility of the parts of the General Staff was drawn:
- Training activities, training of fighters - the lot of the main command of the troops.
- Operational work is the prerogative of the General Staff and the combined strategic commands.
The reform made it possible to relieve the General Staff of side functions that were performed by other bodies. The General Staff became an exclusively strategic body aimed at solving military problems. A prime example such a task is.
The Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces acts as the Deputy Chief of the Ministry of Defense. Since 2012, the post of NGSH of the RF Armed Forces has been held by V.V. Gerasimov. This is the eighth chief since the formation of the modern General Staff. The NGSH has a deputy, appointed in 2014 - N.V. Bogdanovsky.
Structure and tasks
After the reform, the headquarters had 12 tasks left. The range of functions clarified as a result of the reforms can be summarized as follows:
- aircraft use planning;
- organization of training of military forces;
- management of the creation of divisions;
- providing regular viewing and training campaigns;
- mobilization of troops;
- analysis of the situation in emergency departments of the army, ensuring security in these units;
- intelligence activities;
- ensuring communication between different kinds troops;
- coordination of the use of radio communications;
- creation of radio and electronic obstacles in a situation of active hostilities;
- training of personnel with the function of protecting state secrets;
- holding scientific research with a military focus (creation of research institutes and financing of military scientific projects).
All functions lie in 14 branches, which include centers, offices and services. Four departments are considered to be the main ones:
- The main operational;
- 2 The main thing;
- The main thing is mobilization;
- The main thing is communication.
There are also subordinate departments with practical tasks:
- separation of opposition to electronic communications;
- military topography;
- eighth division;
- operational and preparatory;
- construction and development of UAVs.
The Eighth Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces is a subdivision for collecting information for the Ministry of Defense, which is necessary for solving the current tasks of managing the country's Armed Forces.
It is interesting that the 8th department of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces has its own distinction "For Merit", which is awarded to the personnel of this unit for reasonable initiative, diligence and excellent service. The persons involved who have assisted the work of the department are also awarded, these can be military leaders of other structures or civilians.
The headquarters system also includes a research center, the National Defense Center, an operational (special) unit, a personal archive, an automobile and motorcycle base.
GOU, tasks and command
The Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces plans operations different levels... In 2013 V.V. Putin approved the system of protection of our state, which includes full set papers on the defense of the Russian Federation. The GOU was given the task of developing documentation support for the defensive program, ensuring the organization of units and the mobilization of troops in the event of a military threat.
Other tasks of the GOU:
- search for military risk factors for the state (including the collection and analysis of intelligence information);
- planning of military construction;
- development of strategic and operational plans for the use of the armed forces;
- management of operational departments at any time (military and peaceful);
- ensuring communications between the army and federal bodies;
- anti-terrorism activities, including monitoring and providing support;
- verification of the preparatory activities of the Russian Federation;
- ensuring international military cooperation
- Initiatives under the State Armament Program (military development of weapons and equipment).
After the collapse of the USSR, nine management heads were replaced. The current head of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, S.F. Rudskoy, has been in office since February 2017.
VAGSh of the Russian military forces
The structure of the General Staff includes the Military Academy. it educational institution intended for personnel training and retraining of officers. VAGSH trains specialists to provide defense military units. Academy graduates receive positions in the Ministry of Defense, General Staff, intelligence, secret units.
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Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation(unofficial abbr. GOU General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) - the main body of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia, whose tasks include planning military operations at various levels. Its role in the combat command and control system of the Armed Forces is traditionally so great that it is often the natives of the GOU who occupy the post of chief of the General Staff, as was the case, in particular, in the cases of Generals A.V. Kvashnin and Yu.N. Baluevsky.
The main activities of the GOU:
- participation in determining the sources of military threats to the security of Russia and preparing proposals to the military-political leadership of the state on issues of military development;
- organization of the development of the Defense Plan of the Russian Federation;
- determination of the main directions of the construction of the Russian Armed Forces, coordination of the development of plans for the construction of other troops, military formations and bodies;
- strategic and operational planning of the use of the Russian Armed Forces;
- operational command and control of troops (forces) in peaceful and war time;
- organization of interaction between the Russian Armed Forces and federal executive bodies, which include other troops, military formations and bodies;
- organization and control of the implementation of anti-terrorist activities in the Russian Armed Forces;
- control of measures for operational training of the Russian Armed Forces;
- operational support of military cooperation events in the format of the CSTO, CIS and SCO, meetings of their statutory bodies;
- participation in the formation of proposals for the draft State Armament Program.
Chiefs of the Operational (Main Operational) Directorate of the General Staff
The quartermaster service developed into a harmonious centralized system during the Northern War (1700-1721). After the unsuccessful battle of Narva, the commander-in-chief of the army in Livonia, Field Marshal B.P.Sheremetev, sent a report to Peter I, in which one of the reasons for the failure indicated the absence of the quartermaster general as his assistant on all issues related to the location and movement of troops. "It is necessary, necessary, and without that it is impossible to stay", - he wrote to the king. On February 9 (20), 1702, the highest resolution in the Russian army established the post of quartermaster general, to which Prince A.F. Shakhovskoy was appointed. This laid the foundation for the creation of a system of operational command and control bodies, the main tasks of which were and remain the preparation of proposals for planning the use of troops and ensuring their command and control in the course of hostilities.
After the famous Battle of Poltava, Peter I, in February 1711, approved the first "Staff Regulations" of the General Staff, in which he consolidated the establishment of the post of Quartermaster General as the head of the Quartermaster Service.
Job responsibilities quartermasters - from the company furrier (from German führen - to carry on) to the quartermaster general under the commander-in-chief - were assigned to the Petrovsky Military regulations 1716. They were entrusted with the study of theaters of military operations, organizing the deployment and movement of troops in peacetime and wartime, collecting information about the enemy, keeping maps, drawing up reports on military operations, etc. Simultaneously with the charter, new "Staff Regulations General Staff ": the positions of quartermasters were introduced in all military units from company to army.
Initially, quartermaster bodies were created only at the headquarters of the army in the field (for the period of hostilities). In peacetime, little attention was paid to the training of quartermasters. And the General Staff itself was then understood not as a military command body, but as an assembly of the highest military ranks. This situation adversely affected the state of control of the Russian army during Seven Years War(1756-1763), despite a number of victories won by Russia.
Catherine II, having ascended the throne, appointed a military commission to work out measures to reform the army. The commission proposed to reorganize the General Staff into a special body of military command, "so that, in common with the Quartermaster Generals, as the main classes in that headquarters, in time of peace, be under the sole authority of the chief over the whole ... army." The proposals also outlined the main tasks of the General Staff: in peacetime, collecting information about a potential enemy, keeping maps of the deployment of troops, planning military campaigns, determining routes of movement and supplying troops, and in wartime, allocating quartermaster officers in the army and corps in order to lead the troops in accordance with the developed plans.
On January 14 (25), 1763, Catherine II approved the proposals of the military commission and the staff of the General Staff. For the first time in the history of the Russian army, a permanent military administration body was created, which was charged with the responsibility in peacetime to deal with issues of preparation for future wars.
The entire subsequent history of the Quartermaster Service is associated with the General Staff, which it invariably was part of during all reorganizations, and sometimes took upon itself the full implementation of its functions (during the abolition of the General Staff from 1796 to 1827).
Initially, the General Staff consisted only of the ranks of the Quartermaster Service. Subsequently, a secret expedition was created in it (for transmitting orders of combat control to the troops), a drawing bureau (for carrying out cartographic work), as well as a scientific library - for "scholarly studies" of officers-quartermasters.
Historical fact. Until 1770, M.I.
Upon the accession to the throne of Paul I in 1796, the administration of the quartermaster unit was changed. The General Staff was abolished, and in its place was created a suite directly subordinate to the tsar on the quartermaster part. Unlike the General Staff, the retinue had neither a permanent staff nor a special uniform; she represented a collection of military officials, sometimes poorly versed in matters of military management. Russia's participation in the wars against Napoleonic France (1799-1804) fully revealed this deficiency.
Emperor Alexander I began to take steps to strengthen the military administration. True, the Quartermaster Retinue retained its independence even after the creation of the War Ministry in 1802. In May 1810, General P. M. Volkonsky, a great expert in military affairs and staff culture, was appointed to the post of quartermaster general of the suite. On the eve of the Patriotic War of 1812, with his direct participation, an important constitutional document- "Institution for the management of a large active army", which set out in detail the rights and obligations of the ranks of the quartermaster unit to control troops in wartime.
During World War II, the quartermaster general of the suite, periodically leaving for the active army, was under the emperor as his chief military adviser. Quartermaster officers were practically all assigned to military units... During the war years, some of them, in recognition of their personal merits in command and control, were assigned to the Guards and formed the General Staff of the Guards.
After the Patriotic War, the wartime command and control bodies were transformed. In June 1827, the Quartermaster Retinue was reorganized into the General Staff, at the head of which a Quartermaster General was placed. In 1832, all military command and control bodies that survived the war, having received a different name, functions and organization, became part of the War Ministry. As a department, the General Staff was also included in the War Ministry.
The fulfillment of duties in the quartermaster unit required a special military education. In this regard great importance had the opening on November 26, 1832 in St. Petersburg of the Military Academy, specially designed for the training of officers of the General Staff (from 1855 it became known as the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff). With the beginning of the Academy's activities, it was forbidden to include officers without higher military education in the General Staff. An exception was made only for those with special military merit.
In the course of the military reforms of the 1860s-1870s, which were called the "Milyutin" reforms, the military command and control system was reorganized. The Department of the General Staff was reorganized into the Main Directorate of the General Staff (GUGSH). Minister of War DA Milyutin, himself a former "quartermaster", strove to turn the GUGSH into his working body, covering all the main issues of leadership of the Armed Forces in peacetime and wartime. However, many of Milyutin's undertakings were rejected or forgotten by his followers as Minister of War.
After the unsuccessful war for Russia with Japan, a series of organizational transformations followed. In 1905, the post of chief of the General Staff was restored as an independent military leader, directly subordinate to the tsar. The GUGSH became its working body. However, already in 1908, the Chief of the General Staff was again subordinated to the Minister of War, and the GUGSH was introduced to the War Ministry.
In 1910, a new structure and regulations on the Main Directorate of the General Staff were adopted. The leading body of the GUGSH was the Quartermaster General's department, and the Quartermaster General himself, according to the regulations, was "the closest employee of the Chief of the General Staff on all issues and matters related to the deployment, movement and service of troops, their combat training and mobilization readiness."
With the outbreak of the First World War, thanks to the activities of the GUGSH, the mobilization, concentration and deployment of troops in the theaters of military operations were carried out as planned. By the way, some fragments of this work are figuratively revealed in the famous historical novel by V. Pikul "I Have the Honor".
The Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was formed from the leadership of the GUGSH. Two-thirds of the Headquarters staff were officers of the Quartermaster General's department. The head of the department, Major General Yu. N. Danilov, became quartermaster general under the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
The day before October revolution the quartermaster general's department was divided. The 2nd Quartermaster General's department was responsible for military intelligence and counterintelligence. Only operational issues remained in the jurisdiction of the 1st Quartermaster General's department.
Since the October 1917 armed uprising, the Soviet government began to create its own military command and control bodies. In 1918, the Red Army began to form under the leadership of Leon Trotsky. It was Trotsky who owned the idea of attracting tsarist officers to create the Soviet Armed Forces and to conduct civil war... The experience and organizational skills of many "old-regime" military experts were in demand by the new government and laid the foundations of the headquarters culture of the operational control bodies Soviet period... Suffice it to say that practically all operational control bodies created by the Soviet government were headed and staffed by graduates of the General Staff Academy. Among them are the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces of the republic I.I. Vatsetis and S.S. Bonch-Bruevich, P.P. Lebedev, chiefs of operational directorates, Generals N.A. Suleiman, S. N. Kuznetsov, V. I. Mikhailov, colonels S. A. Mezheninov, B. M. Shaposhnikov. In total in 1918-1920. In the corps of the General Staff of the Red Army there were 639 officers, including 252 generals. These facts give the right to speak about the historical continuity of the Red Army's staff culture and traditions of the old Russian army.
On March 3, 1918, the Supreme Military Council was formed by the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR to manage the defense of the Soviet Republic and organize the Armed Forces. Under the Supreme Military Council, a headquarters was created as a working body, the head of which was appointed Major General of the Russian Army N.I. Rattel. The operational management of the headquarters was also headed by former general N. A. Suleiman (originally the position of the chief of the operational department was called the "quartermaster general"), and his assistant on operational work was appointed former colonel of the General Staff Shaposhnikov (later Marshal Soviet Union, Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army).
In order to streamline structure and work central authorities military administration in May 1918, they were reorganized. The bodies of the former War Ministry, including the GUGSH, are disbanded, the All-Russian Main Headquarters(Vserosglavshtab), which is responsible for the solution of issues of mobilization, formation, organization and training of the Red Army, as well as the development of staffs, charters, instructions and regulations for the troops.
As part of the All-Russian Headquarters, an operational directorate was also created, whose employees developed plans for military operations and engineering defense of the country, prepared weekly operational reports on the fronts, monthly reports on operations, maps of the disposition of friendly and enemy troops, and statistical descriptions of military districts.
As a result, the operational command of the troops was decentralized and divided between several command and control bodies.
In order to unite the leadership of the Armed Forces in the hands of a single body responsible to the government, military power By a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of September 2, 1918, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) was created, headed by Leon Trotsky, and the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic was established, to which I.I.Vatsetis was appointed.
The working body of the RVSR and the commander-in-chief, through which the operational and strategic leadership of the army and navy was carried out, was the headquarters of the RVSR, formed on the basis of the abolished headquarters of the Supreme Military Council. N.I. Rattel remained its chief.
On October 2, 1918, the headquarters of the RVSR was renamed the Field Headquarters of the RVSR. At the same time, the operational management of the All-Russian Headquarters was disbanded. From this moment on, the operational control of the Field Headquarters of the RVSR becomes the only organ of the operational command of the troops. Its first chief was an experienced general staff officer, a former general of the Russian army, V.I.Mikhailov.
The operational management was entrusted with: the development of strategic plans at the direction of the High Command, directives and operational assignments to the fronts; keeping records of the Armed Forces, their groupings at the fronts and deployment within the state; organization of operational transport of troops; leadership of military intelligence; collection and processing of information about the enemy; organization of military topographic service; generalization of combat experience; Correspondence with the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs on military-diplomatic issues.
From October 1919 to February 1921, the Operations Directorate of the Field Headquarters was headed by Shaposhnikov. While in this post, he took an active part in the development of a plan for a counteroffensive against Denikin's troops in October 1919, the 1920 campaign in the South-West, Western fronts and in the Crimea. Along with the development of strategic plans for the defeat of the internal counter-revolution and interventionists, Shaposhnikov did a lot to implement them, while showing initiative and firmness in commanding the troops.
In the course of the military reform of 1924-1925, the military command and control bodies were again subjected to reorganization. In accordance with the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR in 1924, three independent bodies were created on the basis of the Headquarters of the Red Army: Administrative Headquarters - Directorate of the Red Army; Troop Training Headquarters - RKKA Inspectorate and Operational Headquarters - RKKA Headquarters. “The operational headquarters,” noted its chief and commissar MV Frunze, “must become not only the brain of the Red Army, it must become the military brain of all of our Soviet state". The content of this winged expression perfectly revealed in his fundamental work "The Brain of the Army" Shaposhnikov.
It soon became clear that the reorganization was unsuccessful. The search for the optimal structure of the highest military command took almost all the pre-war years. By the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of September 22, 1935, the General Staff of the Red Army was created instead of the Headquarters of the Red Army. This transformation made it possible to concentrate in one hands all the issues of command and control of the Armed Forces. So, in the Operational Directorate, in addition to five departments for the theater of operations, aviation and air defense, naval, operational training, communications, and encryption departments were formed.
The main issues in the work of the Operations Directorate of the General Staff in the pre-war period were issues of increasing the combat capability and combat readiness of troops (forces). Its employees had to closely monitor the development of the international situation and draw appropriate conclusions when developing operational plans, take measures to strengthen both the western and the Far Eastern borders of the state.
In 1938, the Plan for the Development and Reorganization of the Red Army was adopted for the third five-year plan (1938-1942). The plan provided for the strengthening of the striking power and operational maneuverability of the Red Army by increasing the rifle troops, artillery (military and reserve of the High Command) and air forces, the creation of large operational formations of the RGK, and the further motorization of the rear. The territorial system of army building was abolished.
After the approval of the plan in the Operations Directorate, the development of the foundations for the strategic deployment of the army began. This work was supervised directly by the chief of the General Staff, Shaposhnikov. It was carried out in the context of the growing threat of a new world war. The likely enemies were the states of the fascist bloc and their allies in the west, militaristic Japan in the east.
The work on this most important strategic document was very difficult. Dynamic changes in the military-political and strategic situation against the background of the growing threat of aggression from Germany and its satellites demanded more concentrated and professional work officers - operators to clarify the documents of operational and strategic planning, while the unfolding struggle against "enemies of the people", repressions against the leaders and senior officials of the General Staff created an atmosphere of nervousness, uncertainty and doubts about the correctness of the decisions made. Suffice it to say that in the four pre-war years, four chiefs of the General Staff (Marshals A.I. Yegorov, Shaposhnikov, Generals of the Army K.A. This was the manifestation of the well-known underestimation of I. V. Stalin and the People's Commissar of Defense K. E. Voroshilov of the role of the General Staff as the main working body of the High Command for operational-strategic planning and leadership of armed struggle. Only with the appointment of General of the Army G.K. Zhukov as Chief of the General Staff in February 1941 did the attitude towards the General Staff begin to change in better side.
Despite the unfavorable conditions, the Operational Directorate developed and approved in October 1940 the "Plan for the Strategic Deployment of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union in the West and in the East for 1940-1941." At the same time, private plans for possible military operations against Finland, Romania and Turkey were developed, which gave the general concept flexibility and ensured the possibility of deploying groupings of troops depending on the prevailing situation.
Strategically, the concept of the plan was correct: it proceeded from the inevitability of an armed clash between the Soviet Union and Germany, adequately reflected the state and trends in the development of the military-political situation, was based on the theoretical provisions of Soviet military art regarding the nature of a possible war and methods of repelling an enemy attack.
At the same time, the plan contained serious miscalculations regarding the beginning, timing and sequence of the enemy's deployment of hostilities in the initial period of the war. The General Staff could not calculate the possibility of a sudden transition of the German troops to the offensive with all available and previously deployed forces at all strategic directions.
The operational management became the leading organ of the General Staff, its main working core, the "master generator". Not a single issue was decided by the Chief of the General Staff, if it was not coordinated with the Operations Directorate. In turn, the Operations Directorate constantly requested the opinion of other directorates of the General Staff and the People's Commissariat of Defense and only after agreeing on all issues on a specific problem reported them to the Chief of the General Staff for a decision. During the war, the administration was headed by such outstanding military leaders as A.M. Vasilevsky, N.F. Vatutin, A.I. Antonov, S.M. Shtemenko.
The operational management has accumulated a wealth of experience in solving many problems of planning and organizing combat operations of troops. Suffice it to say that over the years of the war with his participation, more than 300 operations of fronts and groups of fronts were developed, of which more than 50 belong to the category of strategic ones. Many of them made up the gold fund of the world military art.
After the war, a new reorganization of the highest bodies of military command was carried out. On March 23, 1946, in accordance with the order of the Chief of the General Staff, the Operations Directorate was reorganized into the Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff. Colonel-General S.M. Shtemenko was appointed the first chief of the GOU - Deputy Chief of the General Staff.
Being repeatedly reorganized in subsequent years, the Main Operations Directorate retained and consolidated its role as the leading command and control body in peacetime and wartime.
Since 1992
In 1992, the state educational institution was headed by Viktor Barynkin. On June 25, 1996, a group of high-ranking officials of the Ministry of Defense, including the head of the GOU Barynkin, was fired. The dismissed were accused by Alexander Lebed of trying to organize a conspiracy (GKChP-3) with the aim of "putting pressure" on President Yeltsin to reinstate Pavel Grachev in office.
In 1996, Yu. N. Baluevsky became the acting head of the public educational institution, in August 1997 he was approved in this position. In 1999, Baluyevsky took part in the planning and maintenance of the march of the Russian consolidated battalion Airborne troops, which is part of the international peacekeeping contingent in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the city of Pristina, in order to establish control and forestall the capture of the airport "Slatina" by NATO troops. In August 2001, Baluevsky was relieved of his post as head of the GOU.