Campaign of 1914:
August 1 Germany declared war on Russia
On August 2, German troops finally occupied Luxembourg, and an ultimatum was issued to Belgium on the passage of the German armies to the border with France.
August 3 Germany declared war on France
August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia
On August 14-24, the Battle of the Border took place: in the Ardennes, at Charleroi and Mons
On December 15, the Serbs recaptured Belgrade
On August 10, German cruisers entered the Dardanelles
On November 2, Russia declared war on Turkey
battle at Cape Coronel (Chile) November 1, 1914
Campaign of 1915
In the winter of 1914-1915, there was a battle between the Russians and the Austrians for the passes in the Carpathians. The Siege of Przemysl ended on March 10 (23)
the battle of Ypres,
(Dardanelles operation) 19 February 1915
Campaign of 1916
February 21, 1916 Battle of Verdun
June 3, 1916 Brusilov breakthrough
In June, the Battle of the Somme began.
Campaign of 1917
On February 1-20, 1917, the Petrograd Conference of the Entente countries was held
Campaign of 1918
Russia's withdrawal from the war
The second battle of the Marne took place in July-August.
In 1919, the Germans were forced to sign the Versailles Peace Treaty
As a result of the war, the following occurred:
Britain's annexation of Tanzania and South West Africa, Iraq and Palestine, parts of Togo and Cameroon; Belgium - Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; Greece - Eastern Thrace; Denmark - Northern Schleswig; Italy - South Tyrol and Istria; Romania - Transylvania and Southern Dobrudja; France - Alsace-Lorraine, Syria, parts of Togo and Cameroon; Japan - the German islands in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator; the occupation of the Saar by France. Accession of Banat, Bačka and Baranja, Slovenia, Croatia and Slavonia, Montenegro to the Kingdom of Serbia, followed by the creation of Yugoslavia.
The independence of the Belarusian People's Republic, the Ukrainian People's Republic, Hungary, Danzig, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland was proclaimed.
Austrian Republic founded. The German Empire became a de facto republic.
The Rhineland and the Black Sea straits have been demilitarized.
Military results
The First World War spurred the development of new weapons and means of warfare. For the first time, tanks, chemical weapons, gas masks, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns were used. Airplanes, machine guns, mortars, submarines, and torpedo boats have become widespread. The firepower of the troops increased dramatically. New types of artillery appeared: anti-aircraft, anti-tank, infantry escort. Aviation became an independent branch of the military, which began to be subdivided into reconnaissance, fighter and bomber. Tank troops, chemical troops, air defense troops, and naval aviation emerged. The role of engineering troops increased and the role of cavalry decreased. Also appeared "trench tactics" of warfare in order to wear out the enemy and deplete his economy, which works for military orders.
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The course of hostilities |
Features of the war |
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On August 4, the Germans invaded Belgium. Continuing the offensive, the Germans crossed the Marne River and on September 5 stopped along the Paris-Verdun line. The Battle of Verdun was attended by 2 million people, 5 German and 6 million people. Anglo-French soldiers. The war was of an opposition nature. On August 4, the Russian army invaded Germany's chapels. The German army is defeated. On August 23, Japan begins the war. New fronts were formed in Transcaucasia and Mesopotamia, on the Sinai Peninsula. |
The war is fought on 2 fronts and takes a positional character (i.e. protracted). |
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On the western front, chemical weapons, namely chlorine, were used for the first time near Iprom. A total of 15 thousand people died. |
The use of chemical weapons. |
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Germany is shifting its efforts to the western front. The city of Verdun became the main theater (place) of military operations. The operation was called the Verdun meat grinder. It lasted from February 21 to December, and killed 1 million people. There is an active offensive of the Russian army, the strategic initiative was in the hands of the Entente. |
Bloody battles that depleted the resources of all the belligerent countries. The position of the workers worsened, revolutionary actions of the soldiers grew, especially in Russia. |
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The United States enters the war. In October, Russia withdrew from the war. |
Revolution in Russia. |
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By the spring of 1918, the Anglo-French forces had a significant advantage under the German armies. The Entente forces used tanks for the first time. German troops were driven out of the territory of France, Belgium, the soldiers of Austria-Hungary refused to fight. On November 3, 1918, a revolution took place in Germany itself, and on November 11, "MIR" was signed in the Compiegne forest. |
The use of tanks. In all the belligerent countries, violent revolutionary uprisings took place. |
War with Russia
The wars that shook Europe after the French Revolution only partially weakened the pressure of the European powers on the Ottoman Empire. In the Anglo-French struggle for hegemony, the desire to occupy a dominant position in the Middle East and to subjugate the Ottoman Empire also played a significant role. In July 1798, the French army led by Napoleon ...
The development of the foreign policy process in the first half of the twentieth century as the formation of the prerequisites for its development after the Second World War.
The potential development of the situation and its results were predicted at the beginning of the century. The US Ambassador to Great Britain R. Page in 1913, even before the outbreak of the First World War, wrote to President Wilson: “The future of the world belongs to us. The British are wasting their capital ... What are we going to do with world domination, which is clearly passing into our hands ...
Vietnamese-French agreement of March 6, 1946
In the presence of British, American and Chinese observers in Hanoi, preliminary Vietnamese-French, as well as an additional protocol to it were signed. The agreement contained the recognition of the DRV as a free state with its own parliament, army and finance. At the same time, the DRV was forced to join the French Union and the Ind ...
The First World War is one of the bloodiest in the history of mankind. The armed conflict began in 1914 with the Sarajevo assassination. On June 28, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by a terrorist, a student from Bosnia. This caused aggression in Europe, more and more countries were drawn into the hostilities. As a result of the war, four empires were wiped off the face of the earth, 10 million soldiers and officers were killed, and there were five times more wounded. The massive and merciless people remembered the First World War. The main battles of this European "meat grinder" and in our days are striking in their scale and cruelty.
Tannenberg operation
In another way, it is also called the Battle of Grunwald. During this battle in the east of Prussia, Russian troops met, the first and second armies, in which there were 250 thousand soldiers, and 200 thousand soldiers.
Constant strife and inconsistency of actions within the Russian army led to the fact that entire divisions were defeated and severely thrown back. As a result, many common soldiers died. The losses on the part of the Russians were more large-scale: 150-200 thousand, which was almost 2/3 of the total number of the military based in this area. Germany lost 50,000 of its subjects fighting under its flag.
The Russian army was defeated in the Tannenberg operation. And this led to the fact that the Germans were able to transfer significant reinforcements to the Western Front. At the same time, the rapid offensive of Russia cut off the German troops from the allies, the Austro-Hungarian soldiers. Not receiving help from Prussia, they lost another important battle, Galician, for which the First World War is also famous. Major battles also include this fight on their bloody list.
Battle of Galicia
It happened in the summer, in August 1914. The main stage fell on the first days of this month. As evidenced by historical archival records, Russian and Austro-Hungarian forces converged in equal numbers: on both sides, 4 armies took part in battles.
They are also distinguished by these battles, which took place near Lviv, Galich and Lublin on Ukrainian-Polish territory. The fate of the Battle of Galicia was sealed when the Russians broke through near Tarnavka and launched an offensive. This greatly influenced the further course of events and became their trump card in obtaining the coveted victory.
The losses from Austria-Hungary were colossal: 325 thousand soldiers. This was one third of all the forces of the empire on the Eastern Front. In the future, the aftermath of this defeat was felt in the actions of the army. She was never able to get to her feet after the crushing blow, and only thanks to the help of the Germans, she scored a handful of minor successes.
Sarikamysh battle
Speaking about the main battles of the Great Patriotic War (this is what it was called before the beginning of World War II), one cannot fail to mention this operation. Russia and Turkey competed in it on the eve of a new 1915 year. At that time, the Turkish command was developing a cunning plan: to capture Karas and completely destroy the army of the Caucasus.
The troops of the Crescent were advancing. The Russians were surrounded in Sarykamysh, but they continued to shackle the main forces of the enemy and impeded his advance. Accustomed to a milder climate, their opponents could not stand the harsh winter. Tens of thousands of Turkish soldiers perished from severe frosts and snowstorms in just one day.
The Russians were waiting at this time, which was the right decision. Soon reinforcements approached Sarykamysh, and the army of the Crescent was defeated. In total, about 100 thousand people died in this operation. The largest battles of the First World War also include this battle, since it played an important strategic role: the situation in the Caucasus was stabilized, and the Russians were able to curb their ardent enemy - Turkey.
Brusilov breakthrough
The main battles of World War I were not without the courage and strategic skills of General Brusilov. In the summer of 2016, under his leadership, the Russians broke through on the Southwestern Front. The Austro-Hungarian army lost many soldiers and officers. The figure is striking - 1.5 million killed.
The Russians occupied Bukovina and Galicia. This forced the Germans to strengthen their positions here, transferring additional forces from the Western Front to the area. Despite this, the allies of Russia fortified in this territory, the Entente was also supplemented by Romania, which went over to the side of the Union.
Russian troops also lacked many valiant heroes. And therefore, a new wave of mobilization was announced in the country, calling on newcomers to replenish the thinned ranks of the army. This unpopular move by the government aroused indignation and discontent among the common people. People did not want to be neither old nor young were spared by the First World War. The main battles show that there were many losses both from the Russians and from their opponents.
Kerensky's offensive
In 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the monarchy, and therefore the further course of the war was dictated by revolutionary events in the country. The Russians launched their offensive in June 1917, but after two days of active advancement, they suddenly stopped. The soldiers felt that this was enough, they completely fulfilled their sacred duty.
The newcomers also refused to be in the front ranks. All this disorder and general disobedience took place against the background of regular desertions, which provoked the revolution. The main battles of the First World War have never seen such massive chaos and panic among the military personnel.
At this time, taking advantage of the situation, Germany attacked and pushed the Russian units back to their old positions. The once strong and courageous army of Russia actually ceased to exist as an organized force. Germany was no longer afraid of its enemy and was able to strengthen itself on all fronts. The Russians had to conclude the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which was disadvantageous and humiliating for our country.
Goeben and Breslau
The First World War is also striking in its scale. With the beginning of the battles, the parties to the conflict turned their attention to the Mediterranean Sea. It was an important component for the transport of the army, especially the French. In order to ferry its soldiers across the Mediterranean without obstacles, France had to destroy the German cruisers Goeben and Breslau, which were cruising off the coast of Sardinia.
In August 1914, these two German ships shelled the ports of Algeria and headed for Constantinople. No matter how hard the British troops tried, the German ships reached the Sea of Marmara. Having joined the Turkish fleet, "Goeben" and "Breslau" fired at the Russian positions in the Black Sea. This changed the course of the First World War. Russia declared war on Turkey, while British and French forces began a blockade of the Dardanelles. They also believed that it was necessary to neutralize Germany's Austrian allies. The Anglo-French fleet crossed the Adriatic more than once, hoping to challenge Austrian ships to a duel, but this did not bring the desired result.
Operation Dardanelles
Another major naval battle, stretched out in time for the whole 1915. The campaign provided for the capture of the straits and the landing of the Anglo-French landing. But unforeseen situations characterized the First World War. The main battles did not always go according to the developed plan, sometimes the operations failed. This is what happened with the name "Dardanelles". The sides suffered colossal losses: almost 200 thousand soldiers were injured, and 150 thousand from the allies. These are the wounded and killed, as well as the missing.
Italy joined the Entente in May. At the same time, German submarines were able to penetrate the Mediterranean. They managed to sink 100 merchant ships, while losing only one of their equipment. Thus, despite the help of Italy, the Allies in the 1915 naval campaign were unable to achieve superiority. The only plus was the evacuation of the Serbian army, which was defeated by enemy forces in the fall.
Battles in the Baltic
This sea side was called secondary. The First World War, the main battles of which took place not only on land, but also on water, did not place bets on the Baltic. The British considered the Russian fleet exhausted after the Russo-Japanese war, so they did not count on its help. Only old ships cruised the Baltic.
But in August 1914, an incident occurred on this calm and serene sea that could affect the course of the war. The German cruiser Magdeburg ran aground in the Gulf of Finland. Soon it was captured by the Russians. They found the signal book of this ship, handed it over to the British - this played a major role in the disclosure of the naval code of Germany. Using the knowledge gained, the allies carried out many successful operations.
This is only part of the main battles of that time. And there were a lot of them. The main battles of the First World War, the scheme, table and schedule of operations, their detailed course are described today in history textbooks. Reading them, we understand how bloody that period of time became, and how it influenced the further fate of the countries involved in it.
| 1914.06.28 | Archduke killed in assassination attempt in Sarajevo Austria-Hungary Ferdinand and his wife. The murder was carried out by the Bosnian Serb Gavrila Princip, an eighteen-year-old student associated with the nationalist Serb organization Black Hand. |
| 1914.07.05 | Germany promises to support Austria-Hungary in the event of a conflict with Serbia . |
| 1914.07.23 | Austria-Hungary, suspecting Serbia of participation in the murder of Franz Ferdinand, announces an ultimatum to her. |
| 1914.07.24 | Edward Gray *) proposes the candidacies of the four great powers as mediators in the settlement of the Balkan crisis. Serbia turns to Russia for help. |
| 1914.07.25 | Serbia announces mobilization for the army. Germany is pushing Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. |
| 1914.07.26 | Austria-Hungary announces general mobilization and concentrates troops on the border with Russia. |
| 1914.07.30 | In Russia, mobilization into the army was announced (at first, the option of partial mobilization was considered, so as not to frighten Germany, but it soon became clear that then the planned mobilization would fail if it still had to be resorted to. So the government took a step after which it was already impossible to stop). |
| 1914.07.31 | Germany requires Of Russia stop conscription. France, Austria-Hungary and Germany are mobilizing. Great Britain requires Germany to maintain Belgium's neutrality. |
| 1914.08.01 | Germany declares war on Russia. The First World War begins. |
| 1914.08.01 | In Constantinople, Germany and Turkey sign an agreement. |
| 1914.08.02 | Germany occupies Luxembourg and demands that Belgium let its troops pass. |
| 1914.08.02 | Russia invades East Prussia |
| 1914.08.02 | Italy declares its neutrality in the European conflict. |
| 1914.08.02 | Germany declares war on France. |
| 1914.08.04 | German troops invade Belgium. |
| 1914.08.04 | Great Britain declares war on Germany and sends warships to the North Sea, the English Channel and the Mediterranean to blockade the states of Central Europe. |
| 1914.08.04 | The president Wilson declares US neutrality in relation to the war in Europe. |
| 1914.08.05 | The German Second Army reaches Liege, where it meets fierce resistance from the Belgian troops (the battle lasted until August 16). |
| 1914.08.06 | Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. |
| 1914.08.06 | Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Germany. |
| 1914.08.08 | British troops land in France. |
| 1914.08.08 | British and French troops occupy the German protectorate, Togoland (the territory of present-day Togo and the Volta region in the Republic of Ghana). |
| 1914.08.10 | France declares war on Austria-Hungary. |
| 1914.08.10 | German cruisers "Breslau" and "Goeben" in the Mediterranean Sea manage to slip past British ships and enter the Black Sea, where they were then sold to Turkey to replace ships captured by England. |
| 1914.08.12 | Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary. |
| 1914.08.14 | Russia promises the autonomy of that part Poland , which is part of Russia, in exchange for the help of the Poles in the war. (Cm. document ) |
| 1914.08.15 | Japan sends an ultimatum to Germany demanding the withdrawal of troops from the German-owned port of Jiaozhou in China. |
| 1914.08.17 | (August 4, O.S.) Started East Prussian operation . |
| 1914.08.18 | (August 5, O.S.) Started Battle of Galicia . |
| 1914.08.20 | Germany occupies Brussels. |
| 1914.08.20 | (August 7, O.S.) Oncoming battle between the Russian and German armies near the city Gumbinnen . |
| 1914.08.21 | The British government announces the creation of the first "New Army" made up of volunteers. |
| 1914.08.21 | The battle begins at Charleroi (August 21-25), - the English and French waxes retreat. |
| 1914.08.22 | Battles of Namur and Mons (until 23 August). |
| 1914.08.22 | Retired general Paul von Hindenburg appointed commander of the German Eighth Army in East Prussia. |
| 1914.08.23 | Russia's victory at Frankenau in East Prussia. |
| 1914.08.23 | Started Lublin-Kholm operation , the offensive of the 4th and 5th Russian armies of the Southwestern Front against the 1st and 4th Austro-Hungarian. Lasted 10-12 (23-25) August. |
| 1914.08.23 | Japan declares war on Germany. |
| 1914.08.24 | British and Belgian forces begin their retreat from Mons (until 7 September). See article The oncoming battle at Mons . |
| 1914.08.26 | Changes in the French Cabinet. General Gallieni appointed by the governor of Paris. |
| 1914.08.26 | Germany defeats Russia at the Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia (until 28 August). |
| 1914.08.27 | German general Otto Liman von Sanders appointed by the commander-in-chief of the Turkish army. |
| 1914.08.28 | British fleet under command David Beatty raids into Heligoland Bay. |
| 1914.08.28 | Russian troops begin offensive in East Prussia (28-30 August) |
| 1914.08.28 | Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium. |
| 1914.08.30 | Germany captures Amiens. |
| 1914.09.01 | The capital of Russia, St. Petersburg, is renamed Petrograd. |
| 1914.09.02 | The French government moves to Bordeaux. |
| 1914.09.03 | German troops cross the Marne. |
| 1914.09.05 | Battle of the Marne (until September 10). From September 10 to 12, German troops retreated, trying to establish a front line along the Aisne River. By the end of the battle on the Western Front, the sides switched to trench warfare. |
| 1914.09.05 | In London, France, Russia and Great Britain agree not to enter into separate peace negotiations with the opposing side. |
| 1914.09.06 | Battle of the Masurian Marshes, East Prussia (until September 15). The German units asked for the Russian troops. |
| 1914.09.08 | Battle of Lvov (until September 12). Russian troops occupy Lviv, the fourth largest city in Austria-Hungary. |
| 1914.09.13 | The offensive of the French and British armies continued on the river Ena in Northern France (left tributary of the Oise) (13-15 Sept. 1914) |
| 1914.09.14 | Allies liberate Reims. |
| 1914.09.14 | Erich von Falkenhain replaces Helmuth von Moltke in the post of commander-in-chief of the German army. |
| 1914.09.15 | Battle on Ena (until September 18). Allies attack German positions. The infantry begins to dig trenches. |
| 1914.09.15 | In the Pacific region, in Germanic New Guinea, German units surrender to British troops. |
| 1914.09.17 | "Running to the sea" called the operation when the allied and German troops tried to outflank each other (until October 18). As a result, the Western Front stretched from the North Sea through Belgium and France to Switzerland. |
| 1914.09.18 | Paul von Hindenburg appointed commander of all German troops on the Eastern Front. |
| 1914.09. | Started August operation (first) - an offensive operation in September - October 1914 in the area of the Polish city of Augustow of the Russian armies against the German army. |
| 1914.09.27 | Russian troops cross the Carpathians and invade Hungary. |
| 1914.09.27 | The city of Douala in German Cameroon is captured by British and French troops. |
| 1914.09.28 | The first battle for Warsaw (before October 27) - Warsaw-Ivangorod operation ... German and Austrian forces attack Russian positions from the south, but are forced to retreat. |
| 1914.10.01 | Turkey closes the Dardanelles for the passage of ships. |
| 1914.10.09 | Antwerp is captured by German troops. |
| 1914.10.12 | On the Western Front, the first battle begins at Ypres, Belgium, during which the German units try to break through the defenses of the allied forces (until November 11). |
| 1914.10.14 | The first Canadian units arrive in England. |
| 1914.10.17 | During the Battle of the Ysere in Belgium (Western Front), attempts by German troops to reach the ports of the English Channel (until October 30) were repelled. |
| 1914.10.17 | The first units of the Australian Expeditionary Force sail to France. |
| 1914.10.20 | Began Battle of Flanders 1914, fighting between German and Anglo-French troops in Flanders during the 1st World War. Lasted October 20 - November 15 |
| 1914.10.29 | Turkish ships shell Odessa and Sevastopol. |
| 1914.11.01 | Battle of Coronel ( Chile ). A German squadron under the command of Maximilius von Spee defeats the British naval forces. |
| 1914.11.02 | Russia declares war Turkey . |
| 1914.11.05 | France and Great Britain declare war on Turkey. |
| 1914.11.05 | Naval battle at the cape Sarych (Southern coast of Crimea) November 5, 1914 between the German battle cruiser "Goeben" under the command of Rear Admiral V. Sushon and a Russian squadron of five battleships under the command of Admiral A.A. Eberhard. |
| 1914.11.05 | Great Britain is annexing Cyprus, which it occupied back in June 1878. |
| 1914.11.09 | The German warship Emden sank off the Cocos Islands. |
| 1914.11.11 | Started Lodz operation 1914 October 29 (November 11) - November 11 (24). The command of the German army, holding down the 2nd and 5th Russian armies with attacks from the front, tried to encircle and defeat the Russian troops in the Lodz area with a blow to their flank with the forces of the 9th Army. The Russian forces managed not only to resist this blow, but also to push back the enemy. |
| 1914.11.18 | On the Eastern Front, German troops break through the defenses of the Russian troops in the Kutno region. |
| 1914.11.18 | The French government returns to Paris. |
| 1914.11.19 | The battle has begun on the river Bzura (November 19 - December 20) between the Austro-German and Russian troops during the First World War 1914-1918. |
| 1914.11.21 | Indian troops occupy the Turkish city of Basra. |
| 1914.11.23 | The British navy shells Zeebrugge. |
| 1914.12.02 | Austrian troops occupy Belgrade (liberated by the Serbs on December 14). |
| 1914.12.02 | In the German Reichstag, a vote on war credits takes place. Karl Liebknecht votes against. |
| 1914.12.05 | On the Eastern Front, Austrian troops defeat the Russian army at Limakovy, but they fail to break through the defenses at Krakow (both battles lasted until December 17). |
| 1914.12.06 | On the Eastern Front, German forces capture Lodz. |
| 1914.12.08 | Battle of the Falkland Islands (see. Falklands fight ), The British navy under the command of Admiral Frederick Sterdy destroys the German squadron. |
| 1914.12.17 | Great Britain declares Egypt its protectorate (on December 18, Khedive Abbas II loses power and Prince Hussein Kemel becomes his successor). |
| 1914.12.21 | The first German air raid on England (bombing the southern coast). |
| 1914.12.22 | (December 9 Julian) Started Sarikamysh operation: The Turkish army tried unsuccessfully to attack the positions of the Russian troops in the Caucasus. The operation ended on January 4 (17), 1915 |
| 1914.12.26 | The German government announces control over the supply and distribution of food. |
| 1915.01.03 | On the Western Front, Germany begins to use shells filled with gas. |
| 1915.01.08 | On the Western Front, heavy fighting is taking place in the Basse Canal area and at Suasok in France (until February 5). |
| 1915.01.13 | South African troops occupy Swakopmund in German South West Africa. |
| 1915.01.18 | Japan presents China "21 requirements". |
| 1915.01.19 | The first German airship raid on England. Seaports in East Anglia are being bombed. |
| 1915.01.23 | On the Eastern Front, there is a fierce battle between Russian and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Carpathians (until mid-April). |
| 1915.01.24. | In the North Sea near Doper Banks English Fleet destroys the German cruiser "Blucher" (see map Fight at Dogger Bank ). |
| 1915.01.25 | Begins August operation (second) - the offensive on January 25 - February 13, 1915 in the Augustow area of the German armies against the Russian army. |
| 1915.01.30 | Germany begins to use submarines in the war. The port of Le Havre on the northern coast of France is attacked. |
| 1915.02.03 | In the Turkish Empire, British forces begin their advance along the Tigris River in Mesopotamia. |
| 1915.02.04 | Germany announces the establishment of an underwater blockade of England and Ireland (starting February 18). She warns that she will consider any foreign vessel in the specified area as her legitimate target. |
| 1915.02.04 | In Egypt, the Turks repel an attack by the allied forces in the direction of the Suez Canal. |
| 1915.02.04 | The UK Foreign Office says any ship bringing grain to Germany will be intercepted by the British naval forces. |
| 1915.02.08 | On the Eastern Front, during the winter battle in Masuria, the troops of Germany and Austria-Hungary are forcing the Russian army to retreat (ends on February 22). (See Art. The August operation of 1915 or the Winter battle in Masuria ) |
| 1915.02.10 | The US government announces that Germany will be held liable for any damage caused to the US Navy and American citizens. |
| 1915.02.16 | On the Western Front, French artillery shells heavily against German positions in Champagne, France (until February 26). |
| 1915.02.17 | On the Eastern Front, German troops recapture the city of Memel in North-West Germany (modern Lithuanian Klaipeda) from the Russian troops. |
| 1915.02.19 | British and French naval formations shell the Turkish fortifications at the entrance to the Dardanelles (see. Dardanelles operation ). |
| 1915.02.20 | The first has begun Prasnysh operation , one of the operations of the troops of the Russian North-Western Front against the German troops in the Prasnysh area (now Pshasnysh, Poland) in February - July 1915. |
| 1915.03.09 | Alexander Parvus presents to the German leadership The plan of the Russian revolution - a program of subversive activities aimed at overthrowing the existing system in Russia. |
| 1915.03.10 | On the Western Front, a battle takes place near the village of Neuve Chapelle (until March 13). As a result, British and Indian troops capture this settlement in northeastern France. |
| 1915.03.18 | In Turkey, British and French naval forces try to break through the Dardanelles, but Turkish coastal batteries repel the attack. During the battle, three main ships of the allied squadron were sunk. |
| 1915.03.21 | German airships bombard Paris. |
| 1915.03.22 | On the Eastern Front, Russian troops capture Przemysl (in the Polish lands in the north-east of Austria-Hungary). |
| 1915.04.08 | The beginning of the deportation of Armenians from Turkey, accompanied by their mass extermination. |
| 1915.04.22 | On the Western Front, near the town of Langemark on Ypres, German troops use poison gases for the first time: the second battle begins at Ypres. During the offensive operation, German troops break through the front in Southwestern Belgium and move forward 5 kilometers (until May 27). |
| 1915.04.25 | In Turkey, allied forces land on the Gallipoli Peninsula. British and French units at Cape Helles, Australian and New Zealand units (ANZAC block) at Anzac Bay. |
| 1915.04.26 | In London, a secret agreement is concluded between England, France and Italy. Italy must enter the war and, in case of victory, receive territories and reparations from Germany and Austria-Hungary. |
| 1915.04.26 | On the Eastern Front, during offensive battles, German troops invade Courland (modern Latvia) and on April 27 capture Lithuania. |
| 1915.05.01 | German submarines suddenly attack and sink the American ship "Gulflight" |
| 1915.05.01 | The Black Sea Fleet squadron began its march (5 battleships, 3 cruisers, 9 destroyers, 1 air transport with 5 seaplanes) to Bosphorus (May 1-6, 1915) |
| 1915.05.02 | On the Eastern Front, during offensive operations (until September 30), Austro-German troops break through the Russian front in Galicia (Northwestern Austria-Hungary) - Gorlitsky breakthrough . |
| 1915.05.04 | Italy refuses to participate in the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Treaty of Alliance was extended in December 1912). |
| 1915.05.04 | On the Western Front, the second battle of Artois takes place (until June 18). After a diversionary maneuver by British troops, French troops manage to break through the front in the Northeast France but progress has been negligible. |
| 1915.05.07 | German submarines sink a British liner off the southern coast of Ireland "Lusitania" ... 1198 people die, including 128 US citizens. |
| 1915.05.09 | On the Western Front, Battle of Obers Ridge (until May 10). Unsuccessful British offensive in North-East France. |
| 1915.05.12 | South African forces under the command of Louis Botha occupy Windhoek, the capital of Germany's South West Africa. |
| 1915.05.15 | On the Western Front, the battle of Festüber (until May 25). Unsuccessful offensive by British and Canadian forces in North-East France. |
| 1915.05.15 | In England, First Sea Lord John Fisher leaves office to protest government policy towards the Dardanelles. |
| 1915.05.23 | Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary and seizes part of its territory. There was a battle on the river Isonzo. |
| 1915.05.27 | The Turkish government decides to deport 1.8 million Turkish citizens of Armenian origin to Syria and Mesopotamia. A third of these people were deported, another third were killed, the rest managed to escape. |
| 1915.06.01 | First airship raid on London. |
| 1915.06.03 | On the Eastern Front, the southern flank of the Russian troops collapsed after the German units again took Przemysl. |
| 1915.06.09 | Riots in Moscow. |
| 1915.06.23 | The German Social Democrats issue a manifesto demanding the start of peace negotiations. |
| 1915.06.23 | On the Eastern Front, in the northeast of Austria-Hungary, German and Austrian troops recapture the city of Lemberg (modern Ukrainian Lvov) from the Russian army. |
| 1915.06.23 | First battle at Isonzo (until 7 July). Italian forces attempt to capture Austrian-held bridgeheads at the Isonzo (border river in North-Eastern Italy). |
| 1915.06.26 | Started Alashkert operation - battle June 26 - July 21, 1915 in the Alashkert region (Eastern Turkey) between the Turkish army and the Russian Caucasian corps. |
| 1915.07.02 | (on Julian calendar- June 19) Between the Russian brigade of cruisers and a detachment of German ships, there was Gotland battle - naval battle near the Swedish island of Gotland |
| 1915.07.09 | In South-West Africa, German units surrender to the army under the command of Luis Botha. |
| 1915.07.18 | Second battle at Isonzo (until July 30). |
| 1915.08.05 | On the Eastern Front, German troops took Warsaw, which is part of the Russian Empire. |
| 1915.08.06 | In Turkey, Allied forces land at Suvla Bee on the Gallipoli Peninsula in an attempt to open a third front. But they manage to keep only a small piece of land. |
| 1915.08.25 | Italy declares war on Turkey. |
| 1915.08.26 | On the Eastern Front, German forces occupy Brest-Litovsk in the southern part of Russian-owned Polish lands. |
| 1915.08.30 | Taking into account the protests from the United States, the German command orders its commanders of submarines and surface warships to warn enemy passenger ships of an attack. |
| 1915.08-09 | Begins Battle of Vilna - defensive operation of the 10th Russian army (General E.A. Radkevich) against the 10th German army (General G. Eichhorn) in August - September 1915 |
| 1915.09.05 | In Zimmerwald takes place (from 5 to 8 September) first international socialist conference .) |
| 1915.09.06 | On the Eastern Front, Russian troops halt the advance of German troops near Ternopil. The parties go over to trench warfare. |
| 1915.09.06 | Bulgaria signs a military treaty with Germany and Turkey. |
| 1915.09.08 | Tsar Nicholas II takes command of the Russian army. |
| 1915.09.09 | The US demands that Austria recall its ambassador (the ambassador leaves New York on October 5). |
| 1915.09.18 | Germany is withdrawing its submarines from the English Channel and the Western Atlantic to reduce the danger to American ships. |
| 1915.09.18 | On the Eastern Front, German troops capture the city of Vilno (modern Lithuanian city of Vilnius). |
| 1915.09.23 | Mobilization has been announced in Greece. |
| 1915.09.25 | On the Western Front, the third battle begins in Artois (until October 14). French units attack German positions in northeastern France and southeastern Champagne. British troops are trying to break through the German defenses near Laos (the operation ended on November 4 with minimal success). |
| 1915.09.25 | The United States is providing England and France with a $ 500 million loan. |
| 1915.09.28 | British troops, developing an offensive along the Tigris River in Mesopotamia, occupy the city of Kut al-Imara. |
| 1915.10.05 | To provide assistance to Serbia, allied troops land in neutral Greece, in Thessaloniki. |
| 1915.10.06 | Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central European states. |
| 1915.10.06 | In England, it was announced that Lord Derby was appointed in charge of mobilization (continued until December 12) |
| 1915.10.07 | Austria-Hungary again invades Serbia (the offensive continued until November 20) and captures Belgrade (October 9). The Serbian army is retreating southwestward. Bulgarian units are holding a defense against the allied forces in Thessaloniki. |
| 1915.10.12 | The German occupation authorities execute the English nurse Edith Keivell for harboring British and French prisoners and for facilitating their escape. |
| 1915.10.12 | The allies declare that they will provide assistance to Serbia in accordance with the Bucharest Treaty of August 10, 1913. |
| 1915.10.12 | Greece refuses to help Serbia despite their 1913 treaty. |
| 1915.10.13 | French Foreign Minister Théophile Delcassé resigns in protest against sending troops to Thessaloniki |
| 1915.10.15 | Great Britain declares war Bulgaria . |
| 1915.10.19 | Japan signs the London Treaty, assuring the rest of the participants that he will not conduct separate peace negotiations with the opposing side. |
| 1915.10.21 | Third battle at Isonzo (until November 4). The Italian forces advanced very little. |
| 1915.10.30 | Started Hamadan operation , the offensive operation of Russian troops in northern Iran, carried out on October 17 (30). - 3 (16) Dec. |
| 1915.11.10 | Fourth battle at Isonzo (until December 2). |
| 1915.11.12 | Great Britain is annexing the Gilbert and Ellis Islands (the modern islands of Tuvalu and Kirkbati), turning the protectorate into a colony. |
| 1915.11.13 | After the failure of the operation on the Gallipoli Peninsula Winston Churchill leaves the British cabinet. |
| 1915.11.21 | Italy declares solidarity with allies in rejecting separate peace talks |
| 1915.11.22 | Battle of Ctesiphon (until December 4). Turkish troops in Mesopotamia are forcing the British to withdraw to the city of Kut al-Imara. |
| 1915.12.03 | Joseph Joffre is appointed commander-in-chief of the French army. |
| 1915.12.08 | The Turks encircle British troops near the city of Kut el-Imara in Mesopotamia. |
| 1915.12.18 | The Allies withdraw their troops from the Gallipoli Peninsula (the operation ends on December 19). |
| 1915.12.19 | Douglas Haig succeeds John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in France and Flanders. |
| 1916.01.08 | Allies withdraw troops from Cape Helles on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey (operation continued until January 9). |
| 1916.01.08 | Austria-Hungary is fighting in Montenegro (until January 17, the Serbian army retreats to the island of Corfu. |
| 1916.01.10 | (December 28 Julian) The Russian army in the Caucasus advances on the Turkish positions (until April 18). Started Erzurum operation 1915/1916 December 28 (January 10) - February 18 (March 2). Units of the 2nd Turkestan corps and the 1st Caucasian corps under the command of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich defeated the forces of the 3rd Turkish army and captured the Erzurum fortress. The Turkish army lost up to 50% of its personnel (Russians - up to 10%). The success of this operation led to the conclusion of an agreement between Russia, England and France on the transfer of the Black Sea Turkish straits to Russia after the war. For this, the military command of the Russian army and navy planned for 1917 the landing of military troops in the straits and the final withdrawal of Turkey from the war. took place due to the revolutionary events in Russia. |
| 1916.01.29 | The last airship raid on Paris. |
| 1916.02.02 | In Russia, Sturmer becomes prime minister. |
| 1916.02.05 | Started Trebizond operation ... It lasted from January 23 (February 5) to April 5 (18), 1916. As a result of the capture of Trebizond by the Russian troops, the 3rd Turkish army was cut off from Istanbul. |
| 1916.02.15 | Fifth battle at Isonzo between the troops of Italy and Austria-Hungary (until March 17). |
| 1916.02.16 | Russian troops occupy the city of Erzurum in North-Eastern Turkey. |
| 1916.02.18 | The last German garrison in Cameroon capitulates. |
| 1916.02.21 | The battle of Verdun begins on the Western Front (until December 18). German troops are trying to capture the French city of Verdun, but they are met with fierce resistance. As a result of heavy fighting, the losses of Germany and France amounted to almost 40,000 killed and wounded on each side (see article Verdun operation ). |
| 1916.03.02 | Russian troops capture the city of Bitlis in Southeastern Turkey (repulsed by the Turks on 7 August). |
| 1916.03.09 | Germany declares war on Portugal. |
| 1916.03.13 | Germany is changing the rules for attacking naval targets. Its submarines can now attack all British non-passenger ships in British coastal waters. |
| 1916.03.15 | Alfred von Tirpitz, German Secretary of State for Naval Affairs, resigns |
| 1916.03.18 | Started Naroch operation 1916, the offensive operation of the Russian troops of the Western and Northern fronts on March 5 (18) - 17 (30) in the Dvinsk region |
| 1916.03.20 | Allies agree on post-war division of Turkey. |
| 1916.03.20 | Allied aircraft raid a German submarine base at Zeebrugre, Belgium. |
| 1916.03.24 | A German submarine sinks a passenger ship Sussex without warning. There are also US citizens among the victims. |
| 1916.03.27 | French Prime Minister Aristide Briand opens the Paris Military Conference of the Allied Powers. |
| 1916.04.18 | Russian troops occupy the city of Trabzond in northeastern Turkey. |
| 1916.04.20 | USA warns Germany about the possibility of severing diplomatic relations. |
| 1916.04.29 | Turkish troops recapture the city of Kut al-Imara in Mesopotamia from the British army. |
| 1916.05.15 | The offensive at Asiago. Austro-Hungarian troops attack Italian positions, but achieve minimal success (until June 26). |
| 1916.05.31 | The North Sea begins Battle of Jutland , the main battle of the military fleets Of Germany and England in this war. The British lost most of their ships, but the German fleet was locked in ports until the end of the war (ended on June 1). |
| 1916.06.04 | Implemented on the Eastern Front Brusilov breakthrough ... Russian armies under the command of a general Brusilova break through the Austrian-Hungarian defenses in the south of the Pripyat swamps. However, the active hostilities of the German troops reduced the effect of the Russian offensive (the fighting continued until August 10). |
| 1916.06.06 | Allied forces blockade Greece (until June 24). |
| 1916.06.13 | Jan Smuts, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces, captures Wilhelmstahl in Germanic East Africa (present-day Tanzania). |
| 1916.06.14 | The Conference of the Allied Powers on Economic Affairs is taking place in Paris. |
| 1916.06.18 | On the Eastern Front, Russian troops occupy Chernivtsi (modern Ukrainian city of Chernivtsi). |
| 1915.06.19 | The battle began at Baranovichi (June 19-25) between the Russian army and the Austro-German group. |
| 1916.06.23 | Greece announces its agreement to obey the demands of the allies and to demobilize the army. |
| 1916.06. | Started Blockade of the Bosphorus the Russian fleet. |
| 1916.07.01 | On the Western Front begins battle on the somme (until November 19). A massive offensive by French and British troops, which managed to advance 8 kilometers. On the first day of the offensive, Great Britain lost 60 thousand soldiers (20 thousand killed). During the entire operation, Great Britain and France lost a total of over 620 thousand soldiers, and Germany's losses amounted to about 450 thousand soldiers. |
| 1916.07.09 | The German submarine "Deutschland" manages to pass through the sea barriers of the allied fleet and reach the shores of the United States. |
| 1916.08.04 | Turkey is withdrawing its troops from Egypt (the operation lasted until January 9). |
| 1916.08.06 | Sixth battle at Isonzo (until 17 August). Italian troops go on the offensive and capture the city of Horace in Austria-Hungary. |
| 1916.08.17 | Bulgarian troops attack the positions of the allies surrounded in Thessaloniki (until September 11). |
| 1916.08.19 | The Royal Navy in the North Sea has disabled the German battleship Westfalen |
| 1916.08.19 | German artillery shells the coast of England. |
| 1916.08.27 | Romania joins the allied powers and declares war on Austria-Hungary. Romanian troops go on the offensive in Transylvania (at that time the territory of Hungary). |
| 1916.08.28 | Italy declares war on Germany. |
| 1916.08.30 | Paul von Hindenburg is appointed Chief of the General Staff of the German Army. |
| 1916.08.30 | Turkey declares war on Russia. |
| 1916.09.01 | Bulgaria declares war on Romania. |
| 1916.09.04 | British troops capture the city of Dar es Salaam, the administrative center of German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania). |
| 1916.09.06 | The Central European states establish a Supreme Military Council. |
| 1916.09.12 | British and Serbian forces launch an offensive in the area of Thessaloniki, but cannot help the Romanian army (until December 11). |
| 1916.09.14 | Seventh Battle of Isoktso (until September 18). The Italian troops are making a slight success. |
| 1916.09.15 | On the Western Front, during the offensive on the Somme, Great Britain uses tanks for the first time. |
| 1916.10.04 | In Romania, the troops of Austria-Hungary and Germany are conducting a successful counteroffensive against the Romanian army (until December). |
| 1916.10.09 | Eighth battle at Isonzo (until December 12). Italian troops are making minimal progress. |
| 1916.10.16 | Allied forces occupy Athens. |
| 1916.10.24 | On the Western Front, a French offensive begins east of Verdun (lasted until November 5). |
| 1916.10.31 | Ninth Battle of Isonzo (until November 4). The success of the Italians is still small. |
| 1916.11.05 | The Central European states proclaim the creation of the Kingdom of Poland. |
| 1916.11.25 | In Germany, an air force is being created as a separate branch of the armed forces. |
| 1916.12.06 | In Romania, German troops occupy Bucharest (hold it until November 30, 1918). |
| 1916.12.12 | Germany sends to the powers The Entente a note informing that the states of Central Europe are ready for negotiations (on December 30, the answer is sent through the US Ambassador in Paris). |
| 1916.12.13 | In France, General Joffre is appointed a technical adviser to the government without the right to issue orders (he resigns on December 26). |
| 1916.12.15 | On the Western Front, French troops go on the offensive between Meuse and Vevrey Plaine (until December 17). |
| 1916.12.20 | The US President is sending a note to all the participants in the war in Europe with a proposal to start peace negotiations. |
| 1917.01.05 | (December 23, 1916 Julian) Started Mitava operation 1916 December 23-29 (January 5-11, 1917). The offensive operation of Russian troops in the Riga area by the 12th Army of the Northern Front (commander - General Radko-Dmitriev). She was opposed by the 8th German army. The offensive of the Russian troops was unexpected for the Germans. Nevertheless, they managed not only to repulse the offensive of the Russian units, but also to press them out. For Russia, the Mitava operation ended in vain (not counting the loss of 23 thousand people killed, wounded and captured). |
| 1917.02.01 | Germany announces the beginning of an all-out submarine war. |
| 1917.02.01 | Begins work Petrograd Allied Conference. Passed through Art. style January 19 - February 7 (February 1-20). |
| 1917.02.02 | The UK introduces a rationed distribution of bread. |
| 1917.02.03 | A German submarine sinks the American passenger ship Hausetonik off the coast of Sicily. The United States breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany. |
| 1917.03.11 | In Mesopotamia, British forces capture Baghdad. |
| 1917.03.14 | (March 1 on Julian calendar) In Russia, during the outbreak of the revolution, the Petrograd Soviet, by its Order No. 1, called on the soldiers to elect committees in the units and thus made the army uncontrollable and unable to continue fighting. |
| 1917.03.16 | On the Western Front, German forces retreat to the Hindenburg Line, a specially prepared defensive line between Arras and Soissons. |
| 1917.03.17 | On the Western Front, British forces occupy Bapom and Peronne (the offensive continued until March 18). |
| 1917.03.19 | (06 March to Julian calendar) In Russia, the Provisional Government announces that it intends to abide by the treaties concluded with the allies and wage the war to a victorious end. |
| 1917.03.25 | (March 12 on Julian calendar) In Russia, the death penalty has been abolished in the troops, which makes it impossible for offensive operations that risk the lives of servicemen. |
| 1917.04.02 | In the United States, President Wilson convenes a special session of Congress to discuss the issue of declaring war. On April 6, the United States declares war on Germany. |
| 1917.04.09 | On the Western Front, the battle of Vimi Riga (until April 14). Canadian troops manage to occupy Vimy Rij. |
| 1917.04.09 | Started "Nivelles operation" 1917, the offensive operation of the Anglo-French troops during the 1st World War, carried out April 9 - May 5. |
| 1917.04.16 | (April 3 on Julian calendar) Bolshevik leader Lenin arrives in Petrograd, having made, with the help of the German authorities, a move from Switzerland to Russia via Germany, Sweden and Finland. |
| 1917.04.17 | On the Western Front, riots broke out in the French army (more serious riots occurred on April 29; continued until August). |
| 1917.05.12 | (April 29 on Julian calendar) In Russia, the Minister of War A.I. Guchkov resigned due to the complete disobedience of the army. |
| 1917.06.04 | May 22 / June 4. And A. Brusilov replaces M. V. Alekseev as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. |
| 1917.06.07 | The battle of Metz began on the Western Front (until June 14). British forces manage to prepare a foothold in Southeast Belgium in preparation for the main offensive. |
| 1917.06.07 | Operation began "Messin" ("Messines"), the operation of British troops in the area of Messiah (West Flanders), carried out on June 7-15, 1917 with limited goals - to cut off the 15-km protrusion of the German defense and thereby improve their positions. |
| 1917.06.14 | An American mission headed by I. Ruth arrives in Petrograd to ensure the further participation of Russia in the war. |
| 1917.06.29 | June offensive Russian troops 1917 16 (29) June - 15 (28) July. The offensive of the Russian troops undertaken by the political and military command was defeated, among other things, because of the growing anti-war sentiment among the troops. The losses of the army amounted to 30 thousand killed, wounded and prisoners. The defeat at the front led to the July political crisis in Petrograd and the weakening of the political positions of the Provisional Government. The enemy's advance was stopped only on the line of Brody, Ebarazh, Grzhimalov, Kimpolung. |
| 1917.07.01 | June 18 / July 1. Russian offensive in Galicia (launched by order of A.F. Kerensky on June 16/29 under the command of A. Brusilov). Having started successfully, the offensive was halted in mid-July. Counteroffensive by the Austro-German troops, which occupy Ternopil on July 11 (24). Cases of desertion are becoming more frequent in the Russian army. |
| 1917.07.19 | On the Eastern Front, the troops of Germany and Austria-Hungary are undertaking a successful counterattack on Russian positions (until August 4). |
| 1917.07.19 | The raid of German airships on the industrial areas of Great Britain. |
| 1917.07.19 | The German parliament proposes to start peace negotiations between the belligerent powers. |
| 1917.07.20 | Began Maraheshty battle 1917, fighting in July - August 1917 on the Romanian front. |
| 1917.07.25 | July 12 (25). In Russia, the restoration of the death penalty at the front. |
| 1917.07.31 | The third battle of Ypres began on the Western Front. Suffering huge losses, British troops advanced 13 km deep into Belgium (fighting continued until November 10). |
| 1917.08.03 | Unrest among sailors at the German military base in Wilhelmshaven. |
| 1917.08.03 | On the Eastern Front, Russian troops again capture Chernivtsi (modern Ukrainian city of Chernivtsi). |
| 1917.08.14 | China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. |
| 1917.08.17 | Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo (until September 12). The Italian troops manage to make some progress. |
| 1917.09.01 | Started Riga operation 1917 August 19 (September 1) —August 24 (September 6). An offensive operation of the German troops undertaken with the aim of capturing Riga. It ended in success for the advancing side. On the night of August 21 (September 3), Russian troops left Riga and Ust-Dvinsk and retreated to Wenden. The losses of the defending 12th Russian army amounted to 25 thousand people, 273 guns, 256 machine guns, 185 bombers and 48 mortars. |
| 1917.09.03 | 21 Aug (3 Sept). German troops occupy Riga and threaten Petrograd. |
| 1917.09. 16 | (September 3 old style) In a military camp La Courtine near the city of Limoges (France), there was an uprising of soldiers of the Russian expeditionary corps in France; within five days of February 16-21, the camp was shot from artillery. |
| 1917.10.12 | Started Moonsund operation 1917, or Operation Albion - the operation of the German fleet to capture the Moonsund archipelago, carried out on September 29 (October 12) - October 6 (19). |
| 1917.10.15 | German troops launch a new offensive in East Africa, the Battle of Machiva. |
| 1917.10.24 | On the Italian front, the battle begins at Caporetto (until November 10). Troops of Austria-Hungary and Germany manage to break through the front line. Italian units create a new line of defense along the Piave River. |
| 1917.11.06 | On the Western Front, Canadian and British forces occupy Paschendael in Northwest Belgium. |
| 1917.11.07 | (Oct 25 till Julian calendar) In Petrograd, the rebels seize almost the entire capital, except for the Winter Palace. At night, the Military Revolutionary Committee announces the overthrow of the Provisional Government and, in the name of the Soviet, takes power into its own hands. ( For more details see the Revolution of 1917 in Russia ) |
| 1917.11.08 | 26 oct. (Nov 8). In Russia, the Bolsheviks issue a Decree on Peace: it contains a proposal to all the belligerents to immediately begin negotiations on the signing of a just democratic peace without annexations and indemnities. |
| 1917.11.20 | On the Western Front, the battle begins under Cambrai - the first military operation in which tank formations were widely used (until December 7). British tanks manage to break through the German defenses near Cambrai, northeastern France (later German forces drove the British back). |
| 1917.11.21 | (08 November to Julian calendar) Note of the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs L. Trotsky, in which all the belligerents are invited to begin peace negotiations. |
| 1917.11.26 | The Soviet government invites Germany and Austria-Hungary to conclude an armistice. |
| 1917.11.27 | (November 14th to Julian calendar) The German command accepts the offer to start negotiations on an armistice. |
| 1917.12.03 | (November 20 to Julian calendar). In Brest-Litovsk, negotiations on an armistice are opened between Russia and the Central European powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey). |
| 1917.12.03 | (November 20 to Julian calendar) N.V. Krylenko takes possession of the Headquarters in Mogilev. N.N. Dukhonin brutally killed by soldiers and sailors. |
| 1917.12.15 | (December 2 to Julian calendar) German and Russian representatives conclude an armistice in Brest-Litovsk (modern Belarusian city of Brest). |
| 1917.12.22 | (December 9 to Julian calendar) Opening of the peace conference in Brest-Litovsk: Germany is represented by the Secretary of State (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Richard von Kuhlmann and general M. Hoffman , Austria - Foreign Minister Chernin. Soviet delegation headed by A. Ioffe , demands the conclusion of a peace without annexations and reparations, with the observance of the right of peoples to dispose of their own destiny. |
| 1918.01.18 | 05 (18) Jan In Brest-Litovsk, General M. Hoffman in the form of an ultimatum, it presents the conditions of peace put forward by the Central European powers (Russia is losing its western territories). |
| 1918.01.24 | 11 (24) Jan In the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, three positions clash regarding the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk: Lenin stands for accepting the proposed peace conditions for the sake of strengthening the revolutionary power in the country; "left communists" led by Bukharin stand for the continuation of the revolutionary war; Trotsky proposes an intermediate option (to end hostilities without concluding peace), for which the majority votes. |
| 1918.01.28 | (January 15 on Julian calendar) Decree on the organization of the Red Army (Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army). Trotsky is organizing it, and soon it will become a really powerful and disciplined army (voluntary recruitment has been replaced by compulsory military service, a large number of old military specialists have been recruited, the election of officers has been canceled, political commissars have appeared in the units). |
| 1918.02.09 | (January 27th to Julian calendar) In Brest-Litovsk, a separate peace was signed between the Central European powers and Ukrainian Rada . |
| 1918.02.10 | Jan 28. (Feb 10). Trotsky declares that "the state of war between Russia and the Central European powers is ending," realizing. his formula "no peace, no war" |
| 1918.02.14 | (January 31st Julian calendar) A new chronology is introduced in Russia - Gregorian calendar ... For January 31 to Julian calendar immediately came on February 14 Gregorian. |
| 1918.02.18 | After the presentation of an ultimatum to Russia, an Austro-German offensive was launched along the entire front; despite the fact that the Soviet side accepts the terms of peace on the night of February 18-19, the offensive continues. |
| 1918.02.23 | New German ultimatum with even more difficult peace conditions. Lenin manages to get the Central Committee to accept his proposal for the immediate conclusion of peace (7 in favor, 4 - including Bukharin - against, 4 abstained, among them Trotsky). The decree-appeal "The socialist fatherland is in danger!" Was adopted. The enemy was stopped at Narva and Pskov. |
| 1918.03.01 | German troops occupy Kiev in Ukraine and Narva in Estonia (February 2). |
| 1918.03.01 | With the support of Germany, the Central Rada returns to Kiev. |
| 1918.03.03 | In Brest-Litovsk signed Brest Peace Treaty ... Soviet Russia and the Central European powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) and Turkey. Under the treaty, Russia loses Poland , Finland , The Baltic States, Ukraine and part of Belarus, and also cedes to Turkey Kars, Ardahan and Batum. In general, losses amount to 1/4 of the population, 1/4 of cultivated land, about 3/4 of the coal and metallurgical industries. After the signing of the treaty, Trotsky resigns from the post of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and from April 8. becomes Commissar of Naval Affairs. |
| 1918.03.03 | The Bolsheviks move the capital of Russia from Petrograd to Moscow, pushing it further away from the Russian-German front. |
| 1918.03.09 | The landing of the British in Murmansk (originally this landing was planned to repel the offensive of the Germans and their Finnish allies). Cm. History of the Civil War and Intervention. |
| 1918.03.12 | Turkish troops occupy Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan (they held the city until May 14). |
| 1918.03.21 | On the Western Front, the spring offensive of the German troops begins (until July 17). As a result, the German army manages to significantly advance in the direction of Paris (see article March offensive in Picardy ). |
| 1918.03.23 | German artillery uses large-caliber cannons to shell Paris from a distance of 120 km (until August 15). |
| 1918.04.09 | Began Battle of Flanders 1918, fighting between German and Anglo-French troops in Flanders during the 1st World War. It happened on April 9-29. |
| 1918.04.22 | The British navy attacks the Belgian city of Zeebrugge and blocks the entrance to the Bruges Canal and the German submarine base (on May 10, the British cruiser Vindictive was sunk at the entrance to the submarine base in Ostend). |
| 1918.05.01 | German units occupy Sevastopol. |
| 1918.05.07 | Romania signs a peace treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary in Bucharest. Romania is allowed to annex Bessarabia, but Russia refuses to recognize its legality. |
| 1918.05.29 | On the Western Front, German forces occupy Soissons and Reims. |
| 1918.05.29 | In Russia, a decree on general mobilization into the Red Army was issued. |
| 1918.06.09 | On the Western Front, the offensive of the German army near Compiegne begins (until June 13). |
| 1918.06.15 | Battle on the Piave River (until June 23). The troops of Austria-Hungary are attempting to attack the Italian positions, but are forced to retreat. |
| 1918.07.06 | During the congress, the Left SRs attempted an insurrection in Moscow: I. Blumkin kills the new German ambassador, Count von Mirbach; F. Dzerzhinsky, chairman of the Cheka, was arrested; the telegraph is busy. The threat of a renewed war between Russia and Germany. |
| 1918.07.15 | The second battle of the Marne begins on the Western Front (until July 17). Allied forces halt the German advance on Paris. See article Battle of the Marne |
| 1918.07.18 | On the Western Front, the Allies launched a counteroffensive (until November 10) and advanced a considerable distance. |
| 1918.07.22 | On the Western Front, Allied forces are crossing the Marne River. |
| 1918.08.02 | On the Western Front, French forces capture Soissons. |
| 1918.08.08 | A "rainy day for the German army" is approaching on the Western Front. British forces break through the front line (See Art. Amiens operation ). |
| 1918.09.01 | On the Western Front, British units liberate Peron |
| 1918.09.04 | On the Western Front, German forces are retreating to the Siegfried Line. |
| 1918.09.12 | On the Western Front, the battle of Saint-Miyel begins (until September 16). The 1st US Army, commanded by General Pershing, eliminates the German group in the St. Miyell salient. |
| 1918.09.14 | Austria-Hungary offers peace (on September 20, the Allied powers reject this offer). |
| 1918.09.29 | German Quartermaster General Ludendorff and the commander-in-chief of the German army, Hindenburg, advocate a constitutional monarchy in Germany and the beginning of peace negotiations. |
| 1918.09.30 | Bulgaria concludes a truce with the allied powers. |
| 1918.10.01 | On the Western Front, French troops liberate Saint-Quentin. |
| 1918.10.03 | Prince Max of Baden is appointed Chancellor of Germany. |
| 1918.10.03 | Germany and Austria-Hungary, through Switzerland, transmit a joint note to the US government agreeing to conclude a truce based on the 14 points announced by President Wilson (received in the US on October 4). |
| 1918.10.06 | French troops liberate Beirut. |
| 1918.10.09 | On the Western Front, British units enter Cambrai and Le Chateau. |
| 1918.10.10 | Orthography Reform Decree. |
| 1918.10.12 | Germany and Austria-Hungary agree to the terms of Woodrow Wilson and are ready to withdraw troops to their territory before negotiations on an armistice begin. |
| 1918.10.13 | Laon is liberated by French forces and Lille is occupied by the British army on 17 October. |
| 1918.10.20 | Germany suspends submarine warfare. |
| 1918.10.24 | Battle of Vittorio Veneto (until November 2). The battle with the Italian army ends with the complete defeat of the troops of Austria-Hungary (see article Vittorio Veneto ). |
| 1918.10.26 | Ludendorff removed from the post of Quartermaster General of the German Army. |
| 1918.10.27 | Austria-Hungary asks Italy for an armistice. |
| 1918.10.28 | The uprising of the German sailors in Kiel. |
| 1918.11.03 | The Allied Powers sign an armistice with Austria-Hungary (due November 4). |
| 1918.11.03 | Riots and riots in Germany. |
| 1918.11.04 | The Conference of the Allied Powers at Versailles develops an agreement on the terms of an armistice with Germany. |
| 1918.11.06 | A German armistice negotiating delegation meets with a Foch-led Allied delegation in a railroad car in Compiegne. An armistice agreement was signed, which is to enter into force on November 11. |
| 1918.11.06 | On the Western Front, American forces occupy Sedan. |
| 1918.11.07 | A republic is proclaimed in Bavaria, Germany. |
| 1918.11.09 | In Germany, Social Democrat Philip Scheidemann proclaims a republic in an effort to forestall the creation of a communist republic. Friedrich Ebert replaces Prince Max of Baden as chancellor. Kaiser Wilhelm II flees to the Netherlands. |
| 1918.11.10 | In Germany, the Ebert government receives the support of the armed forces and the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in Berlin. |
| 1918.11.11 | The Armistice Agreement between the Allied Powers and Germany enters into force (from 11 noon). |
| 1918.11.12 | In Austria-Hungary, Emperor Charles 1 abdicates the throne (on November 13, he also abdicates the Hungarian throne). |
| 1918.11.12 | Austria-Hungary proclaims the creation of a state union with Germany (later this union was banned by the Paris Peace Conference and the treaties signed at Versailles, Saint-Germain and Trianon). |
| 1918.11.13 | In connection with the signing of an armistice between the Allies and Germany, the Soviet government declares Cancellation Brest Peace Treaty. |
| 1918.11.14 | Evacuation of German troops from France. |
| 1918.11.20 | German government surrenders submarines in Haruich, East Anglia (surrender of surface vessels takes place on 21 November at Firth of Fort, Scotland). |
| 1918.12.01 | The beginning of the occupation of Germany by the Allied forces. |
| 1919.05.07 | At the Paris Peace Conference, the Allied Powers set a number of unconditional conditions for Germany: to give up a significant part of their territory, demilitarize the Rhineland and agree to its partial occupation for a period of 5 to 15 years, pay reparations, agree to limit the size of their armed forces, agree with article on "war crime", recognizing its responsibility for unleashing the First World War. |
| 1919.05.29 | The German delegation makes counter-proposals to the participants in the Paris Peace Conference. |
| 1919.06.20 | Due to the refusal to sign a peace treaty on the terms of the Allied Powers, German Chancellor Scheidemann resigns (on June 21, Social Democrat Gustav Bauer forms a new government from representatives of Social Democrats, centrists and democrats). |
| 1919.06.21 | German sailors scuttled their ships at a British naval base in the Orkney Islands. |
| 1919.06.22 | The German National Assembly decides to sign a peace treaty. |
| 1919.06.28 | German representatives sign a peace treaty ( Versailles Peace ) in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles near Paris. |
Notes:
* To compare the events that took place in Russia and Western Europe, in all chronological tables, starting from 1582 (the year of the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in eight European countries) and ending in 1918 (the year of transition of Soviet Russia from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar), in the column DATES indicated Gregorian date only, and the Julian date is indicated in brackets along with the event description. In chronological tables describing the periods before the introduction of the new style by Pope Gregory XIII, (in the column DATES) dates are only in the Julian calendar... At the same time, the translation into the Gregorian calendar is not done, because such did not exist.
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*) Gray, Edward(born in 1862) - a prominent English politician, right-wing liberal. In 1892 - 1905 holds the post of Deputy Minister, since 1905 - Minister of Foreign Affairs. Conducts (in 1907) an agreement with Russia on Afghanistan, Tibet and Persia, according to which Persia was divided into spheres of influence (northern - Russian, southern - English, middle - neutral), and then (in 1909) negotiates with the Russian minister Foreign Affairs Izvolsky on the suppression of the Persian revolution. One of the founders of the Entente and inspirers of the world war. In 1916, Gray retired with the title of Viscount. In 1919 - 1920 - Ambassador to Washington. Then - a member of the House of Lords.
Sarych(World War I, 1914-1918). A naval battle near Cape Sarych (southern coast of Crimea) on November 5, 1914 between the German battle cruiser "Goeben" under the command of counter-admiral V. Sushon and a Russian squadron of five battleships under the command of Admiral A.A. Eberhard. In fact, the battle boiled down to an artillery duel between the Goeben and the Russian lead battleship Eustathius. Thanks to the accurate fire of the Russian artillerymen, "Goeben" received 14 accurate hits. A fire broke out on the German cruiser, and Souchon, without waiting for the rest of the Russian ships to enter the battle, gave the order to leave for Constantinople as soon as possible (there "Goeben" was repaired until December, and when it went out to sea, it was blown up by a mine and again got up for repairs). "Eustathius" received only 4 accurate hits and retired from the battle without serious damage. Having checked the fortress of the Black Sea borders of Russia in the battle at Cape Sarych, the German-Turkish fleet stopped active operations off the Russian coast. The Russian fleet, on the contrary, stepped up its actions on the enemy's sea lanes.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, a war was outlined in the world for the re-division of territories. The Russian, Ottoman, German and Austro-Hungarian empires dominated. The reason for the war was the murder of the Serbian terrorist Gavrila Princip of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand in the city of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
After the incident, Austria-Hungary put forward certain requirements to Serbia, which were accepted. But despite this, under the influence of Germany, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia exactly one month after the assassination, on July 28, 1914.
It is important to say that by this time two aggressively opposing blocs had formed in the world: the Triple Alliance and the Entente. The Triple Alliance was created in 1882 and included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. The Entente bloc was created in 1907 and included France, England, Russia.
Gradually, the rest of the European powers began to adhere to the allies. Italy, for example, like America, declared neutrality, but in 1915 Italy still opted for the Entente. Bulgaria joined the Triple Alliance, Romania considered the Entente as an ally. In total, 38 countries took part in the war.
On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. Already on August 20, the first victory of the Russian army at Gumbinnen took place.
In the First World War, each state pursued its own goals. For example, France hoped to return Alsace and Lorraine, lost in 1871 as a result of the Franco-Prussian war. Russia strove to open for itself an outlet to the Black Sea, to support the peoples of Galicia. Great Britain set as its goal the suppression of the main enemy - Germany.
The plan for the capture of France was developed by the German general Schlieffen. It consisted in getting close to France from the side of weakly defended Belgium, breaking through the defenses and capturing Paris soon. France was forced to turn to Russia for help, and she organized an offensive against Germany on the Eastern Front. On September 2, 1914, the Battle of the Marne took place. Germany was defeated and forced to abandon its intentions.
In 1915, Germany saw the destabilization of Russia and its withdrawal from the war as the main goal. In the same year, she first used submarines, as well as mustard gas, a chemical weapon banned by the Hague Conference in the Belgian region.
In September Bulgaria adjoins the Triple Alliance and it is transformed into the Quadruple. It includes Germany, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria.
In 1916, from February to December, the Battle of Verdun lasted, which claimed about a million lives. The main task of the battle is to cut off the German troops' access to France. They tried to break through the German defenses with the help of the Battle of the Somme, which lasted all autumn. However, she also practically did not change the situation. For the first time, the British army used tanks. In the summer, under the command of General Brusilov, the Brusilov front was carried out in Galicia. He helped the Allies of the Entente bloc in the battles on the Somme and Verdun to maintain their forces.
The battle of Jutland between the fleets of England and Germany lasted only a few hours, but proved the dominance of the English fleet over the German.
The defeat of the German fleet forced the country to desperate action: it began to wage unlimited submarine warfare, while sinking almost 3,000 British ships. The result was that the United States also declared war on Germany.
The situation of the civilian population of the belligerent countries gradually deteriorated as the war progressed. There were practically no payments, the working day increased, food was given out on ration cards. The population rebelled and protested, most vividly in 1917.
The situation in Russia was especially critical: the February and then the October Revolution, the transfer of power into the hands of the Bolsheviks. The newly formed Soviet government immediately began to appeal to the allies for peace, and on March 3, 1918, the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty was signed. His conditions for Russia were very unfavorable: she had to give part of her lands in favor of Germany, as well as pay an indemnity. As a result, a civil war began in Russia.
In 1917, France launched an offensive on German positions called the Nivel Slaughterhouse. This did not bring the desired result, the army suffered losses of 500 thousand soldiers.
Germany's last strategy was to disengage the Entente army, pushing the British back to the English Channel and striking French positions. However, this plan was not destined to come true and the weakness of the Triple Alliance became apparent.
The Entente's counteroffensive at Amiens finally showed Germany's weakness. The countries participating in the Triple Alliance gradually began to withdraw from the war. Bulgaria and then Turkey signed peace treaties. In 1918, as a result of the revolution in Germany, the monarchy was abolished. Emperor Wilhelm II fled the country. In less than a month, Austria-Hungary collapsed, and the Ottoman Empire collapsed as well. Germany also appealed to the United States for a truce, presenting the "14 points" that the US President put forward in early 1918. It made no sense for Germany to continue fighting, and on November 11, 1918, at 11 a.m., the Compiegne Armistice was signed. The First World War was over.
The war ended with the defeat of the Quadruple Alliance and was the most cruel and bloody in the entire history of mankind: according to basic estimates, about ten million people died in it. It showed the decline and crisis of the leading European powers. Four empires collapsed, a political coup took place in the world.