Self-assessment technique dembo rubinstein processing. Additional signs of compensation and problems

Form students' ideas about themselves, help correct self-esteem;
Suggest methods by which you can determine the self-esteem of students of different ages;
To form the ability to correctly evaluate oneself and others.

Previously, you can talk with students on the following questions or offer them in the form of a questionnaire test.

Do you love when you are praised?
How often are you praised? Do you want to be praised more often? (If you don't like being praised, then why?)
Do your comrades like to communicate with you?
What roles do the guys give you?
What role did you choose for yourself?
What do you think: do your friends, teachers, relatives treat you differently?
What do you think is self-esteem?

Self-esteem is a person's assessment of himself, his capabilities, qualities and place among other people.

It largely determines the relationship with others, criticality, self-exactingness, attitude towards success and failure. The activity of a person and the desire for self-improvement depend on self-esteem. It develops through the gradual internalization of external assessments that express General requirements, in the requirements of a person to himself.

A person's self-esteem depends on many factors. Psychologists, however, use the formula:

Self-esteem can be increased by either maximizing success or minimizing failure. The discrepancy between claims and real human behavior leads to distortions of self-esteem. The higher the aspirations, the greater the success must be in order for a person to feel satisfied.

The level of self-esteem is revealed not only in how a person speaks, but also in how he acts.

Low self-esteem manifests itself in increased anxiety, constant fear of a negative opinion about oneself, increased vulnerability, which prompts a person to reduce contacts with other people. Low self-esteem destroys a person's hopes for a good attitude towards him and success, and he perceives his real successes and a positive assessment of others as temporary and accidental. For a person with low self-esteem, many problems seem insoluble, these people are very vulnerable, their mood is subject to frequent fluctuations, they react more sharply to criticism, laughter, and censure. They are more dependent.

Underestimation of their usefulness reduces social activity, lowers the initiative, such people avoid competition in their work, because, having set a goal for themselves, they do not hope for success.

Sufficiently high self-esteem is manifested in the fact that a person is guided by his own principles, regardless of the opinions of others on their account. If self-esteem is not too high, then it can have a positive effect on well-being, as it generates resistance to criticism. In this case, a person knows his own worth, the opinion of others does not have an absolute, decisive value for him.

With an overestimated self-esteem, a person confidently takes on work that exceeds real possibilities.

True self-esteem maintains human dignity and gives him moral satisfaction.

As self-esteem is formed and strengthened, the ability to assert and defend one's life position increases.

The need for communication develops in children in stages. At first, this is a desire for attention from adults, then - to cooperate with them, then children want not only to do something together, but also to feel respect from their side, there is a need for mutual understanding.

How the child's relationship with his parents develops, what place he will take in these relationships, his attitude towards himself depends.

Unjustifiably frequent emphasis by parents of the child's real and imaginary merits leads to the fact that he develops an overestimated level of aspirations. At the same time, the parents' distrust of the child's capabilities, the categorical suppression of children's negativism can lead to the emergence in the child of a feeling of weakness and inferiority. For the development of positive self-esteem, it is important that the child is surrounded by constant love, regardless of what he is. this moment.

The constant manifestation of parental love gives the child a sense of his own worth, but it is not expected that the parents will cease to give an impartial assessment of his actions. Negative statements by parents about their children are reinforced in their minds and transform self-esteem.

In younger schoolchildren, self-esteem is based on the opinion and assessment of others and is assimilated ready-made, without critical analysis... These external influences are very significant until adolescence.

To determine the self-esteem of younger schoolchildren, you can use the “Ladder” and “What am I?” Techniques.

Ladder technique

We draw a staircase of 10 steps on a sheet of paper.

We show the child the ladder and say that the worst boys and girls are on the lowest step.

On the second - a little better, but on the top step are the nicest, kind and intelligent boys and girls.

What step would you put yourself on? (Draw yourself on this rung. You can draw 0 if it is difficult for a child to draw a man).

Processing of results:

1-3 steps - low level of self-esteem (underestimated);

4-7 steps - the average level of self-esteem (correct);

8-10 step - high level self-esteem (inflated).

Methodology "What am I?" designed to determine the self-esteem of a child 6-9 years old. The experimenter, using the protocol presented below, asks the child how he perceives himself and evaluates according to ten different positive personality traits. The grades offered by the child to himself are provided by the experimenter in the corresponding columns of the protocol, and then converted into points. Evaluation of results

Answers like “yes” are scored 1 point, answers like “no” are scored 0 points, answers like “don't know” or “sometimes” are scored 0.5 points. The level of self-esteem is determined by the total amount of points scored by the child for all personality traits.

Conclusions on the level of self-esteem development:

Protocol of the methodology "What am I"

P / p No.	Assessed qualities personality	Verbal Scores
P / p No.	Assessed qualities personality
	Good
	kind
	Clever
	Careful
	Obedient
	Attentive
	Polite
	Skillful (capable)
	Hardworking
	Fair

10 points - very high

8-9 points - high

4-7 points - average

2-3 points - low

0-1 point - very low

According to the age norm, the preschooler's self-esteem is high. It should be noted that the child's answers to some questions (for example, obedient, honest) may indicate the adequacy of self-esteem. So, for example, if, along with the answers “yes” to all questions, the child claims that he is “always obedient”, “always honest”, it can be assumed that he is not always sufficiently critical of himself. The adequacy of self-esteem can be checked by comparing the child's response on this scale with the parent's responses about the child for the same personality traits.

For students in grades 5-7, you can offer the following methods for determining self-esteem

Self-assessment "Questionnaire"

We answer the questions: “yes” (+), “no” (-)

You persistently and without hesitation carry out decisions taken without stopping before difficulties?
Do you think that to command, to lead, is better than to obey?
Are you capable and smart enough compared to most people?
When you are assigned a task, do you always insist to do it your own way?
Do you always and everywhere strive to be the first?
If you took up science seriously, would you sooner or later become a professor?
Is it difficult for you to say “no” to yourself, even if your desire is unrealizable?
Do you think that you will achieve much more in life than your peers?
Will you manage to do a lot in your life, more than others?
If you had to start life anew, would you accomplish much more?

Processing of results:

Count the number of “yes” (+).

6-7 positive answers (+) - overestimated self-esteem;

3-5 (+) - adequate (correct);

2-1 (+) - underestimated.

Exploring general self-esteem

Instructions for the subject: Some provisions will be read to you. You need to read the position number and against it - one of three possible answers: “yes” (+), “no” (-), “I don’t know” (?), Choosing the answer that is to a greater extent matches your own behavior in a similar situation. You need to answer quickly, without hesitation.

Questionnaire text

I usually count on success in my business.
Most of the time I am depressed.
Most of the guys consult with me (they count).
I have no confidence in myself.
I am about as capable and resourceful as most of the people around me (the guys in the class).
At times I feel useless.
I do everything well (any business).
It seems to me that I will not achieve anything in the future (after school).
In any case, I consider myself right.
I do a lot of things that I later regret.
When I hear about the success of someone I know, I feel it as my own failure.
It seems to me that others look at me condemningly.
I am not worried about possible failures.
It seems to me that various obstacles that I cannot overcome are hindering me from successfully completing assignments or cases.
I rarely regret what I have already done.
The people around me are much more attractive than myself.
I myself think that someone is constantly needed.
It seems to me that I am doing much worse than the others.
I’m more lucky than unlucky.
In life, I am always afraid of something.

Processing of results:

The number of agreements (“yes”) under odd numbers is counted, then the number of agreements with provisions under even numbers. The second is subtracted from the first result. The end result can range from -10 to +10.

A score between -10 and -4 indicates low self-esteem.

The result is from -3 to +3 - about the average self-esteem

The result is from +4 to +10 - high self-esteem.

Self-awareness (self-esteem)

Self-awareness is the discovery of one's “I”, leading to the formation of “I-image”, “I-concept”.

Self-esteem is a more or less specific manifestation of self-awareness, a student's assessment of his capabilities simultaneously from his own point of view and the point of view of others (from the outside).

The nature of self-esteem (favorable, i.e. adequate and unfavorable - overestimated or underestimated) affects the child's behavior, the success of his activities and communication.

Personality Self-Assessment Scale

This scale, developed by A.M. Prigogine, is a variant of the well-known Dembo-Rubinstein technique, which differs from the generally accepted ones, first of all, by the introduction of an additional parameter of the level of claims. A number of additional processing parameters have also been introduced. The methodology is standardized for samples of students in grades VII-X.

Task description. Each student is offered a form of a methodology containing instructions and a task.

Instruction. Each person evaluates their abilities, capabilities, character, etc. The level of development of each person, the side of the human personality can be conventionally depicted by a vertical line, the lower point of which will symbolize the lowest development, the upper one - the highest. Below are seven such lines. They mean:

1) health,

2) mental abilities,

5) the ability to do a lot with your own hands, skillful hands,

6) appearance,

7) self-confidence.

Each line says what it stands for.

On each line, with a dash (-), mark how you assess the development of this quality in yourself, a side of the personality at the moment. After that, with a cross (X), mark at what level of development of these qualities, parties, you would be satisfied with yourself and feel proud of yourself.

So: “-” - the level of development of your quality, personality side at the moment.

"X" - such a level of development of quality, the side to which you strive, reaching which, you will be satisfied with yourself.

The vertical line conventionally denotes the development of a certain quality, side of the human personality from the lowest level (bottom point) to the highest (top point).

For example, on the “health” line, the lower point indicates a completely sick person, and the upper one, an absolutely healthy one.

In this case, the upper and lower points are marked with noticeable lines, the middle - with a barely noticeable point.

Order of conduct

The technique can be carried out both frontally - with the whole class or a group of students - or individually. In frontal work, it is necessary to check how each of the students completed the first scale: after going through the class, see if the proposed icons are used correctly, answer the students' questions. After that, the students work independently, and the experimenter does not answer any questions. Filling in the scale along with reading the instructions usually takes 10-12 minutes.

It is advisable to observe how different schoolchildren perform the task: strong excitement, demonstrative statements that the work is “stupid”, “I’m not capable of it,” refusal to complete the task, the desire to ask the experimenter additional questions, draw his attention to his work, and also very fast or very slow execution (with a difference of at least 5 minutes). All of this serves as useful additional information when interpreting the results.

Processing of results:

Answers on six lines (scales) are subject to processing. The “health” scale is considered as training and is not taken into account or, if necessary, is analyzed separately. As already noted, the dimensions of each line are equal to 100 mm, in accordance with this, the answers of the subjects receive a quantitative characteristic, for convenience expressed in points (for example, 54 mm = 54 points). Processing includes the following steps:

I stage

On each of the six scales ("intelligence", "abilities", "character", "authority among peers", " skillful hands"," Appearance "," self-confidence ") are defined:

a) the level of claims for this quality - by the distance in millimeters from the lower scale (“O”) to the “X” sign;

b) the height of self-esteem - from “O” to the sign “-”;

c) the magnitude of the discrepancy between the level of aspirations and self-esteem - the difference between the values characterizing the level of aspirations and self-esteem, or the distance from the sign “X” to “-”; in cases where the level of aspiration is below self-esteem, the result is expressed as a negative number.

The value of each of the three indicators (the level of aspirations, self-esteem and the magnitude of the discrepancy between them) is recorded in points for each scale.

II stage

The average measure of each of the indicators of the student is determined. It is characterized by the median of each of the indicators for all six scales.

The degree of differentiation of the level of aspirations and self-esteem is determined. They are obtained by connecting all the “X” signs on the test subject's form (to determine the differentiation of self-esteem). The resulting profiles clearly demonstrate the differences in the student's assessment of different aspects of his personality. In cases where a quantitative characteristic of differentiation is needed (for example, when comparing the results of a student with the results of the whole class), you can use the difference between the maximum and minimum values. The latter, however, is not accurate enough, and it is better to use the first option to analyze the results of a particular student.

It should be noted that the higher the differentiation of the indicator, the more conditional the average measure is and, accordingly, the less meaning it has. When it is very strongly differentiated, when some aspects of his personality are rated very high by the student, and others - very low, the analysis of the average measure, in essence, loses its meaning and can be used by you only for orientation.

Particular attention is paid to such cases when claims are below self-esteem, some scales are skipped or incompletely filled (only self-assessments or only the level of claims are indicated), answers go beyond the scale (the sign is placed above the upper point or below), signs that are not provided for are used instructions, answers are commented, etc.

"How are you with self-esteem?"

Very often - 4 points

Often - 3 points

Sometimes - 2 points

Rarely - 1 point

Never - 0 points

30 points - you underestimate yourself.

10-30 points - correct (adequate) self-assessment

10 and below - overestimated self-esteem.

Literature:

R.S. Nemov Psychology: Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions in 2 kn., M: Education, 1994.
Istratova O.N., Eksacusto T.V. Psychologist's Handbook primary school, Rostov - on - Don, 2003.
Ed. Chernysheva A.S. Psychological foundations teaching practice students, M., 2000.
Golovey L.A., Rybalko E.F. Workshop on developmental psychology, St. Petersburg: Speech, 2001.

Self-assessment study using the Dembo-Rubinstein method

When we talk about a person's self-esteem, the question arises about her assessment. Does it really make sense to talk about an increase in self-esteem, if its level in a person is already unrealistically high.

I think that there are no one hundred percent methods for determining the level of our self-esteem, but attempts have been made to create them.

A person needs to designate a place on this line, which, in his opinion, corresponds to his current level with a line (-). What level of quality development he would be satisfied with should be indicated by a circle (o). And with a cross (x) it is necessary to designate the place on the scale where you can find yourself, objectively assessing your capabilities.

Rubinstein offered 4 mandatory scales in the methodology: health, mental development, character and happiness. But you can add additional analyzed properties, for example, self-satisfaction and optimism.

1) health;

2) intelligence, abilities;

5) the ability to do a lot with your own hands, skillful hands; 6) appearance;

7) self-confidence.

For convenience, on a piece of paper, you need to draw as many lines as there are qualities you are testing (for example, 6), while the height of each line should be 100 mm for the convenience of subsequent measurements. Each millimeter of the scale will be counted as 1 point.

Each line should be marked with the top and bottom points (noticeable horizontal lines), as well as the middle of the scale (small dot). A sample can be seen in the picture.

The test must be performed prior to reading the interpretation of the results. Otherwise, understanding the interpretation will affect the performance of the test.

Interpretation of results

The interpretation of the results is given in its classical form.

The main parameters of self-esteem are its height, stability and realism.

After setting the marks, we get: the level of claims - from the bottom point of the scale to the "x" sign; the height of self-esteem - from "o" to the sign "-"; and the significance of discrepancies between the level of aspiration and self-esteem.

Self-esteem height (-)

The number of points from about 50 to 75 ("average" and "high" self-esteem) corresponds to a realistic or adequate self-esteem. The number of points from 75 to 100, as a rule, indicates an overestimated self-esteem and indicates some deviations in the formation of personality. Such self-esteem may indicate distortions in the formation of personality - a closeness to new experience, insensitivity to one's mistakes, comments and assessments of others. A score below 50 indicates low self-esteem.

In principle, a person's assessment should serve as a subject for further analysis. Why did he make a mark at this point on the scale?

Claim level (x)

The realistic level of aspirations characterizes the number of points from 60 to 90. The result from 90 to 100 points usually certifies an unrealistic, uncritical attitude towards one's own capabilities. The result of less than 60 points indicates an underestimated level of claims, indicating an unfavorable development of the personality.

According to the classical model, the normal actual self-esteem (-) should be just above the middle; ideal self-esteem (o) is just below the upper pole, and the assessment of one's capabilities (x) is between these marks.

Self-esteem is considered lowered if most of the actual self-esteem scores are below the average. In this case, we can talk about excessive criticism, or excessive demands on oneself.

Relationship Between Self-Assessment Parameters

Now let's see the relationship between all the icons. The "x" symbols must be between the "o" and "-" symbols. The distance between x and o is the interval of the unattainable. Desired but unattainable. "X" is what "a person can", and what is higher than it is "inaccessible." Below "x" up to actual self-esteem is what is achievable. The ratio between these two intervals (above and below x) determines the subject's level of optimism. The larger the interval of the possible and the smaller the interval of the impossible, the higher the level of optimism.

The height of the "circles" should be slightly below the top pole. If the "circle" is at the pole, one can assume an immature attitude towards values. A mature person does not dream of being perfect. Excessively high actual self-esteem is a sign of unrealism.

Uneven self-esteem, when the indicators of different scales differ significantly from each other, can indicate emotional instability.

"O" - ideal self-esteem, symbolizes the level of a person's dreams. Usually all people have a need to dream. If a dream comes true, then a new dream arises. A dream, in order to come true, must turn into a goal. That is, with the symbol "x" we denote the level of the goal or real prospects. As the goal is achieved, the place of the dream that has turned into the goal is taken by another dream, and the "o" is still higher than the "x". If this does not happen, we are talking about "dream inflation".

Download:

Preview:

Date of completion______________________

Number or name educational institution(school, college, institute) ____________________

Class and letter or number of the group in which you are studying __________________

Age_______________

FULL NAME._____________________________________________

1) Health; 2) Mental 3) Character; 4) Authority 5) Ability a lot 6) Appearance 7) Confidence in

Capabilities; do peers with your own hands; myself

Skillful hands;

Instructions : Any person evaluates their abilities, capabilities, character, etc. The level of development of each quality, aspects of the human personality can be conventionally depicted by a vertical line, the lower point of which will symbolize the lowest development, and the upper one - the highest. You are offered seven such lines numbered: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. On each line with a line (─) note how you assess the development of this quality in yourself, a side of your personality at a given moment in time. After that, a cross ( NS ) note at what level of development of these qualities, parties you were satisfied with yourself or felt proud of yourself. The time allotted for filling is 10 minutes.

Scales: self-esteem (height, stability, degree of realism, degree of criticality, degree of self-satisfaction, level of optimism, integration of conscious and unconscious levels of self-esteem, inconsistency / consistency, maturity / immaturity of attitudes towards values, the presence and nature of compensatory mechanisms involved in the formation of the “I-concept ", The nature and content of the problems and their compensation)

Test purpose

The test is intended for psychological diagnostics states of self-esteem for the following parameters: the height of self-esteem (mood background), the stability of self-esteem (emotional stability), the degree of realism and / or adequacy of self-esteem (when it increases), the degree of criticality, self-exactingness (with a decrease in self-esteem), the degree of self-satisfaction (by direct and indirect indicators) , the level of optimism (by direct and indirect indicators), the integration of conscious and unconscious levels of self-esteem, inconsistency / consistency of self-esteem indicators, maturity / immaturity of attitudes towards values, the presence and nature of compensatory mechanisms involved in the formation of the “I-concept”, the nature and content of problems and their compensation.

Test description

Tamara Dembo, an employee of Kurt Levin, suggested using this technique to study the concept of happiness (Bleicher V.M. Clinical pathopsychology. - Tashkent, 1976. - S. 140-142.). Susanna Yakovlevna Rubinstein, a classic of Russian pathopsychology, modified the Dembo method for the study of self-esteem. In the 70th year, her textbook was published on experimental methods of pathopsychology and the experience of their application in the clinic with brief description this psychodiagnostic procedure. V this description the research procedure that Susanna Yakovlevna taught students at her seminars at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University is given. M.V. Lomonosov, significantly expanded in comparison with original version interpretation. The extended interpretation is based on the experience of clinical use and teaching of the methodology in the psychological workshop by P.V. Yanshin.

Test instructions

On the example of the scale "Health".

“… Let us imagine such a convention: at the upper pole there is the healthiest person in the world, at the bottom - the sickest person… and between them - all the other people, including you and me.

Check it out dash on the scale, how do you assess yourself at the moment according to… (this parameter)?

Check it out in a circle on the scale, where would you dream of being ideally between these poles?

Check it out tick on the scale, where can you find yourself, objectively assessing your capabilities? What can you achieve by objectively assessing your capabilities? "

Important:

. The pole must be represented by one person(as a person in the singular). That's right: "At the upper pole is the most ... man" ("man" - singular). Wrong: "At the upper pole are the most ... people" ("people" - plural).
. The middle should be marked on the scale, thus, three poles are obtained (three-pole scale): the maximum, minimum and average value of the attribute.
... S.Ya. Rubinstein recommends four compulsory scales: "Health", "mind", "character" and "happiness." PV Yanshin introduced two more obligatory scales: “self-satisfaction” and “optimism”.

In a modified version of A.M. Prikhozhan, the following scales are used: health, intelligence (abilities), character, authority among peers, the ability to do a lot with your own hands (skillful hands), appearance, self-confidence.

The rest of the scales can be set by the experimenter or revealed during a conversation with the subject.

Test

Self-esteem height(mood background);

Excessively high (high mood background) - actual self-esteem is in the third interval.
... elevated (elevated mood background) - actual self-esteem fluctuates within 1-1.5 intervals and is mainly within the boundaries of the upper two intervals.
... normal (even mood background) - actual self-esteem is in the first interval.
... low (low mood background) - current self-esteem is at the average mark or in the interval below the average mark.
... pronouncedly low (low background of nastronium) - actual self-esteem is in the lower interval.

Sustainability of self-esteem(emotional stability);

. emotional stability- actual self-esteem fluctuates within 1-1.5 intervals.
. emotional instability- actual self-esteem fluctuates within 3 or more intervals; with a uniform self-esteem, there are dips along one scale and a rise along the other.

The degree of realism and / or adequacy of self-esteem(when it rises);

. unrealistic self-esteem- a steady increase in the actual self-esteem reaches the upper interval.

The degree of criticality, self-exactingness(with a decrease in self-esteem);

. excessive self-exactingness- Most of the actual self-esteem scores are below the average.

Self-satisfaction

. indirect indicator- the distance between the marks of the actual and ideal self-assessment on the scales; the shorter the distance, the more self-satisfaction.
. direct indicator- the height of actual self-esteem on the “self-satisfaction” scale.

Optimism level(by direct and indirect indicators);

. indirect indicator- the ratio of the interval of the possible (the distance from the actual self-assessment to an objective assessment of one's own capabilities) and the interval of the impossible (the distance from the assessment of one's own capabilities to the ideal self-assessment); the greater the interval of the possible and the smaller the interval of the impossible, the higher the level of optimism.
. direct indicator- the height of actual self-esteem on the "optimism" scale.

Integration of conscious and unconscious levels of self-esteem;

. lack of integration- indicators of optimism and self-satisfaction by direct and indirect indicators do not coincide.
. integration- indicators of optimism and self-satisfaction by direct and indirect indicators - coincide.

Inconsistency / consistency of self-esteem indicators;

The subject gives himself different assessments (actual self-assessment) on similar scales (for example, high marks on the “health” scale and low marks on the scales of mental and physical health).

Maturity / immaturity of attitude towards values;

. immaturity- the indicator of ideal self-esteem coincides with the upper pole of the scale in three or more cases.

The presence and nature of compensatory mechanisms involved in the formation of the "Self-concept";

. partial compensatory loss of criticality- compensation for a particular problem (a single dip in self-esteem) by excessive overestimation of self-esteem on a separate scale; stable self-esteem against the background of which there is a failure on one scale and a rise on another scale.
. anti-depression mechanism- compensatory decrease in ideal self-esteem in order to increase self-satisfaction with a generally lowered actual self-esteem; the lines of actual and ideal self-esteem are parallel, somewhat unstable, actual self-esteem is lowered.
. repressed dissatisfaction with oneself- compensatory decrease in ideal self-esteem in order to increase self-satisfaction with an overall increased actual self-esteem; the lines of actual and ideal self-esteem are parallel, somewhat unstable, actual self-esteem is increased.
. disintegration of conscious and unconscious levels of self-esteem- discrepancy between the results of indirect and direct assessments of optimism and self-satisfaction; the difference (mismatch) between indirect and direct indicators of self-satisfaction and optimism.
. dream inflation- displacement of the marks of ideal self-esteem to the level of marks for assessing one's capabilities; marks of ideal self-esteem and an objective assessment of their capabilities coincide.
... inadequately overestimated self-esteem with signs of violation of criticality; a steady increase in self-esteem reaches the upper interval.

Processing and interpretation of test results

Any psychological interpretation carries a connotation of fortune-telling. This is why behaviorists generally refused to make judgments about the soul and personality.

We cannot observe self-esteem directly, but only indirectly - by behavior or from the words of the subject. The psychologist's statement about self-esteem is a hypothesis about the subject, which should be tested against many indicators.

Basic parameters of self-assessment- this is height, stability, realism.

Sometimes the term “realism” is replaced by the term “adequacy”. Adequacy contains a more powerful evaluative component. The term "inadequacy", although it may reflect precise characterization, but sometimes undesirable, since it allows interpretation in the sense of psychopathology. In addition to the three main parameters listed above, the following aspects of the analysis are highlighted:

Actual self-esteem;
... perfect self-esteem;
... assessment of their capabilities;
... self-satisfaction;
... level of optimism.

Work with the next scale begins with the mark of the current self-assessment - this is a "dash" (-). This is your subject's answer to the question: "How do you assess yourself at the moment according to ... (this parameter)?" The subject places himself somewhere on the scale between the poles - this is a non-verbal answer to your question about his self-esteem. When talking about the height of self-esteem, they mainly mean the height of the actual self-esteem. Although the rest of the parameters are also located vertically, the height parameters are less relevant to them.

Height of actual self-esteem

Let's talk about height, abstracting from other parameters.

What are we doing in order to determine the overall height of self-esteem?

The height is determined for the entire self-assessment "average". When talking about the whole self-esteem, it is assumed that this is something more or less homogeneous, although there are differences in height on different scales (but this is already a parameter of stability).

When characterizing self-esteem, we translate quantitative characteristics into qualitative ones. V clinical practices usually no clean quantitative indicators... Here, any term defined in terms of quantity is qualitative. For example, "high" or "low" self-esteem is not amount of self-esteem and her quality, although metaphorically your subject and you yourself express this self-esteem by the height of the scales.

Another feature of clinical techniques is the specific understanding the "norm"... "Norm" is defined here not in relation to some external criterion (statistical or social norm), as in psychometric tests... Clinical methods proceed from the fact that a person, his personality is a kind of natural and relatively harmonious whole. In the Dembo-Rubinstein methodology, we will determine the norm and deviations from it with a relatively certain empirically grounded model (such luminaries of Russian clinical psychology as S.Ya. Rubinstein, B.V. Zeigarnik, M.3.Dukarevich proceeded from this model).

This model determines how the key parameters should be located in order for the subject to function normally. According to this model, normal actual self-esteem should be located just above the middle; the ideal (circle) is slightly below the pole, and the assessment of one's capabilities (checkmark) is between them. Their height is determined approximately, in accordance with the intervals between them (see Fig. №1).

The first interval is normal self-esteem (note that the mid-point of the scale is not included in this interval). Higher - increased self-esteem; the third interval, including the upper pole, is excessively high self-esteem. Likewise for the lower intervals. It can be conventionally assumed that the assessment of one's capabilities (checkmark) is normally located within the interval of increased actual self-esteem, and ideal self-esteem (circle) - within the interval of excessively increased actual self-esteem.

How to determine the height of self-esteem in general across all scales? The sign of sustainability should be taken into account here. Consider a combination of two indicators: stability and height.

Persistently enhanced self-esteem

Let's start with consistently increased self-esteem. Self-esteem can be said to be steadily increased when it fluctuates within 1-1.5 intervals (see Fig. No. 2) and is mainly within the boundaries of the two upper intervals.

The higher the self-esteem in general, the more we can assume an increase in the emotional background of mood. Mood influences all other behavior. It is a kind of background for general well-being, so it should be reflected in the indicators on all scales.

If all self-esteem is elevated, we assume that there is an increased background mood. However, when observing and talking, it may turn out that the subject will not look so joyful at all, although his self-esteem is increased. This should be taken into account when formulating final conclusions.

If a steady increase reaches the level of the upper interval, then, most likely, we can talk about unrealistic self-esteem or even its inadequacy. This is usually combined with a decrease in criticality. A similar increase occurs in patients in a hypomanic state (but not only, since for some forms of mental pathology a decrease in criticality is pathognomonic. the anterior regions of the brain; in case of intoxication or drug intoxication.).

Additional signs of unrealistic self-esteem

Excessive height of actual self-esteem is just one of the signs of unrealism. It is necessary to check how much you have the right to talk about it (about a decrease in criticism or about inadequacy, maybe about an “inadequate decrease in criticism”, maybe even about a “violation of criticality”; the severity of symptoms is increasing: unrealism, pronounced unrealism, decrease in criticality, a pronounced decrease in criticality, disturbed criticality (this is already serious and, most likely, for a long time).

In the case of serious deviations, this, most likely, should go out of the subjective sphere and somehow be expressed in behavior and affect the fate of the subject (to confirm the diagnosis, you should refer to an objective history).

How can you be sure that there is unrealism?

For example, seeing very high self-esteem on any scale, you can indirectly question it in the form of a clarifying question. Suppose that self-esteem is near the upper pole of the character scale, then you can ask the question: “Did I understand correctly that you can be classified in the 5% of people with the most good character? " The question posed in this way gives the subject a chance to think once again whether he assessed himself correctly. If he says “Yes” and at the same time sincerely believes in it, most likely the criticality is reduced. If you observe this reaction repeatedly, then the criticality of the subject is reduced or impaired. In this case, a violation of criticality will necessarily manifest itself in a violation of contact during the examination.

An even decline in self-esteem

Self-esteem is considered low, if most of the marks of the current self-esteem are below the average mark (see Fig. №3). In this case, they speak of increased or excessive criticality, or an excessive increase in self-exactingness, and not about unrealism or inadequacy.

The midpoint (midpoint of the scale) can be interpreted in two ways:

Decreased self-esteem;
... the middle of the scale is also different in that it is a kind of "house" in which you can hide from your annoying curiosity. That is, for others (not for ourselves), we may well "affect" the average. Often the subjects put themselves in the middle, because they do not want to show who they really are. Often - this is a sign of a formal attitude to the survey.

Although the technique can reveal some of the psychological components of depression, you should avoid using psychiatric terms in your psychological statements. A psychologist cannot diagnose "Depression" on the basis of a self-assessment study (because depressive syndrome also includes cyclical changes in mood during the day, as well as constipation).

You can only describe a number of symptoms, for example - increased demand for yourself, dissatisfaction with yourself, feeling unhappy, decreased optimism and decreased mood.

Uneven self-esteem. Uneven rise and fall in self-esteem

Let us imagine that there is a more or less stable self-esteem, against the background of which a "failure" is noticeable, and on some other scale - a rise. Self-esteem "duck" is, as a rule, a sign of a problem, trouble. This is usually what you are looking for. It can also be said that "sinking" is a sign that, against the background of a more or less stable mood, there is a decrease in it due to situational actualization negative memories... A peak on a different scale in such a situation can be regarded as a sign of compensation (see Fig. №4). Compensation is what a person tries to conceal, to hide from himself and those around him the negative experiences that arise when he is not free to choose his behavior. (Here it always sounds like: "But here ...".) The compensatory assessment will be in the third, uppermost interval, which signals a partial loss of criticality in this area.

Additional signs of compensation and problems

If you continue the conversation about the self-esteem "sinking" and if it really signals a problem, then the subject is likely to start complaining about difficulties in this area. If you try to convince him, it will not lead to the desired result. But at least if a person believes that the psychologist is sincerely trying to help him, a fight is unlikely. But if you start to dissuade him about the peak (compensation), then you risk provoking a conflict. Imagine that a psychologist says: “How happy are you (smart, beautiful, kind, etc.)? Look how you live - is that happiness? " And not only because the topic of happiness is very subjective and significant, but simply in the problem area a person has no "support under his feet", and he tries to "hang himself", as if on a hook, on an excessively high self-esteem on a different scale, and you from this "hook" you are trying to "throw off". Naturally, you will receive aggression in response.

If the psychologist receives aggression in response to the expressed doubt, then this is indeed the sphere of compensation.

General uneven self-esteem

With uneven self-esteem, it is very difficult to unequivocally determine its height. The terms “rather uneven”, “relatively uneven”, “noticeably unstable”, “pronouncedly unstable” reflect various nuances of its unevenness.

Uneven self-esteem is pronounced

If self-esteem fluctuates within three intervals, and moreover, it is “pronounced uneven self-esteem” (see Fig. №5).

Uneven self-esteem is indicative of emotional instability, but what kind? It is proposed to proceed from the following assumption. Any scale represents a kind of life context. When it comes to how healthy, smart, etc. we are, then we automatically "plunge" into this context. Moving from context to context, we seem to move from situation to situation, somewhat changing the state of consciousness. If self-esteem is unstable, then during these transitions, the emotional state changes. It is in this sense that you need to understand the emotional instability that self-esteem expresses. Such instability of self-esteem is typical, for example, for women in a state of pregnancy.

Increase / decrease in self-esteem during the examination

The next type of instability manifests itself in certain tendencies, for example, in a decrease or increase in self-esteem during the survey. If the increased (decreased) self-esteem normalizes by the end of the examination, you need to pay attention to this, because this is the result of corrective work. There is a concept of "curability", which determines how much the patient is ready for changes (or curable, if it comes about therapy). The same can be said for psychological problems Oh. If some psychological parameter of self-esteem normalizes in the process of communicating with you, then this is a favorable sign, you can continue to work with the subject as a client (If this does not happen, then this does not mean the opposite).

One more rule. You are biased when working with a test subject. Biasedness consists not so much in the normalization of the self-esteem of the subject as in its decrease. You should be pleased with a decrease in self-esteem (more precisely, the detection of such a decrease in an experiment). You are looking for a problem, looking for a sign of trouble in the answers. The indicator of unhappiness is the “sinking” of self-esteem. The specialist must “catch on” to this topic and find out with the subject what is the matter. After that, most likely, a couple more scales will appear, which will also be lowered. As a result, the total self-esteem of the subject will be lower than "usual". This tendency must be realized by you.

The height of ideal self-esteem

The "circle" is a mark of ideal self-esteem. This is your subject's non-verbal response to the question: "Where would you dream of being ideally between these poles?" This is the mark of a dream. In the structure of the "I-image", "I-concept" ideal self-esteem is assigned special role... The fact is that every person has perfect self-esteem. For determining total height self-esteem, the height of ideal self-esteem plays a lesser role than the height of actual self-esteem.

What allows us to find out this indicator?

The first step is to see how the height of the "circles" relates to the upper poles of the scales. The "circles" should be slightly below the pole. If the "circle" stands at the pole, then one can assume an immature attitude towards values as one of the signs of an immaturity of the personality. An adult does not dream of being "the best".

How can this be explained?

1. A subject with an immature attitude to values does not yet understand that the absolute is unattainable, and the way of setting the scales as absolute values is convention.
2. Growing up, "socializing", we do not invent values, but we take them ready-made from culture. But we develop our attitude towards them. If these values are borrowed, but not yet "processed", consciously not appropriated, then it is natural for us to desire to be the best in everything. But when the processing has taken place, a person ceases to want to be "the most-most" everywhere, no matter what he thinks about. You don't want to be the most beautiful and strongest, but you want to be "yourself". If they wanted to, they would have to do something for this, move in the chosen direction. This is an adult, mature attitude to values. Not only goals, but also values impose responsibilities and constraints. If you don’t do something, then you don’t want it. An immature attitude to values is when there is no clear awareness of his capabilities and limitations and the subject has not learned to limit himself in what lies aside from his consciously chosen path of development. The latter can be expressed in unrealistic ideal self-esteem.

So, if you see more than three circles at the poles, then the values are still borrowed and not felt. But the opposite is not true. Why? Ideal self-esteem may not decline at all because the attitude towards values is mature. It is important here to analyze the relationship between the "circle" and "dash".

The relationship between the height of actual and ideal self-esteem

Let's consider this ratio. It gives us an idea of self-satisfaction (see Fig. # 6). The smaller the distance between actual and ideal self-esteem, the greater self-satisfaction. Many experts (see: R. Berne Development of the Self-concept and education. - M., 1986) even believe that it is self-satisfaction that is the main content of self-esteem.

An increase in self-satisfaction is achieved either by reducing the “dream level”, ideal self-esteem (O), or by increasing actual self-esteem (-). An excessive increase in self-satisfaction is likely to compensate for internal dissatisfaction. You must test this hypothesis in another way.

Ideal self-esteem can be reduced due to the work of the compensatory (defense) mechanism, which in some cases can rightfully be called the "defense mechanism against depression." A sign of this mechanism is the parallelism of the lines of actual and ideal self-assessments with some of their instability, which looks like a "ribbon" with a lowered actual self-esteem. In such cases, the wording is legitimate: "There is a noticeable increase in self-satisfaction due to a compensatory decrease in the height of ideal self-esteem." In this case, a decrease in ideal self-esteem does not mean at all that the attitude towards values is realistic. The subject simply lowers the "dream level" in order to feel satisfied with what he has. This is especially true when the actual self-esteem is lowered (see Fig. №7).

Something similar is observed with increased self-esteem (see Fig. №8). Why does a person, despite the fact that he puts the "lines" high, still needs an additional increase in self-satisfaction by lowering the "circles"? There is something "too much" in this: the "circles" are too close to the "lines", despite the already high actual self-esteem. Most likely, this also speaks of compensation. It can be assumed that, deep down, such a person is dissatisfied with himself. He may not be aware of this. That's why the compensatory mechanism is to present things in a distorted or even opposite way for consciousness. Consequently, in the case of a simultaneous increase in the actual self-esteem with a parallel decrease in the ideal, we can talk about "a general compensatory increase in self-esteem and the level of self-satisfaction" (perhaps the exception is cases of emotional or intellectual pathology of an organic nature).

Thus, the parallelism of ideal and actual self-assessments can be observed both in the case of a decrease in current self-esteem, and in its increase. In the first case, we are talking about the mechanism of dealing with depression (it is symbolized by a lowered actual self-esteem), in the second - about a general compensatory increase in self-esteem and self-satisfaction.

The level of objective assessment of one's capabilities

"Checkmark" (V) is a mark of the assessment of their capabilities. This is your subject's non-verbal response to the question: “Where can you be, objectively assessing your capabilities? What can you achieve by objectively assessing your capabilities? " Typically, the check mark is between the circle and the dash. This is how it should be according to our model (see Fig. №6). The model assumes that ideal self-esteem and self-assessment are psychologically different realities. They don't have to match.

What does the assessment of opportunities tell us and how does it differ from the ideal self-assessment?

The "circle", ideal self-esteem, symbolizes the "dream level". Let's take it as an axiom that every person should have a dream, although you will see that for some subjects the checkmarks and circles are for the most part the same.

A special type of relationship between these assessments consists in lowering the level of ideal self-esteem (O) to the level of an objective assessment of one's capabilities (V) - “inflation of dreams”. Outwardly, this is similar to a compensatory decrease in ideal self-esteem in order to increase self-satisfaction (see above in the text). A characteristic difference is that, according to most scales, the “check marks” are inside the “circles”, although they are in their characteristic height range. It is important to find out what it is: abandoning a dream or overestimating your capabilities? In the first case, the "ticks" are where they should be according to the model, and the "circles" are lowered (both are located in the second interval from the middle). If so, then it is desirable to find out whether the subject understands the difference between the ideal (dream) and the goal? If he finds it difficult to formulate the difference or prefers not to get carried away with dreams, then you should think about the reason for this confusion. Direct questioning usually reveals that the subject deliberately avoids fantasies about his future, as if giving up dreams. The place of the dream is taken by “cold” calculation, rational planning of the future.

Usually, we all unconsciously feel the need to dream. But life sometimes teaches some people to dream. Ideal self-esteem usually means something unattainable. A dream does not come true, but sometimes it comes true if someone fulfills it for us. Making a dream come true on your own is a long and responsible process. A dream, in order to come true, as a result of a conscious choice must turn into a goal. Since we do not dream of goals, but strive for them and achieve them, the goal should "acquire" means to achieve it. We ask the subject about the means, offering to "evaluate their capabilities" using a tick. It follows from this that the "tick" is the level of the goal or real prospects (analogous to the level of aspirations). If the planning process is not distorted, then, as the realization progresses, another dream takes the place of a dream that has turned into a goal, and the "circle" is still above the "tick". If this does not happen, we are talking about "dream inflation" (see Fig. # 9).

This is not easy to explain to every subject. This can be a topic for discussion in a group process and in private conversation.

Relationship Between Self-Assessment Parameters

Now let's look at the relationship between all the icons. As seen from Fig. No. 6, "ticks" (V) must be between the "circle" (O) and the "dash" (-). This ratio has its own psychological meaning. The distance between O and V is the interval of the unattainable. Desired but unattainable. The "tick" is what "I can", and what is above it is "everything is inaccessible." Below the "tick" up to the actual self-esteem - that "I can" is achievable, " living space"(If the subject thinks that he has it). The ratio between these two intervals (above and below the check mark) determines the subject's level of optimism. Being one of the operationalizations of this concept - in the form of a graphical relationship between the intervals of the feasible and the impossible. The larger the interval of the possible and the smaller the interval of the impossible, the higher the level of optimism.

Optimism level (indirect indicator)

The ratio between the interval of the possible (the distance from the actual self-assessment to an objective assessment of one's own capabilities) and the interval of the impossible (the distance from the assessment of one's own capabilities to the ideal self-assessment). The larger the interval of the possible and the smaller the interval of the impossible, the higher the level of optimism (as M.Z. Dukarevich believed, the level of optimism is a very important, vital important characteristic... If you are dealing with a person with suicidal thoughts (ideas, intentions), then the level of optimism is a powerful anti-suicidal factor)

Self-satisfaction and optimism scales

These two scales are given to test how valid the examination procedure is for a given subject. These scales directly reflect what indirectly symbolize the ratios of the three indicators of self-esteem described above. Thanks to the introduction of these scales, we have a direct assessment by the subjects of their satisfaction (optimism), which can be compared with indirect indicators.
It is necessary to compare direct assessments (actual self-assessment) on these scales with the result of the analysis of these characteristics by indirect signs. It is assumed that if everything is in order with self-esteem and the subject is sincere, these indicators should match "automatically." If direct self-esteem coincides with indirect indicators, you gain confidence in the sincerity of the subject and the integration of the conscious and unconscious levels of his self-esteem. When there are signs of activity of the compensatory mechanisms described above, you yourself must decide whether this last conclusion is somewhat legitimate. In the case of a discrepancy between direct self-esteem and indirect signs, there are three options.

The first is that the subject has not been sincere with you.
... Second, he does not understand himself well enough, the level of reflection is insufficient.
Third, we are dealing with compensation. Compensation is when the subject both feels and does not feel satisfied with himself. Deep down, a person is not satisfied with himself, but “on the surface” demonstrates to us (and to himself) states of satisfaction. The ratios for the indicators of optimism are interpreted in a similar way. But these hypotheses need to be tested additionally.

Inconsistency-consistency

The degree of consistency may be different, but the point is in one thing: the subject contradicts himself, giving himself different grades on similar scales. Let's say the "health" scale splits into two scales: "mental" and "physical" health. According to the general scale of "health", the subject sets himself a high level of health, and in terms of mental and physical health - lower: so that no matter how you add up, the same height as on a single scale will not work. In other words, estimates on scales that are close in meaning do not coincide or contradict each other. The subject, as a rule, does not notice this, even when the scales are next to each other.

In addition to the formal indicators of self-esteem outlined above, there are personality reserves that you, as a psychologist, can develop and use. For example, the sense of the human "I" or the feeling of the "I" of another person. All diagnostic techniques are just artificial techniques that help the psychologist to understand another person. But the most accurate (potentially) diagnostic "apparatus" is in your soul, only it needs to be "tuned". Your own perception of another person is often the last criterion by which the sincerity of another person or the presence of some inconsistencies in his self-esteem is tested. The secret is that when working with the subject, you need to observe yourself. Not to fix attention on yourself, but to observe your emotions and actions from the corner of your eye. You are concerned with the subject (client), not yourself, but at the same time you are aware of yourself no less than him, constantly reflecting on your state as a subtle diagnostic tool.

Analysis of the degree of distortion of self-esteem

As it was said, in addition to the results of the actual "measurement" of self-assessment, the Dembo-Rubinstein technique allows you to establish the degree of distorting influence defense mechanisms on the "I-concept" by counting the number of identified compensatory mechanisms. Now it is difficult to determine the true maladaptive "weight" of each of them, so each is assigned 1 point.

Sources of

Self-assessment study according to Dembo-Rubinstein with elements of clinical conversation / Yanshin P.V. Clinical Psychology Workshop. Personality research methods. - SPb., 2004.

The question arises as to how to identify its real level. Does it really make sense to talk about an increase in self-esteem, if its level in a person is already unrealistically high.

I don't think there are any one hundred percent methods, but attempts have been made to create them.

I would like to cite one of the most famous. This is the Dembo-Rubinstein self-assessment methodology.

Tamara Dembo (1902-1993; born in Baku, Russia; worked in Germany, then in the USA) - a famous researcher in the field of psychology, at one time suggested using this technique. Susanna Yakovlevna Rubinstein (1911 - 1990) - Soviet psychologist, modified Dembo's technique.

Testing

The technique is outwardly very simple. A vertical line is drawn on a piece of paper to indicate one of the properties, for example, happiness. The top edge corresponds to the state where you think the most happy man, which can be imagined, and the lower one corresponds to the state of the most unfortunate person. That is, at the bottom there are negative values that a person tries to avoid, and at the top, on the contrary, are positive ones, to which a person aspires.

For convenience, you need to draw as many lines on the form as there are qualities you are testing (for example, 6), while the height of each line should be 100 mm for the convenience of subsequent measurements. Each millimeter of the scale will be counted as 1 point.

Each line should be marked with the top and bottom points (noticeable horizontal lines), as well as the middle of the scale (small dot). A sample can be seen in the picture.

The test must be performed prior to reading the interpretation of the results. Otherwise, understanding the interpretation will affect the performance of the test.

Interpretation of results

The interpretation of the results is given in its classical form.

The main parameters of self-esteem are its height, stability and realism.

Self-esteem height (-)

Rubinstein Susanna Yakovlevna

The number of points from about 50 to 75 ("medium" and "high" level) corresponds to a realistic or adequate self-assessment. The number of points from 75 to 100, as a rule, indicates an overestimated self-esteem and indicates some deviations in the formation of personality. Such a level may indicate distortions in the formation of personality - closeness to new experience, insensitivity to one's mistakes, comments and assessments of others. A score below 50 indicates low self-esteem.

In principle, a person's assessment should serve as a subject for further analysis. Why did he make a mark at this point on the scale?

Claim level (x)

According to the classical model, the normal actual self-esteem (-) should be just above the middle; the ideal indicator (o) is just below the upper pole, and the assessment of one's capabilities (x) is between these marks.

Self-esteem is considered lowered if most of the actual self-esteem scores are below the average. In this case, we can talk about excessive criticism, or excessive demands on oneself.

Relationship Between Self-Assessment Parameters

Now let's see the relationship between all the icons. The "x" symbols must be between the "o" and "-" symbols. The distance between x and o is the interval of the unattainable. Desired but unattainable. "X" is what "a person can", and what is higher than it is "inaccessible." Below "x" up to actual self-esteem is what is achievable. The ratio between these two intervals (above and below x) determines the subject's level of optimism. The greater the interval of the possible and the smaller the interval of the impossible, the higher the level of optimism.

Uneven ratings, when the indicators of different scales differ significantly from each other, can indicate emotional instability.

Some perform well in front of the public, others are embarrassed to ask about the price of goods in the store. Some people endure humiliation in order to be accepted into the social circle, others wear an invisible royal crown and do not let anyone close to them. What is the reason for this behavior of people? There is one personal characteristic that unites all of the above models of human behavior - this is self-esteem.

What is human self-esteem?

We often hear such a thing as "self-esteem". It is used not only by professional psychologists, teachers or doctors, we can hear about this personal characteristic in everyday communication. What is it? Self-esteem is called a person's ideas about and values for others, and it is also an assessment of one's own shortcomings and positive qualities, emotions, feelings by the person himself.

When does it start to form?

Self-esteem cannot be formed without the presence of another personal property - self-awareness. It occurs in childhood, up to about 3 years of age, when the child realizes his autonomy from the mother, identifies himself with a certain gender and begins to manifest himself as a person (the so-called "crisis seven-star" of this age). When a child grows up, he has the opportunity to assess himself at an elementary level and analyze the attitude of others to himself. At this age, we can talk about the rudiments of self-esteem, since it is formed for a long time and is in dynamics all life.

Types of self-esteem

Experts distinguish between several types of self-esteem that can be investigated using psychological tools (for example, the Budassi method for studying the self-concept, or the Dembo-Rubinstein method). Self-esteem consists of a person's ideas about himself, real and ideal.

Exists different relationship between these two ("I am real", "I am ideal"). Self-esteem of a person changes depending on the quality of this attitude.

Underestimation of the personality of oneself- a big difference between ideas about who I really am and what I should be ideally. The self-doubt that develops in this case shows through in all human activities.
Adequate self-esteem- the normal ratio between "I-real" and "I-ideal". The person behaves adequately to the situation.
Overpriced- there is practically no difference between the two above-mentioned personality structures. A person is inclined to consider himself, if not an ideal, then very close to him.

Dembo-Rubinstein technique - self-esteem research, description

It is very important for a person to have adequate self-esteem, because otherwise there are problems in communication, professional activity, etc. Timely attention should be paid to the self-esteem of the individual in order to avoid mistakes in his social adaptation.

The Dembo-Rubinstein technique allows you to determine what self-esteem a person has. This is done using the marks of the subject on certain scales. A person is given a methodology form, which contains instructions and the main task. To determine the level of self-esteem, the non-classical Dembo-Rubinstein technique is used.

The Parishioners' modification of this technique is used in recent times in different educational institutions and in production. The modified methodology of A.M. Prikhozhan contains 7 scales (in contrast to the 4 original ones). The author of the modification added such scales as "the ability to do something with your own hands", "appearance", "peer recognition", and also changed the scale "happiness" to "self-confidence".

Study instructions

A person can understand what needs to be done in the test by reading the instructions. It says that everyone has the opportunity to assess their abilities, capabilities, and so on. Your assessment can be expressed on a segment, from one end of which low scores begin, at the other end - a maximum of 10 points. It is necessary to mark on each scale with a dash "-" the level at which the development of this quality or property is now. Then it is necessary to mark on these scales with a cross "x" the level at which the person being tested can feel self-satisfaction or pride.

Scales in the dough

Modified Dembo-Rubinstein technique includes the following scales:

The technique is suitable for individual and frontal examination. When working with a group, it is necessary to check each person how he completed the first training scale - "health". Modification of the Dembo-Rubinstein technique involves the expenditure of time for performing test task from 10 to 12 minutes.

Analysis of results

When processing and analyzing the results, the first scale is not taken into account, since this is not a personal characteristic. The length of each scale must be strictly equal to 100 mm, then each marked cross and line will have a quantitative characteristic (for example, 48 mm - 48 points).

The Dembo-Rubinstein technique allows us to identify not only the level of self-esteem, but also the level of personal aspirations. This indicator is determined by measuring the number of points from "0" to "x". Accordingly, the level of self-esteem on a particular scale can be measured from "0" to "-".

Next, you need to calculate the distance from "x" to "-". If there is a situation in which the level of aspirations is lower than personal self-esteem, the points are expressed in negative numbers... Then there is the calculation of points and determination of self-esteem. The Dembo-Rubinstein technique is easy to process, therefore it is very often used. But experts almost always use it in modifying the Parishioners.

Decoding indicators

To determine the level of the two subjects, the total score of the corresponding indicators of all scales (except for the first) is calculated. The Dembo-Rubinstein technique helps a person as accurately as possible to understand how he assesses himself.

Indicators of the level of claims

Adequate - 75-89 points. A person realistically evaluates his capabilities.
High - 90-100 points. Unrealistic attitude to one's capabilities, lack of self-criticism.
Low - below 60 points. An underestimated level of claims. A person cannot develop normally. He has no aspirations to achieve anything, since he is sure that this is a deliberately losing option.

Self-esteem

Adequate - 45-74 points. Realistic assessment of oneself according to the specified in the methodology and other parameters.
Overestimated - 75-100 points. There are some problems in the formation personal qualities... Perhaps an adult or a child cannot properly assess their labor activity(its results), communication. There is such a phenomenon as "closeness to experience", that is, a person is insensitive to comments, advice and assessments of people.
Underestimated - less than 45 points. Man has big problems in the formation of the personal shows the method of Dembo-Rubinstein. Self-esteem that is too low can be the result of the manifestation of two psychological problems: really lack of confidence in their own capabilities and "defensive" insecurity. The second phenomenon is observed when a person imposes this "underestimation" on himself in order not to strain in decisions and avoid responsibility.

Also on the topic

Horoscope for September 26 Scorpio

Horoscope Capricorn girl for November

Moon calendar for november

Business horoscope - Scorpio

Mobile horoscope - Virgo