Finishing wood products is the creation of a protective decorative coating on their surface to improve the appearance of products and protect them from the influence of the environment (air, moisture, light, etc.). There are the following types of wood products finishes: transparent, opaque and special. With a transparent finish, a protective decorative transparent film is applied to the wood; the texture and color of the wood is preserved and in many cases even more expressive. For this type of finish, gloss or matte varnishes, synthetic films, etc. are used.
Rice. 123. Interior decoration of residential premises with decorative painting
Rice. 124. Brushes for applying paints and varnishes
In opaque finishes, the protective film is opaque and completely covers the texture and color of the wood. Opaque finishing is carried out with pigmented paints (oil, enamel, etc.) on low-value wood species. Special (decorative) finishing includes gilding, bronzing, burning, painting, carving, etc. Special types of finishing are used in small industries with an artistic bias. Paints and varnishes are applied to the surface by hand with brushes (Fig. 124), and mechanically - by spraying, pouring, dipping the product.
For all types of exterior finishes, the surface of the wood must be well prepared. Preparation consists in the final leveling and cleaning of the surface. First, it is sanded along the grain with sanding paper No. 100 using sanding. Sanding helps to eliminate small irregularities on the surface of the workpiece. The final cleaning is carried out with fine-grained abrasive paper No. 140 ... 160.
Rice. 125. Methods for applying paint and varnish: a - directions of application; b - the position of the brush when varnishing (staining); c - hand position when varnishing (painting) with a brush
Rice. 126. Types of painting: a - Petrikovskaya; b - yavorivskaya; c - Hutsul
Paints and varnishes are applied with brushes to the surface two or three times, depending on the required finish quality. The techniques for applying paint and varnish coatings are shown in Figure 125. First, the paint coat is applied across, and then smooth along the fibers. After each applied layer, the paint film is dried and sanded with fine-grained abrasive paper. The last layer is not sanded. The entire surface of the product after varnishing (painting) should have the same even gloss.
A wood product finisher is engaged in works that are necessary to give wood products an appropriate surface and appearance quality: painting, puttying, sanding, applying levkas, priming, varnishing, applying mastic, etc. He also works on finishing machines and finishing lines that automate these types of work, and adjusts and repairs these machines.
Depending on the category, the finisher of wood products performs the following functions according to ETKS:
3rd category: Application of varnish, gesso layers on baguette bars of simple configuration, knots and furniture products by hand or by dipping. Application of mastic, wax, dye, primer, filler and filler for opaque finishing on large surfaces of parts, assemblies and products by hand by dipping and spraying. Bringing the levkas mass to the required consistency according to the sequence of the applied layers. Preparation of templates for simple baguette profiles. Sanding of surfaces after priming, filling, filling and intermediate sanding of the lacquer film by hand or on machines. Dedusting surfaces, plates in a brush machine before finishing. Maintenance of the automatic device for loading plates into the brushing machine. Adjustment of the brush rollers to the thickness of the workpiece. Imitation of valuable wood species using a photomask method. Degumming of wood surfaces before finishing. Puttying on pencils with wood defects on priming machines. Installation of parts, assemblies and products on devices for drying lacquer film in natural conditions and monitoring the progress of drying. Removing overhangs of edging material along the length and width of the shield elements manually. Chamfering with sanding paper along the width of the board. Softening the edges. Straightening of defective spots, removing hot melt glue from the layers and edges of shield elements. Porous filling of the edges of panel elements, unprotected with edging material. Removal of defects with a solvent in the panel elements around the perimeter.
4th category: Management of lines for finishing joinery and building products. Leveling of varnish film of parts, units and furniture products, parts and baguette products on machine tools and manually. Polishing and bronzing of parts and products from a baguette of a complex profile. Application of levkas layers on baguette bars of complex configuration. Dry or wet sanding by hand or on lacquer and enamel machines. Imitation of valuable wood species by airbrushing. Dyeing parts, assemblies and products with staining solutions in tones imitating valuable wood species, manually, by spraying and dipping. Whitening surfaces with various compounds. Refreshing, elimination of finishing defects in lacquered units and products. Setting up a gesso machine and eliminating minor malfunctions in its operation. Preparation of templates for complex baguette profiles. Manual cleaning of varnish stains in parts, assemblies and furniture. Waxing of recesses in shields.
5th category: Management of the process of work on finishing lines, lines of grinding and polishing of lacquer film. Application of varnish to parts, assemblies and products by pouring on filling machines and drying it in installations of various designs. Grinding of varnish, enamel coatings and putty surfaces on wide-belt machines of various models. Manual polishing of parts and products on installations, lines and machines of various models. Refreshing the polished surface and removing oil from it. Repair of polished surfaces of furniture items. Compilation of stains, paints and colors. Artistic drawing on details for the background and imitation of the texture of valuable wood species by hand.
6th category: Varnishing of parts, assemblies and products by electrostatic spraying on installations and lines. Polishing of units and products by hand, on installations, lines, machines of various models for the 1st category of finishing furniture, export furniture and furniture for individual and special orders. Artistic drawing on knots and products under the background and imitation of the texture of valuable wood species by hand. Adjustment and participation in the current repair of equipment.
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The woodwork finisher is a specialist in the woodworking industry. The woodworking industry is a branch of the forestry industry that carries out mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing and processing of wood and uses various wood products as raw materials for its production.
Description of activities
The activity of a woodwork finisher is the production of lumber, sleepers, plywood, wood-based panels, beams; products for the needs of construction; rough blanks and finished parts for carriage, auto, aircraft and shipbuilding, as well as agricultural engineering; matches, furniture, wooden containers; accessories for textile production (pushers, spools, spools), shoe pads; cases and cases for devices.
Labor responsibilities
A woodwork finisher deresins and bleaches wood surfaces with various compounds. Wets garments to add lint before varnishing. Carries out varnishing or bronzing by electrostatic spraying, pouring or dipping on plants, lines, machines or by hand. Smoothes varnish film and dries wood surfaces in installations of various designs. Performs wet or dry sanding of varnishes. Carries out artistic finishing under the background by means of airbrushing, photomask or manually. Applies mastic, wax, colorant, primer, filler and filler for opaque surface finishes by spraying, dipping or by hand. Eliminates finishing defects, repairs polished surfaces of products, furniture. Performs adjustment of equipment.
Features of career growth
The career growth of a woodwork finisher depends on professional development (grade range 1-6).
Section 30. Wood products finisher, 3rd grade
Description of the work. Application of varnish, levkas layers on baguette blocks of simple configuration, knots and furniture items by hand or by dipping. Application of mastic, wax, dye, primer, filler and putty for opaque finishing on large surfaces of parts, assemblies and products by hand, by dipping and spraying. Bringing the levkas mass to the required consistency according to the sequence of the applied layers. Preparation of templates for simple baguette profiles. Sanding of surfaces after priming, filling, filling and intermediate sanding of the lacquer film by hand or on various machine models. Dedusting the surfaces of the plates in a brushing machine before finishing them. Maintenance of the automatic device for loading plates into the brushing machine. Adjustment of the brush rollers to the thickness of the workpiece. Imitation of valuable wood species using a photomask method. Deresinization of the surface before finishing. Putty on pencil priming machines with wood defects. Installation of parts, assemblies and products on devices for drying lacquer film and monitoring the progress of the process in natural conditions.
Must know: technological process and modes of operations performed; principle of operation, rules of operation of the equipment and devices used; basic physical and mechanical properties of finishing materials and requirements for them; permissible sizes of baguette bars of simple configuration; levkas mass recipe; modes of drying levkas layers; ways to determine the readiness of the levkas mass.
Work examples
1. Barrels - enameling of the inner surface.
2. Bars of a baguette of a simple profile - applying levkas layers and bronzing.
3. Neck, buttons, string holders of bowed musical instruments - grinding.
4. Details of wheelchairs, pins, stocks, butts and oval covers for training small arms, skis, seats and backs of chairs - varnishing.
5. Furniture panel parts - filling on machine tools.
6. Panel and bar parts for kitchen and children's furniture - puttying under an opaque finish in a spray booth.
7. Panel parts and furniture products - intermediate sanding of the varnish film.
8. Shoe pads - wax finish.
9. The bodies of violins, violas, cellos - varnishing.
10. Cases of TVs, receivers, radios - glossiness of all surfaces.
11. Stocks, butts of small arms repaired weapons - polishing to the required color of the old paint with the preparation of a composition for polishing.
12. Sheath of checkers - puttying and varnishing.
13. Furniture benches - dyeing.
From July 1, 2016, employers are required to apply professional standards if the requirements for the qualifications that an employee needs to perform a specific job function are established by the Labor Code, federal laws or other regulatory legal acts (Federal Law No. 122-FZ of May 2, 2015).
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