Before we start talking about the Eastern Slavs and trace the origins of the formation of their statehood, we have to look back centuries and take a quick look at the distant ancestors of the Slavs.
From the second millennium BC. Significant territories from Europe to the Asian expanses were inhabited by Indo-Europeans, which included various peoples or, more correctly, even proto-peoples: they were Germans, Balts, Slavs. They all spoke the same language (it's hard to believe, but it's a fact!) and represented a single mass of people.
At the turn of the millennium, the ancestors of the Slavs pointwise settled in two regions of Europe (it's time to open a map of Europe in front of you and look at it carefully). One of the regions - namely, the northern part of Central Europe - was settled by the Slavs, who would later become known as Western, while the territory along the middle course of the Dnieper (Middle Dnieper) began to be developed by our ancestors, who over the centuries will become known as Eastern Slavs.
2. Greek colonies and Scythians
Our ancestors, the Eastern Slavs, had a hard time in establishing a life and mastering the vast expanses that happened to be in their use. It’s all the fault of the militant nomadic neighbors from the south and southeast - the Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians, who in the period from the 10th to the 7th centuries. BC e. with terrifying frequency they raided the territory of the settlement of the Slavs. Regular clashes with nomads have become important elements life of the Slavs and largely predetermined the fate and features of the statehood of our ancestors.
Over time, the Scythians turned out to be more enterprising than the Cimmerians, ousted their unfortunate neighbors and became for several centuries the most dangerous neighbors of the Eastern Slavs.
By their origin, the Scythians were Iranian nomads (and again we remember or look at the map), by their settlements they were by the 4th century BC. filled the northern shores Black Sea coast. At the same time, Greek merchants were already settling in on the southern coast of Crimea, establishing their first colonies.
Time will pass, the Scythians will build a powerful state, which will include part of the territory inhabited by our distant ancestors.
Centuries later, after the Scythians descend from the historical Olympus, in other words, sink into obscurity, the unlucky Greeks will begin to call the Scythians - the Slavs living in these territories.
3. The Great Migration of Nations and Eastern Europe
From the end of the 4th century n. e. the Germanic tribes, who have gained strength, courage and, apparently, intelligence, are significantly increasing their activity, and are beginning to gradually move from the strategy of “raids” to the Roman Empire to the practice of “conquests” in order to obtain rich booty in the lands already mastered by the Romans. Thus began the Great Migration of Nations.
First in the area of Eastern Europe the Germanic tribes of the Goths moved from their place. In general, the Goths often changed their place of residence: at first they were settled in Scandinavia, then they were going to seize the territory of the Southern Baltic, but in the Baltics the Goths had an opportunity here - the Western Slavs managed to oust these Germanic tribes from this territory, after which the Goths had no choice but to get on the road.
At first, they managed to get to the steppes on the territory of modern Ukraine, where the brave Germans lingered for two whole centuries. From here they attacked the Roman possessions, as well as the Greek colonies. However, in their numbers, the Goths were significantly inferior to the Slavs. At the head of the Goths was a leader whose name has survived to this day - Germanaric, who, according to some reports, lived to be 100 years old.
In the 70s of the IV century. a new wave moved from the east - they were the Huns. Before that, they had already tried to capture China, but to no avail. The Chinese built the Great Chinese wall, which forced the Huns to abandon the "Chinese project" and move west. The invasion of the Huns was, perhaps, the largest phenomenon in the history of the migration of peoples. The Huns went to the Black Sea steppes and without special efforts destroyed ready.
The power of the Huns reached its highest glory under their leader Attila, who was certainly talented, but at the same time rude and merciless.
In the middle of the 5th century Attila's ambitious attempts to conquer all of Western Europe failed miserably. The Roman army completely defeated the army of Attila. The leader of the Huns had no choice but to take the remnants of his defeated army to the Danube.
Soon feuds broke out between the Hun leaders, and the Hun state disintegrated. But the movement of peoples continued for several more centuries.
4. Antes and the first East Slavic state
The Slavs also did not stand aside from the Great Migration of Nations, but they joined this process belatedly. After the power of the Huns fell, they were in short time the lands along the Danube, Dnieper, Pripyat, Desna, and the upper reaches of the Oka were repopulated. It happened in the 5th-6th centuries. n. e. and allowed scientists to talk about a population explosion.
The Slavs, realizing that the Hun threat had passed, began to gradually return to their ancestral lands in the south, and also gradually move to the east. In historical retrospect, the Huns served the Slavs well by clearing territories for them.
At the same time, the Slavs changed social composition society, the role of tribal leaders and elders grew, squads began to form around them, social stratification was born.
Starting from the 5th c. n. e. on the lands where by that time more than one wave of nomads had managed to visit, an alliance of East Slavic tribes was formed, which were called Ants. Greek authors confidently call the Ants - Slavs.
5. Slavic leader Kiy. Foundation of Kyiv
The chronicle says that one of the leaders of the Polyan tribe who lived along the Middle Dnieper, together with his brothers Shchek and Khoriv and sister Lybid, founded the city, which was named after his elder brother, Kiev. Then Kiy went to Constantinople, where the emperor himself received him with great honor.
Archaeologists confirm that at the end of the 5th-6th centuries. a well-fortified settlement already existed on the Kiev mountains, and some Kiev mountains were called Shekovitsy, Khorevitsy. The river that flowed nearby was called Lybid.
6. Fight against Avars and Khazars
In the middle of the VI century. another wave of nomads came out of the depths of Asia - they were Avars, a numerous Turkic horde that advanced into Eastern Europe, waged constant wars with Byzantium and, in the end, settled in the Danube valleys, on the slopes of the Carpathian mountains; favorable climate, vast pastures and fertile lands have long attracted many conquerors here.
Like 200 years ago during the Hun invasion, the southern regions of the Eastern Slavs were hit. The Avars were incredibly cruel, according to the chronicler, they loved to mock Slavic women, harnessing them to carts instead of oxen and horses.
But the time has passed when the Slavs meekly endured the violence of the nomads. By this time, they themselves had already gone on campaigns against their neighbors more than once, had strong squads. During the VI-VII centuries. the Slavs waged constant wars with the Avars, concluded peace treaties.
Only after the troops of the Franks at the end of the 7th century. defeated the Avars, the rapid decline of their nomadic state begins. The final defeat of the Avars was inflicted by the Turkic horde from the east - the Khazars.
At the mouth of the Volga, the capital of Khazaria, the city of Itil, was founded. In the future, a significant part of the Khazars switched to a settled way of life. Khazaria established very difficult relations with the East Slavic tribes. All trade of the Slavic world with the East went through Khazaria. Peaceful relations were interspersed with military conflicts, because the Slavs sought to liberate their southeastern territories, the left bank of the Dnieper, from Khazar rule.
7. Norman theory of the formation of the Old Russian state
The Norman theory of the emergence of the Old Russian state is a theory according to which the state was brought to Russia from outside. According to this theory, the Eastern Slavs did not have a level of development sufficient to create a state. This theory, placed in a certain context, can serve as confirmation of the inferiority of the East Slavic tribes, their underdevelopment. So Adolf Hitler, preparing his plan of attack on the USSR "Barbarossa" and the monstrous project "Ost", was guided by the same Norman theory.
The theory was formulated by German scientists who arrived in the Russian “scientific service” in the middle of the 18th century: G.F. Miller, G. Z. Bayer, A. L. Schlözer. Until the end of his life, the well-known Russian scientist with encyclopedic knowledge in almost all scientific disciplines M.V. Lomonosov. A well-known supporter of the theory was an equally well-known historian, author of one of the largest works on Patriotic history- N.M. Karamzin.
The fact that the Varangian squads and the Varangian princes (and the inhabitants of the Scandinavian peninsula are understood as the Varangians) were periodically involved in the processes taking place on the territory of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs is beyond doubt and is not disputed. There were strong economic ties between the East Slavic tribes and the Scandinavians, which is reflected in sources of various origins (Greek, Arabic, Scandinavian proper).
However, this is not confirmed, firstly, by historical sources - in the Scandinavian sagas, Russia appears before the reader as a country of enormous wealth, and military service Russia is honorable and can bring glory and wealth.
Secondly, archaeologists testify that the number of Varangians in Russia in the 5th-9th centuries. - not significant.
In the modern era, the scientific inconsistency of the Norman theory has been fully proved. However, its political meaning is dangerous even today, an example of which we have already cited.
Thus, among the Eastern Slavs, the prerequisites for the formation of the state were formed long before the calling of the Varangians, who in this case became exclusively the founders of the princely dynasty. This practice of introducing a dynasty from outside was characteristic of medieval Europe and there is nothing to be surprised about here.
If Rurik was a real historical figure, then his vocation to Russia should be seen as a response to the real need for princely power in the Russian society of that time.
AT historical literature the question of the place that should be assigned to Rurik is still controversial. Some historians argue that the Russian dynasty is of Scandinavian origin, like the name "Rus" itself.
Their opponents call the legend about the calling of the Varangians a figment of the chronicler's imagination, a later insertion into the chronicle, due to political reasons.
There is also a point of view that the Varangians-Rus and Rurik were Slavs who originated either from the southern coast of the Baltic (Rügen Island) or from the region of the Neman River.
Lecture: peoples and ancient states on Russian territory. East Slavic tribes and their neighbors
East Slavic tribes and their neighbors
Slavic languages belong to the world's most widespread Indo-European language family. Therefore, the ancient Indo-European community became the basis for the formation of the Slavs and other European peoples (Latvians, Lithuanians, Germans, Greeks, Iranians, etc.). According to one version, it was located in the north of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). From there, at the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. began the resettlement of modern Europeans, including the Slavs.
The ethnogenesis of the Slavs is the subject of scientific disputes. It used to be believed that the Slavs came from the Danube, but modern researchers argue that the ancestral home of the Slavs is the interfluve of the Vistula and Odra. Here the settlement of Slavic tribes began to the east and south (the Balkan Peninsula). The first mention of nationalities in Russia dates back to the Bronze Age. In the Bible, historical documents Ancient Greece and the writings of Herodotus are mentioned Cimmerians- an alliance of tribes living on the Crimean peninsula and the northern parts of the Black Sea region.
In the Northern Black Sea region of the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. began a large colonization of the Greeks to the west. As a result, many city-states of Chersonese (Sevastopol), Feodosia, Panticapaeum, Phanagria, Olbia, etc. were founded. They were the center of trade in fish, bread, cattle and slaves. In 480 BC. e. Panticapaeum (current name - Kerch) becomes the capital of the Bosporus kingdom - a powerful Greek-barbarian state. At the same time, Iranian-speaking tribes came to the steppe shores of the Black Sea - Scythians. Their main occupation was cattle breeding, agriculture and crafts. Over time until the 4th century AD. they settled throughout the northern Black Sea region, from the Danube to the Don. Their way of life is also described by Herodotus. Later on these lands came Sarmatians, they conquered most of their lands from the Scythians and occupied them with their settlements.
During the period Great Migration in the IV-VII centuries. n. e. The northern Black Sea region becomes a kind of main route for the movement of peoples from east to west. The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the Black Sea steppes passed to those who came from the Baltic Gotham who came from Germanic tribes. Goths in the 4th century AD created the first known state in Europe - Oyum. Which was soon destroyed by the Huns. The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in the area from the Volga to the Danube. They defeated the Roman cities of the Black Sea region and undermined the prosperity of the Slavs of the Middle Dnieper region, depriving them of the opportunity to export bread. The Huns reached their maximum power during the reign of the leader Attila in the 5th century, and even managed to form a state. But after the death of Attila, due to internecine wars between the heirs and other leaders, the state quickly disintegrated, the Huns went beyond the Dnieper. And the Slavs moved in their place and massively invaded the Balkan Peninsula.
As a result of the Great Migration of Peoples, a single Slavic community broke up into three branches: Western, Southern and Eastern Slavs, which in our time are represented by such peoples:
- Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Lusatian Serbs);
- southern Slavs (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Bosnian Muslims);
- Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians).
They settled in the territory of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.
All Slavic tribes occupied a significant part of the territory of the East European Plain. East Slavs settled in the west from the Carpathians to the northern territories of the Dnieper in the east, from Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. The names of the tribes are associated with their habitat (glade - field, Drevlyans - tree - forests, Dregovichi - dryagva - swamp). Polans and Slovenes were the largest in terms of population and area.
Neighbors of the East Slavic tribes
The neighbors of the Slavs were not too numerous Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. In the north, they coexisted with the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: the whole, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordva, Mari. The East Slavic tribes were more numerous and more developed, so many neighboring tribes became part of them. But not only the Slavs taught their neighbors, the Finno-Ugric tribes instilled in the Slavs many of their beliefs, as well as the Baltic ones.
"The Tale of Bygone Years" by Nestor preserved the news of the "tormenting" of the Slavic tribes by "obrams". We are talking about Avars- nomadic people of Central Asian origin. Which in VIv. AD moved to Central Europe, creating in it their own state, the Avar Khaganate (on the territory of present-day Hungary). This state controlled the whole of Eastern Europe, including the Slavic lands. To protect against the constant raids of the Avars, the Slavs began to make weapons, the men gathered the militia. At the end of the 8th century The state of the Avars was destroyed by the Hungarian troops.
Another neighboring nomadic tribes are the Khazars. Came in the 7th century. also from Asia, settled in the south of the Volga. Where they formed the largest state in Eastern Europe - the Khazar Khaganate (which included the northern territories of the Black Sea region, the Crimean peninsula, the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and the Caspian region). Under oppression and constant raids, the Slavs who lived on the territory of the steppes had to pay tribute to them, mostly in furs. True, the Khazar state allowed the Slavs to trade along the Volga trade route. Destroyed in the X century by the Russian army.
The Vikings played an important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs. Through the territory of the Eastern Slavs, the most important trade route passed, which connected Scandinavia and Byzantium. Northern neighbors, in addition to economic impact, also had political influence. The Norman theory says that it was the people from Scandinavia who gave the Eastern Slavs statehood. In the life of the Slavs, the role of Byzantium was also great, which was one of the largest trade, economic, cultural and religious centers of the 9th century.
§ 3. Eastern Slavs and their neighbors.
The ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" can tell a lot about the settlement of the East Slavic tribes. She informs us about the glades who lived in the Middle Dnieper region in the Kyiv region, their neighbors - the Drevlyans, who settled in the swampy and wooded Pripyat Polissya. At the northern end of the East Slavic world lived the Ilmen Slovenes, who settled along the shores of Lake Ilmen; Dregovichi lived between Pripyat and the Western Dvina; their neighbors were the Krivichi, a huge array of which eventually broke up into three branches: the Krivichi of Smolensk, Polotsk and Pskov; the neighbors of the meadows from the side of the steppe were the northerners, in the Sozh river basin the Radimichi lived, and in the Oka basin - the Vyatichi. At the southernmost tip of the East Slavic territory, almost on the Black Sea coast, Ulichi and Tivertsy settled.
For a long time, historians did not trust this annalistic geographical scheme, but archeology at the beginning of the 20th century confirmed it. Helped here ... women's jewelry. It turned out that one of the most common types of women's jewelry among the Eastern Slavs - temporal rings, differs throughout the Russian Plain. It turned out that certain varieties of these ornaments correspond to a certain settlement of one or another East Slavic "tribe". Later, these observations were confirmed by the study of other elements of the material culture of the Eastern Slavs.
Settling over such a vast area, the Eastern Slavs encountered, entered into one or another relationship with the peoples who inhabited Eastern Europe before them or came here at the same time. It is known that the Balts lived up to the area of modern Moscow, as evidenced by the study of place names (geographical names), which turn out to be very stable, persisting for centuries. The regions of the northeast were inhabited by the Finno-Ugric peoples, and the south was inhabited by Iranian-speaking tribes - the descendants of the Sarmatians already known to us. Military clashes were replaced by periods of peaceful relations, assimilation processes were going on: the Slavs, as it were, drew these peoples into themselves, but they themselves changed, acquiring new skills, new elements of material culture. Synthesis, the interaction of cultures - the most important phenomenon of the time of the settlement of the Slavs on the Russian Plain, perfectly illustrated by the data of archaeological excavations.
Relations with those ethnic groups that were already able to create quite strong unions of tribes or even early state formations were more difficult. One of these formations in the middle of the 7th century. was created by the Bulgarians. As a result of internal troubles and external pressure, part of the Bulgarians, led by Khan Asparukh, migrated to the Danube, where they subjugated the local South Slavic tribes. Another part of the Bulgarians, led by Khan Batbay, moved to the northeast and settled in the middle reaches of the Volga and on the lower Kama, creating the state of Bulgaria. This is the state long time posed a real threat to the Eastern Slavs.
The Khazars were also Turkic tribes, who in the second half of the 7th century. began to push the Bulgarians. Over time, they also settle on the ground, create their own early state formation, which covered the vast territories of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region, the Northern Black Sea region and partly the Crimea. The center of the Khazar Khaganate, as this formation began to be called (the Khazar ruler was called the Khagan), was located in the lower reaches of the Volga. There were not so many ethnic Khazar Turks, but the main population was representatives of the so-called Saltov-Mayak culture, which consisted of representatives of the diverse ethnic population of Eastern Europe, including the Slavs. Basically, the population of the kaganate was pagan, but the Khazar elite converted to Judaism. Part of the East Slavic tribes, adjacent to the borders (very vague) of the kaganate, had, according to the chronicle, to pay tribute to the Khazars.
A formidable danger for the Eastern Slavs also loomed from the northwest. The meager land of the Scandinavian Peninsula pushed into Europe large detachments of "seekers of glory and prey, penitents of the seas" - the Normans, who were called Varangians in Russia. The detachments were led by the Vikings, who came mostly from noble families. Hardened in battles and sea voyages, armed with an effective weapon - an ax with a pointed bayonet, the Normans were a terrible danger to many European countries. The peak of Varangian raids on Slavic territories falls on the 9th century.
In the fight against enemies, the military organization of the Slavic population grew stronger, which has its roots in the depths of centuries. Like many other peoples, this is a system of hundreds, when each tribe put up a hundred warriors, led by a "Sotsky", and the union of tribes was supposed to put up a thousand, from where the position of "thousand" comes from. One of the military leaders was the prince. The word "prince" is a common Slavic, borrowed, according to linguists, from the ancient German language. This word originally meant the head of the family, the elder. From the sources we know about the tribal leaders-princes. Over time, with the growth of the population, the tribe, subdivided into several clans, broke up into a number of related tribes, which formed a tribal union. Such tribal unions most likely were the annalistic "tribes" of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, etc. At the head of these unions were leaders who towered over the leaders of the individual tribes that were part of the union.
Historical evidence of such princes is contained in the chronicle legend about Kyi and his descendants. The chronicle says: “And up to now the brothers (Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv. - Auth.) often keep their princely family in the fields, and in ancient times, their own, and their Dregovichi, and their Slovenes in Novgorod, and the other on Polot, etc. Polotskians".
The Arab historian Masudi reports about the ancient Slavic prince Majak, and the Gothic historian Jordan, already known to us, about the prince God. Thus, in addition to the leaders of the tribes, there were also leaders of the unions of the tribes. These princes had various functions. The prince of the tribe could be elected for a time, during the period of hostilities. His power is small compared to the power of the leader of the tribal union. The power of the latter is constant, the functions are more diverse. Such a prince had to deal with the internal construction of the union, collect, organize and lead the army, and be in charge of foreign policy in general. These princes also performed some religious and judicial functions. In this they were helped by the council of elders, or, as ancient Russian monuments often call it, the elders of the city (the chronicles use the terms "elders" and "startsy of the city" as equivalent). In the annalistic reports, the elders of the city act as authorized leaders of society, with whom the princes were forced to reckon. Even in the second half of the X century. - the turning point of the reign of Vladimir - they still participated in the management and influenced the course of events. Elders-advisers took part in the princely duma, princely feasts, which performed an important social function - communication between the population and the prince. The elders of the city are a tribal nobility who dealt with civil affairs.
In military affairs, the squad helped the prince. It also originates in the bowels of the primitive communal system, without violating the pre-class social structure in any way. The squad grew together with the prince and, like the prince, performed certain social useful features. The prince among the combatants was not a master, but the first among equals.
Another important element of the socio-political structure was the veche. Tribal vecha - people's meetings - arise in ancient times. The Byzantine writer-historian Procopius of Caesarea (VI century) wrote about them, telling about the Antes and Sclaves. The study of the oldest documents about the veche indicates that the entire population, including the nobility, participated in it. The People's Assembly acted continuously throughout the IX-XI centuries, but over time, as the tribal ties disintegrated, it became more active. The fact is that tribal ties fetter a person, tribal protection, which in ancient times was a boon for any member of the clan, eventually becomes a brake on the development of democratic government.
This triad - the prince, the council of elders and the popular assembly - can be found in many societies that have experienced an archaic stage of development.
Lesson on the history of the Fatherland, grade 6.
Lesson topic:Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. (§2)
Lesson Objectives: 1. To consolidate in students a general idea of the ancestors of the Slavs, the settlement of the East Slavic tribes in antiquity, about the occupations of the Slavs, their way of life, religion and the system of social structure and government; to form in students an idea about the neighbors of the Eastern Slavs, their location, occupations, level of development, religions and relations with the Eastern Slavs.
2. To develop the ability to work with the educational material of the textbook, to extract knowledge when working with a map, to develop communication skills when working in groups, the ability to analyze material, generalize and systematize knowledge into diagrams.
3. to cultivate a reverent attitude to the distant past of their people and its history, respect for work, achievements and successes, a sense of pride in their people.
Equipment: Academic allowance : Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the XVI century. M.: "Enlightenment", 2003; map "Formation of the Old Russian State", educational pictures "Ancient Eastern Village", "Dwelling of the Eastern Slavs", the Book of Preobrazhensky A.A. History reveals secrets. M.: Children's literature, 1991.; handout - cards with the definition of auxiliary historical disciplines.
During the classes.
I. Repetition:
1) Frontal conversation:
What topic did we study in the last lesson?
With what questions did we begin to study the life of the Eastern Slavs? (origin, resettlement, occupation, way of life, customs, religion, administration of the Eastern Slavs)
2) Work at the blackboard.
Exercise 1: restore the scheme "The origin of the Eastern Slavs and using it to talk about the problem of the origin of the Eastern Slavs":
4 thousand years ago Balts
Indo-Europeans Balto-Slavic tribes ≈ V c. BC. Western?
(Central and Eastern
Europe) Slavs (5th century) Eastern ?
southern ?
Task 2: make a diagram of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs
The resettlement of the Eastern Slavs
s-w s-v
from the glade to
s-s s-s
3) In writing:
Task 3: match auxiliary historical sciences with their definition (4 students).
4) Orally: Tell us about the occupations of the Eastern Slavs.
slash-and-burn (forest zone)
A) farming
(wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat + vegetable gardens - turnips, radishes, beets, plows, harrows,
cabbage, onion, garlic) sickle
fallow (or shifted) (steppe and forest-steppe zone)
B) Cattle breeding: cows, goats, sheep, pigs, horses.
Livestock reared in small numbers . Why? (low soil fertility - low yields - lack of food in long winters)
Since the Slavs lived mainly in the forest and forest-steppe zone, settled near the rivers, guess what else they could do?
B) beekeeping (? Collecting honey)
D) Hunting (furs) basis of trade with Byzantium
D) Fishing
E) Craft (iron smelting, blacksmithing and jewelry)
5) Checking tasks by groups:
1 group.§ 1, p.3, p. 10. Describe what the Eastern Slavs looked like. (+ ill. Preobrazhensky)
2 group§ 1, p.3, p.10-11. Describe the customs (rules of life) of the Eastern Slavs.
3 group§ 1, p.3, p.11. What qualities distinguished the Slavs as warriors?
4 group§ 1, p.3, p.10-11. Describe the dwellings of the Eastern Slavs. (+ including pictures)
5 group§ 1, p.4, p.11. Prove that the Slavs were pagans.
6 group§ 1, r.3,4, p.10-12. Make a dictionary of new historical terms.
^
Evaluation of work in groups
6) Frontal survey:
In the VI-VIII centuries, the Eastern Slavs settled on a vast territory. Which?
Working with the map: determine the territory of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs.
(from Lake Ilmen in the north to the Black Sea steppes in the south, from the Carpathians in the west to the Volga in the east - i.e. most of East European Plain)
- The names of the East Slavic tribes were often associated with the area where they lived.
The word "dryagva" means "swamp". What tribes lived in the swamps? (dregovichi)
About which of the Eastern Slavs did the chronicler Nestor write in the ancient Slavic chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" "... and they lived like wolves among the forests"?
Polota - river, Ilmen lake - What tribes lived near these geographical features?
Checking written assignments on the board.
5. Management .
Consanguineous communities headed by elders (common property, common labor)
Neighboring (territorial community) community- rope.
On the desk:
People's Assembly
leader
tribe
elder elder elder
rope rope rope
II. Learning new material.
What questions should we answer today in order to continue our study of the history of our country?
^ Recording the topic and lesson plan in a notebook andon the desk.
Plan.
1. Residents of the forest strip of Eastern Europe:
a) Finno-Ugric tribes
b) Baltic tribes
c) Iranian-speaking Scythian-Sarmatian tribes
2. Turkic and Avar Khaganate. Khazar kingdom.
3. Volga Bulgaria. Byzantine Empire
1) Teacher's story(reliance on a wall map) For students task: Draw up a diagram of "Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs"
Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs
All, wonder
Sum, eat, drive the Karelians
Estonians, Latgalians s-w s-v
Livs, Curonians, Prussians of Murom
Samogitians, Aukshait Mordovians
from Eastern Slavs to Mari, Volga Bulgaria
s-s s-s ^ Khazar Kingdom
Byzantine Empire
1. Before the settlement of the forest part (northern) Eastern Europe, it was inhabited by other tribes - Finno-Ugric.
Name the Finno-Ugric tribes. ( All, Chud, Sum, Em, Vod, Karelians, Merya, Muroma, Mordovian Mari)
On the northwest lived Balts.
Name the Baltic tribes. ( Estonians, Latgalians, Livs, Curonians, Prussians, Samogitians, Aukshaits)
These peoples lived in difficult natural and climatic conditions. Therefore, along with agriculture, they were engaged in cattle breeding, gathering, hunting, they were familiar with iron. They lived in semi-dugouts. Nearby they built settlements - fortified territories protected by earthen ramparts. In case of danger, they hid in them and saved stocks of crops and livestock.
The Slavs occupied these territories peacefully, without conquest. They settled on free lands, clearing them of the forest, "leaking" between the tribes of the Finno-Ugric peoples and the Balts. Good-neighborly relations and mutual exchange were established between them: the Slavs taught their neighbors more advanced methods of agriculture, crafts, the indigenous people taught the Slavs how to survive in more severe conditions. Gradually there was a mixture of peoples.
See p.19. What is the name of this process of development of new lands? (colonization)
In the south - in the basin of the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers, descendants lived Scythian-Sormatian tribes (Iranian).
All these tribes were with the Slavs at approximately the same level of development of the economy and society.
Fixing:
What peoples occupied the territory of V.E. before the settlement of the Slavs on it?
What is the peculiarity of the process of settlement of the Slavs in these territories?
In addition to these peoples, the Slavs, moving east, encountered representatives of other tribes who were at a higher stage of development - they already had a state and a religion of monotheism. From the Volga to Asia In the 6th century, a mighty Turkic Khaganate. The head of state was called kagan (khan over khans), he subjugated the smaller tribal leaders - khans. But then, in the 7th century, the Turkic Khaganate collapsed.
Another powerful state in the VI - VIII centuries was ^ Avar Khaganate created by the tribeAvars - pastoral nomads. These tribes invaded Central Asia, and the state was created on the territory of modern Hungary. In paragraphs of the VII century. the Avars suffered a crushing defeat from Byzantium, and at the end of the 8th century. were finally defeated by the troops of Charlemagne in alliance with the Slavic tribes.
From the 7th century, Turkic-speaking people created their own state in the Lower Volga region. Khazars - Khazar kingdom, including in the composition of his state the land up to the Dnieper, receiving tribute from the conquered tribes. They already lived in cities, the capital was the city Itil. In the 8th century they adopted Judaism - (the religion of monotheism, which arose among the Jewish tribes, is based on the cult of the god Yahweh, holy book- Torah).
The Khazars controlled trade along the Volga, collected tribute from many peoples, including from the Slavic tribes - glades.
Khazaria's rival was a powerful state stretching from the Kuban to the Dnieper - Bulgaria. As a result of the defeat, part of the Bulgar tribes went to the Danube, where they created the state - Bulgaria. Subsequently, the Bulgars merged with the local tribes of the southern Slavs, so the Bulgarians appeared. The other part went northeast, to the Volga and Kama, having subjugated the indigenous tribes of the Bashkirs, a state arose - Volga Bulgaria. From nomadic pastoralism, they switched to settled pastoralism and agriculture. In the 10th century, the Bulgars adopted Islam.
But perhaps the most powerful state in the cultural and economic terms was ^ Byzantine Empire.
What do you know about Byzantium. (This is a powerful empire that arose at the end of the 4th century, as a result of the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern, the capital city of Constantinople, among the Eastern Slavs was often referred to as Tsargrad. The population professed orthodoxy .)
^ 2) Independent work. Textbook, p.18, 2 paragraph.
What attracted the Slavs to Byzantium? (rich country, developed culture and crafts)
The Eastern Slavs sought to establish trade relations with Byzantium, there were times when Tsargrad went to war. The path from Eastern Europe to Byzantium was called "From the Varangians to the Greeks".
See map p.33. - Guess how this path went.
Show by teacher.
Fixing:
What states did the Eastern Slavs neighbor with?
3) The result of the lesson:
What was the significance of the fact that the neighbors of the Slavs were both peoples who lived at the stage of tribal relations, and peoples who had states?
Part of the common Slavic people, which settled in the early Middle Ages on the territory of the East European Plain, formed a group of East Slavic tribes (they differed markedly from the southern and western Slavs). This conglomerate coexisted with many different peoples.
The appearance of the Eastern Slavs
Modern archeology has all necessary materials in order to cover in detail where and how they lived East Slavic tribes and their neighbors. How did these early medieval communities form? Even in the Roman era, the Slavs settled in the middle reaches of the Vistula, as well as the upper reaches of the Dniester. From here colonization began to the east - to the territory modern Russia and Ukraine.
In the 5th and 7th centuries the Slavs who settled in the Dnieper region coexisted with the Ants. In the VIII century, as a result of a new powerful migration wave, another culture was formed - Roman. Its bearers were northerners. These East Slavic tribes and their neighbors settled in the basins of the Seim, Desna and Sula rivers. From other "relatives" they were distinguished by narrow faces. Northerners settled in copses and fields cut by forests and swamps.
Colonization of the Volga and Oka
In the VI century, the colonization of the future Russian North and the interfluve of the Volga and Oka by the Eastern Slavs began. Here the settlers encountered two groups of neighbors - the Balts and the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Krivichi were the first to move to the northeast. They settled in the upper reaches of the Volga. To the north, the Ilmen Slovenes penetrated, who stopped in the White Lake region. Here they encountered Pomors. The Ilmenians also settled the Mologa basin and the Yaroslavl Volga region. Ritualism also mixed with the tribes.
The East Slavic tribes and their neighbors divided the modern suburbs of Moscow and the Ryazan region. Here the Vyatichi were the colonizers, and to a lesser extent, the northerners and the Radimichi. The Don Slavs also contributed. Vyatichi reached and settled along the banks characteristic feature These colonizers were Archaeologists who determined the area of settlement of the Vyatichi. North-Eastern Russia attracted settlers with a stable agricultural base and fur resources, which by that time had already been depleted in other regions of the settlement of the Slavs. The local residents - Mer (Finno-Ugrians) - were few in number and soon disappeared among the Slavs or were forced out by them even further to the north.
Eastern neighbors
Having settled in the upper reaches of the Volga, the Slavs became neighbors of the Volga Bulgarians. They lived on the territory of modern Tatarstan. The Arabs considered them the northernmost people in the world who professed Islam. The capital of the kingdom of the Volga Bulgarians was the city of Great Bulgar. His settlement has survived to this day. Military clashes between the Volga Bulgars and the Eastern Slavs began already in the period of the existence of a single centralized Russia, when its society ceased to be strictly tribal. Conflicts alternated with periods of peace. At this time, profitable trading on great river brought significant income to both parties.
The resettlement of the East Slavic tribes on their own eastern frontiers also ran into the territory inhabited by the Khazars. like the Volga Bulgarians, was Turkic. At the same time, the Khazars were Jews, which was quite unusual for Europe at that time. They controlled large areas from the Don to the Caspian Sea. The heart was located in the lower reaches of the Volga, where the Khazar capital Itil existed not far from modern Astrakhan.
Western neighbors
Volhynia is considered the western border of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs. From there to the Dnieper lived Dulebs - a union of several tribes. Archaeologists rank it among the Prague-Korchak culture. The union included Volhynians, Drevlyans, Dregovichi and Polans. In the 7th century they survived the Avar invasion.
East Slavic tribes and their neighbors in this region lived in the steppe zone. To the west began the territory of the Western Slavs, primarily the Poles. Relations with them escalated after the creation of Russia and the adoption of Orthodoxy by Vladimir Svyatoslavich. The Poles were baptized according to the Catholic rite. Between them and the Eastern Slavs there was a struggle not only for Volhynia, but also for Galicia.
The fight against the Pechenegs
The Eastern Slavs during the period of the existence of pagan tribes were not able to colonize the Black Sea region. Here ended the so-called "Great Steppe" - the steppe belt, located in the heart of Eurasia. The Black Sea region attracted a variety of nomads. In the 9th century, the Pechenegs settled there. These hordes lived between Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Alania.
Having gained a foothold in the Black Sea region, the Pechenegs destroyed settled cultures in the steppes. The Pridnestrovian Slavs (Tivertsy) disappeared, as well as the Don Alans. Numerous Russo-Pecheneg wars began in the 10th century. The East Slavic tribes and their neighbors could not get along with each other. The USE pays a lot of attention to the Pechenegs, which is not surprising. These ferocious nomads lived only at the expense of robberies and did not give rest to the people of Kiev and Pereyaslavl. In the 11th century, an even more formidable enemy, the Polovtsians, took their place.
Slavs on the Don
The Slavs began to massively explore the Middle Don region at the turn of the 8th - 9th centuries. At this time, monuments of the Borshevsky culture appear here. Its most important attributes (ceramics, house-building, traces of rituals) show that the colonizers of the Don region originated from the south-west of Eastern Europe. The Don Slavs were neither Severians nor Vyatichi, as researchers assumed until recently. In the 9th century, as a result of infiltration of the population, the kurgan burial rite, which was identical to the Vyatichi, spread among them.
In the 10th century, the Russian Slavs and their neighbors in this region survived the predatory raids of the Pechenegs. Many left the Don region and returned to Poochie. That is why we can say that the Ryazan land was populated from two sides - from the southern steppes and from the west. The return of the Slavs to the Don basin occurred only in the XII century. In this direction in the south, the new colonizers reached the basin and completely mastered the basin of the Voronezh River.
Next to the Balts and Finno-Ugric peoples
Radimich and Vyatichi coexisted with the Balts - the inhabitants of modern Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Their cultures acquired some common features. No wonder. The East Slavic tribes and their neighbors, in short, not only traded, but also influenced each other's ethnogenesis. For example, in the settlements of the Vyatichi, archaeologists found neck hryvnias that were unnatural for other tribes related to them.
A peculiar Slavic culture developed around the Balts and Finno-Ugric peoples in the region of Lake Pskov. Long rampart-shaped mounds appeared here, which replaced the soil burial grounds. These were built only by the local East Slavic tribes and their neighbors. The history of the development of funeral rites allows specialists to become more familiar with the past of the pagans. The ancestors of the Pskovians built above-ground log buildings with heaters or adobe stoves (contrary to the southern custom of semi-dugouts). They also practiced slash-and-burn agriculture. It should be noted that the Pskov long mounds spread to the Polotsk Dvina and the Smolensk Dnieper. In their regions, the influence of the Balts was especially strong.
Influence of neighbors on religion and mythology
Like many other Slavs, they lived according to the patriarchal-clan system. Because of this, they arose and maintained the cult of the family and the cult of the funeral. The Slavs were pagans. The most important gods of their pantheon are Perun, Mokosh and Veles. On the Slavic mythology influenced by the Celts and Iranians (Sarmatians, Scythians and Alans). These parallels were manifested in the images of the gods. So, Dazhbog is similar to the Celtic deity Dagda, and Mokosh is similar to Makha.
Pagan Slavs and their neighbors had much in common in their beliefs. The history of Baltic mythology left the names of the gods Perkunas (Perun) and Velnyas (Veles). The motif of the world tree and the presence of dragons (the Serpent of Gorynych) brings Slavic mythology closer to the German-Scandinavian one. After a single community was divided into several tribes, beliefs began to acquire regional differences. For example, the inhabitants of the Oka and the Volga were uniquely influenced by the mythology of the Finno-Ugric peoples.
Slavery among the Eastern Slavs
According to the official version, the Eastern Slavs early medieval slavery was widespread. Prisoners were taken, as usual, in the war. For example, Arab writers of that time claimed that the Eastern Slavs took many slaves in wars with the Hungarians (and the Hungarians, in turn, took the captured Slavs into slavery). This nation was in a unique position. Hungarians by origin are Finno-Ugric peoples. They migrated to the west and occupied the territories around the middle reaches of the Danube. Thus, the Hungarians found themselves exactly between the southern, eastern and western Slavs. As a result, regular wars arose.
Slavs could sell slaves in Byzantium, Volga Bulgaria or Khazaria. Although most of them consisted of foreigners captured in wars, in the 8th century slaves appeared among their own relatives. A Slav could fall into slavery due to a crime or violation of moral standards.
Supporters of a different version defend their point of view, according to which slavery as such did not exist in Russia. On the contrary, slaves aspired to these lands because here everyone was considered free, because Slavic paganism did not consecrate unfreedom (dependence, slavery) and social inequality.
Varangians and Novgorod
The prototype of the ancient Russian state arose in Novgorod. It was founded by the Ilmen Slovenes. Until the 9th century, their history is known rather fragmentarily and poorly. Next to them lived the Varangians, who were called Vikings in Western European chronicles.
The Scandinavian kings periodically conquered the Ilmen Slovenes and forced them to pay tribute. Residents of Novgorod sought protection from foreigners from other neighbors, for which they called their commanders to reign in their own country. So Rurik came to the banks of the Volkhov. His successor Oleg conquered Kyiv and laid the foundations of the Old Russian state.