INDIGENOUS AND RUSSIAN POPULATION IN THE YENISEI NORTH IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - BEGINNING OF XX centuries
INDIGENOUS AND RUSSIAN POPULATION IN THE YENISEI NORTH IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES
D.Yu. Khomenko D.Yu. Khomenko
Yenisei North, interethnic relations, Christianization of the indigenous peoples, "yakuchivanie Russians", water management.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between the indigenous peoples of the Turukhansk region and the Russians in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The types, forms, nature of these relations are considered. An assessment of the level of Christianization of the indigenous population is given.
The Yenisei North, ethnic relations, Christianization of the indigenous peoples, "Obyakuchivanie of Russians", water organization.
The article analyzes the relationship between the indigenous peoples of the Turukhansk region and the Russians in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. It examines the types, forms and nature of these relationship. It estimates the level of Christianization of the indigenous population.
The research problem is interethnic relations between indigenous peoples and the Russian population of the Prienisei North. This topic is not new in the scientific literature. A large amount of scientific material was accumulated in the pre-revolutionary period (V. Anuchin, M.F. Krivoshapkin, P.I. Tretyakov, A.Ya. Tugarinov, P.E. Ostrovskikh, V.L. Isachenko, K.M. ) and Soviet historiography (B.O.Dolgikh, V.I. Vasiliev, Yu.B. Simchenko, E.A. Alekseenko, I.S. Gurvich, L.V. However, the problem was mainly considered in the ethnographic aspect. This article attempts to reveal the nature of interethnic relations between the Russian and the indigenous population of the Turukhansk Territory in their dynamics since the middle of the 19th century. until 1917 and consider the influence of the capitalist factor on their evolution.
By the middle of the XIX century. the ethnic map of the Turukhansk region was basically formed. She was very diverse. On the left bank of the Yenisei lived the Nenets (Yuraks) and Selkups (Ostyak-Samoyeds), on both banks - the Kets (Yenisei Ostyaks), on the right - the Enets (Samoyeds) lived, in the taiga zone, in the interfluve of the Lower, Podkamennaya Tungusok and Angara - tribes Tungus (Evenks). Near the lake. Essei and adrift
R. Yakuts lived in Khatanga. The Russian population, which was a minority, lived mainly along the river. Yenisei, as well as a small group of peasants of the Zatundrinsky society - in the basin of the river. Khatanga. To the north of the rest lived the ancestors of the Nganasans (Avam and Vadeev Samoyeds), and along the Khatanga tract, the Dolgans.
The number of the indigenous population had a steady upward trend, although in some periods it markedly decreased. Bursts of high mortality were usually caused by massive epidemics and unavailability of medical care.
The economy of the indigenous peoples of the North of the Prienisei Siberia in the second half of the 19th century. was appropriative in nature and included fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry. The choice of one type or another economic activity depended on geographic and climatic conditions. For the Nganasans, who lived in the tundra relatively isolated from other peoples, the main occupation was hunting wild deer. They moved along the tundra following herds of wild deer: they spent the winter in the forest-tundra, in the spring they migrated to the north, to the sea coast, and in August they returned back.
In the second half of the XIX century. contacts root
Table 1
Population dynamics of the Yenisei north
Nationality 1848 1859 1863 1871 1881 1897 1899 1921
Tunguses (Evenks) 1156 2731 - 1487 401 (part) - 1762 4543
Nganasans 504 - - - 158 (part) - 681 554
Dolgans 764 690 - 573 657 - 691 1224
Yakuts 662 579 - 568 531 - 581 2274
Samoyeds (Enets) 444 721 (together with Nganasans) - 1093 (together with Nganasans) - - 440 756
Ostyaks (Selkups) 865 - - - - - 861 1359
Juraki (Nenets) 473 798 - 343 - - 443 2817
Yenisei Ostyaks (Kets) 550 2298 (together with the Selkups) - 1604 (together with the Selkups) - - 948 1465
Total Indigenous Peoples 5418 7817 4633 5668 7745 6407 14992
Russian peasants - - 1139 1108 - 2655 -
Sources: RGIA. F. 970. Op. 1.D. 1005. L. 11-14; GAIO. F. 24. Op. 9. Unit xp. 96. K. 1736. L. 174; Commemorative book of the Yenisei province for 1865-66. SPb: type. K. Wolfe, 1865, p. 182; P.I. Tretyakov Turukhansk region: its nature and inhabitants. SPb: type. V. Bezobrazova and comp., 1871, p. 121; GACK. F. 117. Op. 1.D. 1007. L. 1v .; First general population census Russian Empire, 1897 T. 73: Yenisei province. SPb: type. V.P. Meshchersky, 1904, p. 29; GACK. F. 595. Op. 30. D. 1204. L. 172-176; Dobrova-Yadrintseva L.N. The natives of the Turukhansk region: an experience in the study of the economic situation. Novonikolaevsk: ed. Sib. roar. coma, 1925.S. 12-13.
of the population with the Russians are noticeably becoming more active. Two zones of the most dense interaction between the Russian and the indigenous population of the Turukhansk Territory can be distinguished: the valley of the river. Yenisei and the territory of the "tundra": along the line of Russian machines on the Khatanga tract and in the basin of the river. Khatanga. Here, as a result of interethnic contacts, there was a process of "pumping" the Zatundra peasants. Ethnographer V. Vasiliev, who examined at the beginning of the twentieth century. Russian population in this area, noted that the few Russian peasants who lived along Kheta and Khatanga, in their way of life, did not differ in any way from the local "foreigners", having completely lost their original physical and spiritual appearance. “The Russian language has also been completely lost by them, or only a few speak it, but the Yakut language has become their native language,” he wrote [Vasiliev, 1908: 31].
The isolation of the peasants of the Zatundra society from the rest of the Russian population, living in unusual climatic conditions led to a change in their economic activities: they adopted reindeer husbandry from the Yakuts and Evenks around them, and switched to a nomadic way of life. The reason for this could be the living conditions in which reindeer husbandry seemed to be the most economically profitable form of economy. Their material culture has changed - they adopted tools and dwellings from the indigenous people.
In addition, mixed marriages led to a change external appearance Zatundra peasants. The result of the convergence of the Zatundra peasants, Yakuts and Evenks was the emergence of a new nationality - the Dolgans.
In the Dolgan culture, a synthesis of elements inherent in Russians, Evenks and Yakuts is noted. So, the main dwelling of the Dolgans was the Evenk tent, but at the same time some of the inhabitants built Russian huts, some lived in Yakut yurts - booths (RGIA. F. 970. Op. 1. D. 1005. L. 2). In addition, the Dolgans were the first of the peoples of the Far North who began to massively use beams - a house on runners, or a nart chum, borrowed by them from Russian merchants. The fixed nets they used were subdivided into Yakut (horsehair) and Russian (yarn) [Dolgikh, 1963: 132]. Dolgan folklore combined Yakut legends, Evenk stories and Russian fairy tales [Ethnicheskaya istoriya ..., 1982, p. 77-78].
The territory of joint residence of the Russian and the indigenous population was the banks of the river. Yenisei. Fishing was the main occupation for the inhabitants of the villages (machines) along the river.
Several stages can be distinguished in the development of fishing in the lower reaches of the Yenisei. Before the organization of the steamship traffic along the Yenisei, local residents - Russian peasants and you - were engaged in fishing on the Yenisei.
the "foreigners" who went to the banks of the river in the summer. Their activities were mainly limited to providing fish for their own farms; about 230 tons per year were exported for sale. In 1863, after the appearance of a private shipping company, the call for fish doubled (450 tons) and, gradually increasing, in 1897 reached 825 tons [Berezovsky, 1926, p. 9]. The caught fish was sent to Yeniseisk.
The steamer owners monopolized the export of fish products, as a result of which the farms, for which fishing was the main trade, found themselves in unfavorable conditions: they could sell fish only at the prices offered by the steamer owners, and they also buy the necessary goods from them: bread, tea, tools fishing, etc.
The area from the Osinovsky rig down to the mouth of the Yenisei was considered to be fishing. Water use was carried out on the basis of customary law, according to which "each machine counts the waters of the Yenisei, from half the distance from the underlying machine and to half the distance to the overlying machine, belonging to this machine" [Materials ..., 1914, p. 10]. One of the lathes (Shorokhinsky) was inhabited by sedentary Yakuts (RGIA. F. 970. Op. 1. D. 1005. L. 2). There were practically no disputes between Russian machines about fishing sands. The inhabitants of each rig independently determined the water use: on some, only those who served the water chase had the right to not lead, on others - all residents.
The indigenous people who went to the Yenisei in the areas where the permanent Russian population lived (from the Osinovsky station to the Dudinsky station) freely used the fishing areas. No disputes over these territories have been recorded. In 1913, 11 Nenets families, 10 Entsy, 42 Selkup, 5 Evenk and 100 Ket families started fishing [Materials ..., 1915, p. 4].
The Kets interacted most closely with the Russian population, adopting from them economic methods and elements of everyday life. So, at the end of the XIX century. chum salmon who lived in the Russian villages of Yartsevo and Vorogovo built their first log houses. Later, such houses appeared in other settlements... True, the houses were settled mainly by those chum salmon who were directly
but they lived in Russian machines, working for hire from Russian owners. The most prosperous part of the Kets, who were engaged in nomadic reindeer herding, retained their traditional forms of dwelling. Russian influence was also traced in the diet of the Kets: they "learned to bake pies, cook soup, fry meat and fish in dishes with the addition of fat" [Alekseenko, 1967, p. 101, 131]. Purchased items of Russian production appeared in the everyday life of the Kets: fabrics, ready-made clothes, and factory-made utensils [Ethnicheskaya istoriya ..., 1982, p.113].
In the lower reaches of the Yenisei, very few Russians constantly lived; Enets, Dolgans, Nenets, Ostyaks regularly came here for the summer to hunt. It is known that in the 1860s. they didn’t let alien fish traders come here. As a result of isolation, the lower peasants by the beginning of the XX century. in fact, they assimilated with the indigenous population, adopting their language, clothing, and even intermarried with some foreign families [Materials ..., 1909, p. twenty].
With the opening of a steamship service to the lower reaches of the Yenisei, artels began to arrive at the fishery both from among the inhabitants of the Turukhan machines and those hired by fishermen outside the region. In the 1870s. for those wishing not to fish in the lower reaches of the Yenisei, a so-called non-water tax was established for the right to use fishing areas recognized as "foreigners" from the Brekhov Islands down the Yenisei.
For the poorest farms, which did not have their own means of production, there was a system of "conditions": rich local or newcomer fishermen supplied workers with tools, food, clothing on credit, as a guarantee of the future catch. Needless to say, these conditions were enslaving and led to many years of debt of local residents to their creditors. Both the indigenous inhabitants and the impoverished Russian peasants were subjected to the system of the situation. Ethnographer, secretary of the Yenisei Provincial Statistical Committee P.E. Kulakov at the end of the 19th century. noted that the majority of Russian peasants are hunting independently, while among the foreigners there are practically
no [Kulakov, 1898, p. 82]. Indeed, the absolute majority of "foreign" farms that came out in 1913 within the boundaries of the Russian population for fishing were debtors of the Russian population. The families, which would not have a debt to the Russian fishery producers, numbered one among the Selkups and Evenks and three among the Kets. Senior fishing specialist, one of the participants and organizers of the Yenisei scientific and industrial expedition in 1908-1915. V.L. Isachenko showed the dependence of the amount of debt on the duration of fishing - the longer the family goes fishing, the higher the amount of debt [Materials ..., 1915, p. 56-57]. A similar picture is shown for the indigenous peoples who went to work in the lower reaches of the Yenisei. The materials of the census of 128 chums discovered by the expedition in 1909 show that out of 91 Nenets families, they had no debt to the Russians.
2, out of 14 Dolgan - 1, out of 18 Enets - none, out of 5 Ostyak - 1 [Materials ..., 1909, p. 15]. However, it should be noted that the available statistics only concern those farms that were engaged in fishing on the Yenisei. It is generally accepted that the most impoverished, low and salty farms of the indigenous inhabitants resorted to fishing as the main trade. This, presumably, explains this a large number of debtors among the aborigines.
However, not only the indigenous people fell into bondage to the fishing industry. The poorest peasants also used the “furnishings” system. Statistician, member of the Yenisei trade and industrial expedition A.G. Schlichter pointed out that 39.5% peasant farms ended the year with a budget deficit, which means that they remained in debt to their owners [Materials., 1916, p. 90].
It is difficult to say whether the exploitation of the indigenous population was discriminatory. It is known that the Russians of the lower reaches of the Yenisei called their debtors "my Asians", and they, in turn, called the creditor only "the owner" [Materials ..., p. 17]. However, the Russian peasants also called their creditor the "owner" [Materials ..., 1916, p. 89]. The primary reason for the enslavement of the "aliens" was their
economic plight, not ethnicity. In the few surviving evidences of relations between Russians and indigenous people, there are practically no facts of xenophobia, reports of conflicts caused by rejection of a foreign culture. Rather, on the contrary, even in the families of wealthy Russians who kept foreigners as workers, there was a desire to somehow facilitate communication with them by teaching the Russian language and literacy. Thus, the Enets Pyotr Spiridonovich Bolin, who was an employee of the merchant Ermakov, recalled much later, in the 1930s, that his master's sons taught him to read and write. True, the owner himself forbade them to do this [Vasiliev, 1963, p. 49].
In 1906, a state-owned steamship service was organized with the lower reaches of the Yenisei, which led to a massive influx of fish traders here. In this situation, the question of the ownership of fishing tones becomes more acute. Cases were recorded when newcomers to the fishing industry did not allow the indigenous people to enter the territory where they had been fishing since ancient times [Materials ..., 1909, p. 17].
The Siberian authorities, in order to settle disputes that arose between the local population and private capital, adopt rules according to which the entire area north of 69 degrees N. declared uninhabited, and the fishing sands located in this area were declared state property, leased from auction. According to the results of the auction held in 1909, out of 125 newly formed fishing plots, 73 were leased, and 52 were provided for use by local residents. More than half of the plots went to the Yenisei Shipping Company, which did not start organizing its own fishery, but subleased them to the local population. Under the terms of the lease, the company received half of the catch at a price that it set itself [Essays., 1909, p. 23]. Thus, the indigenous and local Russian population was enslaved by big capital. The indigenous people lost income from non-water collection, and the Russian local population was at a disadvantage.
location in the distribution of fishing grounds. However, despite the apparent damage suffered by the local population as a result of the new rules, no organized protest followed. Firstly, the events affected a small group of the population, and secondly, the population itself, disunited along ethnic and social grounds, turned out to be completely incapable of protecting their rights.
An important factor that influenced interethnic relations was the policy of Christianization of the indigenous population. The closer the northern peoples lived to the Russians, the more Orthodox there were among them. So, according to data for 1884, 93% of the Enets were baptized; Nenets - 87%; Selkups - 76%; Kets - 69%; Tungus (together with Dolgans) -59%. Only among the Avam and Vadeev Samoyeds (ancestors of the Nganasans) there was not a single baptized person (Calculated from: GAKK. F. 667. Op. 1. D. 26. L. 75 ob. - 76 ob.).
Orthodoxy was one of the factors in the ethnogenesis of the Dolgans: both the Yakuts and the Tungus who became part of the Dolgans, and even more so the Russians were baptized, wore Christian names and surnames, revered icons.
Orthodoxy was part of Russian culture, so Christianization was important element the incorporation of the indigenous peoples of Siberia into the cultural space of the empire. Conversion to Orthodoxy, albeit formal, brought the indigenous people closer to Russians: they received Russian names and surnames, partially adopted rituals, etc. For example, the Kets at the end of the 19th century. began to erect crosses on graves, to keep icons and crosses among other relics [Alekseenko, 1967, p. 169].
However, in the Yenisei North, this process was far from complete. The indigenous people were superficial about accepting baptism and took this step, mainly pursuing purely mercantile goals - the liberation of the newly baptized from yasak for three years. Reports Orthodox priests contain a lot of evidence of the preservation of numerous remnants of paganism among the indigenous population. Missionary Hieromonk Plato in his report
gives an example that among 11 baptized "foreigners" no one knew the name given to them at baptism [Report, 1900, p. thirteen]. Similar examples from his practice were given in 1893 by the priest of the Taz Nicholas Church V. Zavodsky (GAKK. F. 667. Op. 1. D. 58. L. 3ob-4). The priest of the same church M. Suslov noted that Christianization among the indigenous peoples of the Yenisei North is fancifully combined with pagan ideas. In their view, God has an anthropomorphic origin, “he also drinks and eats and dresses like a man” (Ibid. D. 14. L. 86-86 ob.).
The performance of church rituals by the inhabitants of the Turukhansk region was extremely irregular. So, in 1893 only 17% of the population of the region (including Russians) came to confession [Extract, 1894, p. thirty]. Among the indigenous population, there were often marriages that were not sanctified by a church ritual, it was rare to visit churches on Christmas and Easter, and the rite of Christian burial did not take root among them [Report ..., 1900, p. 186-187].
Available material shows that the government did not pursue any targeted policy to incorporate indigenous peoples into the imperial cultural space. It was rather indifferent to the idea of the cultural missionary work of the Russian peasants. The Russian peasant was essentially abandoned by the government to his fate. In the conditions of the Far North, where it was impossible to maintain the usual agricultural economy, the Russians switched to fishing or reindeer husbandry. The loss of a part of the Russians of their national identity was not even noticed by the administration: they continued to be counted as peasants of the Zatundra society.
The transition of the government at the beginning of the XX century. to the policy of active Russification, he hardly touched the Turukhansk Territory. The indigenous peoples who lived here were left in the same legal status as "wandering foreigners". Measures in the field of water management in their scale were here incomparable with land withdrawals, which were made for the needs of the Stolypin settlers from the Khakass, Buryats, Bara-Binsk Tatars, etc.
List of abbreviations
1. SACC - State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
2. GAIO - State Archives of the Irkutsk Region.
3. RGIA - Russian State Historical Archives.
Bibliographic list
1. Alekseenko E.A. Chum salmon: historical
ethnographic youths. L .: Nauka, 1967.262 p.
2. Berezovsky A.I. Fisheries of the Prieni-Sei region and the ways of its development. Krasnoyarsk, 1926.
3. Vasiliev V.I. Forest Enets // Siberian ethnographic collection. M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963. T. V., TIE. T. 84.S. 33-70.
4. Vasiliev V. The extinct Russian culture in the far north // Siberian questions. 1908. No. 1. S. 29-34.
5. Dolgikh B.O. The origin of the Dolgans // Siberian ethnographic collection. Moscow: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963. T.U, TIE. T. 84.S. 92-141.
6. Extract from the report on missionary activity in the Yenisei diocese in 1892 // Yenisei diocesan vedomosti. 1894. No. 2.
7. P.E. Kulakov Fishing and fish trade in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (in the Turukhansk region) // Russian shipping. 1898. No. 12. S. 49-104.
8. Materials for the study of the river. Yenisei in the fishery relation. Krasnoyarsk:
a type. M.I. Abalakov, 1909. Issue. 2.31 p.
9. Materials for the study of the river. Yenisei in the fishery relation. Krasnoyarsk:
a type. M.I. Abalakov, 1914. Issue. 8, h. 1.190 s.
10. Materials for the study of the river. Yenisei in the fishery relation. Krasnoyarsk:
a type. M.I. Abalakov, 1915. Issue. 9.62 p.
11. Materials for the study of the river. Yenisei in the fishery relation. Krasnoyarsk: En. lips. e-mail type., 1916. Issue. 8, h. 2.99 s.
12. Report of the Yenisei Diocesan Committee of the Orthodox Missionary Society for 1899 // Yenisei Diocesan Gazette. 1900. No. 7-8.
13. Report of the Yenisei Diocesan Committee of the Orthodox Missionary Society for 1900 // Yenisei Diocesan Gazette. 1901. No. 7.
14. Essays on Siberian life // Siberian questions. 1909. No. 20. S. 18-24.
15. Ethnic history of the peoples of the North. Moscow: Nauka, 1982.269 p.
- Agriculture in the Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century. In the Yenisei province in the second half of the XIX century. by the efforts of the peasants themselves, experimental fields were created, where new agricultural crops were tested, observations and breeding work on adaptation of new seeds brought by migrants to Siberian conditions.
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Charity and patronage in the Yenisei province at the end of the 19th century.
Big public importance in the Yenisei province of the late 19th century. had the support of the local bourgeoisie of educational institutions.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
The bourgeoisie in the Yenisei province at the end of the 19th century.
Guild merchants in the Yenisei province at the end of the 19th century. occupied commanding heights in the economy of the province, appropriating the lion's share of profits in industry and trade.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
City self-government in the Yenisei province in the 60-70s. XIX century.
In the 60s and 70s. XIX century. an important prerogative of the Krasnoyarsk City Duma was the adoption of the city budget, the sources of which were payments for the lease of urban land and mowing, real estate taxes, fees from entrepreneurs and other indirect taxes.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
Provincial power at the end of the 19th century.
At the end of the XIX century. The Yenisei province was divided into districts, the power in which was represented by the district chief and the district council.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
Provincial tracts at the end of the 19th century.
At the end of the XIX century. contemporaries ironically compared Siberian roads with the eighth wonder of the world.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
Railway transport in the Yenisei province at the end of the 19th century.
In December 1895 the first train arrived in Krasnoyarsk. The local newspaper "Yenisei" wrote in this regard: "The day of December 6 should start a new era in Siberia in general and for the Yenisei region in particular."
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
Agriculture in the Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century.
In the structure of crops in the Yenisei province, the second half of the XIX v. the predominant place was occupied by grain crops - rye, wheat, oats, barley. Their ratio was determined by natural and climatic conditions.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
Gold mining in the Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century.
In the early 1890s. in the gold mining in the Yenisei province, the first joint-stock companies began to appear. The pioneer in this process was the Minusinsk merchant and gold miner, who founded joint-stock company Minusinsk gold mines.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century -
Research and educational activities of the exiles in the Yenisei province at the end of the 19th century.
Many exiles, while in the Yenisei province, began to study culture and life local population, study local lore, write scientific works and books based on research material.
Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th century
If you love looking at pictures from the past, then check out this collection. These pictures captured the life of people who lived in the late 19th - early 20th centuries in the Yenisei province.
(38 photos total)
1. Cheldon peasants in Krasnoyarsk.
The picture was taken in Krasnoyarsk at the end of the 19th century. The photograph and the negative arrived at the museum in 1916.
A paired portrait of Krasnoyarsk peasants, taken against the background of a log building.
2. A. D. Zyryanov - a peasant with. Shushensky Minusinsky district of the Yenisei province.
The picture was taken in the village. Shushensky in the 1920s.
In 1897 A.D. Zyryanov settled in his house arrived in exile in the village. Shushenskoe V.I. Lenin.
3. Elderly peasants of the village of Yarkina, Yenisei district.
The picture was taken in the village of Yarkina in 1911.
A paired portrait of peasants taken against the background of an ancient chapel.
Priangarye is an area of the lower course of the river. Angara and its tributaries with a total length of more than 1000 km, located on the territory of the Yenisei province. This is one of the oldest populated areas of Eastern Siberia, consisting mainly of old residents. In 1911, at the expense of the Migration Administration, the Angarsk excursion (expedition) was organized, led by a museum worker Alexander Petrovich Ermolaev, with the aim of examining the material culture of the Angara population.
4. Elderly women of the village of Yarkina, Yenisei district, in festive clothes.
Photographer unknown. The photo was taken in the village of Yarkina in 1911.
A paired portrait of two elderly women in festive clothes.
5. Peasant family from the village of Lovatskaya, Kansk district.
The photo was taken in the village of Lovatskaya, Kansk district, no later than 1905.
Peasants in festive clothes stand on the steps of the porch covered with homespun rugs.
6. A peasant family from the village of Yarki of the Yenisei district on a holiday on the porch of the house.
7. A family of old-timers-Old Believers on the river. Manet.
R. Mana, Krasnoyarsk district, Yenisei province. Until 1910
8. A wealthy peasant family from the village. Boguchansky Yenisei district.
9. Adolescents p. Boguchansky Yenisei district.
1911 g.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
10. Young peasants with. Boguchansky Yenisei district.
A pair of photographs of young peasants standing near a barn with a low door and a staircase.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
11. Girls-peasants from the village of Yarki, Yenisei district in festive clothes.
August 1912 The photograph was received by the museum in 1916.
12. A group of peasants from the village of Yarki, Yenisei district.
1911 The peasants are filmed near the sled, against the background of a mill with a low door supported by a rail. Dressed in work casual clothes.
13. Festive costume of the prospector.
The picture was taken in the village. Boguchansky in 1911
Photo portrait young man in a festive costume of a gold miner.
14. A. Aksentyev - superintendent of the mine on the river. Taloy in the Yenisei district
The caretaker on the gold washing machine is an employee who supervised and monitored the order of work, he also accepted gold from the washers.
The men's suit, captured in the photo, is very peculiar: a mixture of urban and so-called mining fashion. A shirt of this type was worn by mine workers and peasants, and this style was used more often for output clothes. Boots with high heels and blunt toes were fashionable footwear in the 1880s and 1890s. A hat and a watch on a neck cord or chain - urban luxury items - added originality and gold mine charm to the costume.
15. Maria Petrovna Markovskaya - a village teacher with her family.
G. Ilansk. July 1916
From right to left: M.P. Markovskaya; daughter Olga (1909-1992) is standing nearby; daughter Nadia (1912-1993) sits at her feet on a stool; next to her, with a handbag in her hands, sits her mother - Simonova Matryona Alekseevna (nee Podgorbunskaya). The girl in a checkered dress is the eldest daughter of M.P. Markovskaya - Vera (born 1907); daughter Katya (born 1910) is sitting on the railing; stands next to O.P. Gagromonyan, sister of M.P. Markovskaya. On the far left is the head of the family, Efim Polikarpovich Markovsky, a railway foreman.
16. Paramedic s. Bolshe-Uluisky Achinsk district Anastasia Porfirievna Melnikova with a patient.
On the back of the photo there is ink text: “An. Per. Melnikov as a paramedic at the B. Uluisk hospital. An exile (but) settler, 34 years old, in the depicted form walked 40 miles to the hospital in a frost of 30 degrees Réaumur. "
The village of Bolshe-Uluyskoye, which is the center of the Bolshe-Uluyskaya volost, was located on the river. Chulyme. It housed a mobile medical station and a peasant resettlement center.
17. Artisan-potter from the village. Atamanovskoe, Krasnoyarsk district.
The beginning of the twentieth century. The village of Atamanovskoye was located on the river. Yenisei, in 1911 there were 210 households. Every Tuesday a bazaar was held in the village.
The photograph entered the museum at the beginning of the 20th century.
18. Fishing tugun on the lathe Verkhne-Inbatsky Turukhansk region.
Verkhne-Inbatsky machine. The beginning of the twentieth century.
Tugun is a freshwater fish of the whitefish genus.
The photograph entered the museum in 1916.
19. Angarsk peasant woman goes to check the ouds. Priangarye.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
20. Ice fishing with uds on the river. Hangar. Yenisei district.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
21. Rafting of the killed elk on the river. Mane of the Yenisei province.
R. Mana (in the area of Krasnoyarsk or Kansk districts). The beginning of the twentieth century.
22. A peasant who went hunting.
Near the village of Yarki. 1911 g.
The hunter stands on wide, short skis attached to the foot with straps. On such skis went without sticks.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
23. Angarsk hunter with a dog.
D. Yarkin of the Yenisei district. 1911 g.
The hunter is shot against the background of a barn with a low plank door and a hay line above.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
24. At the peasant's yard in the village. Kezhemsky of the Yenisei district.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
25. Flax mash in the Yenisei district.
Yenisei district. 1910s From receipts of the 1920s.
26. Portomino on the Yenisei.
Krasnoyarsk. Early 1900s The photograph entered the museum in 1978.
27. Laundresses on the Yenisei.
Krasnoyarsk. Early 1900s Reproduction from negative 1969
28. Threading of ropes in the village of Yarkakh, Yenisei district.
1914. On the back of the photograph there is an inscription in pencil: "Svat Kapiton, twisting a rope."
29. Cleaning tobacco in Minusinsk district.
1916 At the back of a peasant estate, in a vegetable garden, tobacco is being harvested, part of which has been torn out and laid in rows.
The photograph entered the museum in 1916.
30. Weaving mill-cross in the village. Verkhne-Usinsky Usinsky border district.
Photo from 1916, entered the museum in 1916.
31. Harvesting of Borisov brooms in the village. Uzhur of the Achinsk district.
Photo of the late 19th - early 20th century. On Borisov day, July 24, fresh brooms for baths were prepared, hence the name - Borisov brooms.
32. Mummers on the streets of the Znamensky Glass Factory on Christmastide.
Krasnoyarsk district, Znamensk glass factory, 1913-1914
A group of men and women are dancing to the accordion in the street. The photo was previously published as a postcard.
33. Playing in small towns in the village of Kamenka, Yenisei district.
The beginning of the twentieth century. Reproduced from the book "Siberian folk calendar in ethnographic terms" by Alexei Makarenko (St. Petersburg, 1913, p. 163). Photo of the author.
34. "Race" - a competition between horse and foot in the village of Palace of the Yenisei district.
1904 Reproduced from the book "Siberian folk calendar in ethnographic terms" A. Makarenko (St. Petersburg, 1913, p. 143). Photo of the author.
In the foreground there are two competitors: on the left is a young guy in a shirt extended over the ports and with bare feet, on the right is a peasant sitting astride a horse. A stick is installed next to the pedestrian - the meta, which is the beginning of the distance, the second meta is not visible. Behind a crowd of men - peasants different ages in festive clothes, watching what is happening. The competition takes place on the street of the village, part of its right side with several residential and outbuildings is visible. A similar kind of "race" between horse and footmen was arranged by Siberians in the summer on holidays and fairs. The distance is short, it must include a 180-degree turn. That is why the footman often won: the horse skidded 🙂
35. Peasants-migrants at temporary housing.
Minusinsk district. The beginning of the twentieth century.
At the beginning of the XX century, with the beginning of Stolypin agrarian reform, a stream of immigrants poured into Siberia from the southern and western regions of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. They were called new settlers, and those who lived in Siberia for more than one generation were old-timers.
36. Khokhlusha, a displaced person from the village of Novo-Poltavka, Minusinsk district.
Photo of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The picture shows a young woman in a traditional Ukrainian costume, sitting on the steps of the porch. Acquired 1916
37. Khokhlusha.
On the question of the "regionality" of the costume. This photo is from V.G. Kataeva 1911 The photo was taken in a resettlement village based on the lands of the Siberian Cossacks.
38. Wedding.
Kansk district, village of Karymova, October 1, 1913 The Sokolov family, new settlers from the Tambov province.
Formation of the Yenisei province Yenisei province administrative-territorial unit within the Russian Empire and the RSFSR in years. At the suggestion of M.M.Speransky, who was conducting an audit of the Siberian possessions, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree on the formation of the Yenisei province in five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei (with the Turukhansk Territory), Achinsky, Minusinsky and Kansky. The administrative center of the newly formed province was approved by the city of Krasnoyarsk.
Administrative division At the end of the 19th century, the province included 5 districts and the Turukhansk Territory, which is part of the Yenisei District: At the end of the 19th century, the province included 5 districts and the Turukhansk Territory, which is a part of the Yenisei District: ) (1888) 2 Yeniseisky Yeniseisk (7 382 people) (1889) 3 Kansky Kansk (4 607 people) (1893) 4 Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk (people) (1893) 5 Minusinsky Minusinsk (6 182 people) (1896)
Population In the 1760s and 1780s, exile to Siberia became widespread. In the 1820s, exiles constituted the second largest group of residents of Minusinsk. In 1863, exiles lived in the Yenisei province, which amounted to 1/7 of the total population of the province. According to the 1897 census, 570.2 thousand people lived in the province, including 62.9 thousand people in cities. (11.7%). The religious composition was dominated by Orthodox 93.8%, there were also Old Believers 2.1%, Catholics 1.1%, Jews 1.1%, Muslims 0.8%, Lutherans 0.7%. Literate 13.7%.
Coat of arms of the Yenisei province The coat of arms of the Yenisei province was approved on July 5, 1878. In 1886, decorations were removed from city shields by the coat of arms of the Department of Heraldry. The coat of arms of the Yenisei province was approved on July 5, 1878. In 1886, decorations were removed from city shields by the coat of arms of the Department of Heraldry. The lion symbolized strength and courage, and the sickle and shovel reflected the main occupation of the inhabitants of agriculture and mining, primarily gold. The lion symbolized strength and courage, and the sickle and shovel reflected the main occupation of the inhabitants of agriculture and mining, primarily gold.
Culture Despite the remoteness from the cultural centers of European Russia, cultural life did not stop in the Yenisei province. This is eloquently indicated by the works of M. Azadovsky, B. Kubalov, G. Kungurov, K. Bogdanovich, E. Petryaev, V. Trushkin, V. Volkova, S. Paichadze, A. Posadskov, G. Bykoni and many other modern researchers.
If you love looking at pictures from the past, then check out this collection. These pictures captured the life of people who lived in the late 19th - early 20th centuries in the Yenisei province.
(38 photos total)
1. Cheldon peasants in Krasnoyarsk.
The picture was taken in Krasnoyarsk at the end of the 19th century. The photograph and the negative arrived at the museum in 1916.
A paired portrait of Krasnoyarsk peasants, taken against the background of a log building.
2. A. D. Zyryanov - a peasant with. Shushensky Minusinsky district of the Yenisei province.
The picture was taken in the village. Shushensky in the 1920s.
In 1897 A.D. Zyryanov settled in his house arrived in exile in the village. Shushenskoe V.I. Lenin.
3. Elderly peasants of the village of Yarkina, Yenisei district.
The picture was taken in the village of Yarkina in 1911.
A paired portrait of peasants taken against the background of an ancient chapel.
Priangarye is an area of the lower course of the river. Angara and its tributaries with a total length of more than 1000 km, located on the territory of the Yenisei province. This is one of the oldest populated areas of Eastern Siberia, consisting mainly of old residents. In 1911, at the expense of the Migration Administration, the Angarsk excursion (expedition) was organized, led by a museum worker Alexander Petrovich Ermolaev, with the aim of examining the material culture of the Angara population.
4. Elderly women of the village of Yarkina, Yenisei district, in festive clothes.
Photographer unknown. The photo was taken in the village of Yarkina in 1911.
A paired portrait of two elderly women in festive clothes.
5. Peasant family from the village of Lovatskaya, Kansk district.
The photo was taken in the village of Lovatskaya, Kansk district, no later than 1905.
Peasants in festive clothes stand on the steps of the porch covered with homespun rugs.
6. A peasant family from the village of Yarki of the Yenisei district on a holiday on the porch of the house.
7. A family of old-timers-Old Believers on the river. Manet.
R. Mana, Krasnoyarsk district, Yenisei province. Until 1910
8. A wealthy peasant family from the village. Boguchansky Yenisei district.
9. Adolescents p. Boguchansky Yenisei district.
1911 g.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
10. Young peasants with. Boguchansky Yenisei district.
A pair of photographs of young peasants standing near a barn with a low door and a staircase.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
11. Girls-peasants from the village of Yarki, Yenisei district in festive clothes.
August 1912 The photograph was received by the museum in 1916.
12. A group of peasants from the village of Yarki, Yenisei district.
1911 The peasants are filmed near the sled, against the background of a mill with a low door supported by a rail. Dressed in work casual clothes.
13. Festive costume of the prospector.
The picture was taken in the village. Boguchansky in 1911
A photograph of a young man in a festive costume of a gold miner.
14. A. Aksentyev - superintendent of the mine on the river. Taloy in the Yenisei district
The caretaker on the gold washing machine is an employee who supervised and monitored the order of work, he also accepted gold from the washers.
The men's suit, captured in the photo, is very peculiar: a mixture of urban and so-called mining fashion. A shirt of this type was worn by mine workers and peasants, and this style was used more often for output clothes. Boots with high heels and blunt toes were fashionable footwear in the 1880s and 1890s. A hat and a watch on a neck cord or chain - urban luxury items - added originality and gold mine charm to the costume.
15. Maria Petrovna Markovskaya - a village teacher with her family.
G. Ilansk. July 1916
From right to left: M.P. Markovskaya; daughter Olga (1909-1992) is standing nearby; daughter Nadia (1912-1993) sits at her feet on a stool; next to her, with a handbag in her hands, sits her mother - Simonova Matryona Alekseevna (nee Podgorbunskaya). The girl in a checkered dress is the eldest daughter of M.P. Markovskaya - Vera (born 1907); daughter Katya (born 1910) is sitting on the railing; stands next to O.P. Gagromonyan, sister of M.P. Markovskaya. On the far left is the head of the family, Efim Polikarpovich Markovsky, a railway foreman.
16. Paramedic s. Bolshe-Uluisky Achinsk district Anastasia Porfirievna Melnikova with a patient.
On the back of the photo there is ink text: “An. Per. Melnikov as a paramedic at the B. Uluisk hospital. An exile (but) settler, 34 years old, in the depicted form walked 40 miles to the hospital in a frost of 30 degrees Réaumur. "
The village of Bolshe-Uluyskoye, which is the center of the Bolshe-Uluyskaya volost, was located on the river. Chulyme. It housed a mobile medical station and a peasant resettlement center.
17. Artisan-potter from the village. Atamanovskoe, Krasnoyarsk district.
The beginning of the twentieth century. The village of Atamanovskoye was located on the river. Yenisei, in 1911 there were 210 households. Every Tuesday a bazaar was held in the village.
The photograph entered the museum at the beginning of the 20th century.
18. Fishing tugun on the lathe Verkhne-Inbatsky Turukhansk region.
Verkhne-Inbatsky machine. The beginning of the twentieth century.
Tugun is a freshwater fish of the whitefish genus.
The photograph entered the museum in 1916.
19. Angarsk peasant woman goes to check the ouds. Priangarye.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
20. Ice fishing with uds on the river. Hangar. Yenisei district.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
21. Rafting of the killed elk on the river. Mane of the Yenisei province.
R. Mana (in the area of Krasnoyarsk or Kansk districts). The beginning of the twentieth century.
22. A peasant who went hunting.
Near the village of Yarki. 1911 g.
The hunter stands on wide, short skis attached to the foot with straps. On such skis went without sticks.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
23. Angarsk hunter with a dog.
D. Yarkin of the Yenisei district. 1911 g.
The hunter is shot against the background of a barn with a low plank door and a hay line above.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
24. At the peasant's yard in the village. Kezhemsky of the Yenisei district.
Collection of the Angarsk excursion 1911
25. Flax mash in the Yenisei district.
Yenisei district. 1910s From receipts of the 1920s.
26. Portomino on the Yenisei.
Krasnoyarsk. Early 1900s The photograph entered the museum in 1978.
27. Laundresses on the Yenisei.
Krasnoyarsk. Early 1900s Reproduction from negative 1969
28. Threading of ropes in the village of Yarkakh, Yenisei district.
1914. On the back of the photograph there is an inscription in pencil: "Svat Kapiton, twisting a rope."
29. Cleaning tobacco in Minusinsk district.
1916 At the back of a peasant estate, in a vegetable garden, tobacco is being harvested, part of which has been torn out and laid in rows.
The photograph entered the museum in 1916.
30. Weaving mill-cross in the village. Verkhne-Usinsky Usinsky border district.
Photo from 1916, entered the museum in 1916.
31. Harvesting of Borisov brooms in the village. Uzhur of the Achinsk district.
Photo of the late 19th - early 20th century. On Borisov day, July 24, fresh brooms for baths were prepared, hence the name - Borisov brooms.
32. Mummers on the streets of the Znamensky Glass Factory on Christmastide.
Krasnoyarsk district, Znamensk glass factory, 1913-1914
A group of men and women are dancing to the accordion in the street. The photo was previously published as a postcard.
33. Playing in small towns in the village of Kamenka, Yenisei district.
The beginning of the twentieth century. Reproduced from the book "Siberian folk calendar in ethnographic terms" by Alexei Makarenko (St. Petersburg, 1913, p. 163). Photo of the author.
34. "Race" - a competition between horse and foot in the village of Palace of the Yenisei district.
1904 Reproduced from the book "Siberian folk calendar in ethnographic terms" A. Makarenko (St. Petersburg, 1913, p. 143). Photo of the author.
In the foreground there are two competitors: on the left is a young guy in a shirt extended over the ports and with bare feet, on the right is a peasant sitting astride a horse. A stick is installed next to the pedestrian - the meta, which is the beginning of the distance, the second meta is not visible. Behind a crowd of men - peasants of different ages in festive clothes, watching what is happening. The competition takes place on the street of the village, part of its right side with several residential and outbuildings is visible. A similar kind of "race" between horse and footmen was arranged by Siberians in the summer on holidays and fairs. The distance is short, it must include a 180-degree turn. That is why the footman often won: the horse skidded
35. Peasants-migrants at temporary housing.
Minusinsk district. The beginning of the twentieth century.
At the beginning of the 20th century, with the beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform, a stream of immigrants poured into Siberia from the southern and western regions of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. They were called new settlers, and those who lived in Siberia for more than one generation were old-timers.
36. Khokhlusha, a displaced person from the village of Novo-Poltavka, Minusinsk district.
Photo of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The picture shows a young woman in a traditional Ukrainian costume, sitting on the steps of the porch. Acquired 1916
37. Khokhlusha.
On the question of the "regionality" of the costume. This photo is from V.G. Kataeva 1911 The photo was taken in a resettlement village based on the lands of the Siberian Cossacks.
38. Wedding.
Kansk district, village of Karymova, October 1, 1913 The Sokolov family, new settlers from the Tambov province.