External manifestations of character. The manifestation of character traits

Manifestation of character

The typology firmly established the position that all mental processes and mental states can be studied only in a specific human activity. This is the principle inseparable connection or the unity of the psyche and activity. Characterological differences between people can also be best established by studying the activities of one or another person. Objective and significant indicators of purposefulness, perseverance and other character traits are given by work to a person.

The same person sometimes behaves in different ways various types labor depending on the working conditions, their attitude to it, the successes achieved. The pace of a person's work to some extent depends on temperament - under equal conditions, speed in work can be expected more from a sanguine and choleric than from a phlegmatic and melancholic, but character traits are even more important.

The slowness of the pace can be explained by a variety of character traits: for some people - prudence, striving for accuracy and accuracy, for others - laziness, unwillingness to expend the effort required for fast work, for others - uncertainty, fear of making a mistake. A fast pace in work is more often associated with features of volitional activity, in some cases it indicates that harmful haste, in which there is no thoughtful attitude to business. Character with great force is manifested in those types of human actions that we call deeds.

An act is an action subject to social, moral or legal evaluation. Of particular importance for character are actions that reflect the direction and will of a person.

1) There are characterological very revealing actions, in the motives of which a person does not give himself an account - such, in particular, actions out of habit or out of blind imitation, but it is precisely in how much a person is inclined to such actions that the character traits of this person usually appear.

2) Negative actions that clearly violate the principles of social and moral behavior are called misdemeanors. Acquiring consistency and stability, actions form human behavior. In behavior, no less than in individual actions, character is manifested. When studying the manifestations of character in activity, it is necessary to find out the motives for this action, since outwardly similar actions can be a manifestation of various characterological traits. The more complex and longer the activity, the more unambiguously it expresses the character. Therefore, individual reactions are indicative of character only to the extent that they are included in actions, activities or behavior as a whole. For character, not only the activity, actions and behavior of a person in their external expression, but also the corresponding mental states are indicative. Labor, actions and behavior of a person, as well as the products of his activity are the main manifestations of character. Therefore, it is not possible to know the character of a person without knowing what this person is like at work and what his actions and behavior are. Psychologists consider thinking in unity with language. Thoughts do not exist without words, therefore, the direction of a person, always expressed in the content and manner of his thoughts, cannot be torn off from the language. To know the character great importance the way a person speaks: a lot or a little, sincerely or not, the same type or with different people in different ways, what expressions he uses, what is the style of his speech, and much more. Life observations show that it is easy to distinguish between people who speak a lot, who love to talk, and people who are taciturn, silent. In turn, talkativeness has different degrees and forms. Talkativeness can serve as a manifestation of various character traits: self-confidence, a desire to show off, narcissism, egocentrism, but also, to a certain extent, attentiveness to people, responsiveness, a desire to be pleasant in society. Thus, talkativeness can also be associated with various character traits: the inability to restrain oneself, exaggerated and not entirely reasonable frankness, as well as the desire to give the impression of a lively, pleasant person in society.

No less diverse are the reasons for silence, taciturnity. Silence can be explained by a high sense of responsibility for one's words, sometimes a kind of cunning, a desire to hide one's thoughts and feelings, and in some cases - isolation, timidity, suspicion. For the strength of a person’s character, whether he is silent or talkative, the most characteristic is a sense of responsibility that prompts him to carefully weigh his words, not to throw them to the wind, to take into account their possible consequences, to control his speech, in accordance with the conditions of the place and meeting. Talkativeness usually correlates with verbosity. However, there are cases when a talkative, that is, a person who loves to talk, is concise, and a taciturn one, if he has to talk, speaks at length. Some people always retain their characteristic style of speech, others change it depending on the interlocutor. Insincerity of speech often testifies to duplicity, pretense, spiritual emptiness.

The character is also manifested in the content of the speech: its subject matter, plot, factual material and thoughts. The originality of individual characters is manifested here in which side of the issue more attention is paid to. Undoubtedly, the style of his speech also characterizes a person. The style of a person's speech may indicate general emotionality, as well as the content of dominant emotions.

Characterological significance is also vocal mimicry, which introduces something new into the style of oral speech. Some people speak monotonously, as if on the same note; others often change intonations: some like to make more or less expressive pauses, others avoid pauses; some have a lot of theatricality in their speech, while others have simple and natural intonations. Such external features of speech as fluency, rhythm, high or low tone, haste or slowness are not without significance.

Attempts were made to determine character traits by voice, by external features of a person’s speech. In a number of studies, the results of the experiments were positive. It turned out that by the voice (timbre, intonations and other factors) one can to some extent judge the character of a person. But there were studies that gave completely negative results. In any case, on the basis of both life observations and experimental data, one can make general conclusion that when judging the character of a person, to some extent, one should use and outer shape speech. Apparently, we must keep in mind the usual speech, to some extent feigned. Character is manifested not only in external, but also in internal speech.

Character traits can manifest themselves both in oral speech and in writing, in its vocabulary, morphology, syntax, style. It has long been noted that it is not without characterological significance whether a given person prefers to express his thoughts orally or in writing. The preference for oral speech is observed in people who are sociable, lively, often with a sanguine temperament; and writing more inclined to be concentrated in themselves, shy, shy. However, such facts cannot be broadly generalized. The preference for oral or written language can be explained different reasons, and first of all by the presence or absence of the proper skill, and therefore the characterological indicativeness of such a preference can only be established when compared with other manifestations of character. When writers-artists describe the characters of their heroes, they often seek to give a clear idea of their appearance, that is, the structure of the body, facial expressions, pantomime, and others, deliberately emphasizing the connection between these features and certain internal aspects of the personality.

However, cases of expression of character traits in the structure of the body cannot serve as a sufficient basis for broad generalizations. Neither height, nor body weight, nor the ratio of the size of the body and limbs in themselves say nothing about the character of a person, in particular, about his ideological orientation and volitional qualities. With the same type of body structure, people have a wide variety of characters. Moreover, there can be a complete discrepancy between the structure of the body and the spiritual appearance of a person. Often in life, to judge a person's character, they resort to those indicators that his face gives. They talk about people who are sympathetic and unsympathetic, thereby indicating the positive or negative traits of their character, as they find expression in facial features. When they say about a person "handsome, but not pretty", this often means that negative qualities are expressed in the beautiful features of his face, such as arrogance, arrogance, selfishness, and disregard for other people.

Indicators of character on a person's face can be divided into:

static;

Dynamic.

Static indicators include structural features of the head, outlines of the eyes, lips, nose, and others. The spiritual physiognomy is judged by the bodily physiognomy.

Dynamic indicators include facial expressions, that is, expressive movements of the face, all those changes in the face that are not random and situational, but in some way related to the mental appearance of a person.

Eyes play a big role in facial expression. They can be wide open, as if surprised or, on the contrary, lowered, as if looking incredulously, with a brilliant or dull look, motionless and mobile, "running" and the like. The expression of the eyes can sometimes be an indicator of character.

Also indicative of the nature of the change in facial expressions. Many, including open, character traits can be expressed in a smile. People who never smile on their faces seem cold and stern. A weak smile, often and unexpectedly appearing on the face, can express a tendency to irony, skepticism, self-doubt, as well as good nature, gentleness, friendliness.

Gestures sometimes betray a person's character more than his appearance. You can distinguish between people with rich and poor gestures. Associated with emotional excitability, gestures often express a person's temperament: we often expect abundant gestures from a sanguine and choleric person than from a melancholic and phlegmatic person. But abundant gestures can have different characterological meanings. She can talk about incontinence, as well as about unnaturalness. Similarly, the stinginess of gestures in some cases means general lethargy, shyness, in others - great endurance, smartness, self-control.

Only having some knowledge about the character of a person in other manifestations (primarily in activity), one can say what trait, for example, the laughter or tearfulness of a given person testifies to. In life, the relationship between character and external appearance is more complex, less definite, and therefore it is possible to judge a person’s character only on the basis of appearance it would be reckless.

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Ed. prof. A. V. Petrovsky.

Textbook
M., 1996.

PART IV. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A HUMAN

CHAPTER 16. CHARACTER

3. NATURE AND MANIFESTATIONS OF CHARACTER

Character and temperament. Character, like temperament, reveals dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, and above all on the type of nervous system. The properties of temperament leave their mark on the manifestations of character, determining the dynamic features of their occurrence and course. Ultimately, the traits of temperament and character form an almost inseparable alloy that determines the general appearance of a person, an integral characteristic of his individuality. An outstanding connoisseur of human psychology, such as the French writer Stendhal, describing the mental properties of a choleric, noted:

“Increased impressionability, movement is sharp and impetuous, impressions are as quick and as changeable as in sanguine people, but since each impression is more powerful, it now takes on a more imperious character. The fire that devours a man of bilious temperament gives rise to thoughts and impulses that are more self-sufficient, more exclusive, more fickle. It gives him an almost constant sense of anxiety. The feeling of spiritual well-being that is easily given to a sanguine person is completely unfamiliar to him; he finds peace only in the most strenuous activity. Only during great movements, when danger or difficulty require all his strength from him, when he is fully and completely aware of this danger and difficulty at every moment, can such a person enjoy existence.

Features of temperament can counteract or contribute to the development of certain aspects of character. It is more difficult for a phlegmatic person than for a choleric or sanguine person to form initiative and determination: For a melancholic serious problem- overcoming shyness and anxiety. Character Formation in a Group high level development, creates favorable conditions for the development of greater restraint and self-criticism in choleric people, perseverance in sanguine people, and activity in phlegmatic people.

Natural and social prerequisites of character. The emergence of character properties, its nature, the possibility or impossibility of changing it are the subject of long-standing discussions of psychologists and often the reason for categorical judgments inherent in everyday consciousness.

An individual achieves social maturity by possessing a system of established character traits. This process proceeds inconspicuously, and it seems to a person that he has always been the way he is now. Thus, the opinion arises that the traits of a human character are given to him by nature, are innate. This statement is very common: “he is by nature a coward and a scoundrel”, or “the tendency to lie is his innate property”, or even “he has such heredity - he went to his uncle”. In fact, two brothers are brought up in the same family, in the same conditions. The difference between them is only two or three years, and they study at the same school, and their parents generally treat them the same way, and the guys are different in everything, they are not at all alike in character. From here it is not far to the conclusion that character is given to a person from birth.

How can one explain that life "mints" a person's personality even in similar conditions according to different patterns? First of all, it must be recognized that the "source material" is indeed different people not the same.

Man is born with various features functioning of the brain, endocrine system. These features are not psychological, but physiological, but they act as the first reasons that the same influences on children can cause different psychological effects. They determine the conditions in which the psyche of the individual will develop.

These differences in physiological conditions are only the first cause of differences in the characters of people.

It must also be borne in mind that “Similar living conditions” (even in the same family) is a very, very relative concept. The mere fact that the older brother is accustomed to consider himself older and in some way superior to the younger brother, who looks up to him and seeks protection from him or rebels against the despotism of the firstborn, creates far from similar circumstances that contribute to or hinder the formation of such character traits. like arrogance or caring, responsibility or indifference, selflessness or envy.

However, there are many other conditions that are not identical. A change in the financial situation in the family over the two or three years that have passed between the birth of the first and second child, and changes in relationships within the family (often the youngest is spoiled more), and good friends who met on the way of one brother and did not meet another, and different in their own way teacher's pedagogical talent - all this contributes to the emergence of various qualities or personality traits.

When a flight path is determined for a spacecraft, an insignificant deviation in the determination of the initial data (direction, initial speed, etc.) is enough for this insignificant error to lead to fatal consequences - the ship will fly to a completely different place where it was. directed. So it is with man. Somewhere in childhood, a relatively insignificant mistake was made in education, and in the steep orbit of life, already in an adult, character traits appear that lead him to a dead end, prevent him and his loved ones from living.

Character is largely the result of self-education. A person's habits accumulate in character. Character is manifested in the activities of people, but it is also formed in it. If a boy or girl seeks to cultivate self-criticism as a character trait, they must act self-critically. And this means that they must be irreconcilable not only to strangers, but also to their own mistakes, not to “cover over” them, not to turn a blind eye to them. As the Russian psychologist wrote 77. P. Blonsky,“Learning to live is possible only by living accordingly.”

Life, living conditions in the family, not to mention work and study, are a school of human characters. Teachers and parents are constantly faced with a responsible task: to notice in a timely manner the emerging changes in the character of children and, taking them into account, to implement their own line of behavior and education. There is probably no greater danger to educational work than a template used as a pedagogical device. This is especially intolerable in cases where an individual approach to the child should be carried out.

In the family of engineer 3. the second child, a boy, appeared when his sister was 12 years old. The girl was brought up in unconditional obedience to her parents and never made an attempt to oppose and contradict something. However, there seemed to be no reason for this - the demands of the parents were quite reasonable. However, the form in which they were presented was distinguished by cruelty, dryness, intolerance to the slightest objections. The parents took the same tone in raising their son. However, it soon became clear that what aroused obedience in the daughter met with silent but stubborn resistance in the son. It is difficult to say when this began - the parents themselves associate this with the period when the boy was visiting his grandmother - but only in the first grades of the school did this hard and exhausting struggle begin on both sides. The boy became withdrawn, sharp, suspicious. In the sixth grade, he ran away from home for the first time. In the eighth - for the second time, and this time he did not return to the family again. The psychologist talked to the parents. They were perplexed: “Here is his sister in front of you, ask her. Did we raise her differently? In the same way, what kind of person turned out. We are already babysitting grandchildren. And he - so disgraced us!

“They were brought up the same way!” This is true, if you focus on what goals were set in education, what was its content. In this regard, the parents were at their best. But the thoughtless transfer of methods of upbringing, which somehow corresponded to the characteristics of the character of the daughter, to the upbringing of the son, whose character was completely different, naturally led to conflict. Perhaps if the parents had thought about what the character of their boy was and tried to find “keys” to him, there would not have been this family drama. “He had the same thing that his sister had,” the parents say.

However, the same pedagogical influences can lead to opposite results if they are applied to people with different individual characteristics. This is an axiom of the methodology of educational work.

The rejection of the template in the education of the child's personality involves a creative approach to the formation of character. Although mistakes may be made along the way, “a serious, thoughtful, non-traditional decision will be more fruitful than pedagogical clichés, judging not by the results of individual actions (“we got something from the child”), but by the final result of the entire process of character formation.

So, character is not given to man by nature. There is no character that cannot be corrected. References to the fact that “I have such a character, and I can’t do anything with myself,” are psychologically completely untenable. Each person is responsible for all manifestations of his character, and is able to engage in self-education.

If there is no reason to derive character traits from a physiological, natural predisposition to their appearance (although one should take into account the natural prerequisites for character formation), then topics fewer options assert its hereditary origin.

The study of identical twins, in which the hereditary fund of anatomical and physiological properties is identical, indicates a pronounced identity of the temperament of the twins, but not the characters. Cases of raising identical twins in different families testify to the non-identity of their characters.

The information that has penetrated into the mass press that, regardless of the intravital, any and significantly different conditions, identical twins supposedly have obviously the same tastes, predilections and character traits, are very doubtful. V different conditions and circumstances, under the same hereditary prerequisites, not only different, but also directly opposite properties of character can develop.

So the character lifetime the acquisition of a personality that is included in the system of social relations, in joint activities and communication with other people, and thereby acquiring its own individuality.

The character and appearance of a person. From the history of characterological doctrines. In the history of psychology, there were many theories that made character dependent on the shape of the skull, the structure of the face, the constitution (structure, body structure, etc.) and thereby tried to outline the way to decipher character traits, i. to diagnose a person's character by some external signs. Various systems for determining character grew out of practical needs and reflected the needs of society already in fact since antiquity.

So, for example, a slave owner, acquiring a slave on the market, could fairly accurately judge his physical strength, feeling his muscles, about age, looking into his teeth, about dexterity, forcing him to run or jump. But what could he say about the character of his future slave? Is he submissive or obstinate, simple-minded or cunning, hard-working or lazy? Will he be loyal to his master, or, on the contrary, having rebelled others, will he run away after a few weeks? All these were important problems for the buyer in a slave society.

Already Aristotle and Plato proposed to determine the character of a person by physiognomy. Their characterology is based on a hypothesis as fantastic as it is naive. It was proposed to look for similarities with some animal in the appearance of a person, and then to identify his character with the character of this animal. So, according to Aristotle, a nose as thick as that of a bull denotes laziness, a wide nose with large nostrils, like that of a pig, - stupidity, a nose like that of a lion - importance, thin hair, like the wool of goats, sheep and hares, - timidity, hard hair, like that of lions and wild boars - courage.

Echoes of this and others like it physiognomic systems definitions of character we find, for example, in the medieval Syrian writer Abul-Faraja Bar Ebreya. His book contains the following indications: “A person with a thick and short neck is inclined to become enraged, like a buffalo ... A long and thin neck is a sign of timidity. Such a person is shy like a deer... The one with a very small neck is cunning like a wolf.”

In the XVIII century. the physiognomic system of Johann Caspar Lavater became famous, who believed that the human head is a “mirror of the soul”, and the study of its structure, skull configuration, facial expressions is the main way to know the human character. Lavater left a number of witty observations on faces famous people, collected in his book "Physiognomy", completely devoid of scientific significance, but very entertaining. Thus, characterizing Ignatius Loyola, who was originally a soldier, and then became the founder of the religious order of the Jesuits, Lavater saw militancy in the sharp contour of the face and lips, and Jesuitism in the “sniffing out” nose and hypocritically half-drooped eyelids. Goethe's genius, according to Lavater, is most evidenced by his ... nose, which "signifies productivity, taste and love - in a word, poetry." No scientific method Lavater could not offer observations, and his physiognomy was of a fictional nature. (It is noteworthy that physiognomic insight did not help Pastor Lavater to guess the killer in the marauder soldier, his casual interlocutor. During the conversation, the marauder shot the famous physiognomist.)

The new characterological doctrine that appeared shortly after Lavater's tornado was called phrenology (from the Greek "fren" - mind).

Phrenology is associated with the name of the German physician Franz Gall. Gall's teaching was based on the assertion that "all character traits have their strictly specialized centers in the cerebral hemispheres. The degree of development of these qualities is directly dependent on the size of the corresponding parts of the brain. And since, according to Gall, the bones of the skull must exactly correspond to the bulges and cavities of the brain, one glance at a person’s skull or simply feeling the “bumps” of the head was supposedly enough to determine his mental qualities.

Hallem compiled special phrenological maps, where the surface of the skull was divided into 27 sections and each of them corresponded to a certain spiritual quality, for example, caution and foresight, a tendency to cruelty and murder, deceit, constancy, perseverance and stubbornness, etc.

Meanwhile, even if individual spiritual qualities and traits were embedded in the convolutions of the brain (which has no basis), it would be impossible to determine their presence by the bulges of the skull. Anatomical autopsies soon convincingly showed that the bulges of the brain did not at all correspond to the bulge of the skull. The skull is not cast in the shape of the brain, as phrenologists thought.

Equally unscientific was the method by which the phrenological map was created. For this purpose, sculptural or pictorial portraits of famous people were studied and a connection was established between their most outstanding abilities and character qualities, on the one hand, and the most prominent bulges of the skull, on the other. However, portraits of such mythical and legendary people as the biblical Moses, St. Anthony, Homer, whose reliable images have not been preserved, and many others, were often used as a standard. As a result of this, the genius of Raphael was proved, for example, by the skull of a priest, mistaken for the skull of a great artist. The history of phrenology is full of such errors.

But the main thing is still not in this. The notion that such complex psychological features, as character traits, can be accurately located in certain areas of the brain, reflected the early stage of knowledge about the work of the cerebral hemispheres and was rejected by later physiological and psychological studies.

Gall's fantastic conjectures about the centers of mental abilities are unscientific. However, his idea that different parts of the brain are responsible for psychological properties and processes, was not devoid of meaning. What was important was the general natural-scientific orientation of phrenology, for all its obvious fallacy. However, all prescientific theories that developed in the 19th century. before, are now only of historical interest.

Modern ideologists of racism restore dilapidated physiognomic and other similar psychological "theories" and try to prove the "inferiority" of representatives of those races and peoples that it is beneficial for them to declare "inferior" and "degenerate", making the properties of a person's character dependent on skin color, rigidity hair, etc.

At present, neither anthropology, nor anatomy, nor psychology have any reliable data that the character of a person depends on the structure of the body, the shape of the skull, the configuration of the face, the color of hair and skin, the length of the limbs, etc.

Does it follow from this that such a tempting possibility of determining the character of a person on the basis of studying his appearance is completely superfluous? We can only unequivocally conclude that character should not be associated with the constitution of the body. But, perhaps, the character can be judged on the basis of some external signs?

Charles Darwin in his book “On the Expression of Feelings in Man and Animals,” he wrote that it is essential for a physiognomist to know “that each individual contracts mainly only certain muscles of the face, following his personal inclinations, these muscles can be more developed, and therefore lines and wrinkles the faces formed by their usual contraction can become deeper and more prominent.

These Darwin's ideas were the basis for the research of many psychologists who began to build their physiognomic teachings on the description and interpretation of facial expressions and the state of its soft tissues. Original physiognomic reference books were compiled with a psychological interpretation of facial expressions.

It was emphasized, for example, that the raised upper lip, twisted outward (due to which the furrow running from the nose to the lips becomes deeper, and the wings of the nose rise), gives the face an expression of grief. Such facial features are typical for people with a sad, dissatisfied and irritable character. If the upper lip is raised on only one side, exposing the teeth at the same time, then a cruel, hateful or challenging smile appears on the face. And the face, on which such a smile is often observed, takes on an expression of cruelty and savagery. It has been argued that the lowering of the corners of the lips gives the face an expression of sadness, and that expressed in a stronger degree indicates contempt. At the same time, the furrow extends from the nose to the corner of the lips, and covering the corresponding corner, forms a fold around it. This sign of contempt was believed to be found in people who are arrogant, proud, full of self-esteem and a sense of superiority over others.

These observations in a certain sense differ from the various fantastic constructions of Lavater, Gall and others. Apparently, there is a certain relationship between the habitual expression of a person's face and the warehouse of his character. So, for example, portraits by Rokotov, Borovikovsky, Surikov, Kramskoy, Repin, Serov clearly convey in facial expression the features and traits of a person’s character. In the painting by Repin, Princess Sophia stands in stone immobility. A flabby face, a heavy look, strong muscles at the mouth, a bitter and at the same time squeamish expression - everything betrays an imperious, hard and strong character former ruler of all Russia, and then a prisoner of the Novodevichy Convent.

However, this relationship between the habitual facial expression of a person and the warehouse of his character is not natural. This or that facial expression, folds and wrinkles can have not one, but lot causes of occurrence. So, for example, physiognomists usually note that a slightly open mouth with a slightly lowered jaw is a sign of stupidity. However, the reason for this may be a sick nasopharynx, and deafness, and strained attention.

To determine the character, a careful study of the appearance, including the habitual facial expression of a person, plays a certain role. However, the external appearance of a person cannot in itself be a source of exhaustive information about his character.

Action and character formation. Leaving an imprint on a person's appearance, the character receives its most vivid expression in his actions, behavior, and activities. The character should be judged primarily on the basis of the actions of people, in which their essence is most fully reflected.

There is a well-known oriental proverb: "Sow an act, you reap a habit; sow a habit, you reap a character; sow a character, you reap a destiny." The emphasis in it is correctly placed on human actions, which, by repeating themselves, become habitual, are fixed in character traits, constituting his being, influencing the position of a person in public life and the attitude of other people towards him. The system of habitual actions and deeds is the foundation of a person's character. From the analysis of actions to their synthesis in character, in the psychological makeup of the personality, and from the understood character to already foreseen and already expected actions - such is the path of penetration into the essence of individual character.

Man, by his very nature, is active. The structure of human activity includes both various involuntary, automated movements (facial expressions, pantomime, gait, etc.), and deliberate actions greater or lesser degree of complexity. Movements and actions, the implementation of which becomes a need for a person under certain conditions, as you know, are called habits. The most successful portrait does not give as much information about the character of a person as his usual actions and movements.

And yet, decisive, objective and irrefutable data on the character of a person are given not these involuntary actions and movements of a person and not the features of his external appearance, but his conscious and deliberate actions and deeds. It is by actions that we judge what a person is.

Let us recall Chekhov's Belikov ("The Man in the Case"). If Chekhov had limited himself to describing Belikov’s appearance and had not shown that Belikov “also tried to hide his thought in a case”, if he had not shown how he oppressed everyone with his purely “case” considerations: “oh, no matter how something happened” , if, finally, he had not told about Belikov’s fiscal tricks, then it would still have been impossible to determine whether he was good or bad person Belikov is only passively cautious, or this caution is the flip side of active meanness.

Thus, character has a social nature, i.e. depends on the worldview of a person, the content and nature of his activities, on the social group in which he lives and acts, on active interaction with other people.

1 Stendhal. Sobr. cit.: In 15 vols. - M.: 1959. - T. 6. - S. 220-221.

2 Abul-Faraj. A book of entertaining stories. - M., 1957. - S. 223.

hidden base- the base of the workpiece or product in the form of an imaginary plane, axis or point. These bases are used when it is convenient in drawings to determine the relative position of individual parts in nodes or surfaces in parts not by real surfaces, but by imaginary planes, lines or points (plane of symmetry, center line, bisectors of angles, center point)

Explicit base- the base of the workpiece or product in the form of a real surface, marking marks or points of intersection of marks.

Rice. 5.14. I - installation explicit base of the workpiece; II - guide hidden base of the workpiece; ІІІ – workpiece support base; 1-6 - reference points; 7 - blank; 8 - self-centering vise jaws.

Installation technological base - a set of surfaces, lines or points that define the position of the workpiece being processed (base part, assembly unit).

When using devices, real surfaces that are in direct contact with the installation elements of devices are taken as mounting bases. These bases are often called supporting . When installing with alignment, both the real surfaces of the workpiece and the geometric lines and points that are materially represented on the workpiece in the form of marking marks are used. These bases are called testing.

Rice. 5.15. Verification base in the form of intersecting lines

According to the location of the installation bases in the technological process, they are divided into draft, or preliminary, intermediate and final.

Draft bases are used at the first processing operations, when there are no

no surfaces yet. They serve to create intermediate installation bases, and often immediately final ones, used to complete the processing.

Installation bases are divided into main and auxiliary.

Main bases– those surfaces that are provided for by the design of the part and play a certain role when it works in the product.

Auxiliary bases- surfaces artificially created on the part for technological reasons. For the part to work in the product, these surfaces are not needed and after processing is completed, if necessary, they can be removed. The possibility of creating auxiliary mounting bases must be provided for and specified in the design of the part.

Fig.5.16. Auxiliary bases. Belt 1 and end 2 are auxiliary bases.

When designing technological processes the choice of bases is of great importance. The processing of blanks usually begins with the creation of installation bases. As draft bases, the surfaces of the workpiece can be selected either not processed at all, or processed in the future.

PLAN.

I. Introduction.

II. Main part.

1. Definition of character.

2. Features of communication and behavior depending on the types of character accentuation.

3. Manifestation of character in human behavior and activities.

III. Conclusion.

Bibliography.

INTRODUCTION

Speaking of character, they usually mean those personality traits that leave a certain imprint on all its manifestations and express its specific attitude to the world and, above all, to other people. It is in this sense that we usually say that a person bad character or good, noble, etc. We sometimes say in the same sense that such and such a person is spineless, wanting to say that he does not have such an internal core that would determine his behavior; his deeds do not bear the seal of their creator. In other words, a spineless person is a person devoid of inner certainty; every act he performs depends more on external circumstances than on himself. Person with character, on the contrary, it stands out above all certainty his attitude to the environment, expressed in the certainty of his actions and deeds; of a man of character, we know that in such and such circumstances he will act in such and such a way. Character determines the certainty of a person as a subject of activity, which, standing out from the environment, relates to it in a specific way. To know the character of a person is to know those essential features for him, from which it follows, by which the whole pattern of his actions is determined. Character traits are those significant human properties, of which, with a certain logic and internal sequence one line of behavior follows, some actions and by which others are excluded as incompatible with them, contradictory to them.

1. Definition of character.

Translated from Greek, “character” is “chasing”, “sign”. Indeed, character is a special sign that a person acquires while living in society. Just as the individuality of a person manifests itself in the features of the course of mental processes (good memory, rich imagination, quick wits, etc.) and in temperamental traits, it also reveals itself in character traits.

Character is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person, which develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, causing typical behaviors for an individual.

Human personality ha characterized not only by what he does, but also by how he does it. Acting on the basis of common interests and shared beliefs, striving for common goals in life, people can find in their O eating social behavior, in their actions and deeds are not the same, O a swarm of opposite personality traits. You can, along with other people, experience the same difficulties, fulfill your tasks with equal success. I am things, to love or not to love the same thing, but at the same time be gentle, mouth P chival or tough, intolerant person, cheerful or sad, confident n nym or timid, accommodating or quarrelsome. Identical in meaning and The critical remarks addressed to schoolchildren are always made by some teachers in a soft, polite, benevolent form, while others are rude and With ceremoniously. People with opposite views on life, with n e similar s mi interests, with differences in the cultural level, with unequal moral b principles, these ingrained individual characteristics, such as a vilo, are even more pronounced .

These individual features that form the character of a person relate primarily to the will (for example, decisiveness or uncertainty, timidity) and to feelings (for example, cheerfulness or depression), but to a certain extent also to mind(for example, frivolity or thoughtfulness). However, manifestations of character are complex formations and in some cases practically cannot be classified into categories of volitional, emotional or intellectual processes (for example, suspicion, generosity, generosity, vindictiveness, etc.).

Character reveals dependence on social relations that determine the direction of a person's personality. Thus, for example, in a society based on the exploitation of man by man, the social position of representatives of the ruling classes helps to consolidate in their character arrogance, arrogance, hypocrisy, greed, hypocrisy, etc. A different picture of the determination of character is inherent in socialist society. Both during the years of peaceful labor and in the Great Patriotic War, the specific qualities of the character of a Soviet person were clearly manifested: selflessness, purposefulness, courage, modesty, diligence acted as the core traits of the character of people building and protecting a socialist society.

The formation of character occurs in the context of the inclusion of the individual in social groups of various levels of development (in the family, a friendly company, a work or educational team, an asocial association, etc.). Depending on how the individualization of the personality is carried out in the reference group for it and what is the level of development of interpersonal relations in it, in a teenager, for example, in one case, openness, directness, courage, integrity, firmness of character can be formed, in another case - secrecy, deceit, cowardice, conformity, weakness of character. In the team, as a group of a high level of development, the most favorable opportunities for development and consolidation of the best character traits are created. This process contributes to the optimal integration of the individual in the team and the further development of the team itself.

Knowing the character of a person, one can foresee how he will behave under certain circumstances, and, consequently, direct the behavior of a person. Relying on the valuable properties of the character of the educated person, the teacher seeks to develop and strengthen them, and to weaken the negative ones or at least compensate by compensating for them with other, socially significant qualities.

depending on the type of character accentuation.

According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, in 20-56% of people some character traits are so pointed (accentuated) that under certain circumstances this leads to the same type of conflicts and nervous breakdowns. Accentuation of character is an exaggerated development of individual character traits to the detriment of others, as a result of which interaction with other people worsens. The severity of accentuation can be different - from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to wonder if there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining the intellect of a person), as a result, relationships with other people are sharply violated, psychopaths can even be socially dangerous to others.

But unlike psychopathy, accentuations of character do not appear constantly; over the years, they can significantly smooth out, approach the norm. Leonhard distinguishes 12 types of acceptance, each of which predetermines a person's selective resistance to one life's adversities, with increased sensitivity to others, to frequent conflicts of the same type, to certain nervous breakdowns. In favorable conditions, when it is precisely the weak links of the personality that do not fall under attack, such a person can become outstanding; for example, the accentuation of character according to the so-called exalted type can contribute to the flowering of the talent of an artist, an artist.

Accentuations of character are often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%). You can determine the type of accentuation or its absence using special psychological tests, such as the Shmishek test. Often you have to deal with accentuated personalities and it is important to know and anticipate the specific features of people's behavior.

A brief description of the behavioral features depending on the type of accentuation is given below.

Hyperthymic (hyperactive) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Excessively high spirits, always cheerful, talkative, very energetic, independent, striving for leadership, risks of adventures, does not respond to comments, ignores punishments, loses the edge of the unacceptable, there is no self-criticism. It is necessary to be reserved about his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Energy is sometimes directed to the use of alcohol, drugs, promiscuity.

Energy, thirst for activity, new, optimism.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to duties, irritability in the circle of close people.

situations in whichpossible conflict. Monotony, loneliness, conditions of strict discipline are contraindicated, constant moralizing can cause anger. Often there are cases of manic-depressive psychosis.

Preferredactivity. Work associated with constant communication: organizational activities, sales service, stort, theater. They tend to change professions, places of work.

Dystymic type.

Features of communication and behavior. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence, pessimism, are burdened by a noisy society, do not closely converge with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. Appreciate those who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness, justice.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team."

situations in whichpossible conflict. Situations that require vigorous activity, a change in the usual way of life are contraindicated. Tendency to neurotic depression.

Preferredactivity. Work that does not require a wide range of communication.

cycloid type.

Features of communication and behavior. Sociability cycles (high when moody, low when depressed)

During the period of mood rise, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the period of decline - with dysthymic. During the period of the pada, troubles are acutely perceived, up to and including suicide. There are cases of manic depressive psychosis

Preferredactivity. Interests depend on the mood cycle. Prone to disappointment in the profession, changing jobs.

Emotive (emotional) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Excessive sensitivity, vulnerability, deeply experiencing the slightest trouble, overly sensitive to comments, failures, so they often have a sad mood. They prefer a narrow circle of friends and relatives who understand perfectly. Rarely enter into conflicts, play a passive role in them. Grudges do not spill out out.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, compassion, compassionate, rejoice in other people's successes. Executive, with a high sense of duty. Good families.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Extreme sensitivity tearfulness May provoke attacks by ill-mannered or irritable people.

situations in whichpossible conflict. Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness of relatives are perceived tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated. Prone to neurotic depression, heart attack, hypertension.

Preferredactivity. Sphere of arts, medicine, education of children, care of animals, plants.

Demonstrative type.

Features of communication and behavior. The desire to be in the spotlight and achieve their goals at any cost is expressed: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, bragging, outfits, an unusual hobby, lies. They easily forget about their unseemly deeds. Behavior depends on the person with whom it deals, high adaptability to people.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Courtesy, perseverance, focus, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, originality.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, shirking from work, a tendency to “get sick” at the most crucial and difficult moments. Tendency to intrigue, self-confidence and high claims. They provoke conflicts, while actively defending themselves.

situations in whichpossible conflict. Situations of infringement of interests, underestimation of merit, overthrow from the "pedestal" cause hysterical reactions. Tendency to hysteria. Vicious circle communication, monotonous work oppress.

Preferredactivity. Favorable work with constantly changing short-term contacts

Excitable type.

Features of communication and behavior. Increased irritability, intemperance, aggressiveness, sullenness, "boring", but flattery, helpfulness (as a disguise) are possible. A tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with superiors, are quarrelsome in a team, are despotic and cruel in a family.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Out of fits of anger - conscientiousness, accuracy, love for children.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Irritability, irascibility, inadequate outbursts of anger and rage with assault, cruelty; weakened control over attraction.

situations in whichpossible conflict. Tendency to conflicts on insignificant occasions, to neurotic breakdowns, psychopathy, delinquency (immoral behavior, alcohol abuse, antisocial acts.

Preferredactivity. Physical labor, athletic sports. Due to inconsistency, they often change jobs. It is necessary to develop endurance, self-control.

Stuck type.

Features of communication and behavior. He “gets stuck” on his feelings, thoughts, cannot forget insults, “settles scores”, official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles, in conflicts they are more often an active side, the circle of enemies and friends is clearly defined. Shows lust for power - "boring educator."

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. The desire to achieve high performance in any business, a manifestation of high demands to himself, a thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong stable views.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, ambition, arrogance, jealousy, a sense of justice inflated to fanaticism.

situations in whichpossible conflict. Wounded pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals, a situation of jealousy can cause "nonsense of persecution, jealousy."

Preferredactivity. A job that gives a sense of independence and the opportunity to express yourself. It is necessary to develop flexibility, even forgetfulness.

Pedantic type.

Features of communication and behavior. Pronounced boredom in the form of "experiencing" the details, in the service they can torture visitors with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and in feelings, even mood.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Formalism, "chicanery", "tediousness", the desire to shift the adoption of an important decision to others.

situations in whichpossible conflict. The situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, underestimation of their merits; tendency to obsessions, psychasthenia.

Preferredactivity. Professions that are not associated with great responsibility are preferred " paperwork, are not inclined to change jobs.

Anxious (psychasthenic) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Decreased mood background, fear for oneself, loved ones, timidity, self-doubt, extreme indecision, long experiencing failure, doubting one's actions. Rarely enters into conflicts, passive role.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Fearfulness, suspiciousness, due to defenselessness, sometimes serve as a target for jokes, "scapegoats".

situations in whichpossible conflict. The situation of fear, threats, punishment, ridicule, unfair accusations are contraindicated. Tendency to psychasthenia.

Preferredactivity. You cannot be a leader, make responsible decisions, because will endlessly weigh, worry, but will not be able to make a decision.

Exalted (labile) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Very changeable mood, emotions are pronounced, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, amorousness.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmist susceptibility to despair.

situations in whichpossible conflict. Failures, sad events are perceived tragically. Tendency to neurotic depression

Preferredactivity. Sphere of arts, artistic sports. Professions associated with closeness to nature.

Introverted (schizoid) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Low sociability, closed, aloof from everyone, communication out of necessity, immersed in himself, does not tell anything about himself, does not reveal his experiences, although increased vulnerability is characteristic. Restrainedly cold treats other people, even close ones. Behavior, logic are often incomprehensible to others. They love loneliness. They rarely enter into conflicts - when trying to invade them inner world. Choice in choosing a spouse, the search for an ideal. Emotional coldness - weak attachment to loved ones.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Restraint, degree, deliberation of actions, the presence of firm convictions, adherence to principles.

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Stubbornly defending their unrealistic views. Everything has its own point of view, often sharply different from the opinion of the majority.

situations in whichpossible conflict. Deprivation of "hobby", favorite work are contraindicated. Loneliness, obsession, arrogance, rudeness of others increase isolation. There are frequent cases of schizophrenia.

Preferredactivity. Work that does not require a wide range of communication, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.

Extroverted (conformal) type.

Features of communication and behavior. High sociability, talkativeness to the point of talkativeness, has no opinion of his own, is not very independent, strives to be like everyone else, disorganized, prefers to obey. Accepts orders from superiors without hesitation. In society with friends and in the family, he concedes leadership to another.

Features that are attractive to interlocutors. Willingness to listen to the "confession" of another, diligence

Features that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict."A man without a king in his head", susceptibility to other people's influence, thoughtlessness of actions, gullibility, passion for entertainment.

situations in whichpossible conflict. The situation of forced loneliness, lack of control and unregulated life are contraindicated. Tendency to hypomania.

Preferredactivity. Easy adaptability to new job. When tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined, they can be good performers.

3. Manifestations of character in human behavior and activities.

Character-- lifetime acquisition of personalty, which is included in the system of publicTmilitary relations,joint activities and communication with other people, and thetaking on its own individuality.

Leaving an imprint on a person's appearance, the character receives its most vivid expression in his actions, behavior, and activities. Oh haraTotere should be judged in neRin turnon the basis of the actions of people in which the most completereflects their essence.

An Eastern proverb is known: "Sow an act - you reap a habit, sow a habit - you reap a character, sow a character - you reap a destiny." The emphasis in it is correctly placed on human actions, which, by repeating themselves, become habitual, are fixed in character traits, constituting his being, influencing the position of a person in public life and the attitude of other people towards him. System athabitual actions and deeds-- foundation of human character.

Man, by his very nature, is active. The structure of human activity includes both various involuntary, automated movements (facial expressions, pantomime, gait, etc.), as well as deliberate actions of a greater or lesser degree of complexity. Movements and actions, the fulfillment of which, under certain conditions, becomes a need for a person, as you know, are called habits. The most successful portrait does not give as much information about the character of a person as his usual actions and movements.

And yet, the decisive, objective, and irrefutable data on a person's character are provided not by these involuntary actions and movements of a person, and not by the features of his external appearance, but by his conscious and deliberate actions and deeds. It is by actions that we judge what a person is.

Thus, character has a social nature, that is, it depends on a person’s worldview, the content and nature of his activity, on the team in which he lives and acts, on active interaction with other people.

Character is only one side of personality, but not the whole personality. Man put in exa tremal situation or just a situationchoice, able to rise above circumstances, includingnumber and over propertyncharacter.

This ability of a person to resist any circumstances, including internal, psychological ones, is a powerful force for a person's self-change, the basis of his development as a person. Therefore, any attempts at a final explanation of a person, a prediction of his behavior cannot be final in principle, since a person is able to devalue these explanations, challenge them and become different, i.e., make a choice in favor of his social and universal application (and thus his own development), and not just conformity to external and internal circumstances.

To the extent that a person is capable of this, in himfirst plan inssteps not specifically-characterological, butpublic and universaleskoe. And to the extent that sheis not capable of this, the personality of the actionandexhaustedtheir character, typical individual characterandstikami in typical situations.

In addition, the same circumstances are reflected by people far from the same. "He who wants to do, is looking for means, who does not want - reasons." Which of the circumstances a person will single out for himself as significant can be determined both by the external circumstances themselves (at the situational level of behavior), and - further - by the existing individual characteristics of the person (including her character), i.e. internal circumstances , and, finally, awareness of oneself as a subject of action, embodying high social and universal ideals, separated from both external (situational) and internal (individual-psychological) circumstances and able to influence them.

Manifested in actions and deeds, in the extent to which the subject is actively involved in joint activities, the character turns out to be dependent both on the content of the activity, and on the successful or unsuccessful overcoming of difficulties, on distant and immediate prospects in achieving the main life goals.

At the same time, character depends on how a person relates (on the basis of his previously established features) to his failures and successes, to public opinion and a number of other circumstances. Thus, people who study in the same class of school or work on an equal footing acquire different traits of character in connection with whether they cope with the case. Some success inspires and encourages them to work or study even better, others tend to "rest on their laurels"; failure depresses some, in others it awakens the fighting spirit.

In this way, crucial moment in the formation of character - how a person relates to environment and to oneself as to another. These relationships are at the same time the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

The character of a person is manifested, firstly, in the way he treats other people: relatives and friends, comrades at work and study. Stable and unstable affection, adherence to principles and unscrupulousness, sociability and isolation, truthfulness and deceit, tact and rudeness reveal a person's relationship to other people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the collective. In a team, with live communication with other people, such character traits as breadth or pettiness, quarrelsomeness or complaisance, peacefulness or a tendency to argue clearly stand out.

Secondly, the attitude of a person towards himself is indicative of the character: pride and self-esteem or humiliation and self-doubt. For some people, selfishness and egocentrism (placing oneself at the center of all events) come to the fore, for others - the subordination of one's own interests to the interests of the team, selflessness in the struggle for a common cause.

Thirdly, character is revealed in a person's attitude to work. So, among the most valuable traits of a person's character are conscientiousness and diligence, seriousness, enthusiasm, responsibility for the task entrusted and concern for its results.

Fourthly, character is manifested in a person’s attitude to things: not only attitude to public property, but also careful or careless handling of one’s things, clothes and shoes, books and teaching aids etc.

The activity of a person, his behavior, is primarily determined by the goals that he sets for himself, and the main determinant of his behavior and activity always remains the direction of his personality - the totality of his interests, ideals and beliefs. However, two people who have a lot in common in the direction of their personality and whose goals coincide can differ significantly in the methods they use to achieve these goals. Behind these differences are personality traits. In the character of a person, as it were, there is a program of his typical behavior in typical circumstances. Character traits, therefore, have a certain motivating, motivating power, which is most manifested in stressful situations, if necessary, to make a choice of actions, to overcome significant difficulties.

A resolute person, by his nature, passes from impulses to actions often without any long struggle of motives. Tact as a character trait of an individual contributes to the manifestation of caution in statements, which involves taking into account a number of circumstances and problems that are significant for the people with whom he communicates.

So, as a character trait, the degree of expression in an individual can be considered achievement motivation- his need for the obligatory achievement of success in any activity, no matter what he is busy with, especially in conditions of competition with other people. Achievement motivation as a personality trait is formed in vivo as a result of systematic and personally significant rewards for success and punishment for failures.

CONCLUSION.

The character of a person is a system of generalized generalized motives fixed in the individual. The motives generated by the circumstances of life - this is the " construction material from which character is made. Motivation, motive is a property of character in its genesis. In order for a motive (motivation) to become a property of a personality, “stereotyped” in it, it must be generalized in relation to the situation in which it originally appeared, spreading to all situations that are homogeneous with the first, in features that are essential in relation to the personality. The property of character is, in the final analysis, a tendency, an impulse, a motive that naturally appears in a given person under homogeneous conditions.

This understanding of character, which connects it with motives, seems to come into conflict with worldly observations, which say that sometimes people of great breath, living with lofty noble motives, have a difficult character, which makes them everyday communication not very pleasant companions, but on the other hand, you can often meet a person about whom everyone around them says: “What a good, easy character he has!” Explanations for this must be sought not only in the fact that in people of the first and second kind the center of mental attention is turned to different things, but also in the following circumstance: just as socially developed operations or methods of action are incorporated into abilities, socially developed ways of behavior that meet the requirements set by society for its members. These modes of behavior, which do not directly express the corresponding personal motives of a person, are mastered by him due to motives or considerations of a different order. There is therefore no direct coincidence or correspondence between the ways of behaving and the motives of a person, which are the results of his behavior. As a result, a discrepancy is obtained or may result between the motives of a person, which are the results of his behavior, and the motives mastered by him for incoming considerations, ready-made ways of behavior. The character of a person consists, therefore, of an alloy of motives and modes of behavior not directly generated by them, assimilated by a person. The basis of character is formed not by the modes of behavior themselves, but by generalized impulses regulating the corresponding modes of behavior, which, due to their generalization, can be abstracted from individual private situations and fixed in a person, in a personality. Above motives are built up, also entering into the character, the patterns of behavior mastered by the person. The one who does not see their basis behind them and judges people only by their "manners" judges them superficially.

The study of character and its formation, still little advanced, should have focused primarily on this problem - the problem of the transition of situationally, by a combination of circumstances, generated motives (motives) into stable personal motives. This, in the pedagogical plan, also determines the main line of educational work on the formation of character. The starting point here is the selection and inoculation of appropriate motives through their generalization and stereotyping, the transition into habits.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. General psychology: Proc. For students ped. in-tov / Ed. A. V. Petrovsky. - M.: Enlightenment, 1986.

2. Rubinshtein S. L. Fundamentals general psychology. - St. Petersburg: CJSC "Publishing House" Peter ", 1999.

3. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology. - Rostov-on-Don: Publishers T in "F" e niks", 1997.

External manifestations of character. The manifestation of character traits

Manifestation of character

CHAPTER 16. CHARACTER

3. NATURE AND MANIFESTATIONS OF CHARACTER

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