The fungi that envelop the roots of the host plant require soluble carbohydrates as a source of carbon, and in this respect they differ from most of their free-living, that is, non-symbiotic relatives that break down cellulose. Mycorrhizal fungi meet at least part of their carbon needs at the expense of their hosts. The mycelium absorbs mineral biogens from the soil, and at present there is no doubt that it actively supplies them to the host plant. In studies using radioactive labels, it was found that phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium through the hyphae of fungi can enter the roots and then into the shoots. It is surprising that mycorrhiza, apparently, does not act less effectively even without the hyphae extending from the mycelium enveloping the root. Therefore, this "shell" itself should have a good developed abilities absorb nutrients and transfer them to the plant. [...]
Mycorrhizal cohabitation (symbiosis) is mutually beneficial to both symbionts: the fungus extracts additional, inaccessible nutrients and water from the soil for the tree, and the tree supplies the fungus with the products of its photosynthesis - carbohydrates. [...]
Mushrooms entering into symbiosis with forest trees, most often belong to the group of basidiomycetes - cap mushrooms that combine both edible and inedible species. The mushrooms that we collect with such enthusiasm in the forest are nothing more than the fruiting bodies of mushrooms associated with the roots of various trees. It is curious that some mycorrhizal fungi prefer one kind of tree, others - several, and their list may include both coniferous and deciduous trees. [...]
Mycorrhizal symbiosis "fungi - plant roots" is another important adaptation mechanism that has developed as a result of the low bioavailability of phosphorus. The fungal component of symbiosis increases the absorbing surface, but is unable to stimulate sorption by chemical or physical effects. The phosphorus of the fungal hyphae is exchanged for carbon fixed by the symbiotic plant. [...]
Who mycorrhizal fungi need soluble carbohydrates. [...]
Boletus fungi can form mycorrhiza with one, several, or even many tree species, which are systematically sometimes very distant from each other (for example, with conifers and deciduous). But it is often observed that a fungus of one species or another is confined to trees of only one species or one genus: larch, birch, etc. Within the same genus - to individual species - they usually turn out to be "insensitive". However, in the case of the genus of pine (Rtiv), there is a large confinement not to the entire genus as a whole, but to its two subgenera: to two-coniferous pines (for example, to Scotch pine) and to five-conifers (for example, to Siberian cedar). It should also be noted such cases when some mycorrhizal fungi, isolated from tree roots, can apparently develop; like saprophytes, content with litter (fallen from needles, leaves, rotten wood) those tree species with which they usually form a corysis. For instance, porcini was found on the top of a huge boulder in a pine forest, Asian boletin (companion of larch) - on a high rotten stump of a birch that grew in a larch forest. [...]
M. plants and mycorrhizal fungi. This relationship with fungi is characteristic of most species of vascular plants (flowering, gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, lymphatics). Mycorrhizal fungi can entwine the plant root and penetrate the root tissue without causing significant damage. Fungi incapable of photosynthesis receive organic matter from the roots of plants, and in plants, due to branched mushroom filaments, the absorbing surface of the roots increases hundreds of times. In addition, some mycorrhizal fungi not only passively absorb nutrients from the soil solution, but also simultaneously act as reducers and destroy complex substances to simpler ones. Through mycorrhiza, organic matter can be transferred from one plant to another (of one or different species). [...]
There are also mycorrhizal fungi that cohabit with the roots. higher plants... The mycelium of these fungi envelops the roots of plants and helps to obtain nutrients from the soil. Mycorrhiza is observed mainly in woody plants with short sucking roots (oak, pine, larch, spruce). [...]
These are mushrooms of the genus Elapho-myces and truffle (Tuber). The last genera also form mycorrhiza with woody plants - beech, oak, etc. [...]
In the case of endotrophic mycorrhiza, the relationship between the fungus and the higher plant is even more complex. Due to the low contact of the hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus with the soil, a relatively small amount of water, as well as mineral and nitrogenous substances, enters the root in this way. In this case, biologically active substances such as vitamins, produced by the fungus, are probably of importance for the higher plant. In part, the fungus supplies the higher plant with nitrogenous substances, since part of the hyphae of the fungus, which is in the root cells, is digested by them. The mushroom receives carbohydrates. And in the case of orchid mycorrhiza, the fungus itself gives up carbohydrates (in particular, sugar) to the higher plant. [...]
Almost all tree species cohabit with mycorrhizal fungi under normal conditions. The mycelium of the fungus covers the thin roots of the tree with a cover, penetrating into the intercellular space. The mass of the finest mushroom filaments extending a considerable distance from this cover successfully performs the function of root hairs, sucking in a nutritious soil solution. [...]
One of the most widespread species of this genus and the entire family is the cep (B. edulis, Table 34). It is the most nutritious of all edible mushrooms in general. It has about two dozen forms, differing mainly in the color of the fruit body and mycorrhizal confinement to a particular tree species. The cap is whitish, yellow, brownish, yellow-brown, red-brown, or even almost black. Spongy layer in young specimens is pure white, later yellowish and yellowish-olive. On the leg there is a light mesh pattern. The pulp is white, does not change at the break. It grows with very many tree species - coniferous and deciduous, in middle lane the European part of the USSR - more often with birch, oak, pine, spruce, but never in the USSR has it been noted with such a widespread species as larch. In the arctic and mountain tundra, it occasionally grows with a dwarf birch. The species is Holarctic; however, it is also known outside the Holarctic in the cultures of the corresponding tree species (for example, Australia, South America). It grows in abundance in some places. In the USSR, the white mushroom lives mainly in the European part, in Western Siberia, in the Caucasus. It is very rare in Eastern Siberia and in Far East.[ ...]
The roots are thick and fleshy, in many species they are retractors. The cells of the root bark usually contain a mycorrhizal fungus belonging to the phycomycetes. These mycorrhizal roots are devoid of root hairs. [...]
The role of mycorrhiza in tropical rain forests is very important, where the absorption of nitrogen and other inorganic substances occurs with the participation of the mycorrhizal fungus, which feeds on saprotropho on fallen leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, etc. The main source of minerals here is not the soil itself, but soil fungi ... Mineral substances enter the hogweed directly from the hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi. In this way, a more polio use of minerals and a more complete circulation of them is ensured. Imoppo this explains that most of the root system of rain forest plants is located in the surface layer of the soil at a depth of about 0.3 m. [...]
It should also be noted that in artificially created forest plantations from a particular tree species, the accompanying characteristic species mycorrhizal fungi are sometimes found very far from the boundaries of their natural range. In addition to tree species, the type of forest, the type of soil, its moisture content, acidity, etc. are of great importance for the growth of boletus fungi. [...]
The real lump is found in birch and pine-birch forests with linden undergrowth rather large groups("Flocks"), from July to September. Mandatory mycorrhizal mushroom with birch. [...]
Mutualism is a widespread form of mutually beneficial relationships between species. Lichens are a classic example of mutualism. Symbionts in lichen - fungus and algae - physiologically complement each other. The hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes, haustoria, through which the fungus receives substances assimilated by the algae. Algae minerals are obtained from water. Many herbs and trees normally exist only in cohabitation with soil fungi that settle on their roots. Mycorrhizal fungi promote the penetration of water, mineral and organic substances from the soil into the roots of plants, as well as the assimilation of a number of substances. In turn, they receive carbohydrates and other organic substances necessary for their existence from the roots of plants. [...]
One of the measures against acidification of forest soils is liming them in the amount of 3 t / ha every 5 years. Protecting forests from acid rain with the help of some types of mycorrhizal fungi may prove promising. The symbiotic community of fungal mycelium with the root of a higher plant, expressed in the formation of mycorrhiza, can protect trees from the harmful effects of acidic soil solutions and even significant concentrations of some heavy metals, such as copper and zinc. Many fungi that form mycorrhiza have an active ability to protect trees from the effects of drought, which are especially detrimental to trees growing under conditions of anthropogenic pollution. [...]
Gray russula (R. decolorans) has a cap first spherical, spherical, then prostrate, flat-convex and up to depressed, yellow-brown, reddish-orange or yellowish-orange, more or less reddish along the edge, lilac or pinkish, unevenly fading, with scattered red spots, 5-10 cm in diameter with a thin, slightly striped edge. The plates are adherent, white, then yellow. These mushrooms are found mainly in pine forests of the green-moshnic type. Mandatory as mycorrhizal mushrooms with pine. The taste is sweet, then spicy. [...]
Most of the elements of mineral nutrition enter the forest organisms and the entire biota of the ecosystem exclusively through the roots of plants. The roots extend into the soil, branching out into thinner and thinner ends, and thus cover a large enough soil volume to provide a large surface for nutrient absorption. The root surface area of the community was not measured, but it can be assumed that it exceeds the surface area of the leaves. In any case, nutrients predominantly enter the community not through the surface of the roots themselves (and not through root hairs for most plants), but through the surface of the fungal hyphae, which significantly prevails in area. The surface of the predominant part of the roots is mycorrhizal (that is, covered with fungal mycelium, which is in symbiosis with the root), and the hyphae of these fungi extend from the roots into the soil; for most terrestrial plants, fungi mediate the absorption of nutrients. [...]
The ecosystem function includes a complex distinctive features metabolism - the transfer, transformation, use and accumulation of inorganic and organic substances. Some aspects of this metabolism can be studied using radioactive isotopes, such as radioactive phosphorus: their movements in the aquatic environment (aquarium, lake) are monitored. Radioactive phosphorus circulates very quickly between water and plankton, penetrates more slowly into coastal plants and animals, and gradually accumulates in bottom sediments. When phosphorus fertilizers are applied to the lake, there is a temporary increase in its productivity, after which the concentration of phosphates in the water returns to the level that was before the introduction of the fertilizer. Nutrient transport brings together all parts of the ecosystem, and the amount of nutrients in the water is determined not only by its intake, but also by the full function of the ecosystem in a stable state. In a forest ecosystem, nutrients from the soil enter plants through mycorrhizal fungi and roots and are distributed to various plant tissues. Most of the nutrients go to leaves and other short-lived tissues, which ensures the return of nutrients to the soil after a short time and thereby completing the cycle. Nutrients are also transferred to the soil and soil as a result of their washing off the plant leaves. From the surface of the leaves, organic substances are also washed off into the soil, and some of them have an inhibitory effect on other plants. Chemical inhibition of some plants by others is only one of the manifestations of the allelochemical influence, the chemical effects of some species on others. The most widespread variant of such influences is the use of chemical compounds organisms to defend against their enemies. Large groups of substances are involved in the metabolism of communities: inorganic nutrients, food (for heterotrophs) and allelochemical compounds. [...]
Modern ferns, the geological history of which dates back to the Carboniferous (Permian-Carboniferous genus psaronius - Rzagopshe - and others). Perennials ranging from small to very large. The stems are dorsiventral corpse-shcha or thick tuberous trunks. The stems are fleshy. In the stems, as in other vegetative organs, there are large lysigenic mucus passages, which are one of the features of Marattioisids. In large forms, a dictyostela of a very complex structure is formed (the most complex in the genus Angiopteris - Angiopteris). Scalaceous tracheids. In the genus angiopteris, there is a very weak development of the secondary xylem. The roots bear a kind of multicellular root hairs. The first roots formed usually contain a mycorrhizal phycomycete fungus in the bark. Young leaves are always spirally twisted. It is very characteristic of the presence at the base of the leaves of two thick stipule-like formations, connected together by a special transverse lintel.[ ...]
The ability of green plants to carry out photosynthesis is due to the presence of pigments in them. The maximum absorption of light is carried out by chlorophyll. Other pigments absorb the remainder, converting it into different kinds energy. In the flower of angiosperms, due to pigmentation, the solar spectrum with a certain wavelength is selectively captured. The idea of two plasmas in organic world predetermined the symbiotrophic origin of plants. Isolated from all parts of plants, symbiotic endophytes of the Fungi imperfect class synthesize pigments of all colors, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, lipids and supply them to the plant instead of the obtained carbohydrates. Hereditary transmission of endophytes ensures the integrity of the system. Some plant species have two types of ecto-endophytic mycorrhizal fungi or fungi and bacteria, the combination of which provides flower color, plant growth and development (Geltser, 1990).
Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis of the roots of vascular plants with some fungi. Many tree species do not develop well without mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza is known in most groups of vascular plants. Only a few families of flowering plants do not form it, for example cruciferous and sedge. Many plants can develop normally without mycorrhiza, but with a good supply of mineral elements, especially phosphorus.
Mycorrhiza is different in appearance and structure. In tree species, mycorrhiza develops more often, forming a dense cover of thin threads around the root. Such mycorrhiza is called exotrophic (from the Greek "exo" - external and "trophy" - food), since it settles on the surface of the organisms feeding it. Mycorrhiza, the hyphae of which are located inside the cells of the plants feeding it, is called endotrophic - internal. There are also transitional forms of mycorrhiza.
Several dozen species of fungi are involved in the formation of mycorrhiza, mainly from the class of Basidiomycetes. In some plants, ascomycetes, phycomycetes and imperfect fungi are involved in the formation of mycorrhiza.
Widely known edible mushrooms: in the birch forest - boletus, in the aspen - aspen. The main mycorrhiza formers are camelina, porcini mushroom, butter dish, fly agaric and others. They can be found on one tree species, or on many.
The symbiosis of the roots of higher plants with fungi has developed historically, on peat and humus soils, nitrogen on these soils can be available to plants thanks to fungi.
It is believed that fungi supply plants with elements of mineral nutrition, especially on soils with hard-to-reach forms of phosphorus, potassium, and participate in nitrogen metabolism.
In relation to mycorrhiza woody plants are divided into: mycotrophic (pine, larch, spruce, fir, oak, etc.), weakly mycotrophic (birch, maple, linden, elm, bird cherry, etc.), nonmycotrophic (ash, legumes, etc.).
Mycotrophic plants suffer in the absence of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, their growth and development are strongly inhibited. Weak mycorrhiza can grow in the absence of mycorrhiza, but with it they develop more successfully.
Mycorrhiza is of great importance in the life of forest species. The presence of mycorrhiza and a deep study of it as a phenomenon of cohabitation with plants was first discovered and carried out by Kamensky (1881). He studied the interaction of mycorrhiza under spruce, beech and some other conifers.
Mycorrhiza is common to the whole group conifers, as well as oak, beech, birch, etc. It has been established that normal development of most woody plants is impossible without mycorrhiza. It promotes a better supply of moisture and nutrients to the plant.
Mycorrhiza is formed by different types mushrooms, mainly caps, widespread in our forests. On the roots of forest species, fungal plexuses (mycelium) are formed annually, which in spring penetrate the tissues and cells of the sucking extremities of the roots, enveloping them with mushroom caps. By the fall, mycorrhiza dies off.
Mycorrhiza functions as roots. It supplies forest species with water, and, consequently, nutrients dissolved in water, causes a stronger branching of the root system, thereby contributing to an increase in the active surface of the roots in contact with the soil, destroys the humus substances of the soil and turns them into compounds available to trees. It is believed that mycorrhiza protects trees from soil toxicants.
The cohabitation of roots with fungi causes faster growth of trees. Back in 1902, G.N. Vysotsky established that in the steppe regions, oak and pine seedlings take root better and grow well in the presence of mycorrhiza on their roots.
Numerous domestic studies, especially for Lately, showed that the normal growth of most tree species - oak, hornbeam, conifers is impossible without mycorrhiza. Develop normally without mycorrhiza euonymus, acacia, fruit trees and some other breeds. They can grow without mycorrhiza, but nevertheless it is formed by linden, birch, elm, most of the shrubs.
Great importance acquired mycorrhiza in connection with field-protective afforestation, especially in the steppe, where the soil does not contain mycorrhiza.
For the success of steppe afforestation, the most important measure is the contamination of crops with mycorrhiza.
The fungus also, as a result of symbiosis with the root system of a woody plant, apparently uses some nitrogen-free substances found in the root system of a woody plant.
Plants with mycorrhiza on their roots are mycotrophic plants, plants without mycorrhiza are autotrophic. Mycorrhiza was not found in legumes, but special nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria are formed on their roots. Ash, privet, euonymus, scumpia, apricot, mulberry and other woody plants do not form mycorrhiza, even if they grow in forest conditions.
Many forest species (elm and other elm, maple, linden, alder, aspen, birch, mountain ash, apple and pear, willow, poplar, etc.) form mycorrhiza in forest conditions. In conditions unfavorable for the development of mycorrhiza, they grow without mycorrhiza.
Obviously, the knowledge of these factors is necessary for the forester when carrying out silvicultural work, and especially in non-forest areas, where it is necessary to add mycorrhizal soil when growing mycotrophic plants in a nursery or directly in planting or sowing places.
Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis between the plant and the mycelium of the fungus that live in the soil. Certain types of fungi cooperate with specific types of plants. V natural conditions allies are themselves. In the garden, we must help them with this by applying the appropriate "vaccines" applied to the soil.
What is mycorrhiza?
Mycorrhiza, (from Greek mykos (μύκης) - mushroom and riza (ρίζα) - root) - the phenomenon of mutually beneficial coexistence between living plant cells and non-pathogenic (not causing diseases) fungi that populate the soil. The definition of mycorrhiza literally means " mushroom root«.
Mycorrhiza is a commonwealth between plants and fungi leading to mutual benefit. Mushrooms use the products of plant photosynthesis to obtain plant sugars that they cannot produce themselves. Plants, in turn, receive much more benefits from mycorrhiza.
Mycelium hyphae penetrate into the cells of the root cortex ( Endomycorrhiza) or remain on the surface of the root, braiding it with a dense network ( Ectomycorrhiza), thereby increasing the ability to absorb moisture and mineral salts from the soil. Plants begin to grow stronger, form more flowers and fruits. They also become much more resistant to unfavorable conditions - drought, frost, inappropriate pH or excessive soil salinity. Mycorrhiza protects plants from diseases (,).
Where is mycorrhiza found?
Mycorrhiza has existed in nature for millions of years.- more than 80% of all plants remain in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. On the household plots, unfortunately, rarely occurs, since it was destroyed as a result of intensive cultivation and the use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products.
The naked eye (without a microscope) will not be able to check if there is mycorrhiza in the garden soil. Mycorrhizal fungi very often die during the construction of a house. Deep pits, ground left on the surface, rubble and lime residues are the main reasons for the absence of mycorrhiza in the garden.
A noticeable effect of the action of mycorrhiza
The most popular and most visible result of mycorrhiza is Forest mushrooms ... These are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Even a beginner in mushroom picking, after the first mushroom picking, will notice that specific mushrooms grow only in the immediate vicinity of specific trees.
Chanterelles grow both under deciduous and under conifers, mushrooms under pines, spruces and firs. Porcini mushrooms can be found in not too dense forests, mainly under oaks, beeches, as well as pines and spruces. It is better to look for flywheels under spruce and pine trees, as well as in deciduous forests, under oak and beech trees. In the birch groves and under the spruce trees grow stumps, and boletus grows under birches, hornbeams and oaks.
Mycorrhizal preparations - vaccines
Mycorrhizal vaccines contain live fungal hyphae or fungal spores... For different plants specific, adapted mixtures mycorrhiza (they also include edible varieties, however, they rarely form fruit bodies on personal plots).
You can buy mycorrhizal preparations for indoor plants(the most popular is mycorrhiza) and balcony plants. Much larger selection of vaccines for garden plants- for and deciduous plants, vegetables, for heather, roses, and even for.
The roots of old trees go very deep, and by the tree itself there are only skeletal roots that are not suitable for mycorrhization. It should be remembered that in plants, both young and adult, the youngest roots are relatively shallow underground, within 10-40 cm. In the case of planting trees dug directly from the ground, with an open root system, the vaccine should be added to a few of the youngest, living roots before planting.
5 rules for the use of mycorrhiza vaccine
- Preparations in powder form are added to the substrate in flower pot and then watered. Vaccines in the form of a suspension are injected into pots or into the soil (directly to the roots) using a syringe or a special applicator.
- It is enough to plant the roots of plants once in order to bind with it and be useful throughout life.
- There is no universal mycorrhiza suitable for all plant species! Each plant (or group of plants - for example, heathers) remains in the mycorrhiza only with certain types of fungi.
- Mycelium containing hyphae are much better. Vaccines containing fungal spores are unreliable because spores often do not have suitable conditions for germination. Mycorrhiza of live mycelium, in contrast to dry preparations, after watering, is ready for an immediate reaction with the plant. In the form of a gel suspension, it is stable even for several years, at a temperature of about 0⁰C, and loses its vitality upon drying.
- After the introduction of live mycelium, the plants should not be fertilized for 2 months. Also, do not use any fungicides.
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All types of fungi described in this article are mycorrhizal. In other words, they form mycorrhiza (or fungal root) with certain tree species and live with them in strong symbiosis for years.
Mushrooms get organic matter from the tree: carbohydrates in the form of tree sap with sugars, amino acids, some vitamins, growth and other substances they need. The tree, on the other hand, extracts nitrogenous products, minerals, phosphorus and potassium, and water with the help of mycorrhiza.
Mushrooms stick with their souls to certain forest species and cannot live without them. But at the same time they are very finicky: they like well warmed up soil rich in forest humus.
The development of fungi is influenced by many factors: humidity and air temperature, lighting mode, soil moisture, and so on.
Mycorrhizal fungi do not bear fruit without their favorite tree species. In turn, trees often wither and become sick without their mushroom brothers. So the seedlings of larch and pine, which do not have mycorrhiza, simply die on nutrient-poor soil. Conversely, in close collaboration with mushrooms, they successfully develop in the same places.
The host tree stimulates the growth of mycelium (mycelium) only if it lacks minerals obtained from the soil. Therefore, porcini mushrooms are more likely to appear on poor sandy soil than on fertile soil. The question arises, how to make forest mushrooms grow in the garden?
There is only one way - to artificially sow mycelium to their green partners. Growing mycorrhizal fungi is possible only outdoors and under mycorrhizal trees.
The main thing is to preserve the inseparable pair of mushroom - tree, without which the full development of mushroom culture is impossible. So, it is necessary to create favorable conditions close to those in which these mushrooms exist in wildlife... For this, at a minimum, the presence of appropriate tree species in your garden is necessary - birch, aspen, pine, spruce, larch, and so on.
In addition to cultivating valuable and popular mycorrhizal fungi, mushroom growers have repeatedly tried to grow in the garden yellow chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), white mushrooms (Russula delica) and true milk mushrooms (Lactarius resimus) - under a birch, horn-shaped funnels (Craterellus cornucopioides) - under several species; Polish mushrooms with suckling and chestnut; russula under the most different breeds trees and black milk mushrooms under spruce and birch.
PORCINI
The most important tubular mushroom in the Russian forest is the white mushroom (Boletus edulis), otherwise it is called the boletus or ladybug.
It grows from the beginning of June to the end of October in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, in parks and gardens, along paths and abandoned roads, on the edges, along the slopes of ditches, in old dugouts and trenches, sometimes in bushes, after a drought in moss along swamps and drained bogs, but not in the dampest places (under birches, pines, spruces and oaks); singly and in groups, often annually.
The cap of the porcini mushroom reaches a diameter of 10 and even 30 cm. In youth it is round, hemispherical, cushion-shaped in maturity, in old age it can straighten to a prostrate-convex, prostrate and depressed.
The cap is smooth, sometimes wrinkled in dry weather, more often matte, shiny in rain, slightly slimy. The edge of the cap is leathery, often acute-angled.
The color of the cap depends on the season, humidity and temperature, as well as on the species of trees next to which the fungus grows and forms mycorrhiza: gray-ocher, gray-brown, ocher-brown, brown, chestnut, chestnut-brown, brown-brown and dark brown, lighter towards the edge.
The color is often uneven, the cap can be covered with multi-colored or white blurred spots, and in late autumn fade to a whitish, gray-marbled and greenish color. Young mushrooms grown under fallen leaves or under a birch may be uncolored and have a completely white cap.
The tubular layer is finely porous, consisting of free, deeply notched or adherent tubules up to 4 cm long.
In youth it is white, in maturity it is yellow or yellow-greenish, in old age it is yellow-green or olive-yellow, brownish.
The leg of the porcini mushroom grows in length up to 10 and even 20 cm, in thickness up to 5 and even 10 cm. In youth it is thick, tuberous, in maturity it lengthens, becoming clavate or widened towards the base.
It is whole, smooth, sometimes wrinkled, white, ocher, brownish or brownish, with a light mesh pattern, which is especially noticeable in the upper part of the leg.
The pulp is fleshy, dense, white, with a pleasant mushroom smell or almost odorless and with a nutty taste. Does not change color at the break.
Borovik
Boletus, or pine mushroom (Boletus pinicola), grows on sandy soils, in green and white moss, in the grass in pine forests and in forests mixed with pine from mid-May with warm and humid spring to early November with warm autumn. As the last Carpathian experience shows, it can grow under other types of trees, for example, spruces and beeches.
The boletus cap reaches a diameter of 20 cm. It is very fleshy, hemispherical in youth, convex in maturity, sometimes with a tuberous surface, in old age it is cushion-shaped.
The skin is smooth or velvety, it looks slightly sticky in the rain. The edge is often lighter than the middle, sometimes pinkish.
The color of the cap is burgundy, olive brown, chestnut brown, chocolate and dark red brown, sometimes with a bluish and even purple tint.
Young mushrooms growing under the moss may be unpainted and have a whitish or pink cap with a beautiful marble pattern.
The tubular layer in adolescence is white, with age it darkens to a yellowish, and then yellowish-olive color.
The tubules are up to 4 cm long, but noticeably shorten where they grow to the stem.
The boletus leg grows up to 12 cm long. It is thick, very dense, clavate, and has a strong thickening at the base; white, white-pinkish, yellowish-pinkish, yellowish-brownish or reddish-brown and covered with a noticeable reddish or yellowish-brown mesh pattern.
The flesh is dense, white, reddish under the skin of the cap and legs, does not change color at the break, has a pleasant taste and pungent smell of raw potatoes. ON A NOTE
White mushroom and boletus are considered one of the highest quality, delicious and nutritious mushrooms. They make excellent soups with light, clear broth, fried, dried (very fragrant), frozen, salted and pickled. When properly dried, the pulp remains light, in contrast to the mushrooms and aspen mushrooms.
You can fry without pre-boiling, or boil for about 10 minutes as a safety net. In some countries of Western Europe, white mushroom is allowed raw in salads, but I would save my stomach from such shocks.
REGULAR BERREL
One of the most common, most unpretentious, but highly respected tubular mushrooms is the common boletus (Leccinum scabrum).
The people gave him many names: obabok, grandma, spikelet, birch, rake and gray mushroom.
Boletus grows in birch and mixed with birch forests, under single birch trees in the forest, in shrubs and woodlands, including tundra, along roads and ditches, in gardens and on grassy city lawns from mid-May to early November, singly and in groups, annually.
The cap of a boletus reaches a diameter of 10 and even 20 cm. In adolescence it is hemispherical, in maturity it becomes convex or cushion-shaped; it is usually smooth, dry, dull, and slightly sticky in rain.
The cap is yellow-brown, brownish, gray-brown, brown-brown, chestnut-brown, dark brown and black-brown, sometimes almost white with a pinkish tinge and gray, often spotted.
The skin is not removed from the cap during cooking.
The tubules are up to 3 cm long, at the foot with a notch or almost free. The tubular layer in adolescence is finely porous, whitish and grayish, in maturity darkens to a dirty gray or gray-brown, often with whitish spots, convex, spongy, easily separating from the pulp.
The boletus leg grows up to 12 and even 20 cm long, and up to 4 cm thick.It is cylindrical, slightly thinner towards the cap and sometimes thickens noticeably towards the base, rigid, solid, whitish with longitudinal whitish fibrous scales, which darken with age to dark gray, brown, black-brown and even black.
The pulp is watery, in youth it is dense, tender, rather quickly becomes loose, flabby, and in the leg it turns into a hard-fibrous. It is white or grayish-white, at the base of the leg it can be yellowish or greenish, does not change color at the fracture; with a weak pleasant mushroom smell and taste.
Porcini and boletus mushrooms compete with each other, so it is better to sow their spores under birches on different sites garden. Boletus boletus have an undeniable advantage over noble mushrooms and aspen mushrooms - with proper care, its yields will be more frequent and high.
With regular watering, boletus will appear under the birch trees on their own.
Fruiting, boletus takes out a lot of potassium from the soil. If the garden is not located in lowlands rich in potassium, then at the beginning of each season it is necessary to replenish the reserves of potassium and other minerals.
To do this, the soil around the tree is watered with two buckets of solution (at the rate of 10 g of potassium chloride and 15 g of superphosphate per bucket).
When preparing "seed" from old caps, boletus spores mostly remain in a mixture with the pulp and precipitate poorly, so you need to use a suspension of their spores together with the pulp.
NOTE
There are more than ten types of boletus, including the more famous, such as blackhead, marsh, smoky and pink.
Of these, most often you can find in the gardens not the most delicious marsh boletus (Leccinum holopus), which is best collected in young age and preferably some hats.
1.What is mycorrhiza?
2. Mycorrhizal fungi, or symbiotrophs.
3. The role of mycorrhiza in plant life.
Mycorrhiza (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and rhiza - root), fungus root, mutually beneficial cohabitation (symbiosis) of the fungus mycelium with the root of a higher plant. There are ectotrophic mycorrhiza (external), in which the fungus braids the integumentary tissue of the endings of young roots and penetrates into the intercellular spaces of the outermost layers of the cortex, and endotrophic (internal), which is characterized by the introduction of the mycelium (fungal hyphae) into the cells. Ectotrophic mycorrhiza is characteristic of many trees (oak, spruce, pine, birch), shrubs (willow), some shrubs (dryad) and herbaceous plants (viviparous buckwheat). Young roots of these plants usually branch, their ends thicken, the growing part of the roots is wrapped in a thick dense mushroom cover, from which hyphae of the fungus extend into the soil and along the intercellular spaces to the root to a depth of one or several layers of the bark, forming the so-called. the Gartig network; the root hairs die off at the same time (euectotrophic type of Mycorrhiza). In the shrub arctous of the arctic and herbaceous plant, the large-flowered hyphae of the wintergreen fungus penetrate not only into the intercellular spaces, but also into the cells of the cortex (ectoendotrophic type of Mycorrhiza). Ectotrophic mycorrhiza forms more often hymenomycetes (genera Boletus, Lactarius, Russula, Amanita, etc.), less often - gasteromycetes. In the formation of Mycorrhiza on the roots of one plant, not one, but several types of fungi can participate. However, as a rule, in plant communities there are only certain mycorrhizal fungi - symbionts of these plant species.
With the development of endotrophic mycorrhiza, the shape of the roots does not change, the root hairs usually do not die off, the mushroom sheath and the "Gartig net" are not formed; fungal hyphae penetrate into the cells of the crustal parenchyma. In plants of the family of heather, wintergreen, lingonberry and chicks, the fungal hyphae in the cells form tangles, which are later digested by the plant (ericoid type of Mycorrhiza). Phycomycetes (genera Endogone, Pythium) are involved in the formation of this type of mycorrhiza. In plants of the orchid family, the fungal hyphae from the soil penetrate into the seed, forming tangles, which are then digested by the seed cells. Of the fungi, this type of Mycorrhiza is characteristic of imperfect (genus Rhizoctonia) and less often basidial (genus Armillaria, etc.). The most common in nature - in many annual and perennial grasses, shrubs and trees of various families - the phycomycete type of Mycorrhiza, in which the fungal hyphae penetrate through the cells of the root epidermis, localizing in the intercellular spaces and cells of the middle layers of the crustal parenchyma. Mycorrhiza has a beneficial effect on the plant: due to the developed mycelium, the absorbing surface of the root increases and the flow of water and nutrients into the plant increases. Mycorrhizal fungi are probably capable of decomposing some inaccessible to the plant organic compounds soil, produce substances such as vitamins and growth activators. The fungus uses some of the substances (possibly carbohydrates) extracted from the root of the plant. When a forest is cultivated on soil that does not contain mycorrhizal fungi, small amounts of forest soil are introduced into it, for example, when sowing acorns, soil from an old oak forest.
Mycorrhizal fungi, or symbiotrophs.
A special group of forest soil fungi are very numerous mycorrhizal fungi. This is one of the main groups of mushrooms in the forest. Mycorrhiza, a symbiosis of the roots of higher plants with fungi, is formed in most plants (with the exception of aquatic plants), both woody and herbaceous (especially perennial). At the same time, the mycelium, which is in the soil, comes into direct contact with the roots of higher plants. By the way this contact is carried out, three types of mycorrhiza are distinguished: endotrophic, ectotrophic and ectoendotrophic.
In endotrophic mycorrhiza, typical for most herbaceous plants, and especially for the orchid family, the fungus spreads mainly inside the root tissues and comes out relatively little. At the same time, the roots bear normal root hairs. For most orchid species, such mycorrhiza is obligate, i.e. the seeds of these plants cannot germinate and develop in the absence of the fungus. For many other herbaceous plants, the presence of the fungus is not so necessary. Herbaceous plants enter into mycorrhizal symbiosis with microscopic fungi that do not form large fruit bodies. In endotrophic mycorrhiza, biologically active substances such as vitamins are probably of great importance for a higher plant. In part, the fungus supplies the higher plant with nitrogenous substances, since part of the fungal hyphae in the root cells is digested by them. The fungus, in turn, receives organic substances from the higher plant - carbohydrates.
Ectotrophic mycorrhiza is characterized by the presence of an outer cover of fungal hyphae on the root. Free hyphae extend from this sheath into the surrounding soil. At the same time, the root does not have its own root hairs. Such mycorrhiza is characteristic of woody plants and rarely occurs in herbaceous plants.
The transition between these types of mycorrhiza is ectoendotrophic mycorrhiza, which is widespread in to a greater extent than purely ectotrophic. Fungal hyphae with such mycorrhiza densely entwine the root from the outside and at the same time give abundant branches that penetrate into the root. This mycorrhiza is found in most tree species. In this mycorrhiza, the fungus receives carbon nutrition from the root, since itself, being a heterotrophic, cannot synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Its outer free hyphae widely diverge in the soil from the root, replacing the latter with root hairs. These free hyphae receive water, mineral salts, and soluble organic matter (mainly nitrogenous) from the soil. Some of these substances enter the root, and some are used by the fungus itself to build mycelium and fruit bodies.
Most tree species form mycorrhiza with a mycorrhiza of cap fungi - macromycetes from the class of basidiomycetes, a group of orders of hymenomycetes. The soil in the forest, especially near the roots of trees, is permeated with mycorrhizal fungi, and numerous fruiting bodies of these fungi appear on the soil surface. This boletus boletus (Leccinum scabrum), red boletus (Leccinum aurantiacum), camelina (Lactarius deliciosus), many species of russula (genus Russula) and many other cap mushrooms found only in the forest. There are significantly fewer mycorrhizal fungi in the group of orders of gasteromycetes. These are mainly species of the genus Scleroderma. Warty pseudo-raincoat (see description of common pseudo-raincoat) enters into mycorrhizal symbiosis with broad-leaved species. Edible species of the genus Melanogaster also form mycorrhiza mainly with deciduous roots. Their semi-underground fruiting bodies develop on the soil under a layer of fallen leaves or shallowly in the soil, usually in deciduous forests. Doubtful melanogaster (M. ambiguus) is especially common in oak and hornbeam forests from May to October. Its black-brown fruiting bodies 1-3 cm in diameter have a garlic scent and a pleasant spicy taste. A closely related species, melanogaster broomeianus (M. broomeianus), also found in deciduous forests, has larger (up to 8 cm in diameter) brown fruit bodies with a pleasant fruity odor. In the class of marsupial fungi (ascomycetes) there are also a small number of mycorrhizals. These are mainly species with underground fruiting bodies, belonging to the order of truffles (Tuberales). Black, or real, truffle (Tuber melanosporum) grows in forests along with oak, beech, hornbeam on limestone rubble soil, mainly in the south of France; it is not found on the territory of Russia. White truffle (Choiromyces meandriformis), widespread in Russia, grows in deciduous forests with birch, poplar, elm, linden, willow, mountain ash, hawthorn. For mycorrhizal fungi, such a symbiosis is required. If their mycelium can develop without the participation of tree roots, then fruiting bodies in this case are usually not formed. This is related to the failure of attempts to artificially cultivate the most valuable edible forest mushrooms, such as the porcini mushroom (Boletus edulis). It forms mycorrhiza with many tree species: birch, oak, hornbeam, beech, pine, spruce.
Some types of fungi form mycorrhiza with only one specific species. Thus, the larch oiler (Suillus grevillei) forms mycorrhiza only with larch. For trees, symbiosis with fungi is also important: experiments on forest belts and forest plantations have shown that without mycorrhiza trees develop worse, lag behind in growth, they are weakened, and more susceptible to diseases.
The role of mycorrhiza in plant life
The existence of mycorrhiza, fungi living on the roots of plants, has been known for quite some time. This phenomenon - a commonwealth, or symbiosis of fungi and higher plants, was discovered by scientists in the middle of the 19th century. However, for a long time this remained just a known fact and nothing more. Research in recent decades has shown what a huge role it plays in plant life. The first discoveries were made with a microscope when mushroom filaments were found entwining the roots of plants. The microscope made it possible to see another type of mycorrhiza, which lives inside the root, penetrating and growing inside the root cells. The first species was called ectomycorrhiza, that is, external mycorrhiza. It has been found on the roots of almost all woody plants. The hyphae of the fungus entwine the root, forming a continuous cover. From this cover, the finest threads stretch in all directions, penetrating the soil for tens of meters around the tree. Those mushrooms that we collect in the forest are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhiza, in which spores are formed. They can be likened to the underwater part of an iceberg. Anyone who wants to grow edible mushrooms on his site must first acquire a corresponding tree, then the corresponding mycorrhiza should form on it, and even then, perhaps, fruiting bodies will grow on it. The second type of mycorrhiza is endomycorrhiza, that is, internal mycorrhiza is characteristic mainly of herbaceous plants, including most cultivated plants. It is of much more ancient origin. Both types of mycorrhiza can often be found on the same plant.
When scientists found a method to identify the DNA of mycorrhizal fungi, they were amazed at their ubiquity. First, it turned out that about 90% of all plant species have mycorrhiza on their roots. Secondly, it was found that mycorrhiza has existed as long as land plants have existed. In the fossil remains of the first land plants, which are about 400 million years old, the DNA of endomycorrhiza was found. These first plants appear to be lichen-like, representing a symbiosis of algae and fungus. Algae, through photosynthesis, creates organic substances for the nutrition of the fungus, and the fungus plays the role of a root, extracting mineral elements from the substrate on which the lichen settled. The fungus accompanied the plant throughout its terrestrial life. Even when the plants had roots, the fungus did not leave it, helping to extract nutrients from the soil. Currently, only a few plant species have gained independence and managed to do without mycorrhiza. This is a number of species from the families of Hibiscus, cabbage and amaranth. Actually, it is not entirely clear why this independence is needed, since mycorrhiza increases the absorption capacity of the roots many times over.
The hyphae of the fungus are more than an order of magnitude thinner than root hairs and therefore are able to penetrate into the finest pores of soil minerals, which are even present in every single grain of sand. In one cubic centimeter of soil surrounding the roots, the total length of mycorrhiza filaments is 20 to 40 meters. Fungi filaments gradually destroy soil minerals, extracting from them mineral nutrients for plants that are not in the soil solution, including such an important element as phosphorus. Mycorrhiza plays a very important role in the supply of phosphorus to plants, as well as a number of trace elements such as zinc and cobalt. It is clear that the plant is not stingy and pays well for this service, giving the mycorrhiza from 20 to 30% of the carbon assimilated by it in the form of soluble organic compounds.
Further research brought even more unexpected and surprising discoveries regarding the role of mycorrhiza in the plant kingdom. It turned out that the filaments of fungi, intertwining underground, can link one plant to another by transferring and exchanging organic and mineral compounds. The concept of plant communities has shone in a whole new light. These are not just plants growing nearby, but a single organism, connected into a single whole by an underground network of numerous thinnest threads. A kind of mutual help has been discovered, with stronger plants feeding weaker ones. Plants with very small seeds especially need this. A microscopic seedling would not have been able to survive if at first it had not been taken care of by a common nutritional network. The exchange between plants has been proven by experiments with radioactive isotopes.
Scientists have discovered several types of plants, including orchids, which throughout their life receive nutrition almost exclusively from mycorrhiza, although they have a photosynthetic apparatus and could synthesize organic substances themselves.
Mycorrhiza helps plants to cope with stress, drought, lack of nutrition. Scientists believe that without mycorrhiza, the majestic rainforests, forests of oaks, eucalyptus trees, and sequoias could not withstand the inevitable climatic stresses in nature.
However, in the plant community, as well as in the human community, conflicts are inevitable. Mycorrhiza has a certain selectivity, and if a certain type of mycorrhiza has spread in the plant community, this does not mean that it will be equally favorable to all types of plants. It is assumed that the species composition of plant communities largely depends on the properties of mycorrhiza. Some species that do not correspond to her, she can simply survive without supplying them with food. Plants of this unwanted species gradually weaken and die. For a very long time, mycorrhizal fungi could not be grown in artificial conditions. But since the 1980s, these difficulties have been overcome. Firms have sprung up that produce certain types of mycorrhiza for sale. Ectomycorrhiza is produced for use in forest nurseries and it has been found that its introduction into the root zone significantly improves the growth of seedlings.
Do gardeners need mycorrhizal preparations? Indeed, in natural conditions, mycorrhiza is found in all soils. Its spores are so small and light that they are carried by the wind to any distance. In a healthy garden where chemicals are not abused, mycorrhiza is always present in the soil. However, it was found that high doses of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, especially fungicides, inhibit the development of mycorrhiza. It is absent in soils devoid of fertility as a result of inept farming, as a result of construction, in soils, for one reason or another, devoid of humus. The experience of gardeners in the USA, where there are several commercial firms producing mycorrhiza for gardeners, says that in extreme conditions, the introduction of mycorrhizal preparations into the soil gives a very good effect. Gardeners who have received land deprived of fertility for use or are in areas with an unfavorable climate have learned from their own experience that inoculation with mycorrhiza gives them the opportunity to have a blooming garden even in these unfavorable conditions. Typically, the mycorrhiza preparation is in the form of a powder containing spores. They are treated with seeds or roots of seedlings. For ornamental and vegetable plants, endomycorrhiza preparations are used, for woody and shrubs - ectomycorrhiza preparations. However, in order to get a good effect from mycorrhiza, an important condition must be fulfilled - to switch to an organic method of gardening. This means using organic fertilizers, not digging up the soil (only loosen it up), mulching, refusing to use high doses mineral fertilizers and fungicides.
The role of mycorrhiza in plant life.
The symbiosis of plants and fungi has been around for 400 million years and contributes to a wide variety of life forms on Earth. In 1845 it was discovered by German scientists. Mycorrhizal endo-fungi penetrate directly into the root of the plant and form a "mycelium" (mycelium), which helps the roots to strengthen the immune system, fight pathogens of various diseases, and absorb water, phosphorus and nutrients from the soil. With the help of the fungus, the plant uses the soil resources at full capacity. The root alone would not be able to cope with this task; without the support of fungi, plants have to use additional reserves to increase the root system, instead of increasing the ground part. Mycorrhiza improves soil quality, aeration, porosity, and the volume of the total absorbing surface of the plant root increases a thousand times! Due to active human intervention in natural processes: the use of heavy equipment, the introduction of chemical fertilizers, construction works, laying pipelines, asphalt and concrete, air and water pollution, dam erection, soil cultivation, soil erosion, etc. - Plants began to undergo unprecedented stress, their immunity weakens and leads to death.
The German company Mykoplant AG - the world's leading manufacturer - sells the endo-fungus Mykoplant ® BT - an innovative product, an environmentally friendly natural preparation, an organic plant growth regulator approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Federal Republic of Germany. Mikoplant AG is the only company in the world that manufactures granular mycorrhizal preparation. Mykoplant ® BT is a spore of the fungus endomycorrhiza (Glomus family) enclosed in 3-5 mm clay (carrier). It took tens of years of painstaking research work to find out the improving qualities of mycorrhizal fungi. The granular form of the drug is protected by an international patent. The drug is grown in greenhouses.
Mykoplant ® BT promotes the formation of mycorrhiza from 90% of plants and trees.
Does not have phytopathogens and pathogenic microorganisms.
Not an ounce of chemistry.
No negative impact on people, animals and the environment.
Non-toxic, does not accumulate in plants.
The positive effects of mycorrhiza:
Saves water up to 50%
Stores plant nutrients
Increases growth and improves plant quality
Increases resistance to drought, lack of drainage
Increases resistance to salts and heavy metals
Improves appearance, taste and aroma
Improves stress tolerance and general plant immunity
Improves disease tolerance
Reduces infection in roots and foliage
Accelerates the survival of plants in a new place
Increases productivity, growth of green mass
Accelerates root development and flowering by 3-4 weeks
Works well in salty or waste-contaminated soil
It is applied once with perennial plants
What does a mushroom do? 1. Stores additional water (saving up to 50% depending on the region) and plant nutrients. 2. Dissolves and supplies the plant with inaccessible mineral nutrients such as phosphates. 3. Protects the plant against underground pests (eg nematodes).
What does the plant do? Provides the mushroom with carbohydrates (glucose)
To facilitate penetration into the root, the product must have direct contact with it. It is especially effectively used in spring, in the early stages of plant development, but it is successfully applied at any stage of plant development. The activity of mycorrhiza is determined by the number of spores per cm3 of the drug (only 10 spores per cm3 are produced in the USA and the price of one liter of the product in the USA is $ 120). Is the amount of disputes in the product important? Yes, the number of spores is important, as the efficiency of colony formation and the level of bioactivity depends on it.
Mycorrhizal fungi are already in the soil. Why then inoculate cultures with the drug? While mycorrhizal fungi can theoretically be found in the ground, not all types of fungi are best suited to your crop. Mycoplant consists of many Glomus families, so a successful colonization can be considered almost guaranteed. In which countries is the drug already used? Germany, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Greece, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Egypt, Holland.
What is the unit of measure for the drug? It is accepted to measure in liters, which is equal to approx. 0.33 kg
Who else in the world produces mycorrhizal drug in granular form? No one; Mikoplant AG is the only company in the world that has succeeded.
How many years has the company been in existence? The company was registered in 2000.
Is there an ISO certificate for the product? Currently not, because the quality of the drug is checked by the German Institute for Innovative Technologies ITA, certified by ISO.
Are all aspects of the influence of mycorrhiza on a plant known? This is still a long way off. Scientists continue to study the unique natural mechanism of interaction between the drug and the plant, and all the positive aspects of symbiosis have yet to be guessed at.
Unlike chemicals, you cannot overdose the drug. Without loosening the soil, when the drug is introduced into the soil for perennial plants, it is used only once, then the fungus reproduces itself underground. The technology for using the drug is carried out with the participation of German specialists. Before introducing the granulate, the soil is analyzed and which crops to plant are calculated. In each case, a suitable substrate and host plant is required; it is important to carry out a variety of experiments during the cultivation period in different climatic zones... Burnt clay is used as a spore carrier.
Benefits of granulate:
1. Long shelf life
2. Light weight (350 kg / m3)
3. Convenient transportation
4. Convenient application
5. Can be selectively disinfected
6. You can change the number of spores depending on the colonies
7. You can easily dose the drug
8. Can be applied by technical means
Application methods:
1. The introduction of the granulate closer to the root into the cavity in the pot or directly into the soil.
2. Mechanized introduction into previously plowed soil.
3. Mixing granulate with grain / seeds before sowing.
Application technology:
The use of the drug does not require special equipment. It is important to ensure contact between the fungus and the roots. Drill holes in the tops of an imaginary five-pointed star at a distance of 1-1.5 meters from the tree trunk (diameter = 5-10 cm, depth 30-50 cm), add 100-200 g of granulate to each hole, cover with soil, water. Results appear in 5-6 weeks. 1 liter of the drug corresponds to 300-330 grams of the product.
A single application depends on the volume of the root:
1. Seedlings 10 - 25 ml / plant
2. Young bushes 25 - 100 ml / bush
3. Young trees 100 - 250 ml / tree