As is known, for finishing facades, in addition to the usual facade plaster A variety of decorative plasters are used. Some of the most durable and reliable types of such plasters are the so-called. mineral decorative plasters, i.e. plasters based on Portland cement as the main binder component. The use of decorative plasters allows you to diversify color scheme facade of the house and imitate much more expensive views exterior finishing. They are supplied in the form of a dry mixture that can be stored for months, and to use they must be diluted with water immediately before starting work. These plaster compositions are used on the main surfaces of mineral bases (concrete, base reinforced plaster layer, brick, etc.), pre-treated with “” type compositions or simply carefully primed. Such plasters have high abrasion resistance and strength, including anti-vandal strength, they protect buildings well from moisture, and also have high coefficient vapor permeability. Among the important advantages of this type of plasters is their low price for decorative plaster. The smallest is usually price for terrazite plaster.
There are several types of mineral decorative plaster:
- Colored plaster - on lime-sand mortar with a small cement content, including special light-resistant pigments. This is one of the most economical plasters. By using various methods Applying a covering layer and its subsequent finishing (in a plastic or semi-hardened state) results in a wide variety of surface textures.
- Stone plaster - on a cement binder with the addition of stone chips of certain fractions from various rocks as a placeholder. This plaster is the most labor-intensive and difficult to apply. The hardened layer of stone plaster is processed light hammers or chisels, after which the surface takes on the appearance natural stone- marble, granite, etc. Instead of shock treatment, another method can be used, namely, chemical treatment of the surface with a 5-10% solution of hydrochloric acid, followed by thorough rinsing with water. In the latter case, the surface layer of hardened cement is destroyed and a relief of stone chips appears.
- Textured plaster – based on white Portland cement and special polymers that enhance adhesion to the wall surface using various fractions of marble or limestone chips as filler. Such plasters are supplied unpainted; the surface texture is formed immediately after application as a result of special processing of the freshly applied surface using special trowels in a kind of circular motion. Depending on the fractional composition of the fillers used this type plasters are produced in the form of two main modifications: the “Bark Beetle” or “Rustic” type, as well as the “Uniformly Rough” type. Such plaster coatings also called “polymer-cement”. These include the “” plaster composition presented in this project.
and various fillers. Stone chips of various fractions and quartz sand. Terrasite plaster is used to separate plinths and walls brick buildings. This is one of the most beautiful views finishing, there are a great many varieties of terrazite plaster. Most of the historical buildings of old Moscow are finished with this type of coating. After appropriate processing, the finished surface looks like tuff or sandstone.
Plastering the surface is carried out in two steps.First, a lime-cement primer is applied.After 1 - 1.5 hours after thorough leveling and compaction, the primer layer is “scratched” in the horizontal direction with wavy grooves 3 mm deep with a distance of 35 mm between them. This is done so that subsequently the rather heavy decorative layer would adhere more firmly to the wall.
At the second stage, a decorative terrazite covering layer is applied no earlier than 7 to 12 days later. In hot, dry weather, 1 - 2 hours before applying the solution, the surface of the primer layer is moistened with water. Just before applying the covering layer, the primer layer is generously moistened with water again.
Terrasite solutions set quickly, so large quantities they are not cooked. The mixture is mixed in a mortar mixer immediately before use at the workplace.
The decorative layer is applied in two steps: first, spray it and let it set (1.5 hours), then the decorative layer itself is applied.The surfaces of terrazite plaster give different textures. This is the peculiarity of finishing terrazite plaster, during which the texture of the aggregate is exposed and emphasized.
If it is intended to create a highly relief texture with a layer thickness of up to 20 mm, then the covering layer is applied two to three times with breaks of 1.5 hours, necessary for the previous layer to set. The covering layer is evenly leveled and compacted with trowels or floats; At the same time, shrinkage cracks are carefully eliminated by grouting.
Fine- and medium-grained texture is obtained as a result of scraping (using a scraper with fine teeth) of the covering layer 1 - 2 hours after its application. The readiness of the covering layer is checked by pressing on it with a finger: if the solution is not pressed through, then it is ready for scraping. You can also check the scraper by running it over the solution: if it does not stick to the cycle and crumbles easily, the surface can be treated. A semi-hardened solution cannot be scraped, as the surface will be spotty.
The area of the applied covering layer is taken so that it can be cycled in no more than 4 hours at an outside air temperature of 20 - 25 degrees, in 2 - 3 hours - if the weather is dry and windy, and in 5 - 6 hours - in damp, cold weather weather.
The cycle is held with one or two hands and smoothly moved along the covering layer along the rule at an angle of 45 - 60 degrees to the surface being treated. You should not press the cycle. In one pass, no more than 1 mm of solution is removed from the surface. It is not recommended to change the direction of movement of the cycle on the surface to be plastered.
To scrape the surface, you can also use a nail brush, as well as special brushes made of steel wire with copper-plated surface. This surface does not leave rust particles.
After scraping, sweep the covering layer with a soft hair brush and moisten it with water, using a brush, three to six times a day. In damp, cool weather, the surface is moistened three to four times a day for 3 days, and in hot and dry windy weather - five to six times a day for 4 to 5 days.
A coarse-grained stone-like texture can be obtained if the solution of the covering layer is made of cement mixture containing at least 50% grains with a particle size of 2.5 - 5 mm.
Breaking plaster into rusts is often used when plastering basements, basements or first floors. If it is necessary to install rustications, a fine-grained solution is used.
Using a sharp object, the surface of the applied covering is broken into stones. The seams along the marked marks are cut with a saw using the hardened mortar. When sawing, the saw is aligned with the rule. In the case of a wide seam, two cuts are made, between which a solution is selected, and the resulting recess is thoroughly cleaned.
Seams up to 8 mm wide can be pressed out with a steel ruler, striking it carefully with a hammer.
If the covering layer is made of coarse-grained mortar, seams with a width of 12 mm or more are made using trapezoidal slats. The slats are stuffed onto the surface of the soil and then a covering layer is applied. On the second day, the slats are carefully removed.
To avoid uneven tone, the intervals between applying the terrazite coating and scraping should be the same.
Work with the coating layer should be carried out throughout the day without interruptions and should be carried out until any surface fracture occurs (corner, belt, pilasters, etc.).
Terrasite decorative surfaces Can be additionally painted with mineral paint to enhance the tone. Mineral paints use the same paints as for decorative plasters, which have good coloring ability and light fastness. ».
Terrasite plasters are mainly intended for decorative finishing building facades. Their construction begins at the moment of preparing the solution for priming: since its composition and consistency over the entire surface must be the same, it is necessary to strictly observe the ratio of ingredients when mixing. The uniformity of the covering layer and the quality of the plastered walls or ceiling depend on this.
The soil solution applied to the surface is leveled and horizontal lines are scratched on it at a distance of 3 cm from each other. wavy grooves, the depth of which is 3 mm. This arrangement is due to the fact that terrasite plasters are quite heavy, and when they fall into the grooves, they are held on the surface and do not slide.
The laid soil is kept for 7-12 days. After this, they begin to apply the decorative covering layer. 2 hours before starting work, the primed surface is generously moistened with water. After the moisture has been absorbed, begin installing terrazite plaster.
Decorative layer applied in two stages: first, spray with a decorative solution, and after about 15-25 minutes, when the mixture begins to set, apply the main layer of decorative coating.
If a coarse-grained mortar mixture is used for plastering, its thickness should be 12-15 mm, the thickness of a medium-grained mortar should be 10-12 mm, and that of a fine-grained mortar should be 8-10 mm.
Each layer of covering is leveled and compacted, and the top one is rubbed with a grater.
If defects appear on a section of wall or ceiling plastered with terrasite plaster, it is cut down to the ground layer and treated with fresh mortar.
The moment to start processing terrazite plasters depends on what solution was used for covering, what texture needs to be obtained, what tools will be used to perform the work, and on atmospheric conditions.
When using cycles, work can begin 30 minutes after leveling the surface and grouting. By this time, the solution becomes loose, since the hydrated lime, having absorbed moisture, dehydrates it.
When starting work, you need to check whether the surface is ready for scraping, for which you press the coating layer with your finger - if the solution is not pressed through, then the surface is ready for subsequent testing. After this cycle, a shallow groove is made on the plastered wall or ceiling.
The surface is considered ready for further processing if the solution crumbles easily and does not stick to the tool. If the surface is kept for more than 1 hour, the solution hardens, which makes scraping very difficult, and the quality suffers as a result.
During operation, the blade must be at an angle 45-60° to the surface. All movements are performed smoothly, with the same pressure and in the same direction, otherwise darker or lighter spots may appear on the surface, standing out in bright light.
Depending on atmospheric conditions scraping of terrasite plasters can be performed in dry or windy weather for 2-3 hours; at normal humidity, calm and air temperature plus 20-25 ° C - for 3-4 hours, in cool and damp weather - 6 hours.
When processing a freshly plastered surface with a nail comb or a toothed cycle, a grooved texture is obtained with irregularities of 2 to 5 mm. It is best to use a fine-grained mortar mixture for this texture.
Location of grooves can be arbitrary: in a straight line (a loop or comb is pulled along the rule), offset strokes (the drawing is applied in one direction with free movements). During the scraping process, 1 mm of solution is removed from the covering layer to expose the aggregate grains and reveal their shine.
A lumpy texture with irregularities up to 5 mm is obtained by treating a fine-grained semi-hardened surface (in the interval from 10 to 20 hours after applying the solution to the surface) with a toothed scraper or wire brush.
Applying facing blows to the surface with a nail brush allows you to create a uniformly bumpy texture.
When processing the covering from mortar mixture with coarse or medium-grained aggregates, a lumpy surface with irregularities of more than 5 mm is obtained. This texture does not reveal the shine of the aggregate grains, but requires a lot of physical and time investment, so it is created very rarely.
After scraping, the surface treated with terrasite plaster is swept with a brush and kept in a damp state for 3-5 days (3-5 times a day, generously moistened with water from a broom or brush).
Finishing on hardened solution requires a large application physical strength. It is performed with bush hammer, chisel and its varieties, as well as sandblaster and abrasive tools. Before starting work, the surface is kept wet for 8 days, plus another 2 days for drying.
By hitting the walls or ceiling with a bush hammer, they determine whether they are ready for further processing.
If there is a dull sound and the plaster is dented by the impact, then it is too early to start work. If the sound is loud and the plaster chips, you can safely get down to business.
As a result of processing a layer of a mixture with coarse aggregates with bush hammer or sandblasting, the result is uniformly rough surface with sparkling shine. The bush hammer strikes with equal force, the direction of which is perpendicular to the surface being finished. The teeth of the bush hammer thus destroy the upper film of the solution covering the grains of the aggregate. Impacts also crack the grains of marble chips, the chipping of which imparts a sparkling shine to the surface. Bush hammer blows are applied until the top film of the mortar is removed from the entire surface of the plaster.
During processing sandblaster The top mortar film is also removed from the plastered surface. In this case, medium and large grains of aggregate are exposed, and small grains are partially removed, which creates a rough surface. Under the action of a sand jet, the grains are polished and acquire a characteristic shine.
Use in the device construction sand rocks, the grains of which have an acute-angled shape, will speed up processing and give the texture a more refined and decorative look.
To ensure that the edges of the rods and dihedral angles are not damaged during power processing, their or covered with slats, or do not reach them by 20-30 mm. The film is removed from untreated areas using a trojan or toothed tooth.
Texture "chipped stone" is obtained by processing with a chisel, scarpel and tongue the hardened top layer of the covering, consisting of a mixture of mortar with medium- and coarse-grained aggregate. The blades of the above-mentioned tools are driven into the plaster to a depth equal to 1/3 of the thickness of the covering, at an angle of 45°. During this operation, pieces of plaster fall out and a rough surface is obtained. The use of tongue and groove gives the walls and ceiling a uniform-grained texture; when working with a scarpel or chisel, a “rock-like” texture is created.
Finishing a fine-grained terrazite covering using abrasive or corundum wheels and bars leads to the appearance smooth polished surface with its characteristic sparkling shine.
There is also a method for applying terrazite plasters: the covering is placed on freshly applied soil and does not require further processing. The plastering procedure in this case has its own characteristics. A layer of spray is applied to the prepared surface, and after it has set, primer is applied, the last layer of which must match the color of the coating. Then the beacons are removed, and the empty spaces formed in their place are filled with a colored solution.
Final stage- application terrasite covering. This procedure is performed by spraying the solution from a broom in 1-2 steps. The thickness of the covering layer will be 5 mm. The filler grains, pressing into the primer layer, hold the entire cover on the surface. The plaster should dry, after which it is leveled with the edge of a trowel. Performing this operation allows you to remove protruding grains of filler and obtain a terrazite surface similar to scraped.
Terrazite is delivered to the construction site in the form of a ready-made dry colored mixture, which is mixed with water at the work site. The color and texture of terrazite is usually the same as sandstone or tuff, but with a shine due to the addition of mica. The binder in terrasite plasters is fluff lime with the addition of 20-30% cement. Marble chips and quartz sand are used as filler. The coloring of terrazite is achieved by introducing pigments into it, and sometimes only colored mineral flour.
Produced terrazite mixtures are divided by numbers indicating the size of the aggregate. The room has letter designation: K - large texture, S - medium and M - fine.
The surface of the plaster is treated in a semi-hardened, semi-plastic state by scraping, cleaning with nail brushes, etc. The texture of terrazite depends on the size of the marble chips, which fall out during surface treatment, leaving nests of larger or smaller sizes. When scraping terrazite, waste reaches 25% of the laid material.
Applying terrasite mortars is somewhat more difficult than lime-sand mortars, since the former are made in most cases with coarse chips. Sometimes the terrazite solution is made liquid and applied to the surface in 3-4 layers using a plaster trowel from a falcon with sides. To pull out rods, terrasite with fine aggregates is used.
The recipe for terrasite mixtures is given in table. 10.
| Name of materials | Plaster color and texture size: large K, medium C and fine M | |||||
| white TO |
yellow WITH |
light yellow WITH |
brown M |
light gray M |
dark grey M |
|
| Portland cement Fluffy lime Quartz sand Marble chips Marble powder Mica Paint (% by weight of cement and fluff lime) |
2 6 - 12 3 1 |
1,5 4 9 4 1 0,5 Ocher 2% |
1 3 5,5 3,5 - 0,5 Ocher 2% |
1,5 3 11 - - 0,5 Umber 0.5% |
1 2,5 - 9 3 0,5 |
9 2,5 4 - 4 0,5 Soot 0.3% |
Note. For solution K, take large crumbs (4-b bodice for solution C - medium (2-4 mm), for solution M - fine (1-2 mm).
Application of terrasite solutions. The spray is first applied to the surface to be plastered and after it has set (after 1-1.5 hours), soil is applied in 2-3 layers, depending on the size of the terrazite and the thickness of the plaster layer. The soil is well leveled and compacted with a trowel or rule. If there are shells on the surface of the soil, they are covered over.
If there are a lot of small shells on the ground, make a cover and level it well.
After the applied layer of terrazite plaster has set, it is sometimes rubbed down. In most cases, grouting is necessary when the surface is plastered with fine terrazite, and the processing will be carried out using scrapers with fine teeth. Grouting must be done carefully and quickly.
Terrazite scraping. After the solution has set, which will take 3-6 or more hours, they begin scraping. It should begin when, with light pressure on the scraper, the surface of the terrazite plaster begins to crumble, that is, marble chips and sand fall out of the total mass of the plaster layer, forming a rough surface. If you start scraping earlier, the solution will wrinkle and stick to the cycle. Such scraping will only worsen the appearance of the surface being treated. If the plaster is overexposed (dried out), then sanding is difficult.
When scraping terrazite, the resulting texture depends on the size of the scraper teeth and brush nails, as well as on the size of the aggregates.
When scraping terrazite, the plasterer holds the scraper, depending on its size, with one or two hands and moves it along the surface of the plaster (Fig. 193). It is not recommended to press the cycle too hard; it should move smoothly, without jerking.
Rice. 193. Sanding terrazite
The cycle cuts into the surface with its teeth and removes the worn film, exposing mica or. You need to cycle in one direction, otherwise stains will remain on the surface, spoiling the appearance of the plaster (this is especially noticeable in sunny days). It is best to scrape according to the rule; in this case, smooth stripes are obtained, and the scraped surface resembles a “fur coat” texture. To obtain a “hewn sandstone” texture, the top layer of plaster is chipped off the surface of a thick layer of terrazite with a chisel.
To obtain a “ragged stone” texture, drive a chisel, bracket or tongue into the plaster and use it to tear out pieces of plaster; in this case, the tools need to be hammered in different directions. In order to save materials, the texture of a torn stone can be obtained by laying crushed stone in the plaster in different directions and throwing it with terrazite mortar, which is then processed in cycles.
After treatment, sweep the surface with a broom or stiff hair brush.
Plastering with terrasite without sanding. There is a more economical, faster and simplified method of applying and processing terrazite, proposed by engineer A. M. Shepelev. It is as follows. A dry mixture of terrasite is prepared in the usual way. But for the soil, in addition to the usual mixture, they also prepare a dry mixture of the same color as terrazite.
After spraying, apply soil from an ordinary solution of such a thickness that it does not reach the beacons by 5-7 mm, and then apply colored soil to this fresh soil up to the plane of the beacons. Colored soil is leveled using a rule or a trowel.
Following the colored primer, a spray is applied with a broom - a creamy coating 5-7 mm thick. The spray is applied carefully, in even layers, without gaps, so that there are no thickenings or bumps on the surface. After the covering has dried, the surface is leveled with the edge of a trowel or rule, beating off protruding and weakly adherent crumb particles. Then the surface is swept with a broom, exposing the mica and obtaining, as it were, a scraped surface.
To carry out work with such finishing, the team is divided into links, each of which is assigned a specific process: one link applies spray and plain primer, the second - colored primer, the third - covering, the fourth - cuts out the beacons and seals them with terrazite, the fifth - processes the covering.
The beacons must be cut out after applying the covering, since even with the thickest layer they will protrude from the main plane. If you apply a thin layer of soil over the beacons, then the crumb particles will weakly adhere to the beacon solution and will easily fall off when applied with a rule or swept with a broom.
The need for terrazite when plastering in this way is reduced by 25%, i.e. by the amount of waste that is generated during sanding. At the same time, labor productivity increases.
Terrasite is a dry decorative plaster mixture based on lime-cement binder, which includes decorative mineral fillers (marble or granite chips, mica, etc.), as well as mineral pigments and additives. Terrasite plasters are used primarily in the treatment of facades to imitate the surface of untreated natural stone. These materials were especially often used in the construction of buildings in the 30-50s of the last century and largely shaped the appearance of the buildings of the so-called “Stalinist neoclassicism”.
This architectural style is widely represented in our country and neighboring countries, therefore this group of decorative mixtures is necessarily present in the RUNIT ® product line.
"RUNIT ® Terrazitovaya" produced by LLC "AZHIO" is intended for finishing surfaces and has a number of undeniable advantages:
- beautiful and original appearance"under a natural stone» thanks to the decorative stone chips and mica;
- does not require further painting or textured coating;
- easy to use: walls plastered with terrazite are easy to repair and restore, they can be washed with ordinary detergents;
- durable, resistant to scratches and other mechanical damage;
- environmentally friendly: contains only harmless natural materials.
Terrasite plaster produced by AZHIO LLC is part of a standard collection compiled based on the results of a study of the most common historical facades in the “Soviet Art Deco” style in St. Petersburg and Moscow. The collection is represented by more than 20 combinations of six basic colors (white, grey, light grey, dark grey, beige, grey-beige) and various fillers.
Application of terrasite plaster
The plaster mixture "RUNIT ® Terrazit" is intended for decorative finishing of facades, plinths, architectural elements (for example, columns) and walls at internal works, restoration, and reconstruction of buildings and structures. Can be used for new construction. Apply to surfaces made of concrete, brick and cement-lime plasters with a strength of at least 5 MPa, pre-treated with RUNIT ® Adhesive silicate primer.
Any home owner wants the walls of his home to meet all standards and requirements, both from the facade and inside the premises. Great option to make your wishes come true high quality finishing is considered terrasite plaster, which in most cases is used for external work, however, the material can be quite successfully used for internal repairs.
This mixture belongs to the category of coarse decorative plaster mixtures, and it is increasingly used when repairing walls, since it has an affordable price, does not create problems in operation, and the process of applying it can be done with your own hands.
The main advantages of terrasite plaster
- Significant service life
- Resistance to adverse weather conditions,
- Sleek appearance
The terrazite mixture consists of lime, 30-35% cement and filler, which can be marble flour, quartz sand, mica, textured pebbles and other components. During the process of applying the material, it is possible to give it the necessary texture due to the characteristics of grinding, which allows terrazite plaster to successfully fit into landscape style home or its interior design. The material is applied to a previously prepared surface, in most cases it is lime plaster without grinding, that is, simply applied and leveled material.
In general, the technology for applying the material is somewhat similar to the process of applying decorative bark beetle plaster, but it has its own differences, since the compositions of the mixtures vary. The terrazite material is applied with a metal polisher in several layers, depending on the desired thickness of the layer for grinding, since different textures require different thicknesses of the material. Lime plaster before starting work, it is generously wetted for better adhesion of the layers of material.
After application is completed, the terrasite plaster must dry for 12-24 hours, after which it is ground or sanded. For this, special relief graters are used, including those with sharp spikes, which help achieve the desired surface texture. When applying the material, you should cover the maximum area, otherwise the joints of the layers will be visible (analogy with applying the bark beetle).
At correct production plaster does not create any operational problems and can last up to 20 years indoors and up to 10 when performing facade work.