Thuja is an excellent example of a backyard hedge of living plants. Green, fluffy and completely unpretentious in care - thuja is an ideal option for seasonal summer residents and not only. No wonder thuja is so loved by urban landscape designers. It is great for decorating squares and parks, framing sidewalks and growing along the busiest highways.
An evergreen shrub that rarely grows above 10 meters in urban areas. You can meet thuja in parks, alleys, squares, near well-groomed houses and in the design of pedestrian zones. The fact is that thuja adapts very well to urban smoke and is not whimsical to care for. Thanks to these qualities, thuja has become indispensable for the urban look.
Also, thuja is used by summer residents as a decoration for fences with hedges, a visual division of the space of the site into zones or in the design alpine slides, coniferous flower beds.
Thuja is a coniferous plant of the cypress family. A frost-resistant evergreen shrub, it was brought to our country from America and partly from the East. The root system of the shrub is very compact, so it is easy to transplant from place to place. Grows in any soil, very unpretentious to maintenance and care.
One of its many advantages is the high content of essential oils, which gives the shrub an interesting aroma. Surely it happened that you plucked a bump from a thuja. Remember the smell she leaves behind on her hands?
It has several varieties, each of which has several more varieties.
These are the 5 main varieties into which the family is classified:
- Arbor vitae
- Thuja folded (giant)
- Thuja western
- Thuja Japanese (Standish)
- Thuja Korean
Thuja western
Emerald
Thuja Smaragd refers to cone-shaped thujas. In height it can reach 4 meters. Thuya Smaragd grows slowly, so it will approach its greatest growth only a few years after landing.
It has dense green needles. The color is rich green, which does not go away even in winter. Also, in winter, the thuja does not dry out, it copes well in sunless periods.
The tops of the thuja do not connect, forming the “teeth” of a living fence - if you use it for a hedge. Suitable for cutting into neatly shaped bushes - tolerates trimming with scissors well. It also looks good if it grows not in a group, but alone.
It is necessary to plant thuja Smaragd with a distance of more than half a meter from each other, in moist, but not swampy soil. It is advisable to plant thuja in sunny areas - thanks to this, it will grow thick and richly green.
Sunkist
Tuya Sunkist is short coniferous shrub, reaching a height of 3 (sometimes 5) meters. Just like the thuja Smaragd, the shape of the thuja Sunkist is conical. But unlike the neat Smaragd, Sunkist is the owner of a “ruffled”, but no less thick and dense needles.
It grows very slowly - in a decade it reaches a height of only a couple of meters.
With age, it changes its color - from golden yellow to lemon yellow (fades), and in winter it has a bronze tint.
It also likes fertile, moist soils, mostly loam, and does not tolerate drought well. Sunkists grow at a distance of half a meter from each other. Frost-resistant, tolerates various haircuts. Suitable for creating different geometric shapes from your crown with the help of her haircut.
One of the brightest in its color is thuja.
Columna
Thuja Columna is one of the highest, reaching 10 meters in height.
The shape is not conical, but colonial - it is to her that the thuja owes its name. The color of the thuja in both winter and summer is dark green.
Thuja Columna is fast-growing - up to 20 cm per year is added. It lends itself well to shaping and various decorative topiary haircuts.
Grows on moderately moist soils, does not tolerate drought. Prefers not the sun, but partial shade. In hedges, the planting step is 0.7 m.
Fastigiata
Thuja Fastigiata - also has a colonial form. It grows up to 6 meters in height and has an annual growth of up to 30 cm. It belongs to the fast-growing types of thuja.
Due to the dense and short coniferous legs, it takes up little space on the site and is suitable for decorating high hedges that reliably hide the courtyard from the eyes. Also ideal for decorating secluded shady alleys and a single landing.
The soil loves moderately moist and loamy, does not tolerate the shade from the spring and winter sun - during these periods it is better to cover the thuja with burlap. Frost-resistant, in winter almost does not change its dark green color.
In order for the thuja to take root better, it is necessary to mulch the soil with mowed grass. But before winter, you need to replace the grass with spruce branches - in order to avoid the occurrence of pests.
blue thuja
Blue thuja belongs to the variety Oriental thuja.
It differs mainly in the bluish color of the needles. It grows up to 3 meters in height, while it is wide - in girth it can reach one and a half meters. Sprigs of needles are directed vertically, and not horizontally, as in the western arborvitae. Adds up to 20 cm per year.
It also has good drought tolerance, so it can grow successfully in southern regions.
It is not demanding on soils, it grows on the same non-marshy and fertile soils.
Not frost hardy, so winter months requires good cover.
Blue thuja has 2 varieties:
- blue con
- Meldensis
Meldensis is distinguished by an oval crown, which develops into a pyramidal one with age.
fast growing thuja
Fast-growing thuja is one of the most successful ideas for arranging a personal plot and landscaping a yard. With a relatively small cost of caring for an evergreen shrub, you can observe bright greenery in your yard from season to season. Of all the above varieties and varieties, fast-growing ones include
- Columna
- Fastigiata
- blue thuja
The leading position here is held by the Western thuja, which has not yet been mentioned here - Brabant.
Brabant
Perhaps the most popular of the decorative thujas. Reaches a height of 20 meters! The annual increase in growth with good care is up to 80 cm. It has a light green color.
Well takes root on loamy soils. Frost-resistant (up to -35 degrees), feels bad in the heat - it can burn out. It is better to plant it in partial shade.
With its characteristics and appearance, it is very similar to the Smaragd thuja - therefore they are often combined in landscape design.
Tui care
The most important rule is not to forget about abundant watering. Many varieties feel bad in drought, and may lose their natural beauty, dry and change color.
Secondly, for better crown formation, you need to cut off dry branches every spring and autumn. This will not harm the shrub, on the contrary, it will be easier to grow new needles. It is also useful for forming a neat and uniform crown.
Thirdly, it is advisable to tie a thuja (especially a cone-shaped one) for the winter so that it does not lose its natural appearance during the winter. Under the snow, the branches of untied trees can bend in different directions, and in the spring they will not have the shape that we would like.
Hello, the topic of today's article is "Thuya species and varieties with photos." Thuja belongs to cypress plants, is easy to form, has many types and can be used to create living partitions and hedges. In Russia, the shrub is loved because it is evergreen and does not require care in winter.
Thuja species and varieties with photos
IN middle lane countries and in the north it is desirable to use winter-hardy varieties thuja bushes. They do not require attention and survive well in the winter. Consider what types of Tui and varieties exist, and of course we will apply photos of trees for better clarity.
The tree grows up to 5 meters tall, the crown volume reaches 1.5 meters. The color of the needles is mostly green, if it is cold in winter, the color of the needles may turn brown. It does not matter, because by spring the tree turns green again.
Each year the tree grows 35 centimeters in height and 50% of that height in width. The plant can be trimmed, it tolerates the procedure perfectly. In winter, the tree does not freeze, the thuja does not need to be covered.
The shrub is not picky about the type of soil; it can do without additional top dressing. The shrub grows normally, both in the sun and in light shade. It is advisable to plant plants in places where there is no strong wind.
The tree may bloom, it happens in the spring. After flowering, small brown buds can be found on it. Seeds fully ripen in autumn. Tui are not desirable for this species. sharp drops temperatures and regions where there is a long thaw.
The tree's life system takes a thaw for the onset of spring and the process of sap movement can begin, as a result, young shoots will freeze when frost sets in.
If you want a tree to grow juicy and green, it should be planted in fertile soil and constantly maintain optimal humidity. Otherwise, many fruits appear on the thuja, the shoots become rare and not as fluffy as they could be.
Suitable type of soil for wood: peat, sand and 2 parts of sod and leaf soil. For an adult plant, 500 grams of nitroammophoska is added to each hole.
In regions where high humidity land and frequent precipitation before planting this type of thuja, it is better to do drainage. Usually it is 20 centimeters per hole.
If you buy a plant in tubs, then before planting in open ground, water it well with water so that the roots lag behind the earthen coma. The root collar should remain above the ground when planting, otherwise there is a risk that the tree will die.
After planting a tree, you need to monitor its watering. Initially, it is watered only once a week, using a bucket of water per tree. After a month has passed after rooting, the amount of water is increased by 2 times.
Periodically, the ground under the tree needs to be mulched or loosened. Work carefully so as not to damage the root system. Sometimes wood chips and peat are used for mulching, they are laid 7 centimeters deep, no more.
If there are dry shoots, it is advisable to remove them in the spring before the juice begins to flow. Growing young trees involves shelter for the winter. This will help keep the delicate needles from the winter frost, and in the spring from sunburn. Usually, spruce branches are used for this purpose.
The tree is actively used to create hedges. If you want to get a dense wall, then plant a thuja every 50 centimeters. The shoots are pruned in March and autumn, this allows the crown to better form and become strong.
If you trim the tops of trees in a timely manner, they will grow evenly and stop reaching up. Diligent care and timely circumcision will lead to the fact that you get a full-fledged living fence.
The tree can grow up to 7 meters in height, in winter the needles remain green. The plant is not afraid of frost, it does not require a special mail composition. The crown grows dense, normal type. In a year, a tree can add up to 20 centimeters in height.
Thuja can be cut and thus form the desired height of the tree. The tree of this species is used to create partitions and hedges. If Columna grows alone on the site, it will resemble the Crimean cypress. If you think about the idea of landscape design, then the tree will fit perfectly into the site.
The tree can grow in any type of soil, it does not require additional feeding. At the same time, thuja will develop better if it is grown in fertile soil conditions and the soil is kept moist.
The tree does not tolerate drought very well, so you need to carefully monitor the quality and quantity of watering. The best tree will develop if it is planted in a place where there is not much sun. You can trim the tree by giving it the desired shape, the thuja calmly endures this fact and will grow in the direction that you need.
If you plant young growth, then you need to cover it for the winter. This is done in order to avoid burns and damage to young shoots by cold. The tree can be used for growing in groups or single compositions.
Thuja grows to a height of 5 meters, requires special attention. It is worth growing this tree only in fertile land, it is good to monitor watering. The thuja of this variety grows weakly, it adds quite a few centimeters per year.
In winter, the color of the needles does not change, which decorates the site well when all the plants are asleep. A hedge from such trees is weak. During growth, the thuja does not close with other tree tops, which spoils the look of the hedge.
This plant can be used for growing in tubs or single compositions. It is better to choose a sunny place for such a thuja, but a tree can easily grow in areas where there is a shadow.
Smaragd tolerates cold normally. Plant trees in areas where there is no wind, because frostbite can occur on especially cold days. Young growth for the winter is covered with burlap or other material. If this is not done, there is a possibility that young shoots will die under the rays of the spring sun or freeze in winter.
The tree grows up to 3.5 meters in height, shaped like a column. The width of the branches is about one meter, the shoots grow densely, the crown is dense. The tree does not change color under temperature changes. In winter, thuja looks green and juicy, does not freeze in severe frosts. The plant can be shaped, it normally tolerates shearing shoots.
Thuja does not require special attention and can grow on any type of land. It grows to its standard length in 20 years. On average, a tree adds 12 centimeters per year. If you are creating hedge from trees of this type, then you need to prune the shoots about once every 2 years.
Holstrup is well suited for those who create a garden for several generations, but do not want it to take a lot of time. The tree will grow well in loose soil with good fertility rates.
Watering is required moderate, thuja does not like drought. The first 3 years of the life of the plant cover it for the winter insulation material, the ground at the roots should be covered with spruce branches so that they do not climb field mice. The plant is great for single compositions, rockeries or creating hedges.
Thuja of this species can be of two types: a small tree or shrub. It usually grows to a height of 3 meters. The needles have a light brown tint and grow in different directions. Young growth has a golden hue, and with age the tree becomes almost bronze.
The variety is very slow growing. In 10 years, the tree will only reach a height of 2 meters. The tree should be planted where there is a lot of light. Land for planting can be any, but it is better to take land with good fertility and monitor the irrigation regime.
You can cut a thuja without fear that it will die, the tree adapts well to a haircut. It usually does not freeze in winter. If the irrigation system is disturbed for a long time, then the thuja will be covered with numerous seeds and will lose its decorative appearance.
If you plant a plant in partial shade, this will end up with the fact that the natural color of the needles will disappear, and it will turn green. For planting these plants, a closed place is chosen where the wind does not blow much. It is worth cutting a thuja of this type at will, as well as forming a crown.
This tree is similar in shape to the Crimean cypress. It stretches up to 6 meters in height. The shoots are drawn out quite quickly, in a year it can grow up to 30 centimeters of a new volume.
The color of the needles is green, it has an aroma characteristic of arborvitae and is soft to the touch. The tree calmly endures the winter in the middle zone of the country. When seeds appear in the form of cones, they are practically invisible on the tree.
Thuja should be cut and form the desired crown. If this is not done, it may end up with the tree growing in different directions and turning into a huge and untidy bush.
Thuja grows well in loamy fertile soil. You also need to keep an eye on the humidity. A lot of water will not benefit the plant. If you have frequent rainfall or high soil moisture in your area, you should take care of a good drainage system.
For the winter, young animals are covered with burlap from the cold and do not remove it until the temperature stabilizes. Periodically, you need to mulch the soil with dried grass. This will help improve the quality of the land and the growth rate of the tree. Thuja of this species is mainly used to create a hedge. Such a fence looks beautiful, does not take up much space and fits into the landscape design.
Thuja of this species can hardly be called a tree, its size rarely reaches 2 meters. The thuja of this plant may be in the form of needles or scales. Under the influence of reduced temperature, it becomes almost a copper hue.
In a year, thuja gives a small increase and requires attention. Plant well in fertile soil with good drainage. An important factor is the presence of alkali and optimal humidity. Thuja does not like excess water.
It is better to plant the plant in a bright place. If the tree grows in partial shade, then the color of the crown will soon deteriorate greatly. The plant needs regular pruning, usually cut off the third part of the shoot.
An adult plant is not afraid of cold, and young plants in the first year of life need to be covered for the winter. Thuja is used to create small compositions, decorative living fences and for a single planting.
IN good conditions the bush can grow up to 3 meters or more. Initially, the needles of the thuja are green, but by winter it acquires a copper tint. The tree should be planted in an open area where there is a lot of sun. At the same time, avoid places where strong wind blows.
Thuja will grow well in fertile soil with optimal moisture.
Pruning of the plant is done only if necessary, the thuja maintains its shape well. In winter, the crown can break under the snow cover.
In order to prevent this from happening, you need to tie the shoots together, but make sure that the rope is not tightly tightened. Otherwise, you can damage the shoots. Thuja is not afraid of frosts, which are quite common in the middle zone of the country.
The plant can be grown in tubs, used to form alleys or create separate landscape decorations.
This variety of thuja is considered undersized. In its shape, the bush resembles a ball within a radius of 60 centimeters. In spring, the needles have a juicy green tint, and in winter they become copper-colored. The older the bush, the denser the needles are.
The bush grows rather slowly, for a year it adds only a few centimeters in volume. It is better to plant plants in fertile soil and observe the irrigation regime. It is desirable that the humidity was at an average level.
This type of thuja is not afraid of cold. Juveniles may well winter under the snow. In the summer heat, you should pay attention to watering the plant. At good level humidity, the shrub will grow and acquire a juicy green hue.
In order for the plant to develop better, soil mulching is used. This is done with peat or mowed grass. In autumn, the ground around the root system of the shrub should be covered with spruce branches so that the thuja ceases to be attractive to mice.
The plant does not need to be trimmed and shaped. Thuja of this variety is used to divide the garden into functional areas, to create flower beds. Shrubs look good in tubs and when planted in small groups.
The shrub resembles a ball with a diameter of up to one meter. Thuja grows rather slowly, for a whole year the growth of the crown is 5 centimeters. It is not necessary to trim and form a crown for a shrub.
Young growth will become an adult full-fledged bush only after 15 years. Shrub propagation occurs mainly by cuttings, but you can also buy finished plants raised in a nursery.
You can grow thuja of this variety in the sun and in the shade. In winter, the plant does not react strongly to frost and does not freeze. Danica is actively used to create rock gardens, fences for flower beds, hedges and space zoning.
Completely in the shade, the thuja will turn into a shaggy bush that cannot be shaped. If you pay minimal attention to the plant, then it will perfectly fit into the landscape design of your site.
Another variety of undersized thuja, resembling a ball in appearance. The height and diameter of the plant is approximately the same and is 1 meter. The shrub grows beautifully, is not afraid of frost and can winter without shelter.
The needles have a greenish-yellow tint, which becomes more pronounced with the onset of winter. The growth of the thuja is rather slow, in a year it can grow by a maximum of 10 centimeters. In order for the plant to acquire a magnificent shape and a diameter of 2 meters, 20 years must pass.
To grow this type of thuja, you need loamy soil. The plant needs regular watering and fertilizers with mineral and organic substances. In addition, it is necessary to mulch the earth in order to enrich it with oxygen and improve the growth rate of the plant.
Mulching the land is done with grass or peat, in autumn the ground around the roots should be covered with spruce branches. The main pests of thuja are field mice. They make nests near the root system and gnaw it. When the soil is covered with spruce branches, it is not so easy to harm the plant.
Thuya Golden Globe does not like dry hot air. In the summer heat, it is necessary to water the shrub more often and spray it with water from a garden hose. Carefully observe the plant throughout the year. If suddenly the thuja becomes faded, and the needles spread to the sides, then it's time to cut the plant.
After you cut off some of the shoots, the shrub will develop better, and the needles will acquire a rich color. You can use the plant in rock gardens, rockeries, to create single plantings using pebbles and sand.
This type of thuja resembles a shrub and grows up to 1.5 meters. For the full development of the bush will take 10 years. The needles of the shrub are green. The plant normally tolerates frost and does not change color from the cold.
It is better to plant a plant on fertile land and monitor the humidity regime. Reproduction occurs by cuttings or you can buy ready-made plants in tubs. Growing thuja from cuttings will take much longer than when you buy ready-made seedlings.
Thuja of this variety is planted in a sunny area. In the shade, the shrub becomes loose with needles of an incomprehensible shade. The plant does not tolerate dry air, all summer it must be regularly sprayed with water.
For better growth plants, the soil must be mulched with peat or grass. In autumn, the soil near the root system is covered with spruce branches to protect against small rodents. Young growth is not afraid of frost, so it does not need to be sheltered from the cold.
It is necessary to form a thuja crown if you want to give it some interesting shape. Cropped shoots grow back quite quickly. Shrubs of this species are used to create a living fence, space zoning and create simple landscape decorations.
We hope you liked the article “Thuya species and varieties with photos”!
One of the most popular coniferous ornamental trees among summer residents is thuja. This is an evergreen tree or shrub that belongs to the Cypress family. This family also includes such widespread coniferous plants, like cypress, . Young arborvitae have needle needles. Needles have a light green tint. Adults have scaly foliage, the color is darker. A tree can develop up to almost 100 years.
Most varieties are frost tolerant. Colors Tui are diverse depending on the varieties. For example, a tree is blue color and also yellowish. There are high three-meter thujas, as well as dwarf shrubs.
The most popular in Russia is western thuja.
Western thuja: description and varieties
Western thuja is a species. It can grow up to 20 meters, but in Russia the western thuja rarely grows above 7 meters. Crown shapes are:
- Spherical.
A large number of varieties of western arborvitae are grown. Among them are such common varieties: Smaragd, Barbant, Danica, Columna and others. However, some amateur gardeners look for less popular, but no less unusual varieties on gardening shelves. Below are the most common varieties with photos. Often, gardeners and landscape designers, when deciding to plant a thuja, ask themselves the question: “Which one is better to plant in the country?”
Degroot Spire - a variety for lovers of sophistication
Degroot Spire- varietal variety of western arborvitae. It has a unique columnar shape, has a narrow and straight crown and is considered the narrowest among the columnar species. The height of this culture is up to 3 meters. Degroot Spire is widely distributed in the West.
This is a tree - perfect option for landscaping and landscaping. For example, Degroot Spire will help to equip any hedge, even if its height reaches 5 meters. A tall but thin green wall will not take up much space on the site.
Thuja western Degroot Spire ("Degroot Spire").
Degroot Spire has such advantages as resistance to frost and undemanding to soil conditions. It is better to plant a tree in those places that are well lit by the sun's rays. The shadow makes the crown looser. The ideal soil for growing this variety is a combination of the following components:
- sand;
- Peat;
- Leaves.
One bucket of water is enough for watering. Regular watering - once a week. Feed the tree in spring. The soil needs to be periodically mulched and loosened. IN spring period the tree is covered to avoid sunburn. For the winter period, the crown must be pulled together with a tape so that wet snow does not damage the crown.
Holmstrup - beauty from Denmark
Holmstrup is an evergreen shrub. The crown shape is columnar. mature tree grows up to 4 meters in height. Crown color is deep green. IN winter periods the color of the needles does not change. The needles of the shrub are dense, are scales.
Thuja Holmstrup ("Holmstrup").
This variety is resistant to frost, shade-tolerant and tolerates windy weather well. The shrub does not require high soil fertility. This shrub is great option For Russia. It is best to plant it in places well lit by sunlight. Or you should choose not too shaded places.
The shrub is an excellent choice for planting in groups or singly. Hedgerows are rarely crafted with Holmstrup.
Fastigiata - a valuable variety for experienced gardeners
One of the varieties of narrow-shaped thuja is Fastigiata. This varietal variety was first grown in Germany. An adult tree grows up to 12 meters in height. Grows very fast. Visually resembles a cypress. The needles of the tree are soft and have a pleasant aroma. The cones are small.
Thuja western Fastigiata ("Fastigiata").
This variety loves the sun and prefers fertile soil. In spring, it is advisable to cover young seedlings so that the spring sun does not damage them. To improve the structure of the soil, it is mulched. For mulching, cut grass is used. In winter, spruce branches are used for mulching. Lapnik prevents the reproduction of mice.
With the help of Fastigiata often form hedges. They are not only beautiful, but also do not take up much space. The varietal variety is not afraid of a decorative haircut. Designers use wood in large landscape compositions, use it in group plantings. It goes well with a variety of flowers and shrubs.
Yellow varieties of thuja western
They are very popular, refresh the landscape, look great in any compositions. Unfortunately, many of them are “capricious”. The most common varieties in Russia are described below.
Thuja western Yellow Ribon - for lovers of yellow varieties of thuja
Yellow Ribon - yellow variety thuja. It has small size. The shape of the crown is conical. Adult thuja has a height of up to 2 meters. Grows fast enough. The crown is loose, therefore, to give it density, it is desirable to cut the tree regularly.
The needles of young trees have an orange color, becoming green with maturity. In winter, the crown turns brown. The sunnier the place where this thuja grows, the brighter the color of the crown.
The variety is demanding on growing conditions. The soil must be fertile and moist for the plant to please with its beauty.
Thuja Yellow Ribbon ("Yellow Ribon").
Beautiful golden needles make this variety very valuable. In landscape design, with the help of thuy Yellow Ribon, walls are formed that have a rich yellow tint. They are planted in containers, and also decorated with hedges and memorial walls.
Thuya Golden Globe - yellow balls for summer cottages
The Golden Globe is notable for its slow growth. The shape of the crown of this coniferous culture is spherical. The height of an adult bush does not exceed 1 meter.
The needles are loose. Regular haircut allows you to achieve density. The ends of the shoots have a golden color, inside the crown the needles have green color. IN autumn period time the needles take on a shade of copper, in the spring it becomes golden again. In order for the shrub to please with a golden color, it is recommended to plant it in sunny places or slightly shaded.
Thuya Golden Globe ("Golden Globe").
This shrub does not require high soil fertility, but loves lime-rich soil. In order to avoid breaking branches, the crown is tied up for the winter.
Shrubs are used in plantings in groups, they are planted singly. They also make beautiful hedges and borders.
The most interesting varieties
Many other varieties of this culture are also known. Extremely popular varieties such as: Brabant, Smaragd, Danica, Globoza. Specialty stores and nurseries have both more unique and less common varieties. Below are the names of the western thuja varieties and their brief description.
Little Boy- This is a relatively new dwarf spherical variety. The height does not exceed 0.5 meters. Growth is slow. The needles of such a thuja have an emerald color. Little Boy requires high soil fertility. Loves the sun, but does not mind growing in partial shade. This thuja is used in creation:
- Japanese gardens;
- Living borders.
Hoseri- This is an original variety originally from Poland. This is another dwarf globular tree variety. The scaly needles are dark green in color. In autumn, the needles take on a bronze hue. Hoseri loves moisture, is not picky about the soil and shade-tolerant. Also, this culture is resistant to frost and is not afraid of winds.
mirjem- This is another dwarf thuja variety. An adult plant grows up to 80 cm. The needles have a bright yellow becoming bronze by autumn. Plant growth is slow. Due to its size, this thuja is ideal for rock gardens and planting in pots.
Question answer
For planting along fences, varieties such as Holmstrup, Fastigiata, Brabant, Smaragd are often used.
Which thuja is the most unpretentious?
Many types of this culture are unpretentious. Often choose Brabant, Smaragd, Holmstrup.
How much do thuja seedlings cost?
The price of one seedling is from 150 rubles and more.
I do rock climbing. How are thuja used in alpine slides?
Undersized varieties are suitable for rock gardens. In Russia, the most popular are dwarf species of western thuja. Ideal for the following varieties: Danica, Golden Globe, Woodwardy, Filivormis. All of them are spherical in shape.
Can thuja be used in mixborders?
Can. Despite the fact that the mixborder suggests a wide variety of colors and shades, conifers are successfully used in mixborders. Thuja has many shades: green, blue and yellow.
Review on video
A brief and clear overview of some outstanding varieties. The information on the video is presented in such a way that it will be of interest to novice gardeners.
Description: Eastern part of North America, zone of coniferous and coniferous-deciduous forests. Better Development reaches the northern part of the range. Grows along low-lying river banks, swamps, often on calcareous soils. Reaches the best development on moist fertile loams. It forms both pure plantations and in mixtures with other forest-forming species (black ash, black spruce, balsam fir, red maple, etc.).
Thuia occidentalis "Bumbocks Tower"
Photo by Andrey Ganov
Monoecious tree 12-20 m tall, rarely a shrub. The crown is compact, narrowly pyramidal in youth and ovoid in adulthood often sinking to the ground. The bark of young plants is smooth, red-brown, later gray-brown, separated by longitudinal ribbons. The needles are scaly, shiny green, brown-green in winter, small (0.2-0.4 cm), tightly pressed to the shoot, it functions for 3 years and falls off along with small twigs (twigfall). Cones are small (0.8-1 cm), from 3-5 pairs of thin scales, ripen in autumn in the year of flowering.
In Europe, since the middle of the 16th century, it has been growing almost everywhere, and in some places it has become wild. In Russia from the latitude of Arkhangelsk to the Black Sea. In Europe, including Russia, it is cultivated more widely than any other foreign coniferous tree. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1793. Various forms of this species are also cultivated in LTA, Otradnoy and urban green spaces. Some of the best specimens are presented in the park of the Forest Engineering Academy (planted by E. L. Wolf in 1890) and on the former estate of Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich in Pushkin.
In GBS since 1938, 7 samples (168 copies) were grown from seeds and seedlings obtained from the arboretum of the TSKhA, Lipetsk LSOS, Moscow Region, there are GBS reproduction plants. Tree, aged 54, height 12.5 m, crown diameter 260 cm. Vegetation from 5.V ± 12. Annual growth 6 cm. 10 years old, seeds ripen in October. Easily propagated by seeds and green cuttings. Winter hardiness is complete. Seed viability 50%. 97% of winter cuttings take root without treatment.
 "Filifera" Photo by Evgenia Maksimenko |
 "Golden Tuffet" Photo Popova Annette |
 "Little Dorrit" Photo Popova Annette |
 "Mr. Bowling Ball" (Thuja occidentalis "Bozam") Photo Popova Annette |
 "Speath" Photo EDSR. |
 Thuja occidentals "Spiralis minima" Photo of Mikhail Polotnov |
 Thuja occidentals "Spiralis Zmatlik" Photo of Mikhail Polotnov |
 "Yellow Ribbon" Photo Popova Annette |
 "Yellow Ribbon" Photo by Oleg Vasiliev |
Winter-hardy, shoots lignified completely. Shade-tolerant, but in culture it develops better and more durable in good light. Grows slowly. It is undemanding to soil fertility, despite its love of moisture, it tolerates dryness well. Resistant to smoke and gases.
Thuia occidentalis "Miriam"
Photo by Andrey Ganov
Very polymorphic. Has over 120 decorative forms, differing in the nature of growth, the form of branching, the color and shape of the needles and twigs.
OVERVIEW OF GARDEN FORMS
BUT. Growth is normal straight, not dwarf; the needles are green, sometimes brown in winter:
columnar forms - "Solumna", "Fastigiata" (-Stricta), "Malonyana";
hanging forms - "Pendula" (ordinary branches), "Filiformis" (filamentous branches);
loose-knotty - “Vodmerii”, “Douglasii”, “Ryramidalis”, “Spiralis”.
special forms (often narrow or wide-shaped) - "Gracilis", "Hetz wintergreen", "Indometable", "Smaragd".
B. Dwarf forms with the usual green scaly needles:
round and ovoid shapes - "Danica", "Dumosa", "Globosa", "Netz" "Midget", "Newyi," Little champion ", "Little Gem", "Meski", "Recurva nana": (with age ) - "Tiny Tom", "Umbraculifera", "Woodwardii";
pin-shaped forms - "Holmstrup", "Rosenhalii";
IN. Variegated forms with ordinary scaly needles:
yellow forms - “Cloth of Gold”, “Europe gold”, “Golden globe”, “Holmstrup”, “Yellow”, “Lutea”, “Lutea nana”, “Semperaurea”, “Sunkist”, “Vervaeneana”, “Wareana lutescens".
variegated white form - "Meinekes zwerg".
G. Transitional forms with scaly and needle leaves: "Ellwan geriana", "Ellw. aurea", "Rheinogold".
D. Forms with only needle leaves: "Ericoides", "Ohlendofffii" (with ordinary elongated shoots).
"Albospicata", Belokonchikovaya ("Albospicata", "Alba"). A tree with a broad pyramidal crown, 2-5 m tall. Shoots are open. On young plants, the ends of the branches with bright white spots. The needles are scaly, white-motley. The light color of the needles is especially spectacular during the growth of young shoots. From mid-summer, the white color becomes especially intense and the plant acquires a variegated silver color. Winter-hardy. Propagated by cuttings. Originated in Maxwell's nursery in Geneva in 1875.
In GBS since 1957, 2 samples (5 copies) were obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS, Poland. Tree, at 20 years old, height 5.8 m, crown diameter 180 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 10. Annual growth 7 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete. Rooted 65% of winter cuttings without treatment, 79% of summer cuttings.
"Aurea"("Aurea", ""Aurescens", "Aurea Spicata"). A tree of small or medium size, sometimes bushy, with a wide conical crown and golden yellow needles. Known since 1857 In the BIN Botanical Garden until 1960. Now, since 1985, plants have been grown from the Main Botanical Garden (Moscow). At 22, it reached 3 m in height with a crown diameter of 1.7 x 1.7 m, winter-hardy (unlike some other cultivars with yellow needles). In GBS since 1937, 7 samples (27 copies) were obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS, the Ostankino nursery, there are GBS reproduction plants. Shrub, at 30 years old, height 7.0 m, bush diameter 230 cm. Vegetation from 11.V ± 10. Annual growth 4.5-6 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete. 97% of winter cuttings take root without treatment. The name of the form is combined, it combines a number of forms with golden-yellow needles, which clearly differ in the form of growth and other features, such as: "Aurea Nana"("Aurea Nana") - a dwarf form, with a rounded or ovoid crown, no more than 60 cm tall, densely branched. The needles are entirely yellow-green, later - light green, in winter - brownish-yellow. This also includes the forms: "Aurea Denza"("Aurea Densa"), "Aurea Compacta"("Aurea Compacta"), "Aurea Globoza"("Aurea Gtobosa"), "Meeima Aurea"("Minima Aurea"), partially - "Semperaurea"("Semperaurea"). |
Thuja occidentalis "Aurea" "Bodmeri"("Bodmeri"). The crown is loose, obovate. Plant height up to 2.5 m. Shoots are thick, unevenly spaced from the trunk. The branches are short, thick, bizarre. Many dead shoots often remain on old plants. The needles densely cover the shoots, almost pressed, dark green. Probably originated in Switzerland in 1891. Recommended for group plantings.
In St. Petersburg in the Catalogs of E. L. Regel and J. K. Kesselring since 1903. In the Botanical Garden of BIN since 1994, where it is winter-hardy, it grows slowly. Also available in the LTA Arboretum collection
"Gods" ("Boothii"). Tree up to 4 m tall. The crown is dense, conical or slightly irregular. Branches gracefully rising. Shoots are relatively strong, densely arranged. The needles are scaly, large, light green, turning pale in winter. Winter-hardy. Propagated by summer (55%) and winter cuttings(one hundred%). Named after James Bot - the owner of a nursery in Hamburg. Selected by botanist R. Smith in 1874. Recommended for single, group plantings and hedges.
In GBS since 1951, 3 samples (23 copies) were grown from cuttings obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS. Tree, at the age of 39, height 5.2 m, crown diameter 250 cm. Vegetation from 13.V±8. Annual growth 3.5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is high. 100% of winter cuttings rooted, treated with a 0.01% IMC solution for 24 hours.
"Beaufort" ("Beaufort"). In height and branching, it is close to the normal type of growth. Young shoots and needles are variegated. Has a brighter coloration than cv. Variegctta. Received in Holland, known since 1963. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1995.
"Brabant"("Brabant"). Tree 15 - 21) m high. Crown diameter 3-4 m. Crown conical. The bark is reddish or grayish-brown, exfoliating. The needles are scaly, green, keep coloring in the winter. Blooms in April - May, Cones are brown, oblong-ovate, 0.8 - 1.2 cm long. Annual growth in height 30 cm, width 10 cm. Shade-tolerant. It is undemanding to the soil, tolerates both dryness and excessive soil moisture, but prefers fresh, sufficiently moist fertile loams. Frost-resistant. Handles haircut well. Application: single plantings, groups, hedges.
"Wagneri" ("Wagneri"). Small tree, 3.5 m tall. The crown is dense, dense, narrowly conical, directed upwards, graceful. Shoots thin, ascending or slightly drooping. The needles are thin, green or grayish-green. Grows best in free and open spaces. Winter-hardy. Rooted by summer (65%) and winter (100%) cuttings. Arose in 1890 in the nursery of Karl Wagner in Leipzig from the seeds of the western arborvitae "Vareana". Recommended for planting singly and in groups near residential buildings. It is desirable to use when creating a hedge.
There are several young trees in the LTA Dendrosad, which are not frost-free and well developed.
In GBS since 1952, 1 sample (13 copies) was obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS. Multi-stemmed tree, at 38 years old, height 4.9 m, crown diameter 240 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 10. Annual growth 1.5-6 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete.
 Thuja occidentalis "Wareana"
Photo EDSR. "Vareana" ("Wareana"). A small tree or shrub with a dense cone-shaped or pyramidal crown, height - 5 - 7 m. Shoots spaced from the trunk, fan-shaped, elastic. Twigs are thick, short, standing upright. The needles are bright green, without a brown tint. propagate summer cuttings(88%), lignified (75 - 100%). It appeared in culture in the second half of the 19th century in Europe. Well propagated by seeds and cuttings (60%). Recommended for single and group plantings, for hedges near houses. Highly valued in ornamental horticulture. The form is not very uniform and variable, as it is often grown from seed. A valuable winter-hardy form, available in the collection of the Forestry Academy. In GBS since 1957, 2 samples (3 copies) were obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS. Tree, at 20 years old, height 5.2 m, crown diameter 190 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 10. Annual growth 3-5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is below average. |
"Vareana Lutescens", Vareana Yellowing("Wareana Lutescens"). Similar in habitus to the Wareana form, but lower, it can reach (depending on conditions) 1.5-2.5 m in height at 10-15 years. With age, the crown becomes wider. The needles are light yellow-green in summer, have a brighter color in the first half of the growing season, and acquire a bronze hue in winter. The coloration is uncommon for arborvitae, and this cultivar can be used to create colorful arrangements in combination with other forms to create different color shades. Winter-hardy. Propagated by summer and winter cuttings (98 - 100%). Appeared in the nursery of G. Gosse in 1891 (Germany). Recommended for single and group plantings in gardens and alpiaria.
In St. Petersburg, in the nurseries of E. L. Regel and Ya. K. Kesselring since 1904. In the Botanical Garden, BIN has been known since 1913. At present (since 1995), younger specimens are grown, at the age of 12 they have reached 1, 5-1.7 m high.
"Vervena" ("Vervaeneana"). Very beautiful shape. Tree up to 15 m tall, with a slender, narrow-conical crown. Shoots are thin. The branches are numerous, tender and soft, thick. The needles are light yellow or light green, bronze-brown in winter. Winter-hardy. Propagated by summer (82%) and winter (100%) cuttings. It originated in 18b2 in the nursery of Vervain in Ledeberg (Belgium). Recommended for planting in tapeworms, groups, alleys near houses.
Well-developed specimens are in the collection of the Forest Engineering Academy.
In GBS since 1952, 2 samples (14 copies) of reproductions of GBS. Tree, at 38 years old, height 8.8 m, crown diameter 230 cm. Vegetation from 8.V110. Annual growth is 3-7.5 cm. Does not produce dust. Winter hardiness is high.
"Woodwardy"("Woodwardii"). Dwarf form. The crown is spherical, more wide-rounded in old age. Height -1.5 - 2.5 m, width - up to 5 m. Shoots and twigs are straight, flat. The needles are dark green in summer and winter, the same color on both sides. The place of origin is unknown, the time of introduction into culture is before 1923. It is winter-hardy, but in severe winters the ends of annual shoots freeze slightly. Propagated by cuttings (75 - 100%). Recommended for group plantings on rocky areas and lawns.
In GBS since 1952, 1 sample (6 copies) was obtained from the Netherlands. Shrub, at the age of 17, height 1.6 m, crown diameter 100 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 9. Annual growth 1-3.5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is below average.
"Getz Midet"("Hetz Midget"). Rounded, very slow growing dwarf form; shoots are quite powerful; annual growth is about 2.5 cm. The needles are green. In 1925, selected as a seedling in the Fairview Nursery; imported in 1942
"Goetz Wintergreen"("Hetz wintergreen"). Form Keglevidny, very fast-growing. The needles remain green and beautiful in winter. Hetz, USA, before 1950
  Thuja occidentalis "Globosa"
photo left Konstantin Alexandrov Photo on the right EDSR. "Globoza", Spherical ("Globosa"). Dwarf form 1.2 m high and about 1 m wide. The shape of the crown is rounded. The shoots are straight and flat, lifted up, densely arranged, overlapping, evenly expanding to the sides. The needles are scaly, light green in spring, green in summer and gray-green or brownish in winter, with shiny glands. Winter-hardy. Propagated by cuttings. Known in culture since 1874. Suitable for single and group plantings in rock gardens, in containers for roof gardening. In St. Petersburg, in the nurseries of E. L. Regel and K. Ya. Kesselring since 1878, in BIN since 1891. Plants of this form in the thuja alley of the BIN Botanical Garden, planted on May 9, 1945, after 60 years reached from 3.3 to 3.45 m in height. Also available in the collection of the Forestry Academy. In many other gardens, plants grown under this name do not exceed 1.25 m in height. At present, in terms of decorativeness, compactness, crown density, it has surpassed other spherical cultivars. In GBS since 1950, 2 samples (6 copies) were obtained by cuttings from Lviv, there is a reproduction of GBS. Shrub, at 20 years old, height 1.3 m, crown diameter 100 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 10. Annual growth up to 5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is high. 100% of winter cuttings rooted, treated with a 0.01% IMC solution for 24 hours. |
Globoza Nana, Spherical Low ("Globosa Nana"") Dwarf shrub up to 0.3 m tall. It resembles small green balls in appearance. The crown is compact, spherical. The needles are small, scaly, dark green with a shiny gland. In winter, the needles brighten and turn gray. It grows extremely slowly and forms a dense form. It tolerates dry air worse than other forms, needs some shading and more frequent watering.Fruits.Propagated by seeds and cuttings (47%), Known in culture since the second half of the 20th century.Recommended for stony gardens, where it can be planted singly or in groups.Very decorative in the foreground mixed groups.
"Goveya" ("Hoveyi"). Dwarf form 1 - 1.5 m tall. The crown is ovoid-rounded. The shoots are strictly straight, thin, reddish, located in a perpendicular plane, which creates an external resemblance to the eastern biota. The needles are light green in summer, not shiny, brown in winter, with glands on both sides. Winter-hardy. Propagated by summer (75%) and winter (100%) cuttings. Known in culture since 1868. Recommended for single and group plantings on rocky areas, for growing in containers.
In GBS since 1957 1 copy. obtained by seedlings from Poland. At 22 years old, height 5.3 m, crown diameter 170 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is average.
"Gracilis" (Gracilis). The form is fast-growing, loose; the branches are long and thin, beautifully diverge in all directions; shoots are thin, densely standing. The scales are oblong, thin, light green. KHN 204. 1875 Old English variety.
  Thuja occidentalis "Danica"
Photo left EDSR Photo right Golubitskaya Lyubov Fedorovna "Danica"("Danica"). Dwarf form. The variety was bred in Denmark in 1948. Height 0.6 m, crown diameter 1 m. The crown is spherical. The bark is reddish or grayish-brown, exfoliating. The needles are scaly, dense, green, soft, shiny, in winter - brownish-green. Slow growing shade-tolerant. It is undemanding to the soil, tolerates dryness of the soil and excessive moisture, but prefers fresh, sufficiently moist fertile loams. Frost-resistant. Application: single landings, groups, rocky slides. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1992 (obtained from Prague, Czech Republic). |
"Dutlasi Pyramidalis", Douglas Pyramidal("Douglasii Pyramidalis"). It looks like a cypress. The shape of the crown is narrow, columnar, height - 10 - 15 m. The shoots are thin, very short, straight. Twigs green, protruding. look like fern leaves. The needles are marsh green, flat. On the lower branches, it dries early and partially falls off. Bred at the beginning of the 20th century in the Arnold Arboretum (USA) and taken from there by Shpet to Berlin (Germany). Winter-hardy. Very shade tolerant. Propagated by summer (68%) and winter (100%) cuttings. It is recommended to plant it in groups or singly near houses. It is also suitable for hedges. Close to Thuja occidentalis "Spiralis", has no advantages over it.
Known since 1891. Soon after that, it appeared in St. Petersburg: in the Botanical Garden of BIN (1912) and at the nurseries of E. L. Regel and K. Ya. Kesselring (1914).
In GBS since 1950, 1 sample (8 copies) was grown from seeds obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS. Tree, at 39 years old, height 9.0 m, crown diameter 240 cm. Vegetation from 11.V ± 8, annual growth 5-8 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete.
"Dumosa"("Dumosa"). Dwarf form, crown height and diameter 1 m, flattened or slightly rounded crown, irregular. Branching as in the form "Recurva Nana" (often confused with it), but the shoots are not so evenly curved and partially also completely flat, at the top there are many vertically arranged thin shoots about 10 -15 cm long, and very few branched shoots, like in a typical thuja western, which are also not flat, but curved, but short, more branched. Often used in alpinaria.
  "Europe Gold" ("Europe Gold"). The variety was bred in Holland in 1974. Reminiscent of the yellow "Smaragd", but very slow growing. Bush. Height 4 m. Crown diameter 1 - 1.2 m. The crown is narrow pyramidal, then conical. The bark is reddish or grayish-brown, exfoliating. The needles are scaly, dense, in winter - golden yellow, orange when blooming. Annual growth "in height 10 cm, width 5 cm. It grows slowly Shade-tolerant. It is undemanding to the soil, tolerates dry soil and excessive moisture, but prefers dry, sufficiently moist fertile loam. It tolerates shearing. Frost-resistant. Application: single plantings, groups , hedges, alleys. In St. Petersburg (BIN) since 1994, it is quite winter-hardy, at the age of 13 it reaches the height of human growth (160-180 cm). photo right Korzhavin Konstantin
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"Indomitable"("Indomitable"). "Elegantissima" mutation, fast growing form; rising branches. The needles are dark green, but reddish-brown in winter. Around 1960, L. Conein, Reyuvik, Holland. Especially winter hardy.
 Thuja occidentalis "Columna"
"Garden Collection" Photo right Pavlova Natalia "Columna" ("Columna"). Upright coniferous with a narrow columnar crown, short branches, densely and horizontally extending. Grows slowly. Height up to 10m. The annual growth is about 15 cm. The crown diameter is up to 1.5 m, the growth in width is about 5 cm. The bark is red-brown, rough. The needles are scaly, dense, dark green, shiny, do not change color in winter. The roots are thin, dense, with mycorrhiza. It is not picky about soils, grows on both acidic and alkaline, moist and fertile substrates. Sensitive to compaction of the soil surface. Location: sunny or partial shade Quite winter-hardy. Application: single specimens or groups, suitable for hedges. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1936. It is also grown in the Forest Engineering Academy. |
"Compact", Dense ("Compacta""). Dwarf form, derived from the "Pyramidal Dense" form. Not a large tree or shrub, up to 2 m high and 1 m wide. The crown is pyramidal, thickening and becoming ovoid with age. It does not have large branches, flatly spaced like the type. Blue-green needles, slow growing, winter-hardy, rooting rate 75% by summer cuttings, 100% by winter cuttings Described by Pearson from the USA around 1850. Recommended for single plantings, group plantings, for hedges.
In GBS since 1938, 1 sample (3 copies) was obtained by 5-year-old seedlings from Kyiv. Shrub, at the age of 56, height 10 m, crown diameter 290 cm. Vegetation from 13.V ± 8. Annual growth 5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete.
"Crystata", Comb ("Cristata"). Slender graceful tree 3 - 5 m tall. The crown is rounded, flattened. The branches are short, directed comb-like upwards. The needles are gray-green. Winter-hardy. Propagated by summer (93%) and winter (100%) cuttings. It has been known in culture since 1867. Recommended for single and group plantings, for hedges near houses.
In GBS since 1952, 3 samples (9 copies) were grown from cuttings obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS, there are GBS reproduction plants. Tree, at 20 years old, height 4.0 m, crown diameter 170 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 10. Annual growth 7 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete.
In St. Petersburg in the Catalogs of E. L. Regel and J. K. Kesselring since 1904. In the Botanical Garden of BIN since 1990, winter-hardy.
"Lutea", Yellow ("Lutea"). Tree up to 10 m tall The crown is loose, narrow-conical or pyramidal. The needles are small, flattened, shiny above, golden yellow, below - light yellow-green. Very attractive against a dark green background. In winter, the color does not change or slightly darkens. Winter-hardy. Grows fast. Tie a lot of seeds, but with seed propagation only 25% inherit maternal signs. Therefore, they are propagated by summer (75%) and winter (88 - 100%) cuttings. It comes from the USA, it was known in culture until 1873. It occurs quite often, it remains one of the best yellow-colored forms. Recommended for single and group plantings in gardens, near houses. They also distinguish thuja " Yellow-motley"(f. lutescens) - with a densely branched, pyramidal crown, with yellow-variegated branches. Winter-hardy. In the Botanical Garden BIN since 1886, almost at the same time appeared in the nurseries of E. L. Regel and J. K. Kesselring (1892). Possibly synonymous with the form Aurea. Currently available in the BIN and LTA collections. In GBS since 1957, 5 samples (9 copies) were obtained from Poland, there are GBS reproduction plants. Shrub, at 20 years old, height 5.1 m, crown diameter 160 cm. Vegetation from 12.V ± 10. Annual growth 5-8 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete. |
Thuja occidentalis "Lutea"  Thuja occidentalis "Little Gem"
Photo EDSR. "Little Jam" ("Little Gem"). Dwarf form with a crown width of up to 2 m, and the height is much less. The crown is flat-round, flattened. The branches are rough, straight, rising, twisted branches. The needles are dark green, brown in winter. The form is close to "Recurva Nana". Winter-hardy. Propagated by summer cuttings (62%). It is recommended to plant in groups or singly on rocky areas, suitable for creating a hedge. Known since 1891. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1984 (cuttings from Salaspils, Latvia). In GBS since 1973, 1 sample (7 copies) was obtained by cuttings from Lvov. Shrub, at the age of 17, height 0.55 m, crown diameter 70 cm. Vegetation from 18.V ± 10. Annual growth 0.5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is high. |
"Malonyan" ("Malonyana"). Peaked and narrow-columnar form 10 - 15 m high. Shoots are short, brown, densely branched, flat, densely arranged. The needles are shiny, green, distinctly glandular. Winter-hardy. Propagated by seeds. When grown from seeds, 85% of seedlings retain their basic shape. Rooting by summer cuttings is 100%. Received in the Czech Republic (Arboretum Mlynany), before 1913. Currently, it is widely found in culture. It is recommended to plant singly or in groups near houses. Can be used to create a hedge. In St. Petersburg since 1937, N. M. Andronov was the first to test it in the Dendrosade of the Forestry Engineering Academy. BIN has been known in the Botanical Garden since 1967. There are good specimens in the Dendrosad of the Forest Engineering Academy. |
"Olendorffi" ("Ohlendorffii"). Shrub more than 1 m tall, unevenly expanding in breadth. Shoots are long, straight, tight, only branched at the top. The needle-shaped needles at the ends of the shoots are located crosswise, subulate, about 12 mm long, reddish-brown. The scaly needles are small, arranged in 4 rows, turning red-brown in the second year. Appeared in Hamburg at Ohlendorff in 1887. Winter-hardy. Propagated by cuttings (39%). It is very decorative and deserves a wider test for landscaping alpine hills, where it is planted in groups or solitary on parterre lawns. Can be grown in containers. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1986. It is also grown in the Forest Engineering Academy. |
"Pumila" ("Pumila") Shrub up to 2 m tall. In GBS since 1952, 1 sample (4 copies) was obtained by seedlings from the Netherlands. Tree, at 20 years old crown diameter 130 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 10. Annual growth 1.5- 2 cm.
 Thuja occidentalis "Piramidalis compacta"
Photo by Nadezhda Dmitrieva "Pyramidalis Compact", Pyramidal Dense("Pyramidalis Compacta"). Tree up to 10 m tall. The crown is narrowly conical. The shoots are densely branched, strong, tightly pressed to each other, short. The needles are large, scaly, light green, with a faint sheen. Winter-hardy. Known in culture since 1904, widespread. Recommended for single and group landings. In GBS since 1952, 2 samples (10 copies) were obtained by green cuttings from the Lipetsk LSOS. Tree, at 38 years old, height 9.0 m, crown diameter 150 cm. Vegetation from 7.V±10. Annual growth is 5-12 cm. Does not produce dust. Winter hardiness I. 62% of winter cuttings take root without treatment. |
  Thuja occidentalis "Rheingold"
Photo EDSR. "Ringold"("Rheingold"). Transitional form, at a young age the crown is spherical, later - wider, height - up to 1.5 m. The shoots are thin. Young growing twigs have a beautiful pinkish tint. The needles are light golden yellow, partly needle-like, partly scaly. Propagated by cuttings (48%). Recommended for single and group plantings on rocky areas, as well as for growing in containers. Plants cultivated under the name Rheingold are nothing more than propagated "ericoid" young shoots of Thuja occidentalis f. Ellwangeriana Aurea, shoots with needle-like leaves. Plants propagated in this way retain their golden yellow color. long time, only turning copper-yellow in winter. In older plants, more and more scaly leaves appear with age, respectively, there is a return to the original form of Ellwangeriana Aurea. Thuja called Rheingold appeared in culture around 1900 in Lübeck (Germany). In St. Petersburg, E. L. Wolf (1917) was the first to experience it. In the Botanical Garden BIN since 1984 (received by cuttings from Latvia, Salaspils), freezes in cold winters. Here it is a slow growing tree with a wide conical crown. Also available in the collection of the Arboretum of the Forestry Engineering Academy. |
"Riversi"("Riversi"). Tree up to 5 m tall. The crown is compact, wide-conical. Shoots are short, everted. The needles are yellow in summer, yellowish-green in winter. Winter-hardy. Propagated by cuttings (65 - 75%). Recommended for hedges and group plantings on rocky areas, or singly on the lawn.
In GBS since 1958, 1 sample (12 copies) was obtained from Nizhny Novgorod. Tree, at 30 years old, height 5.0 m, crown diameter 140 cm. Vegetation from 12.V ± 8. Annual growth 7-12 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is average.
"Rosenthals"("Rosenthalii"). The shape is uniformly columnar, up to 5 m tall. Shoots are short, dense, straight, standing perpendicular. Branches numerous, slightly rounded. The needles are dark green, shiny. It grows extremely slowly. Introduced into culture in 1884. Often found only in Europe. Winter-hardy. Rooting by summer cuttings is 92%, by winter cuttings - 100%. Recommended for single and group plantings, hedges.
In St. Petersburg in the nurseries of E. L. Regel and J. K. Kesselring since 1909. In the Botanical Garden of BIN since 1949, samples of younger plants are currently being grown.
In GBS since 1955, 1 sample (9 copies) was obtained from Holland. Tree, 34 years old, height 2.3 m, crown diameter 120 cm. Vegetation from 8.V ± 10. Annual growth 1.5-3 cm, grows slowly. Dusty from 5.V±6 to 12.V±4. Seeds ripen by the beginning of November, spill out of the boxes in December. Winter hardiness is complete.
"Salaspils" ("Salaspils" (Th. occidentalis "Globosa Salaspils"). Dwarf, slow growing, profusely branching bushy form, with a dense spherical crown. Reaches only 55 cm in height at 30 years old. The green color of the needles does not change in winter. It is a mutation, selection from seedlings from the cultivar "Globosa". Received in the Salaspils Botanical Garden, Latvia, in 1928-1932. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1984, cuttings directly from Salaspils.
"Sunkist"("Sunkist"). Dwarf form. Height 3 - 5 m, crown diameter 1 - 2 m. The crown is conical. The bark is reddish or grayish-brown, exfoliating. The needles are scaly, golden yellow, when blooming - yellow, in winter - bronze. Grows slowly. Photophilous. It is undemanding to the soil, tolerates dryness of the soil and excessive moisture, but prefers fresh, sufficiently moist fertile loams. Burying tolerates a haircut. Frost-resistant. Application: single landings, groups. Known as an improved version of T. occidentalis "Lutea".
"Semperaurea", Evergolden("Semperaurea"). Tree 10 - 12m tall. The crown is broadly conical. Shoots are thick. Growth is strong. The ends of the shoots and young needles are densely golden, in winter the needles turn brown, becoming yellow-brown. A characteristic difference of this form is that the branches are turned with an edge to the south. Winter-hardy. Propagated by cuttings, but the rooting rate is not more than 30%. Known since 1893. Often found in Western Europe. In the arboretum Kurnik (Poland) in 1932 it was obtained independently. One of the best yellow-colored forms of the western thuja (f. aurescens Wrobl. ex Browicz et Bugala), characterized by smaller sizes, namely: height - 4 - 5 m, narrow-coconical crown, young shoots and needles have a bright golden color. Winter-hardy. Propagated by cuttings (72%). Recommended for group plantings near houses. In St. Petersburg at the nurseries of E. L. Regel and J. K. Kesselring since 1907. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1995 |
  Thuja occidentalis "Smaragd"
Photo on the left of Alexandra Shcherbakova, "Garden Collection" company Photo on the right EDSR. "Emerald"("Smaragd"). Squat form up to 2 m tall. The crown is cone-shaped, branching weakly. Shoots are located in a vertical plane. Twigs are far apart, glossy, fresh green in summer and winter. Obtained in 1950 in Denmark (Kvistchard). Currently in great demand among plant lovers. Propagated by cuttings (53%). Recommended for group and single landings. Can be tested when creating a hedge. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1993. It is also grown in the Arboretum of the Forest Engineering Academy. |
 Thuja occidentalis "Spiralis"
Photo EDSR. "Spiralis" ("Spiralis"). A tree with a narrow conical crown, up to 15 m tall. The shoots are twisted with a screw and turned so that they resemble a spiral when viewed from above. Twigs are short, reminiscent of the leaves of some ferns. The needles are bluish-green. In terms of growth rate, it surpasses all other forms of western thuja. Known in culture since 1920. Place of origin unknown. Propagated by seeds. With seed propagation, 30% of seedlings inherit form traits. Rooting by summer cuttings is 95%. Winter-hardy. Recommended for single and group landings. Effective in alleys. In culture since 1920. BIN has been known in the Botanical Garden since 1948, and is also available in LTA. In GBS since 1957, 2 samples (7 copies) were obtained from Denmark, the Netherlands. Tree, 33 years old, height 8.6 m, crown diameter 160 cm. Vegetation from 12.V ± 10. Annual growth 5-9 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is average. |
  Thuja occidentalis "Stolwijk"
Photo on the left EDSR. photo right Andrey Ganov "Stolviyk" ("Stolwijk"). A new cultivar, which is not yet in the world dendrological directories. Obtained in Holland, at the Stolwijk Nursery nursery, in 1986 (Erhardt, 2005). Original low form, in youth with a hemispherical or wide pyramidal crown, at 10 years old reaches about 1 m high. Bottom part the crown is dense, the upper one is sparse, sometimes multi-stemmed. Summer needles are green, young growth is white-yellow. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1998, it is quite winter-hardy, forms cones, and is easily propagated from cuttings. |
 Thuja occidentalis "Tiny Tim"
Photo of Golubitskaya Lyubov Fedorovna "Tiny Tim" ("Tiny Tim"). Dwarf form, bred in 1955, very beautiful. Height 0.5 -1 m, crown diameter 1 - 1.5 m. The crown is spherical, short and dense branches. The bark is reddish or grayish-brown, exfoliating. The needles are scaly, dark green. At 10 years old, the height of plants of this form is 30 cm, the diameter of the crown is 40 cm. It grows slowly. Photophilous. It is undemanding to soils, tolerates dry soil and excessive moisture, but prefers fresh, sufficiently moist fertile loams. Frost-resistant. Application: single landings, groups, on rocky hills. |
"Tuyopsoides" ("Thujopsoides"). The needles resemble Japanese tuevik, vigorous growth, with a free crown and larger cones. Known until 1894, first appeared in Duisburg (Germany). Grown on the Karelian Isthmus, in the Arboretum of the scientific experimental station of the BIN "Otradnoe" since 1986 (received from Salaspils, Latvia).
"Umbrakulifera", Umbrella ("Umbraculifera"). Dwarf form up to 1.5 m tall. The crown is flat-rounded, almost umbrella-shaped from above. Shoots are straight. The ends of the branches are thin, rounded, slightly drooping. The needles are juicy, small, dark green with a bluish tinge. Winter-hardy. Grows slowly. Fruits moderately. Propagated by seeds, more often - summer cuttings (92%), winter - 100%. Appeared in 1890 in Germany. Recommended for single and group plantings on rock gardens, lawns, for growing in containers.
In St. Petersburg, in the nurseries of E. L. Regel and J. K. Kesselring since 1903. In the Botanical Garden, BIN reaches 1.4 m in height at the age of 22 with the same crown width.
In GBS since 1957, 1 sample (2 copies) was obtained by cuttings from the Lipetsk LSOS. Shrub, at the age of 38, height 0.55 m, crown diameter 120 cm. Vegetation from 17.V ± 10. Annual growth 1.5-3.5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is high.
"Fastigiata", Equal High ("Fastigiata"). Very variable shape. A tree with a columnar crown, 15m tall. It looks like a cypress tree. The shoots are tightly pressed to the trunk, directed partially down. The branches are numerous. Needles from light to dark green. Unlike other forms in more retains its green color in winter. Grows fast. It is better than others to put up with air pollution. Widely known and loved by all. Winter-hardy. It is easy to grow from seeds, but the seed offspring will not always be uniform. Propagated by summer (95%) and winter (60%) cuttings. Recommended for single and group plantings near houses.
Known since 1865. In St. Petersburg in the nurseries of E. L. Regel and K. Ya. Kesselring since 1903, in the Botanical Garden of BIN since 1937. It is also grown in the Arboretum of the Forestry Engineering Academy. Stable and reliable form, promising for hedges.
In GBS since 1938, 5 samples (19 copies) were obtained from Potsdam (Germany), Lipetsk LSOS, Trostyanets arboretum (Ukraine), there are GBS reproduction plants. Tree, 52 years old, height 1.8 m, crown diameter 230 cm. Vegetation from 9.V ± 8. Annual growth 8-13 cm. Dust from 17.V ± 4 to 24.V ± 3, irregularly. Seeds ripen at the end of October. Winter hardiness is complete.
"Filikoides" ("Filicoides"). Shrub. In GBS since 1947. Seedlings were obtained from Germany. Currently, one sample of reproduction of GBS since 1965. At 28 years old, height 4.5 m, crown diameter 260 cm. Vegetation from 10.V ± 7. Annual growth is about 15 cm.
 Thuja occidentalis "Filiformis"
Photo Popova Annette "Filiformis", Filamentous ("Filiformis"). A small tree up to 1.5 m tall. The crown is dense, wide cone-shaped or rounded. Shoots are long, hanging, filiform, slightly branched. Young needles are scaly, light green with distinct resinous glands. In winter it turns brown. Winter-hardy, Propagated by cuttings (62%) and seeds. Known in culture since 1901, brought to Europe from North America. Recommended for group plantings on the lawn and for growing in containers. In St. Petersburg, E. L. Wolf (1917) was the first to test it. In the BIN Botanical Garden since 1955 (currently young plants). Good specimens are in the collection of the Forestry Academy. In GBS since 1970, 1 sample (2 copies) was obtained from the Lipetsk LSOS with live plants. Shrub, at 20 years old, height 1.2 m, crown diameter 110 cm. Vegetation from 12.V ± 10. Annual growth 1.5 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is high. |
 Thuja occidentalis "Holmstrup"
Photo by Alexander Zhukov "Holmstrup"("Holmstrup"). The variety was obtained in Denmark in 1951 Breeder A. R. Jensen. Bush. Height 3 - 4 m, crown diameter 0.8 - 1 m. The crown is conical. The bark is reddish or grayish-brown, exfoliating. The needles are scaly, dense, green. Annual growth in height 12 cm, width 4 cm, grows slowly. Shade-tolerant. It is undemanding to the soil, tolerates dryness of the soil and excessive moisture, but prefers fresh, sufficiently moist fertile loams. Handles haircut well. Frost-resistant. Application: single plantings, groups, hedges, alleys. "Holmstrup vellow" - a mutation of "Holmstrup" with yellow needles. In the Botanical Garden BIN since 1992. In terms of winter hardiness, it does not differ from a typical western arborvitae. |
"Elegantnssima", Graceful ("Elegantissima"). Tree up to 5 m tall. The crown is dense, wide-conical, graceful. The needles are brightly colored, shiny. The ends of the shoots have a whitish tint. Winter-hardy. Abundantly fruit-sieve. It is difficult to propagate by cuttings (up to 14%) and seeds. When sowing, only a part of the seedlings inherits the signs of the form. Known in culture since 1930. Recommended for single and group landings on the lawn.
 Thuja occidentalis "Ellwangeriana"
Photo EDSR. "Ellvangeriana" ("Ellwangeriana"). Transitional form, 2.5 m high. The crown is broadly conical, in young trees it is pyramidal. Shoots are straight, thin-pinnate. The ends of the branches are strongly branched. The needles on young shoots are soft, needle-like, on older ones - scaly, flat, pressed, in winter - grayish. Winter-hardy. Propagated by summer (54%) and winter (97 - 100%) cuttings, as well as seeds. Originated in 1869, apparently in North America. Recommended for group plantings near houses and as a tapeworm. Very graceful plant for single landings in the foreground. In GBS since 1947, 3 samples (16 copies) were obtained from Brno (Slovakia), the Netherlands. Tree, 49 years old, height 7.2 m, crown diameter 380 cm. Vegetation from 18.V ± 10. Annual growth 8-15 cm. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is complete. |
 Thuja occidentalis "Ellwangeriana Aurea"
Photo Popova Annette "Ellvangeriana Aurea", Ellvangeriana Golden ("Ellwangeritina Aurea"). A yellow offspring mutant from the form of "Ellvangeriana", originated in the nursery of Shpet in 1895 (Germany). The pactet is slow and reaches about 1 m in height, often has several peaks. The crown is ovoid. The needles are scaly and needle-shaped, golden-bronze in color, golden yellow in winter. Young growing twigs have a beautiful pinkish tint. Shoots are thin. Suffers from sunburn and sometimes from severe frosts. Shoots are densely branched. Propagated by summer (52%) and winter (100%) cuttings. Recommended for single and group plantings, for growing in containers. It is very decorative, goes well with the pyramidal green forms of the thuja, retains its golden color well. In GBS since 1957, 2 samples (11 copies) were obtained from England, there are GBS reproduction plants. Tree, aged 33, height 4.6 m, crown diameter 260 cm. Vegetation from 15.V ± 10. Annual growth 5-8 m. Not dusty. Winter hardiness is high. |
  Thuja occidentalis "Ericoides"
Photo on the left EDSR. photo right Mironova Irina "Ericoides"", Heather ("Ericoides"). Dwarf form up to 1 m tall. Reminds me of juniper. The crown is rounded, wide-conical, multi-topped. Shoots are thin, flexible, straight and curved, numerous. The needles are subulate, up to 8 mm long, soft, dull yellow-green above, gray-green below, brownish in winter. Grows fast. Only young plants are decorative, old specimens have many dead shoots and needles. Known as a low-hardy form, perennial shoots freeze over. Easily propagated by cuttings (88%). Effective in group plantings. Used to create dwarf gardens and design flower beds. Known since 1867. In St. Petersburg in the nurseries of E. L. Regel and K. Ya. Kesselring since 1901. There can be quite a lot of dried shoots and needles in the crown, drying out from below increases with age and with poor planting. It is grown in the collections of the BIN Botanical Garden and the scientific experimental station Otradnoye. In GBS since 1957, 3 samples (8 copies) were obtained from Poland (seedlings), from the Lipetsk LSOS, Lvov, Sochi. Shrub, at 20 years old, height 1.5 m, crown diameter 80 cm. Vegetation from 18.V ± 9. Annual growth 3-5 cm. Low winter hardiness. |
Location: can grow in full sun and partial shade. In sunny places it sometimes suffers from fluctuations in temperature or becomes dehydrated from frost and dries out. It is better to plant in places protected from the wind. Winter-hardy (some forms are less frost-resistant, primarily with youthful juvenile needles, as well as some golden ones). It grows relatively slowly.
The soil: soddy or leafy soil, peat, sand (2:1:1) with the addition of 500 g of nitroammophoska for each adult plant when planting mineral fertilizers. It can grow on any soil: swampy, peaty, clay, dry sandy loam, etc.
Landing: the distance between plants is from 0.5 to 3, rarely 5 m, in a hedge with a two-row planting between rows 0.5 - 0.7 m, in a row 0.4 - 0.5 m. It is recommended to arrange thuja alleys with a width of 6 - 8 m with an interval between trees of 4 m. Planting depth 60 - 80 cm, depending on the clod of the earth, as well as the height and diameter of the crown of the plant. Root collar at ground level. Drainage with a layer of 15 - 20 cm on underlying clay or pipes in trenches in swamps.
Thuja hedge
Photo Solovieva Elena
Care: in the spring it is recommended to apply "Kemira Universal" at the rate of 100 - 120 g / m 2, only two years after planting, if a full mineral fertilizer was applied. The first month after planting, it is recommended to water once a week, 10 liters per plant and sprinkle. In the dry season, watering 15 - 20 liters per plant and 2 times a week, as well as sprinkling. Tui love moist soils, thinning in dry places and in the shade of the crown. Loosening is shallow 8-10 cm, because the thuja has a superficial root system. It is desirable to mulch with peat or wood chips with a layer of 7 cm. Removal of dry shoots annually in the spring. Haircut in a hedge is moderate, no more than 1 /3 run length. Crown shaping as needed. Mature plants are quite winter-hardy. In the first winter after planting, young plants need shelter. Their needles should be protected from winter and spring sunburn by covering the plants with spruce branches or kraft paper.
Usage: thuja occidentalis and its forms are the most valuable material for green building in most of Russia, with the exception of the extreme northeast of the European part of Russia, the extreme northern part of the forest zone of Siberia and the arid southern steppe and semi-desert regions, where it can be replaced by biota. Resistance to urban conditions allows this breed to be widely used in urban landscaping, and a wide variety of decorative forms makes it possible to create a wide variety of compositions. In green building, it is used for solitary plantings (especially for garden forms), as well as for planting alleys, monumental walls and hedges. different heights. For forestry purposes, it is of interest as an undergrowth species and for planting on excessively moist soils.
Partners: goes well with hemlock, cypress, European larch, oriental spruce, etc.
In nature, there are a small number of species of pyramidal thuja.
They are the most different sizes and color of needles. There are five types: western, eastern, folded, Korean, Japanese.
But in landscape design, western types of thuja are the most common. And the most popular variety of pyramidal western thuja is Pyramidalis compacta.
View overview
The most popular type of pyramidal thuja is the western thuja.
The maximum height of a tree in nature is 20 meters, in diameter it reaches 4 meters. On the tree you can find flowers and cones of red-brown color, but they are small, barely noticeable.
The crown is green, dark, becoming lighter downwards. In winter, the needles lose their rich shade and turn brown.
The root system of the thuja is so strong that it can rise and destroy pavement. Life cycle western arborvitae lasts up to 1000 years.
Some varieties may not be pyramidal, but spherical or columnar. In private homes, low-growing varieties are grown. The following varieties also belong to pyramidal thujas:
- Eastern thuja has a maximum height of 18 meters.
- also called giant, is a pyramidal relative of the western thuja.
- Korean thuja has a soft, widely branched crown.
- Japanese thuja grows up to 18 meters in height, the needles are soft.
Unlike other species, its branches grow vertically (others horizontally). Oriental thuja is easy to grow in your garden, as it is quite unpretentious.
Outwardly, the plant is easily confused with cypress, it is low, it develops rapidly. The shape of the thuja is also pyramidal, maximum height in nature - 15 meters. The crown is dark green, emits a pronounced aroma.
The leaves are long, triangular in shape. The leaves are iridescent because the outer side of the leaves is dark green and the inner side is silver.
It is easy to grow a tree, it tolerates any temperature and soil well, but it is demanding on the purity of the surrounding air.
Pyramidalis compacta
Thuja Pyramidalis compacta belongs to the western species. The plant is used for:
- creating hedges;
- for single landing;
- to create compositions with other conifers.
Growing a plant is not difficult. Thuja actively develops both in the sun and in partial shade. In Russia, it is grown in the middle lane, in winter it requires shelter, it is better to tie the crown so that the branches do not break under the weight of snow.
Important to remember: while the plant is young, the summer sun can burn its needles, therefore, in the spring and summer, the crown is shaded.
The soil for use is moist, loose, water should not stagnate. When planting, a dense layer of drainage is laid, broken brick, gravel or crushed stone is used.
When choosing the type of soil, it is better to focus on fertile loam. During care, it is important not to forget to fertilize in a timely manner.
The tree is upright, the crown is narrow, pyramidal in shape. The branches are short, moving away from the trunk horizontally.
The maximum plant height is 10 meters, the maximum crown diameter is 1.5 meters. Thuja grows slowly. In winter and summer, the color does not change its color, it remains dark green with a brilliant sheen.
Landing and care
It is better to plant thuja in the garden in spring, the soil should be well-drained, slightly acidic or neutral.
If you choose the wrong landing site, then the thuja may lose its appearance. In the shade, the crown becomes sparse, in the bright sun it dehydrates, in drafts it becomes more vulnerable.
The size of the landing pit is selected according to the size of the root system. The root neck remains at ground level. Speaking about the care of thuja, there are several rules:
- if not around ground water- periodically water the plant;
- mineral and organic fertilizers are applied in spring;
- spring produced (dry shoots);
- in the spring the soil is loosened.
In order not to disturb the thuja, you must immediately choose a permanent place of growth
reproduction
and vegetatively. Propagation by seeds is a more complex and lengthy method, there is a risk that parental characteristics will not be transmitted to a young plant.
The collected seeds are laid out on the soil in autumn, the fallen snow will accelerate their germination period. In spring, the seeds can be buried in the soil and sprinkled with sawdust, protected from sunlight.
Be sure to fertilize with manure. A full-fledged seedling will grow in about 4 years.
Lignified or semi-lignified shoots 2 years old are cut in June. A piece of an adult tree should remain at the edge of the shoot.
The cuttings are treated with heteroacusin and placed in greenhouse conditions. The soil for growing is prepared from the following components:
- sod land;
- river sand;
- peat.
All components of the soil are taken in the same amount. The cutting is planted in the ground to a depth of 2 cm. Periodically, the plant must be sprayed. For propagation, cuttings from 20 to 40 cm are used.
See the following video for an overview of the varieties of tui: