The geographic position of South America relative to the equator. Geographic location of South America

TOPIC 2. SOUTH AMERICA

LESSON 22. SOUTH AMERICA. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Target:

to form knowledge about the features of the geographical position of South America; deepen and systematize knowledge about the stages of discovery and development of the mainland; improve practical skills and abilities to characterize geographical position mainland;

develop the ability to implement methods of rational learning activities: draw up a purposeful description of the object according to a standard plan;

To cultivate cognitive activity, interest in the study of the topic, initiative.

Equipment: physical map of South America, textbooks, atlases, templates, contour maps, computer, multimedia projector, multimedia presentation.

Lesson type: assimilation of new knowledge.

Expected results: students will be able to name the characteristic features of the geographical location of the mainland, researchers of the mainland; determine the geographical coordinates of extreme points; find and show on the map geographical objects that characterize the geographical position of South America.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT

II. UPDATING OF BASIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Reception "Blitsoprosk"

· Remember what lands were called "New World".

What do you know about the discovery of America?

How did the names "America", "West Indies", "Indians" come about?

· Recall a typical plan for the characteristics of the mainland.

III. MOTIVATION OF LEARNING AND COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES

Reception "Practicality of the theory"

From hot Africa we are transported west across the ocean to South America.

In South America, the most big river world and stretched a long mountain range, stretched the largest lowland the globe and the greatest array of evergreen moist forests, the nature of which has not yet been fully studied. There really are "lost worlds" here, for example, the Auyan Tepui mountain range, where the world's highest waterfall was discovered, and the Sierra Neblina massif, where endemic and relic plants and animals make up 98%! South America- this is the mainland of ancient Indian civilizations, it is the birthplace of tango and carnival, it is endless beaches and modern cities, it is a mixture of races and peoples.

In order to find out what other amazing discoveries are on this mainland, we begin our acquaintance. As always, the starting point of the study is the characterization of its geographical location.

Why is it necessary to know the geographical position of the mainland? (Student answers.)

IV. STUDY NEW MATERIAL

1. Determination of the features of the geographical location of South America

Working with multimedia presentation physical card South America, a plan of the geographical position of the mainland, designation on the templates in the notebooks of the nomenclature of the geographical position.

Conclusion 1. South America is the fourth largest continent on Earth and is located entirely in the Western Hemisphere and for the most part in South. Analysis of the geographical position of the mainland allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about the signs of the nature of the mainland.

2. Exploration and development of South America

The study and development of the mainland began in the era of the Great geographical discoveries. The first European who visited South America in 1498 was X. Columbus, and the idea of ​​the existence of lands unknown to Europeans was expressed by A. Vespucci. First Scientific research on the mainland was carried out by the German scientist A. Humboldt (1799-1804). Ch. Darwin studied organic world mainland (1831-1832). Botanist M. Vavilov established the ancient centers of agriculture in South America, the origin of some cultivated plants (1932-1933).

Most of the geographical discoveries on the mainland are associated with the colonial conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors. The nature of the mainland, especially the interior of the Amazon basin and the Central Andes, is still not well understood.

Tasks. According to the text of the textbook and maps of the atlas, make a chronological table about the exploration of the South American continent.

Methodological advice. In the case of limited study time, it is advisable to complete this task at home.

V. CONSOLIDATION OF THE STUDYED MATERIAL

Reception "Blitsoprosk"

What is the position of South America in relation to the equator?

In what hemispheres and geographical zones does the mainland lie?

What capes are the extreme points of the mainland?

· What are the oceans, seas, currents washing the shores of South America?

· Which continent - Africa or South America - has a greater length from north to south?

Reception "Problem question"

As you know, there are still unexplored and little-explored territories on the mainland. Do you consider it necessary to organize research expeditions to these regions of South America? Why?

VI. LESSON SUMMARY

VII. HOMEWORK

1. Work out the corresponding paragraph of the textbook.

2. Practical work 5: designate on contour map objects characterizing the geographical position of South America.

3. Optional: work out additional sources and compose a report on the pre-Columbian civilizations of South America.

Geographical position

The main part of South America is located in the equatorial and tropical latitudes. The entire mainland of South America lies in the Western, Southern and Northern hemispheres and is almost completely separated by oceans from other continents. From the west it is washed by the Pacific Ocean, from the north and east by the Atlantic. In the north, South America is separated from North America panama canal, south of Antarctica - Drake Passage. The shores of the mainland are very weakly indented. The share of islands is only 1% of the total territory of the mainland. The exceptions are the southwest and extreme south of the mainland, where along Fig. 82. H. Columbus Fig. 83. A. Humbold coast stretch several large mainland islands, among which the largest Tierra del Fuego and hundreds of smaller ones. The coast of this part is indented by bays.

From the history of exploration of South America

The mainland was discovered by Christopher Columbus, who in 1492 set off from Europe in search of sea ​​route to India (Fig. 82). But it got its name in honor of another navigator - the Italian merchant Amerigo Vespucci. At the beginning of the XVI century. while sailing to the shores of the mainland, Amerigo Vespucci came to the conclusion that the land discovered by Columbus was not Asia (India) at all, but an unknown vast land, that is, the "New World". open lands called Earth Amerigo. Not quite a fair name was transformed into America. The expedition of Ferdinand Magellan explored southeastern part South America, opened the strait between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ( Strait of Magellan), the island of Tierra del Fuego.

A great contribution to the study of South America at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. introduced by the famous German geographer and traveler Alexander Humboldt (Fig. 83).

Rice. 82. H. Columbus Fig. 83. A. Humboldt

He collected and summarized a large geographical material about the nature of the South American continent.

A. Humboldt compiled world map temperature distribution and was the first to apply the isotherm method. He created the doctrine of the geography of plants, the system of altitudinal zonation, used the method geographical comparison: compared oceans, hemispheres, continents, currents, continental margins. He compiled a map of the Orinoco basin, collected a herbarium of 12 thousand plants and created treatise in 30 volumes. His "Journey to the Equinox Regions of the New World" has been called "the second discovery of America".

In the 19th century our countrymen I. Domeiko and K. Elsky explored South America for a long time. In Santiago, the capital of Chile, a monument was erected to a native of the Grodno region, the national hero of Chile, Ignat. long time I. Domeiko was the rector of the university in Santiago. His name is mountain range(Cordillera Domeiko), a small planet, a place in Chile at an altitude of 975 meters above sea level, a port on the very shores of the Pacific Ocean, streets and squares.

Rice. 84. I. Domeiko Fig. 85. N.I. Vavilov

South America was also studied by the young scientist Konstantin Yelsky.

He visited the little-studied and difficult areas of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, discovered and described new animal species. K. Yelsky went down in history as a researcher of fauna in Guiana.

Unlike I. Domeiko, who became in the same years national hero Chile, K. Yelsky could not generalize his discoveries due to illness.

Russian scientist N. I. Vavilov during an expedition to the mainland in the early 30s. 20th century visited Guatemala, Honduras (British), Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil and Argentina, where he conducted valuable biogeographic research (Fig. 85). N. I. Vavilov created the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants.

Bibliography

1. Geography grade 8. Tutorial for the 8th grade of institutions of general secondary education with the Russian language of instruction / Under the editorship of Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk "Narodnaya Asveta" 2014

Geographically, South America belongs to the group southern continents, which also includes Africa and Australia. Using the plan for describing the physical and geographical location of the continent, we find out its extent, the features of the relief and nature, we find out extreme points, get acquainted with water resources.

General information about the mainland

The history of South America is very interesting. In ancient times, the mainland was part of other land masses, but after the split and subsequent drift to the southwest, it was completely isolated from other continents. In this state, it existed until the 15th century, until Christopher Columbus discovered it for the whole world.

South America is the fourth largest continent. Its total area is 17.7 million square meters. km. The largest length of the mainland from north to south is 7350 km, and from west to east - 5150 km. The shape of the mainland is very similar to a drop, with a wide base north of the equator line, and a narrower part - in the tropics.

The relief of the mainland is very diverse: there are lowlands, plateaus, and uplands. The maximum height difference is 7 km.

The main feature of the relief is the presence of the longest land mountain chain with a length of 9 thousand km. The Andes are located along the Pacific coast, and cross the equator from north to south. The highest point of the South American mountain range is Mount Aconcagua (6959 m).

Rice. 1. Andes

Geographic location of mainland South America

For the most part, the continent lies in the southern hemisphere, and only its most extreme northern part lies in the northern one. The geographical location of the extreme points is as follows:

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• in the north - Cape Galinas (12°27' north latitude and 71°39' west longitude);
• on South - Cape Froward (53°54' south latitude and 71°18' west longitude);
• in the West - Cape Parinhas (4°40' south latitude and 81°20' west longitude);
• in the east - Cape Seixas (7°09' south latitude 34°47' west longitude).

North America is located to the north of South America, Antarctica to the south, Eurasia and Australia to the west, and Africa to the east.

The nature of the coastline

In the west, the continent is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The west coast is characterized by smooth outlines.

In the south, South America and Antarctica are separated by the strait, which got its name in honor of the famous medieval pirate Francis Drake.

The Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean are connected by the Panama Canal, which was built in 1920. Its length is almost 82 km., and its construction took more than 10 years. Such a grandiose structure has become one of the most complex and large-scale construction projects in the history of mankind.

Rice. 2. Panama Canal

The east coast belongs to the Atlantic Ocean, and the north of the mainland - caribbean. The Isthmus of Panama is located in the northern part of South America, connecting it with North America.

South America is very rich in water resources, and a lot of large full-flowing rivers flow on its territory. The largest not only on the continent, but throughout the world is the famous Amazon River, which makes a huge contribution to the processes of the water cycle around the world.

Diversity of nature

The features of the geographical location of the mainland are such that it lies six climatic zones: equatorial, two subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate. This has led to the great diversity and incredible richness of wildlife in South America.

Most of the Amazonian lowland is located in the equatorial belt. It is here that the moist forests are located, where great amount all kinds of flora and fauna.

Rice. 3. Moist equatorial forests

Also on the continent are the following natural areas: savannahs and light forests, steppes or pampas, deserts and semi-deserts, a zone of hardwood forests, a zone of altitudinal zonation in the Andes. In comparison with other continents, South America compares favorably with its unique flora and fauna.

What have we learned?

When studying one of the topics in geography for grade 7, we learned how South America is located relative to other continents, what are its extreme points. We also found out the features of the coastline of the mainland, its nature and relief.

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South America together with North-noy form a single part of the world - America.

South America, like Africa, is crossed by the equator, so it is located simultaneously in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres (Fig. 102). But unlike Africa most of The mainland lies south of the equator. Consequently, as in Australia, in most of South America (except the north), the seasons change in the opposite direction to our area: in January it is the middle of summer, in July - winter.

Relative to the zero meridian, South America is entirely located in the Western Hemisphere. Therefore, when it is day in Ukraine, it is deep night in America. South America is crossed by the Southern Tropic, which passes almost through the middle of the mainland, therefore it, together with Africa and Australia, is classified as tropical continents. It is also warm throughout the year, but the humidity is much higher. Only the extreme south of the mainland reaches temperate latitudes, where in winter the air temperature drops to almost 0 ° C on the plains.

The shores of South America are washed by two oceans: in the west - Quiet, in the east - Atlantic. north coast mainland goes to caribbean, known in the past for numerous pirate bases. On one of its islands was the legendary Treasure Island. Oceanic currents significantly affect the nature of the coasts of the mainland.

Due to the fact that off the coast of the mainland is a powerful cold Peru current, the wettest continent has the driest coastal desert Atacama. Precipitation here occurs only in the form of dew, in some places their amount does not exceed 1 mm per year. Cold Falkland Current. And powerful brazilian And Guiana warm currents, on the contrary, contribute to a significant amount of precipitation on the eastern coast of the mainland. material from the site

South America, like Australia, is isolated from other continents. Only narrow Isthmus of Panama, resulting from the last mountain formation, connects it with North America. In 1920, the Panama Canal was dug through the isthmus, connecting the two oceans. It is now considered the border between the two Americas. South of Antarctica, South America is separated by the world's widest Drake Passage- 1120 km. Remoteness from other continents determines the uniqueness natural conditions South America, the uniqueness of plant and animal species.

The extreme points of South America are capes: in the north - Galinas, on South - froward, in the West - parinhas, in the east - Cabo Branco.

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Plan for describing the geographical position of South America 1) How is the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles) and the zero meridian 2) the extreme points of the mainland, their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east 3) In which climatic zones the mainland is located 4) What oceans wash the mainland 5) How is the mainland relative to other continents

Plan for describing the geographical location of South America
1) How is the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics (arctic circles) and the zero meridian
2) the extreme points of the mainland, their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east
3) In what climatic zones is the mainland located
4) What oceans wash the mainland
5) How is the mainland relative to other continents

• 1. South America in the northern part is crossed by the equator, which determines its position, both in the northern and southern hemispheres, with most of the mainland located in the southern hemisphere. The southern tropic crosses South America almost in the middle. The Arctic Circle is located at a distance of 5994 km from South America, the Antarctic Circle at a distance of 1110 km. From the initial meridian, South America is located in the west, which determines its position in the Western Hemisphere. The extreme points of the mainland have the following coordinates:
  Extreme northern cape Galinas 12 s. sh. 71 h. d.
  extreme eastern cape Cabo Branco 7th sh. 34 h. d.
  Extreme southern mainland cape Frouard 53th. sh. 71 h. d.
  Extreme southern island Diego Ramirez 56 S sh. 68z. d.
  Westernmost Cape Parinas 4 s. sh. 81 h. d.

  Length from north to south along the meridian 70w.d in degrees and kilometers:

  
  a) find geographical latitude points where the 70th meridian crosses the mainland of South America, from here: 12N + 55S = 67 (the length of South America from north to south in degrees)
  b) we find the length in kilometers it is known that 1 arc of the meridian is 111 km, hence: 67 x 111 \u003d 7437 km (the length of South America from the north to the south)

  Length from west to east along the parallel of 10 S in degrees and kilometers:
  a) we find the geographical longitude of the points where the 10th parallel crosses the mainland of South America, from here: 78w.d - 34w.d \u003d 43 (the length of South America from west to east in degrees)

  
  b) we find the length in kilometers, it is known that 1 arc of the parallel is equal to 109.6 km, from here: 43 x 109.6 \u003d 4712.8 km (the length of South America from west to east)

  3. South America is located in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones

  4. South America in the west is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, in the north and east by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.