In this statement, the ancient Greek philosopher discusses the topic of social inequality in society, or rather, the essence of the problem of poverty and wealth. This problem haunts humanity throughout its existence. Today, due to the ongoing global financial crisis, it has escalated with renewed vigor.
People differ in gender, age, height, hair color, intelligence level and many other characteristics. In his statement, Democritus does not divide people, but points to the content of the problem.
That is, it considers the essence of poverty and wealth through awareness of the degree of satisfaction of human needs.
Let us turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement. The concepts of "poverty" and "wealth" are mutually inverse. Poverty is a state in which a person does not have the opportunity to meet their biological needs. Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the general standard of living in a given society. Wealth is the abundance of human values that exceed the vital needs of a person.
A person can be the owner of several cars, have a country house and still be unsatisfied.
Another has a large and friendly family, an inexpensive car, and for him this is abundance. It is important that a person does not set himself the task of acquiring all material goods, but it is also impossible to live like an ascetic. The purpose of life should be wider than personal, it should come from the desire to do good to people. Only then will a person be truly rich and happy.
This issue has been addressed in many literary works. Thus, in Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky contrasts the magnificent and luxurious Petersburg with the poor and doomed Raskolnikov. And showing what actions poverty encourages people to do: Sonya works in a “brothel” to help her family, but the author focuses not only on the material condition of the characters, but also shows us that a person, having not a penny behind his back, be truly mentally rich.
There is a big gap between wealth and poverty. And the material condition certainly has great importance in a person's life, but one should never forget about the development of one's inner world, acquiring material values for the development and well-being of one's life.
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Shaikhutdinova Aigul Ildarovna, 11th grade student of MBOU secondary school No. 6, Aznakaevo
Essay on Wealth and Poverty
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I chose this topic because the topic of poverty and wealth can be considered the most significant of all social problems, inherent in any social system at all times. The problem of wealth and poverty has been worrying the minds of millions of people since those time immemorial, when, with the advent of private property and inequality, the period of primitive communal "communism" ended and a transition was made to a civilization in which primitive equality was replaced by social stratification, characterized by an uneven distribution of the most limited resources of society - money, power, education and prestige between different strata (strata) of the population. The problem of wealth and poverty does not lose its relevance today, especially for Russia. Russia's transition to a market economy was accompanied by a rapid stratification of society into rich and poor. According to official data from Rosstat, the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level in 2013 amounted to 19.6 million people. Thus, poor citizens make up 13.8% of the total population of Russia. After reviewing many dictionaries from the dictionaries of Dahl and Ozhegov to the encyclopedic dictionary of F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron, one can define the concepts of poverty and wealth as the economic condition of people in relation to money, property, characterized by a certain level of income and expenses. Whether a person is rich or poor depends on the amount of money and the necessary goods and access to them. As the people say: "The poor are empty, and the rich are full." The poor have a low level of income and expenses, as a result of which they cannot maintain the desired living standards, while a rich personan abundance of tangible and intangible assets such as money, capital goods, real estate, or personal possessions. Nobody voluntarily wants to be poor, everyone wants to be rich. Why, then, can't most people become rich? Many scientists were looking for answers to this question, such as Aristotle, Plato, T. Hobbes, P.-J. Proudhon, F. Nietzsche, G. Marcuse, E. Fromm, F. Hayek. M. Weber, T. Veblen, W. Sombart, K. Marx, P. Sorokin, F. Engels. A. Smith and others. Poverty is the result of various and interrelated causes, which are grouped into the following groups: economic ( unemployment, low wage , low labor productivity, non-competitiveness industries); socio-medical (disability, old age , high levelincidence); demographic (single-parent families, a large numberdependents in the family); educational and qualification (low leveleducation, insufficient professional training); political (military conflicts, forcedmigration ); regional-geographical (uneven development of regions); fatalistic (the cause of poverty is seen in the absence of luck and twists of fate).
I believe that in addition to objective reasons leading to poverty, there are also subjective reasons. Now scientists are talking about the existence of a psychology of poverty. A certain fault for his position of poverty lies with the person himself. Such character traits as laziness, passivity, lack of goals in life, low adaptability, low self-esteem, fear, fear of change, lack of enterprise and initiative, alcoholism are also causes of poverty. A rich person, unlike a poor person, has a completely different way of thinking. The rich man is confident in his abilities, believes in success, is not afraid of difficulties and considers all possibilities to achieve his goal, while the poor believes that nothing will work out for him, that nothing depends on him, he is obsessed
on obstacles. The poor only dream of wealth that is inaccessible to them, while the rich take action to get it. Poor people communicate with losers, envy the rich and resent their success, considering wealth to be evil, and all the rich to be dishonest and bad. Wealthy people learn fromsuccessful people , they admire them and do everything in order to become successful.
My opinion is that poverty and wealth are determined not by gold, but by the attitude towards it.
The ancient wisdom correctly says: “Happy is not the one who has a lot, but the one who has enough!
Material well-being should be combined with spiritual wealth. Much depends on the person himself, on his choice. We need to teach people to be rich both materially and spiritually.
As for the question of whether the rich should be taxed more than the poor, there is no clear answer. At first glance, it seems that it is fair that the one who has more should pay more. But even with the 13% income tax we have in Russia, the rich pay more. Those who earn, for example, 10,000 rubles pay 1,300 rubles, and those who earn 1 million rubles and pay a similar income will pay 160,000 rubles. And if you increase taxes for the rich, for example, introduce a proportional tax, then you need to do it within reasonable limits, so as not to deprive people of the incentive to earn money and alienate people from property, as we already had in the history of dispossession. Otherwise, the rich will look for loopholes to hide their income. This can lead to the development of the shadow economy, the outflow of capital, and also how Depardieu the rich can run away from taxes to other countries with their capital. All this will hit our economy. First, it is necessary to develop the correct criteria for wealth in order to tax the rich, and not shift it to the purses of the middle class. Secondly, taxes should stimulate the development of business, and not rob it.
I would give the Nobel Prize to the one who came up with a new efficient and fair system of taxation.
The tax policy of the state should be an effective mechanism that promotes the development of the economy and society as a whole, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. Death and taxes are inevitable. As saidHolmes Oliver Wendell: "Taxes are the price we pay for being able to live in a civilized society"
Podolsky Institute of Moscow State Open University
Social Research Program
"Social problem
-
POVERTY"
Completed by a student Checked by: Ivanov Ya.Ya.
Groups "9-35"
Kuznetsova Elena Yurievna
Podolsk 2005
1. Entering .................................................................................................... 1
2. The concept of poverty. The history of the study of poverty…………………….……………………….2
3.Basic concepts for the study and measurement of poverty…………………………………………...........3
4. The problem of poverty in Russia…………………………………………….………………………………..4
5. Signs of groups of the “social bottom”…………………………………………………………………………..4
6. On the verge of the “bottom”……………………………………………………………………………………….…6
7.Methods of fighting poverty……………………………………………………………………...……….7
8.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………....8
Introduction
Poverty has always been an urgent problem, but in modern Russia this issue is especially acute. Currently, a significant part of the population is below the poverty line or close to the border of the "social bottom". This is especially noticeable against the background of strong stratification, when the difference in the incomes of the poor and the rich is tens, hundreds and thousands of times. And this process is dynamic, the poor get poorer and the rich get richer.
In this essay, I considered the following issues: various interpretations of the concept of poverty, the history of the study of poverty, the basic concepts of studying and measuring poverty. The theme of the essay, which I paid special attention to, was the problem of poverty in Russia, in the study of which I singled out the main groups of the poor, their characteristics. Considered the category of people standing close to the poverty line. I tried to find out the reasons for their fall to the "social bottom", as well as methods to combat this phenomenon.
The concept of poverty. History of the study of poverty.
Poverty - a characteristic of the economic situation of an individual or group in which they cannot pay the cost of the necessary goods themselves.
Poverty - inability to maintain a certain acceptable standard of living.
Poverty - This is a state in which the basic needs of a person exceed his ability to satisfy them.
In studies of the causes and place of poverty in society, the period from the 18th to the first half of the 20th century and modern studies of poverty in the 20th century (F.A. Hayek, P. Townsend, etc.) are singled out. The works of A. Smith have already revealed the relative nature of poverty through the connection between poverty and social shame, i.e. the gap between social standards and the material ability to adhere to them. Back in the 19th century, it was proposed to calculate the poverty line on the basis of family budgets and thereby introduce the criterion of absolute poverty, link the criteria for determining poverty with the level of income and satisfaction of the basic needs of an individual related to maintaining a certain level of his working capacity and health. A significant contribution to the study of poverty problems was made by both economists and sociologists, the majority of whom recognized the pattern of existence of poverty in society; the difference in points of view consisted, first of all, in the recognition or denial of the need for state intervention in solving the problem of poverty and in the scale of such intervention.
In Russia, poverty research based on budget surveys began in 1908-1909, the most famous one was conducted by A.M. Stopin in 1909 and published in 1913 and completely in 1916 - concerned the budget of the oil worker, this is the only study so far that has given an analysis of needs and budgets and in a national context (7 nationalities). According to this survey, the lowest-income groups (below 250 rubles) spent more than three-quarters of all income on physiological needs, while the highest-income groups (over 900 rubles) spent slightly more than half; the budgets of the unemployed were specially studied. In 1918 the first minimum budget was drawn up, and budget surveys of urban workers and employees continued until 1927 and their publication until 1929, the budgets of collective farmers were 1-2 years longer, but the latter were largely falsified. The cessation of first publications, and then the surveys themselves, was associated with a sharply different picture of the standard of living in their results from those descriptions that were given officially. The most "indecent" fact, from the point of view of the authorities, is the rapid growth in alcohol consumption to the detriment of family life expenses.
Basic concepts for studying and measuring poverty.
Poverty measurements come from three main concepts: absolute, based on the formal compliance of income with the established minimum means of subsistence; subjective based on assessments of one's own situation with the people themselves; relative suggesting that, given the difference in consumption standards in different communities, establishing a single minimum “poverty threshold” is at least problematic and depends on the average standard of living in a particular country.
In the era of the crisis of the so-called welfare state, which affected the development of the countries of the world (in Russia, these processes are also recorded), many scientists and politicians come to the conclusion that poverty in the modern industrial
society should no longer be considered as an absolute, but as a relative state, and, therefore, it will inevitably exist as long as there is social inequality.
The weak point of any quantitative assessment of poverty is the ignorance of a wide range of other available resources that affect the maintenance of people's material well-being.
The concept of relative poverty (the poor are distinguished according to the median principle): those whose income is a certain proportion of the "middle" income in a given country at a given period of time are recognized as poor. At the same time, the poverty line is always at the same distance from the median, which statistically characterizes the standard of living achieved in society.
It is precisely in recent times that Russian sociologists are beginning to come to the conclusion that research on poverty requires an analysis of deprivation, deprivation, and restrictions in social life experienced by a certain proportion of the population. This is the essence of the deprivation approach in assessing poverty, which is an integral part of the concept of its relative understanding and study.
Poverty assessments based on the deprivation approach should distinguish between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of deprivation.
Qualitative content of various levels of deprivation of poor households:
4th stage of deprivation - stage of poverty, when resources are not enough for normal nutrition, the family saves on hygiene items, does not update clothes for children as they grow, refuses to buy fruits, juices, and does not have such durable items as a TV and refrigerator.
3rd stage of deprivation - stage of acute need (poverty) - deprivation is concentrated on the quality of food, lack of clothes and shoes (adult family members are forced to refuse to update them), it is difficult for the family to maintain housing in order, to have simple everyday furniture, to organize, if necessary, the necessary ritual rite (funeral, commemoration), to purchase vital medicines and medical devices, limit the possibility of inviting guests and visiting guests.
2nd stage of deprivation - stage of constraint (low-income)- when there is not enough money for family favorite delicacies, gifts for loved ones, newspapers, magazines, books; the quality of leisure time for adults and children is declining; the family cannot afford to buy a washing machine, visit distant relatives; refuses paid services, primarily necessary medical ones.
1st step - a stage that characterizes living standards close to average and not meaning the existence of a deviation from the generally accepted way of life in the Russian community. Families at this stage need to improve their living conditions, save on the purchase of modern expensive durables, paid educational, recreational services, family recreation and entertainment.
There is a range poverty indices, giving it different characteristics: for example, surplus separating index, when the share of different income groups in the total population is used in the form of coefficients, it makes it possible to give both a qualitative and quantitative assessment of changes in poverty among population groups in relation to global poverty; Rauls index reflects the position of only the poorest family, other indices reflect the proportional lack of income of the poor, the total lack of income that falls below the poverty line.
The problem of poverty in Russia.
Overall score The number of marginals, which was obtained on the basis of a special sociological survey for Russia as a whole, is at least 10% of the urban population. The peculiarity of the process of marginalization of the Russian population is that the groups that fall to the social bottom have a very small probability of returning to normal life, lining up in market relations. Due to the fact that the process of marginalization has reached a large scale and, moreover, has a negative trend, a special study was conducted on the problems of marginalization in Russia.
Signs of "social bottom" groups.
The allocation of population groups to the “social bottom”, as a specific layer, is undoubtedly conditional. However, these groups have similar features: these are people, for the most part, rejected by society, deprived of social resources, stable ties, who have lost elementary social skills and dominant values of society. At the same time, beggars, homeless people, homeless children, street prostitutes - each of the groups has its own characteristics; but there are no rigid boundaries between them: a homeless person can be a beggar, and a homeless child can be a homeless person. However, point-
zone groups have their main features, the specifics of formation and socio-demographic features, which allows them to be identified.
The main feature of the group "beggars" - to ask for alms in connection with the loss of income or its catastrophic drop in the absence of help from any side (society or loved ones) and the inability to earn them through labor. Three-quarters of the poor live in their apartments (houses) or with friends; two thirds of them have secondary and higher education. The number of beggars is increasing due to the increase in poverty caused by the August 17 crisis - and due to the increase in unemployment, wage arrears and pensions, which are becoming widespread.
Homeless - it is actually an abbreviation for the definition of a person with no fixed abode. Obviously, the lack of a "roof" over their heads is the main characteristic of this group. They become homeless as a result of release from places of detention, family conflict and leaving home, as a result of illegal housing transactions, as well as due to forced migration (refugees). Two-thirds of the homeless live at train stations, in basements, attics, and "wherever necessary." More than half of them have secondary and higher education. A new factor in the loss of one's own home today is associated with unsuccessful business conduct, when the creditor forcibly evicts the debtor without any decisions from the legal authorities.
The third group includes only children between the ages of 6 and 17. / This is her main feature. There are two sources for the formation of this group. First - children run away (leave) from home as a result of conflict or difficult family conditions (alcoholism of parents, violence); the second is the loss of parents (death, prison) or the actual abandonment of parents from children. Homeless children can live in their own apartments, but also lead the lifestyle of homeless people if they are left alone.
Estimates made on the basis of the results of a nationwide study show that the lower limit of the size of the social bottom is 10% of the urban population, or 10.8 million people, of which 3.4 million people are poor, 3.3 million people - homeless people, 2.8 million people - homeless children and 1.3 million people - street prostitutes. Street children, whose share is 10% of the number of children in the corresponding age group, deserve special attention. This means that today, in the context of a declining birth rate, 63,000 people born in Russia turn out to be unnecessary to their parents, and they either refuse or are ready to abandon their children.
The above figures do not match the official statistics. So, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, there are from 100 to 350 thousand homeless people in Russia.
The process of downward mobility is mainly catalyzed by external environmental factors determined by a reduced level of social support (single pensioners, the disabled, single mothers) and social isolation (refugees, drug addicts, criminal elements, gypsies). The psychological state of paupers is characterized by a note of despair and hopelessness. At the same time, the whole spectrum of human emotions can be traced in their gaze: the despair of people who have fallen to the bottom relatively recently and are not yet sufficiently socialized in a new environment for themselves (the beggars), the hopeless calmness of the “old-timers” (homeless people) and the optimism of homeless children.
Analysis of the data shows that the social bottom has a predominantly "male face", among them - two-thirds of men and one-third - women. Among the homeless, almost 90% are men; three-quarters of them are people between the ages of 20 and 50. The average age of beggars and homeless people is approaching 45; for homeless children it is 10 years, for prostitutes - 28 years. The minimum age for beggars is 12; homeless children start at the age of 6.
Among the inhabitants of the bottom there are few people with higher education. However, the majority of beggars and homeless people have secondary and specialized secondary education; at the same time, 6% received higher education; homeless people and prostitutes also have it.
About 14% of marginals live in small groups or colonies, the rest live in families and singles. The habitats of representatives of the social bottom are very diverse: they settle in apartments (of their own or their friends), in basements and attics of houses, in abandoned houses and garden houses, at stations and ports, in heating mains and sewer collectors, in landfills. The most unsettled are the homeless and homeless children.
As sources of livelihood, it should be noted the collection of glass containers and scrap materials, things and products in landfills and garbage containers, the performance of various assignments and the resale of goods. One of the main sources of income is alms.
Among the poor and street children, the largest percentage of alcoholics and drug addicts. Most representatives of the bottom bear tangible traces of beatings. Two-thirds of them eat extremely irregular and poor quality food. But in general, they assess their health with a moderate degree of optimism. Many of them do not use drugs.
Vagabonds and homeless children are almost completely not covered by medical care.
The Russian social bottom is very dangerous. The homeless and homeless are prone to violence; are armed (according to representatives of the bottom, 85% of homeless children and 34% of the homeless) with cold weapons, and 28% have firearms. The environment in which homeless children live is literally stuffed with weapons. Especially often they use toxic substances.
There are fewer people prone to violence among the homeless. They drink alcohol more often and more than other paupers, but abstain from the use of toxic and narcotic substances. A large proportion of them end up in jail.
On the edge of the "bottom".
The process of social differentiation is growing rapidly: the rich are getting richer, and the poor are getting poorer. As a result, two worlds are formed, two Russias, with their own socio-cultural values, lifestyles and behaviors (cultures): the world of the richest and wealthiest class and the world of the poorest (outsiders), officially called losers. All life prospects are radically different for representatives of different property strata - from social growth and official position to family relationships and interest in work. The loss of social life orientations is very strongly associated with the level of income and quality of life. It is here, in the stratum of the poor and the poor, that a special, one might say, new stratum is being formed - the "bottom stratum". That group of people who are already drawn to the social bottom. Here people are forced to finally break ties with the "big" society, they break under the weight of failures and social rejection.
The problem of finding a place in life significantly affects social well-being and the nature of social optimism. If the majority of the rich look to the future with hope, or at least calmly, then the representatives of the poor do not expect anything good from life; their attitude is characterized by pessimism and despair. In this psychological phenomenon of the poorest one can see a state of dowry: they are still in society, but they see with despair that they cannot stay here. 83% of the poor Russians and 80% of the poor constantly experience anxiety. They are not so much concerned with low wage how much its non-payment, not so much the economic situation of the industry, but the state of their enterprise. The reason for such selectivity is not even connected with the fact that they live hard, but with the desire to survive. "Pridonye" is a zone of domination of social depression, an area of social catastrophes in which people finally break down and are thrown out of society.
Getting into the natural layer is characterized high level pessimism: people are lonely, consider themselves to be on the verge of collapse. The bottom layer, as the edge of the social funnel, is relatively small (5% of the population) and all the poor cannot be included here. However, it is in this stratum that there are people who have already begun to be drawn into the social abyss and most of them cannot swim out on their own. Finding themselves on the edge of social degradation, social decline, people most often do not see sources of support and begin to experience a state of panic. The poor are ready to expect help only from God.
The given problem forms a serious threat to social security, affecting not an individual, but society as a whole.
Methods of combating poverty.
Many countries, primarily Scandinavian, are effective fight with poverty. To combat poverty among young people, although it is a temporary phenomenon, in many countries there are grants for education and child benefits for young families, and for older ages - pension supplements if its size and the pensioner's income provide only a low level of well-being.
Any government, based on the program of its activities, must choose between the scale of the program for the redistribution of income to combat poverty and programs to stimulate labor activity and savings in public spending. So, in the USA in 1960-1970. social politics was aimed at creating favorable opportunities for the poor, and since 1980, funds allocated from the budget for the provision of food stamps, school meals, free medical care and other measures aimed at reducing poverty began to be significantly cut.
To eradicate poverty and reduce poverty, the international community proposed in the mid-1990s. to national governments:
1. develop comprehensive strategies.
2. improve for poor communities ( social groups) access to productive resources and infrastructure.
3. strive to meet the basic human needs in all segments of the population.
4. Strengthen and expand legislation to strengthen social protection and reduce the vulnerability of certain categories of people.
Generally speaking, all these questions are directly related to the strategic course of the Russian Government. The governments declared the need to create a state with a socially oriented economy in the new Russia.
In such a state, of course, a person is placed at the center of development, the solution of his problems with a constant increase in the level and improvement of the quality of life, unconditional observance of the rights of each individual, and the achievement of social development goals is not secondary to the goals economic development
For more accurate and systematic monitoring of all social processes, since 1995 the United Nations Development Program has been preparing annual reports on human development for the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. To determine the overall level of social development on the basis of human potential, the reports use the so-called human Development Index, which is increasingly being used in our country not only by researchers, but also by politicians and allows for any international comparison and classification of countries.
Conclusion.
Having considered the concept of poverty, one can come to the conclusion and make several
summaries on this topic. The concept of poverty is interpreted in different ways: both as a low level of income and expenses, and as the inability to maintain the desired living standards, and as the inability to maintain the desired living standards, and as a certain sense of self in society.
When considering the problem of poverty in Russia, which is quite acute, single out the following groups of the “social bottom”: beggars, homeless people, homeless children,. A sign of beggars is begging for alms, homeless people - the absence of a "roof" over their heads, children - aged 6-17 years. Factors of downward mobility are: the factor of political determinism, criminality, personal bad luck in life, own guilt, social isolation.
Part of the population is on the verge of sinking, to the “bottom”, due to difficult economic circumstances. These people are in a state of complex social depression, they do not live, but strive to survive.
Poverty is still a major problem in our country and around the world. It, I think, cannot be eradicated, but it can be reduced.
Since ancient times, man has striven for abundance and prosperity. For yourself, your family, your people, and sometimes all peoples together. Wise men, inventors, travelers, generals - each in his own way tried to bring the age of abundance closer. Alas, the world is not perfect. The age of full abundance is still the pipe dream of mankind. To better understand the problem and try to find ways to solve it, it is worth studying two fundamental concepts: poverty and wealth.
For any of the peoples of the world, poverty has always become a terrible test. Scholars define poverty as economic characteristics person or group of people who cannot afford to have a certain minimum set essential goods. Philosophers and poets viewed poverty differently. ancient greek philosopher Plato believed: "Poverty does not consist in a decrease in property, but in an increase in insatiability." “I don’t find anything attractive or instructive in poverty,” said the famous actor Charlie Chaplin about poverty. The topic of poverty was addressed in their writings different people: philosophers and poets, artists and politicians. A. N. Ostrovsky sums up a good result for them in his work. "Poverty is not a vice," says Ostrovsky, three in simple words summarizing the opinions of millions.
Wealth is the exact opposite of poverty. The scientific definition of wealth is: “Wealth is the abundance in a person or society of material and non-material values, such as money, means of production, real estate or personal property.” The question arises whether wealth is the missing milestone for achieving universal abundance. Russian writer D.I. Fonvizin wrote about wealth this way: “Leave wealth to children? They will be smart - they will do without it; but riches do not help a foolish son. Cash is not cash worth. A golden fool is a fool.” It turns out that wealth cannot play a decisive role in creating world prosperity. But how to be? It seems to me that the way out is simple, and it lies in the harmonious combination of wealth and poverty, as two halves of one whole.
Of course, easier said than done. There is a big gap between wealth and poverty. But after all, common happiness must be built together. World history has repeatedly proved to man that his strength lies in unity with others. And so I think that if each person, having built his happiness, shares it with others, then the age of abundance will surely come.
I, Starovoitova Albina Vasilievna, teacher of the German language, School No. 2 of the city of Mezhdurechensk, chose the topic “Poverty is not a vice”.
The level of material well-being of each child is very clearly visible at the school. Parents dress their children according to their ability. Someone buys clothes in expensive boutiques, and someone in Chinese markets.
I am positive about the introduction of compulsory school uniforms. For 8 years I have been working as an organizer of work with parents, I have drawn up the Regulations on school uniforms and invite representatives of clothing factories in the region's cities to school-wide parent meetings. Legal representatives of students have the opportunity to purchase beautiful and comfortable school uniforms at affordable prices. Now, in the appearance of students, the line between poverty and wealth is gradually blurring.
I will start my essay with a quote: “Poverty is not a vice, it is the truth. But poverty is a vice!” (F.M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment").
Indeed, even if poverty and the result of the imperfection of the economy, or some this person reasons (war, earthquake, flood for example), but it is not difficult to remain a Human if you are still poor. First of all, people, of course, are to blame for their own situation. Man creates his own destiny. If a person wants to become rich, then he will be rich. You need to make an effort and everything will work out.
People are a product of domination market economy, capitalism, and accordingly are on the axis, thrown out of the game; those who did not manage to sell themselves in time or buy someone in time, who did not manage to suppress others, and became depressed.
The topic of poverty and wealth has been of interest to people since ancient times.
Scientists define poverty as the economic characteristic of a person who cannot afford to have a minimum set of basic necessities. Philosophers and poets viewed poverty differently. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato believed: "Poverty does not consist in a decrease in property, but in an increase in insatiability." “I don’t find anything attractive or instructive in poverty,” said the famous actor Charlie Chaplin about poverty. Various people addressed the topic of poverty in their writings: philosophers and poets, artists and politicians. A. N. Ostrovsky sums up a good result for them in his work. “Poverty is not a vice,” Ostrovsky says, summarizing the opinions of millions in three simple words.
Wealth is the exact opposite of poverty. The scientific definition of wealth is: “Wealth is the abundance in a person or society of material and non-material values, such as money, means of production, real estate or personal property.”
Russian writer D.I. Fonvizin wrote about wealth this way: “Leave wealth to children? They will be smart - they will do without it; but riches do not help a foolish son.
There is a big gap between wealth and poverty. But after all, common happiness must be built together. And so I think that if each person, having built his own happiness, shares it with another, then the age of common happiness will surely come.
Scottish poet Robert Burnsall my life I was interested in the human essence, the concept of morality, rich poverty, or vice versa, poor wealth. ATin his poem "Honest Poverty" he talks about eternal questions: what is poverty and wealth, what is honor and intelligence. How honor and intelligence are combined with wealth and poverty.
The poem contrasts poor, but honest people and rich, but dishonest people. He argues that wealth does not mean that its owner is an honest and noble person. Quite the contrary: often a rich person turns out to be stupid and a scoundrel. I think that in the time of Robert Burns (and he lived in the 18th century) it was so. Then everything in England was run by rich and noble people. They were not necessarily the smartest, but their money and their titles gave them the right to rule the country.
At the same time, many smart and worthy people could not find application for their abilities. After all, they were poor and ignoble. Here Robert Burns speaks in his poem criticizing such orders:
We eat bread and drink water
We cover ourselves with rags
And all that stuff
Meanwhile, the fool and the rogue
Dressed in silk and drinking wine
And all that stuff.
The poem “Honest Poverty” is one of the answers to many questions: why a person is poor, what will help him escape from poverty, how to maintain purity in his soul, while having the opportunity to get rich, etc. Burns in the poem calls not to be ashamed of his poverty. A person who depends on money, wealth, cannot be assessed as a smart person. This poem is consonant with the Russian proverb: "Meet by clothes, see off by mind." This is the very first and most important dignity of a person, which cannot be bought. It is the pride of both the rich and the poor.
It is impossible to reward, pay off with the mind, it is impossible to buy it. Orders, ribbons, expensive clothes - this is not an indicator of the mind. Whoever in Burns is “dressed in silks and drinks wine” is a fool and a rogue. Burns is optimistic in his views: The day will come and the hour will strike,
When mind and honor
The whole earth will have a turn
Stay in first place.
It seems to me that the time that Burns dreamed of has not yet arrived. The desire of people to live better is natural, but the desire to live better at the expense of others is a sign of our time. Smart people today vegetate, and in honor is the one who is more cunning, physically stronger, whose nerves are stronger. Will hope:
What will be the day
When around
All people will become brothers!
And then human qualities will really be appreciated.
Sources:
http:// ycilka. net/ tvir. php? id=820# ixzz3 zdxZgYsx .
http:// center- yf. en/ data/ economy/ bednost- essay. php "
Robert Burns' poem "Honest Poverty"
Ich habe, Starowojtowa Albina Wassiljewna, der Lehrer des Deutschen, die Schulen No. 2 Städte Meschduretschenska das Thema "die Armut nicht das Laster" gewählt. In der Schule ist das Niveau des materiellen Wohlergehens jedes Kindes sehr gut sichtbar. Die Eltern bekleiden der Kinder nach den Möglichkeiten. ich lade aufschoolwide
die Elternversammlungen der Vertreter der Bekleidungswerke der Städte des Gebietes ein. Die gesetzlichen Vertreter der Ausgebildeten haben die Möglichkeit, die schöne und bequeme Schuluniform nach den preiswerten Preisen zu erwerben. Jetzt wird im Aussehen der Schüler der Rand zwischen der Armut und dem Reichtum allmählich gewaschen. Das Essay werde ich mit dem Zitat beginnen: “die Armut nicht das Laster, ist die Wahrheit. Aber das Elend - das Laster! (F.M. Dostojewski, "das Verbrechen und die Strafe"). Wirklich, wenn auch die Armut und das Ergebnis der Unvollkommenheit der Wirtschaft, oder irgendwelcher unabhängig vom gegebenen Menschen der Gründe (der Krieg, das Erdbeben, die Überschwemmung, zum Beispiel,), aber unkompliziert ist, der Mensch zu arm du ble dochben, wenn bist. In erster Line sind die Menschen, natürlich, an der Lage selbst schuldig. Der Menschschafft das Schicksal selbst. Wenn der Mensch reich werden will, so wird er von ihm. Man muss die Anstrengungen machen - und aller wird sich ergeben. Die Menschen sind ein Produkt der Herrschaft der Marktwirtschaft, des Kapitalismus, und entsprechend befinden sich auf die Achsen, die aus dem Spiel hinausgeworfen sind; nicht schaffend rechtzeitig, oder rechtzeitig jemanden verkauft zu werden, nicht schaffend zu kaufen, andere zu unterdrücken, wurden unterdrückt eben. Das Thema der Armut und des Reichtumes von den einstigen Zeiten interessiert die Menschen. Die Gelehrten bestimmen die Armut wie die Wirtschaftscharakteristik des Menschen, nicht könnend, sich zu gönnen, den minimalen Satz des Wohls der ersten Notwendigkeit zu haben. Die Philosopher und die Dichter betrachteten Armut anders. Altgriechischer Philosoph Platon hielt: "die Armut besteht nicht in der Verkleinerung des Eigentums, und in der Vergrößerung der Unersättlichkeit". "Ich finde in der Armut nichts attraktiv oder lehrreich" - so über die Armut sagte berühmter Schauspieler Charlie Tschaplin. An das Thema der Armut in den Werken behandelten verschiedene Menschen: die Philosophen und die Dichter, die Maler und die Politiker. ihm im Werk führt A.N. Ostrowski zu. "Die Armut nicht das Laster", - sagt Ostrowski, von drei einfachen Wörtern die Meinungen Millionen zusammenfassend. Ein direkter Gegensatz der Armut ist der Reichtum. Die wissenstumchaftliche Bestimmung des Reichtumes sieht so aus: " – der Überfluss beim Menschen oder der Gesellschaft der materiellen und immateriellen Werte, solcher, wie das Geld, das Produktionsmittel, Immobilien oder das persönliche Eigentum.” Russischer Schriftsteller D.I.Fonwisin so schrieb über den Reichtum: “den Reichtum den Kindern Abzugeben? Werden klug sein - ohne ihn werden umgehen; und dem dummen Sohn nicht in die Hilfe der Reichtum. Zwischen dem Reichtum und der Armut der große Abgrund. Aber doch soll das allgemeine Gluck zusammen eben gebaut werden. Und deshalb denke ich, dass wenn jeder Mensch, das Glück aufgebaut, wird anderem mitteilen, so wird das Jahrhundert des allgemeinen Glückes unbedingt treten. Schottischen Dichter Robert Bernsa interessierten das menschliche Wesen, die Begriffe von der Moral, die reiche Armut oder im Gegenteil, den armen Reichtum lebenslang. Im Gedicht urteilt "die Ehrliche Armut" den ewigen Fragen: was ist Armut und der Reichtum, was ist Ehre und den Verstand. Wie die Ehre und der Verstand mit dem Reichtum und der Armut kombiniert werden. Im Gedicht sind arm, aber ehrlich und reich, aber die unehrlichen Menschen entgegengesetzt. Er behauptet, dass der Reichtum nicht bedeutet, dass sein Besitzer ein Mensch ehrlich und edel ist. Schneller im Gegenteil: der oft reiche Mensch zeigt sich dumm und dem Schuft. Ich denke, dass es unter Robert Bernsa (und er lebte im XVIII. Jahrhundert) als auch war. Dann machten von allem in England die Menschen reich und vornehm zurecht. Sie waren nicht unbedingt klügst, aber ihre Geld und ihre Titel gestatteten ihnen das Recht, das Land zu verwalten. Gleichzeitig konnten sehr viele kluge und würdige Menschen die Anwendung den Fähigkeiten nicht finden. Doch waren sie auch der unedelen Herkunft arm. Robert Berns tritt im Gedicht mit der Kritik solcher Ordnungen eben auf: Wir das Brot essen auch das Wasser wir trinken, Wir werden von den Lumpen bedeckt Und ganz solch übrig, Und inzwischen der Dummkopf und der Gauner Sind in die Seide bekleidet und die Schuld trinken Und solches ganze Ubrige. Das Gedicht "die Ehrliche Armut" ist eine der Antworten auf eine Menge der Fragen: warum ist der Mensch arm, was ihm helfen wird, aus dem Elend ausgerissen zu werden, wie die Sauberkeit in der Seele aufzusparen, die Möglichkeit dabei habend, u. a. Berns im Gedicht bereichert zu werden ruft, sich vor der Armut nicht zu genieren. Der Mensch, der vom Geld abhängt, des Reichtumes, kann wie der Mensch klug nicht bewertet sein. Dieses Gedicht ist mit der russischen sprichwörtlichen Redensart harmonisch: "begegnen nach den Klamotten, begleiten nach dem Verstand". Die am meisten erste und wichtige Würde des Menschen, die es unmöglich ist, zu kaufen. Es ist der Stolz sowohl reich, als auch arm. Mit dem Verstand ist es unmöglich, zu belohnen, zu zahlen, es ist es unmöglich, zu kaufen. Die Orden, des Bands, teuere Kleidungen ist nicht die Kennziffer des Verstands. Wer ist bei Bernsa "in die Seiden bekleidet und die Schuld trinkt", - der Dumme und der Gauner.Burns
ist in den Blicken optimistisch: es Wird der Tag anbrechen, und die Stunde wird lochen, Wenn dem Verstand und der Ehre Auf der ganzen Erde wird die Reihe kommen Auf dem ersten Platz zu stehen. Mir scheint es, dass die Zeit, von dem Berns träumte, es ist noch nicht getreten. Das Streben der Menschen, besser zu leben - ist natürlich, aber das Streben, besser auf Kosten von Umgebung - das Merkmal unserer Zeit zu leben. Die klugen Menschen heutevegetate
, und in der Ehre, wer, stärker physisch schlauer ist, bei dem die Nerven fester ist. Wir werden hoffen: Dass der Tag wird, Wenn rundherum Alle Menschen werden die Brüder! Und die menschlichen Qualitäten werden dann nach der Würde wirklich bewertet werden.