1. State Environmental Observation Service (Environmental Monitoring)it has its own tasks:
· Observation of the state of the environment and individual natural objects, for physical, chemical, biological processes occurring in it, behind the levels of soil pollution, atmospheric air, water bodies, the consequences of its influence on the vegetable and animal world, human health;
· Generalization and evaluation of information on the state of the environment;
· Forecasting changes in the state of the environment in order to prevent its negative environmental consequences;
· Providing information on the status and changes in the environment of interested organizations and population.
Depending on environmental monitoring facilities, it is divided into common - monitoring of the environment, and industry - monitoring of natural objects.
The organizational basis of state environmental monitoring is Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet). Roshydromet is a federal executive body that performs functions to manage state property and the provision of public services in the field of hydrometeorology and related fields, environmental monitoring, its pollution, the state supervision of work on the active impact on meteorological and other geophysical processes.
Storage of information within the Unified Environmental Monitoring System is carried out in the prescribed manner State Environmental Monitoring Data Fund.
2. State environmental control It is one of the types of administrative and management activities and suggests, in contrast to monitoring, not only the collection and analysis of the necessary information, but also inspecting the compliance with environmental requirements and regulations to the subjects of environmental management, identifying violations of environmental legislation. He is assigned in nature and includes a general and special competence bodies in its system, carrying out management in the field of natural resource use and environmental protection. Special destination among them is occupied by special environmental inspections - state forest protection, hunting inspection, fishewed, state sanitary and epidemiological service, etc.
The organization and conduct of state environmental control and the provision of intersectoral coordination of the activities of state bodies in this area is entrusted with Federal Environmental Supervision Service - Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. The main tasks of state control and oversight in the field of environmental management and environmental protection are the identification, suppression and prevention of offenses related to the illegal and irrational use of natural resources, with a negative impact on the environment in the implementation of all types of environmental management, including environmentally dangerous.
3. Production control It is carried out by the environmental service of enterprises, organizations and institutions (officials, laboratories, departments, etc. for environmental protection), the activities of which are related to the use of natural resources or affects the environmental environment. The task of industrial environmental control is to verify the implementation of environmental protection and environmental activities, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, compliance with environmental quality standards, fulfilling the requirements of environmental legislation at a particular enterprise, in an organization, institution. It can be expressed in controlling the emissions of pollutants, for the release and development of funds for environmental protection measures, at the work of sewage treatment facilities, etc.
Within public control Citizens and their organizations, public associations and environmental movements can independently or jointly with government agencies to participate in the implementation of environmental events, verifying the fulfillment of environmental legislation to enterprises, organizations, institutions, officials and citizens, identifying and suppressing environmental offenses.
Various mass public organizations (trade union, youth, etc.) are involved in the protection of the environment (trade union, youth, etc.), as well as specialized environmental formations (Society for the protection of nature, ecological parties, etc.). The activities of environmental movements that unite citizens in defense of individual natural objects and complexes are expanding, due to the solution of the zonal environmental problems (Lake Baikal, Volga River, etc.).
4. Evaluation of environmental impact (EIA) - procedure for taking into account the environmental requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the preparation and decision-making on the socio-economic development of society. It is organized and carried out in order to identify and adopt the necessary and sufficient measures to prevent possible unacceptable for society of environmental and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of economic and other activities.
The result of the EIA is to conclusion about the admissibility of the impact of environmental activities planned. Justifying documentation on the implementation of types and objects of economic activity, containing the results of the EIA, is submitted to the state environmental impact assessment.
5. Ecological expertise - this is the establishment of compliance with the planned economic and other activities to environmental requirements and determination of the admissibility of the implementation of the environmental impact facility in order to prevent the possible adverse effects of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the environmental impact facility (Federal Law on Environmental expertise ").
The essence of the environmental impact assessment is preliminary (at the decision and project development stage) to verify the compliance of economic activities to environmental requirements, and its goal is to prevent the harmful environmental and other consequences of such activities.
Depending on the order of the organization and conduct, environmental expertise is divided into two types: state and public.
State environmental expertise It is organized and carried out by specially authorized government agencies. The exclusive right to its conduct and the relevant functions belong to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, namely the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Management . The strategic goal of the Federal Environmental Supervision Service is to ensure the environmental and economic security of the Russian Federation, compliance with rational, continuous, inexhaustible, environmentally friendly nature management, the preservation of all environmental components from degradation and destruction. It is endowed with the right to appoint an environmental impact assessment and monitoring its requirements. State environmental impact assessment can be carried out at two levels - federal and subjects of the Russian Federation.
Public environmental expertise It is organized and carried out on the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as on the initiative of local self-government bodies with public organizations (associations), the main activity of which in accordance with their charters is environmental protection, including environmental impact assessment.
Conducting state environmental impact assessment is mandatory in cases established by law, and public environmental expertise is carried out in an initiative order. At the same time, public environmental expertise can be carried out to state or simultaneously with it.
6. Economic environmental protection mechanism.
In the context of the formation of a market economy in the implementation of the functions of state environmental management, along with the use of administrative methods, economic means of ensuring rational environmental management and environmental protection are becoming increasingly important. In this regard, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" introduces the concept of the economic mechanism of environmental protection and determines its tasks and basic elements. The law relates to the economic aspects of the accounting of natural resources discussed above, the creation and spending of environmental funds, environmental insurance, environmental management, and environmental incentives, which can be expressed in preferential lending and taxation of enterprises and organizations in carrying out activities, providing the environmental effect (introduction of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the use of secondary raw materials, etc.), in the application of encouragement prices and premiums for environmentally friendly products, etc.
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Ecology
Approved as a teaching aid by the scientific council of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Komsomolsky-on-AMU
Development of environmental representations
The history of the emergence and development of environmental representations of people is rooted in deep antiquity. Knowledge of the environment and the nature of the relationship with it have acquired practical importance
Definition of ecology, environmental science system
The study of such large-scale comprehensive entities required a unification of the research efforts of representatives of various "special" ecologies. It would be impossible without the development of general approaches to
Universal Methods
Two groups of universal methods are known - metaphysical and dialectical methods. Natural sciences use dialectical methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, analogy, classification, summarized
General scientific methods
Two groups of general scientific methods are also known - empirical and theoretical. Empirical methods - observation, description, measurement and experiment - were decisive in the history of development naturally
Promotional methods
Private scientific methods are used only within a particular section of science or a specific phenomenon. Ecology, like each private science, has its own specific research methods. Pricework
The concept of environmental factors
At the heart of the manifestation of life at all levels of its organization lies the activities of individual organisms, their exchange with the environment, as well as adaptation to media factors. In ecology is widely used
Temperature
Temperature conditions are one of the most important, permanent environmental factors affecting the intensity of metabolic processes of organisms. Temperature fluctuations are geographic, season
Humidity
Water is the main medium of biochemical reactions in the organisms, it is the main mass of plants and animal organisms (from 50 to 95%). All intracellular and intercellular exchange takes place
The ratio of the basic concepts of population ecology
It is also necessary to familiarize yourself with some intravidal structures. Subspecies-suspension of individuals inhabiting geographically homogeneous part of the species range and different
Static indicators of the population
The number of individuals in the population depends on the biological potential of the species and external conditions, can be significantly changed over time. Density
Dynamic indicators of populations
Basic dynamic indicators - fertility (fertility rate), mortality (mortality rate) and growth rate of the population.
The concept and structure of biocenoses
To avoid confusion in definitions, it is necessary to objectize differences in the terms "ecosystem" (A. Tensli, 1935), Biocenosis (K. Mebius, 1877) and Biogeocenosis (V.N. Sukachev, 1942). In general, sun
Major ecosystems
The classification of ecosystems is presented in Figure 8. Ocean ecosystems: biological products in ecosystems are limited by a disadvantage of some vital bio
Structure of the biosphere
The biosphere is the "area of \u200b\u200blife", the space on the surface of the globe, in which living beings are spread. The term was introduced in 1875 by Austrian Eduard Zyuss
Lithosphere
The main role in the study of the internal structure of the Earth is played by seismic methods based on the study of the spread of elastic waves in its thickness (both longitudinal and transverse), arising
Atmosphere
The atmosphere acts the power of earthly attraction, which holds the air sheath at the surface of the Earth. Atmospheric gases are compressed under the action of their own weight. This compression is maximally at the bottom
Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is an aqueous shell of the Earth. The average depth of the ocean is 3800 m, the maximum (Marianskaya Tacha Pacific) - 11,022 meters. About 97% of the mass of the hydrosphere with
Metabolism in the biosphere
All three shells (atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere) are closely associated with each other, forming a single functional system that provides a global cycle of substances, and due to this self-regulating
Course of biogenic elements in the biosphere
Live organisms are constructed from a large number of chemical elements (Fig. 11). Createness of substances - multiple participation of substances in processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydro and lithosphere
Create carbon
The main stages of the cycle carcarbon: 1) CO2 is absorbed in photosynthesis with green plants and photosynthesis of algae; 2) Carbon runs through the supply chains in Sost
Circular oxygen
The oxygen circulation is the planetary process that connects the atmosphere, hydro and lithosphere through the total activities of living organisms. The main steps of the Court:
Crack of Nitrogen
The main stages of the CrupureAzota: 1) Plants and animals contain nitrogen in the composition of amino acids and nucleic acids; 2) Products of the life of organisms (ammonia, urea, etc.)
Circular sulfur
Sulfur - a biogenic element that almost does not happen in deficiency. In the living organisms of sulfur - the main component of some amino acids (cysteine, methionine). The main links are sulfur circulation: 1) with
Circular phosphorus
Phosphorus is one of the most important biogenic elements. It is part of nucleic acids, cell membrane phospholipids, ATP, enzymes, bone tissue, dentin. The main links cycle f
Circuit of trace elements in the biosphere
Microelements are the substances necessary for living organisms, the content of which is very small in them. Most of the trace elements are biologically active, therefore it is part of enzymes. Disadvantage or impeding
Teaching V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere
The author of the term "biosphere" is the French scientist Jean Batist Lamark, who used him in 1803. Lamarca biosphere marked the totality of organisms that live
Idea of \u200b\u200bnoosphere in the modern world
At the present stage of the development of humanity in the scientific world, an urgent problem of man integrity as a phenomenon arises. People for many centuries thought more about nature, cosmos, b
Man as a biological view
Biologically, a person belongs to the class of mammals, a detachment of primates, a family of man monkeys, the genus Homo (man), the mind of Homo Sapiens (intelligent man), pleases Homo Sapiens Sapiens (
The concept of environmental management
At the present stage, you can confidently talk about the holistic, covering all spheres of human activity of the system of environmental management. Environmental use as science is closely related to economy
Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the biosphere
The pollutant is any chemical, energy impact, waste, etc., which go beyond the secure level for a person and causing unwanted changes to
Air pollution
The technosphere regions and natural zones adjacent to the foci of the technosphere are constantly being actively contaminated by various substances and their compounds. Most favored for breath
Anthropogenic problems arising from the contamination of the atmosphere
As a result of anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere, the following negative consequences are possible: 1) Excess MPC of many toxic substances (CO, NO2, SO2
Land pollution
Violation of the upper layers of the earth's crust occurs when mining and enrichment; disposal of household and industrial waste; carrying military exercises and tests, etc. Soil
Energy pollution of technosphere
Industrial enterprises, energy facilities, communications and transport are the main sources of energy pollution of industrial regions, urban environments, dwellings and natural zones. CL
Pollution of water bodies and drinking water quality
The first and main cause of reservoir pollution is too much water consumption (and correspond to
Aspects of social ecology
Scientific and technical progress and the development of hydrocarbon energy contributed to improving the comfort of activity and life, an increase in life expectancy on Earth and as a result of population growth
The scientific and methodological basis of environmental law are modern theoretical ideas about the interaction of man, society and nature. Interaction of society and nature as e
State Environmental Management
Environmental Management and Environmental Management is a manifestation of the environmental function of the state. It is the activities of the competent state bodies aimed.
The most important functions of state environmental management
1. Accounting and maintaining inventories of natural resources. Accounting and registration of natural resources - the necessary prerequisite for the implementation of all other functions of the state environmental
Objective and environmental safety tasks
In solving environmental problems, social policy is adequate to environmental policies. The main objectives of the social and environmental policy, providing normal life and e
Socio-ecological problems as a political factor
At the present stage, a direct connection between political problems, the rational use of natural resources and the protection of natural resources is traced. Today, when unwanted
Formation of ecological culture
When we talk about environmental culture, we mean the relationship of man and society not only to nature: water, soil, atmosphere, but also to itself, animal
Environmental education and education
The environmental crisis is the crisis of the worldview, directly connected with a set of submissions of an individual or group about the system of "Man - Nature", with its attitude to nature and with
Ecological Education Structure in Russia
Now the continuous process of deepening and improving environmental education in secondary schools has become the fact. Many of them have a basic curriculum with a set
Environmental ideology as a means of improving civil activity of the population
Ideology - the system of views and ideas in which people's relationships are realized and evaluated to both each other, social problems and conflicts, and also contain goals (programs) of Socia
International cooperation in the field of ecology
Environmental problems that staggered in front of humanity in the second half of the 20th century became the concern of the entire world community. Global problems that are currently getting up
International Environment Conference in Stockholm
The integrity of world civilization requires the unity of action in creating an international mechanism for technological cooperation on the protection of nature, environmental monitoring and control, the center of urgent
International Environmental Conference in Rio de Janeiro
At the UN initiative in June 1992, the Conference of Ecologists in the Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro. The conference continued the case started in Stockholm 20 years ago. Not all about
Archaeological information about the settlement of the Amur basin
One of the central places in the study of the history of one or another region is the problem of its initial settlement by man. Active archaeological surveys in the Amur basin in the 60-70s
Opening and accession to Russia Khabarovsk Okhotomory and Amur
At the end of the XV - the beginning of the XVI centuries, the union of Russian lands around Moscow in a single state ended the long struggle of the Russian people for their state unity and national independent
Settlement of edge
The formation of the population of the region has always been associated with the solution of the foreign policy and strategic interests of the state. Fixing on newly attached outlook lands, ruler
Climate Amuria
Radiation processes: The Khabarovsk Territory climate is formed as a result of the interaction of radiation and circulation processes. Radiation processes determine the mustache
Relief, Soil, Landscapes
The geological structure of the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory is extremely difficult. The most ancient deposits (Archey, 4000-2500 million years ago) come to the surface in the Siberian platform of the Ayano May district
Water resources of the Amur region
On the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory and the EAO, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 824.6 thousand km2, there are about 210 thousand rivers with a total length of 584 thousand km. From this number of rivers
Land resources of the Amur region
Meadow landscapes: Cupid created huge plains on which meadow vegetation settled. On open spaces, the plains were formed by meadows. Luggage meadows
Mineral and raw materials of the Amur
118 mineral types were identified in the Khabarovsk Territory, which are divided into various natural resources: fuel and energy combustible minerals (add
Especially protected natural territories of the Khabarovsk Territory
Specially protected natural territories are national treasure and natural heritage of the country. The System of the Russian Federation of Russia includes 101 State Natural Reserve, 38 National Parks, 6
Natural parks
Natural parks are environmental recreational agencies that are managed by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territory (water area) of which include natural complexes and
Environmental corridors
Four ecological corridors are formed in the Khabarovsk Territory, their total area is 156,580 hectares. Environmental corridors are organized, as a rule, between particularly protected
Nature monuments
Nature monuments - unique, irreplaceable, valuable natural, scientific, cultural and aesthetic relations natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin
Dendrological Parks and Botanical Gardens
The status of the dendrological park has one natural object - a Khabarovsky dendrological park located in p. Sosnovka of the Khabarovsk Municipal District in the Seed Lesocho
Medical and recreation areas and resorts
Muhan Mineral Waters are the field of natural therapeutic resources of the federal significance, which is located in the River Pool of the National District River. Covers an area of \u200b\u200b8.8 thousand hectares. Re
Local Local
The list of specially protected natural territories of local significance includes 165 facilities of various profiles, it is presented in the decision of the head of the Khabarovsk Territory of January 20, 1997 No. 7.
Cadastre of specially protected natural territories
The state inventory of specially protected natural territories is a set of regularly updated systematized data on the status of specially protected natural territories, their geographic
Keeping the Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory
In accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory (Decree of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory of October 13, 2006 No. 157-pr) Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory is
Physics and geographical characteristics of the arboretum
The arboretum is located in the Leninsky district of Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the floodplain of the lower flow of the Silinka River, on the left bank, in the preserved plot of Silinsky forest. The territory of the arboretum is represented
Questions for the exam
1. Environmental representations of the ancient period. 2. Environmental representations of the Renaissance. 3. Environmental representations in the 18th century. 4. Environmental presented
3.5 / 5 ( 2 voices)
When monitoring and monitoring the environmental type, the overall part in these events is to monitor and evaluate the information received from the object, followed by observation.
But it is worth saying how environmental monitoring is different from environmental control. Here, the whole thing in objects, followed by observation, and, of course, the subsequent actions that are proceeded based on the data obtained.
Environmental control
When monitoring the environmental type, places with anthropogenic action are faced with observation, that is, there are harmful substances in the ecosystem when conducting their activities.
This is what is the difference between environmental monitoring from environmental control. When monitoring the environmental type, the specialists of ANO "Center for Environmental Experts" are impact of the control type above the object that follows the observation.
During monitoring, air, water of different types and soil performs as objects of observation. And this is the answer to the question what is the difference between environmental monitoring from environmental control. The purpose of the observation is to obtain information on what state is the data components of nature, the preparation of forecasts of the alleged changes in them when exposed to natural and anthropogenic processes.
The tasks of this type of observation are to ensure that the natural environment remains in good condition, and nothing threatened to her, no negative impacts of objects that are studied during environmental control. This is the most important thing, what is the environmental monitoring from environmental control. So it can be said that they are mutually complemented.
Environmental control (supervision) - a system of measures aimed at preventing, identifying and preventing violations of legislation in the field.
Types of environmental control
- State environmental control - The federal executive authorities (Rosprirodnadzor) and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are carried out. (Types of state environmental control: state land control, in the field of atmospheric air protection, etc.);
- Production environmental control - It is carried out by the subjects of economic activity (self-control). In order to conduct production environmental control in enterprises, special structural divisions or positions are envisaged;
- Public environmental control - It is one of the guarantees to ensure the right of everyone to a favorable environment and on reliable information about its condition. Citizens have the right to exercise public environmental control both solely and together.
Environmental monitoring
- Integrated environmental observations, assessment and forecast of environmental status.
Objectives of environmental monitoring
- Regular environmental observations;
- Storage and processing of environmental status information;
- Analysis of the information received;
- Providing state authorities, local governments, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, citizens about the state of the environment.
Environmental control - This is one of the important links of the organizational and legal mechanism of the OOS. His goal is to check: fulfills the requirements of environmental legislation; Compliance with regulations and regulatory documents in the field of OOS and ensuring environmental safety.
The implementation of these tasks is entrusted to the ecoctrol system consisting of state, industrial, municipal and public control.
Ecocontrol, as a legal measure, performs a number of functions - preventive, informational and punitive.
State Ekocontrol It is held on behalf of the state, it gives independent and objective results. This is the most influential control, because for the implementation of its functions can resort to the support of law enforcement agencies.
Production Ecocontrol It is held by the enterprise itself - the nature user in its facilities in order to ensure implementation in the process of economic and other activities of the requirements of environmental legislation and compliance with established regulations in the field of OOS, as well as self-testing of environmental management on their facilities and implementing plans and measures to limit and reduce the impact on the OS.
Municipal ecocontrol It is carried out on the territory of the municipal formation by local self-government or authorized organizations.
Public Ekocontrol It is carried out by public or other non-commercial associations in accordance with their charters, as well as citizens. His task is to verify the fulfillment of environmental legislation requirements as all legal entities from the ministry to the enterprise, institution or organization, regardless of the form of their property, and all officials and citizens.
Monitoring - The system performed according to a given program of regular complex long-term observations over the state of the OS, its pollution, occurring natural phenomena, as well as evaluation and forecast of subsequent changes. Some of the main principles of monitoring are continuing tracking. Ecocomonitoring is the initial stage of the environmental safety system.
There are 3 levels of territorial coverage of modern monitoring: local (bioecological, sanitary and hygienic); regional (geosystem, natural economic); Global (biosphere, background), which includes observations of the state of the OS from space - space monitoring.
The main structural elements of the OS are constant observations of the presence of the following most dangerous ecosystems and human pollutants:
in atmospheric air - sulfur oxides, nitrogen, carbon, suspended substances (aerosols), hydrocarbons, radionuclides, benzapire;
in surface waters - petroleum products, phenols, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, mineral salts, and a comprehensive pH indicator is controlled;
in biota - heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides.
The impact of harmful physical factors, such as radiation, noise, EMF and AM, is monitored. First of all, the zones of the influence of the relevant large sources are controlled, namely NPP, airports, large industrial and transport centers, power plants and power plants, television and radio centers and repeaters.
2 components of monitoring - abiotic (geophysical) and biotic is isolated.
State EcoConitoring is conducted in order to ensure the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals in reliable information about the true state of the OS in our country necessary for:
Developing forecasts of socio-economic development and adoption of relevant decisions, targeted programs in the field of EOS and relevant activities;
Prevent and reduce the adverse effects of changes in the state of the OS.
What is the ratio of environmental control and monitoring?
Environmental control and monitoring are independent institutions of environmental law. At the same time, environmental monitoring and environmental control is closely interrelated procedures, but:
The monitoring object - acts the environment,
Object control - Activities affecting the environment.
Environmental control is one of the manifestations of the environmental function of the state and represents a combination of measures to monitor the state of the OPS and its changes, as well as to verify the implementation of environmental requirements by all enterprises, organizations, officials and citizens.
Legislative definition of environmental control is given in Art. 1 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection": "Control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control) - a system aimed at preventing, identifying and preventing a violation of environmental protection legislation, ensuring compliance with business entities and other activities, including regulations and regulatory documents, in the field of environmental protection.
The object of environmental control is, on the one hand, the environment (its components), on the other, the activities of state authorities, enterprises, organizations, officials and citizens to comply with environmental rules and standards.
Environmental control is devoted to ch. XI of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection".
The tasks of environmental control are the provision of state authorities of the Russian Federation, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, legal entities and individuals executing legislation in the field of environmental protection, compliance with the requirements, including regulations and regulatory documents, in the field of environmental protection , as well as ensuring environmental safety.
The environmental control system consists of state environmental monitoring, state, industrial, municipal and public control.
Environmental control is the most important legal measure of ensuring rational environmental management and environmental protection against harmful impacts of public administration. It is through environmental control that the corresponding environmental rights entities for the execution of environmental requirements are mainly ensured.
The environmental control function is carried out in the implementation of other legal measures to ensure rational environmental management and environmental protection - environmental rationing, environmental impact assessment, environmental licensing, environmental certification. But in the framework of all these activities, environmental control, that is, ensuring the execution of environmental and legal requirements, is carried out objectively, along the way, in relation to each of the named activities. The implementation of any of these measures, as well as conducting environmental control, is an independent, targeted activity of specially authorized state bodies carried out within the framework established for the procedure, based on special legal norms and aimed at solving its tasks.
Otherwise, environmental control objectives are the provision of state authorities of the Russian Federation, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, legal entities and individuals of the implementation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, compliance with the requirements, including regulations and regulatory documents in the field of protection Environment, as well as environmental safety.
In contrast to environmental control, state environmental monitoring is observation (control) for the state of the environment, carried out by state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection").
The organization of state environmental monitoring is defined in ch. X of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", which includes one article - Art. 63. It is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to monitor the state of the environment, including the state of the environment in the areas of the location of the sources of the anthropogenic effect and the impact of these sources on the environment, as well as in order to ensure the needs States, legal entities and individuals in reliable information necessary to prevent and (or) reduce the adverse effects of environmental change.
His order of organization and implementation is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Environmental monitoring includes monitoring of atmospheric air, lands, forests, water bodies, objects of the animal world, the unique ecological system of Lake Baikal, the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, the state of the subsoil, the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, the inner sea waters and the territorial seas of the Russian Federation.
In order to improve the efficiency of work on preserving and improving the state of the environment by the Government of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1993, a unified state system of environmental monitoring was created. It involves all specially authorized state bodies in the field of environmental protection and use of natural resources. Roshydromet has the most solid monitor base, which is a specially authorized state body in this field, the following main types of observations are held:
for air pollution in cities and industrial centers;
over the state of soil pollution by pesticides and heavy metals;
over the state of pollution of surface water sushi and seas;
for the transboundary transfer of substances polluting the atmosphere;
comprehensive observations of pollution of the natural environment and the state of vegetation;
behind the chemical composition and acidity of atmospheric precipitation and snow cover;
behind the background contamination of the atmosphere;
for radioactive pollution of the natural environment.
Environmental monitoring data is used by government bodies in order to ensure environmental safety of the population, the operational identification of disorders of environmental requirements, tracking in real-time volleune emissions, discharges, identifying causes or perpetrators of increased pollution.
Monitoring data serve as the basis for the conduct of state inventories of natural resources, to develop forecasts of socio-economic development, environmental programs and individual measures for environmental protection, as well as for making environmentally significant economic and other solutions.