Noise is every unwanted sound for a person. Under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound in the air is 344 m / s.
A sound field is a space area in which sound waves are distributed. When the sound wave is propagated, energy is transferred.
In the free field, the intensity of the propagation of sound is reduced, in proportion to the square of the distance from the source. Weather and climatic factors that determine the absorption of sound with air and the spread of sound can also be influenced by the noise: temperature and humidity, wind power, temperature gradients, atmospheric turbulence, fog and snow. The green belt of trees or shrubs around the sources helps isolate the surrounding area: the high-frequency character of the sound drops when it passes through the green hedge. In addition, the movement of shrubs and trees caused by the wind creates an acceptable camouflage effect.
The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels (dB). This pressure is not perceived irrelevant. Noise at 20-30 dB is almost harmless to humans and is a natural sound background, without which life is impossible. As for the "loud sounds", here the allowable boundary rises to about 80 dB. The noise of 130 dB already causes a painful sensation in humans, and reaching 150 dB becomes intolerable for him. No wonder in the Middle Ages existed a penalty - "under the bell"; The bell ringing killed a man.
2.3.2 The problem of noise pollution today
If in the 60s - 70s of the last century noise on the streets did not exceed 80 dB, then it currently reaches 100 dB and more. On many lively highways, even at night, the noise is below 70 dB, while at the sanitary standards it should not exceed 40 dB.
Over the past decade, the problem of combating noise in many countries has become one of the most important. The introduction of new technological processes into the industry, the increase in the capacity and speed of process equipment, the mechanization of production processes led to the fact that the person in production and in everyday life is constantly exposed to high levels.
According to experts, the noise in big cities annually increases by about 1 dB. Having in mind the level has already achieved, it is easy to imagine the very sad consequences of this noise "invasion".
All new heavy-duty sound sources appear, for example: noise of a reactive aircraft, cosmic missile. Very high level of industrial noise. In many industries, it reaches 80 - 100 dB and more, contributing to an increase in the number of errors in the work, reducing labor productivity by about 10 - 15% and at the same time significantly worsens its quality.
2.3.3 The effect of noise on human health
Depending on the level and nature of noise, its duration, as well as from the individual characteristics of a person, the noise can have various actions on it.
Noise, even when he is small, creates a significant burden on the human nervous system, having a psychological impact on him. This is especially often observed in human mental activities. Weak noise affects people. The reason for this may be: age, state of health, type of labor. The impact of noise depends on the individual attitude towards it. So, the noise produced by the person himself does not bother him, while a small extraneous noise can cause a strong irritating effect.
The absence of the necessary silence, especially at night, leads to premature fatigue. High level noises can appear good soil for the development of insomnia, neuroses and atherosclerosis.
Under the influence of noise from 85 - 90 dB, the hearing sensitivity at high frequencies is reduced. For a long time, people complain about malaise. Symptoms - headache, dizziness, nausea, excessive irritability. All this is the result of work in noisy conditions.
The effect of noise per person has not been the object of special studies until some. Nowadays the impact of sound, noise on the function of the body studies the whole branch of science - Ayudology. It was found that noise of natural origin (the noise of the sea surf, foliage, rain, the murmur of the stream and others) have a beneficial effect on the human body, soothe it, the healing dream is visible.
The effects of the effect of noise on the health of Europeans were studied in 2003. It turned out that, in addition to heart disease, noise pollution causes dangerous sleep disorders in 2% of Europe, and in 15% other negative effects. The constant impact of road noise is the cause of 3% of cases of the disease, which is expressed in the constant sensation of noise in the ears.
The studies published in recent years show that the noise is capable of increasing the content of such stress hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline and norepinephrine - even during sleep. The longer these hormones are present in the circulatory system, the higher the probability that they will lead to a life-threatening physiological problems. Strong stress is able to cause heart failure, angularity attack, high blood pressure and immunity problems.
Among the senses are hearing, one of the most important. Thanks to him, we are able to analyze all the variety of sounds surrounding us the external environment. The rumor is always awake, to a certain extent even at night, in a dream. It is constantly irritating for no protective equipment similar, for example, with centuries that protect eyes from light.
Ear - one of the most complex and delicate organs he perceives and very weak, and very strong sounds. Under the influence of strong noise, especially high-frequency, irreversible changes occur in the organ of hearing.
With high noise levels, the hearing sensitivity drops after 1 to 2 years, with medium - it is found much later, after 5-10 years, that is, the reduction of hearing occurs slowly, the disease develops gradually. Therefore, it is especially important to take appropriate measures to protect against noise. Currently, almost every person exposed to the effects of noise risks to become deaf.
The acoustic irritation is urged, like the poison, accumulate in the body, is still stronger than the boring nervous system. The force, equilibrium and mobility of nerve processes changes, especially as more intense noise. The response to noise is often expressed in increased excitability and irritability covering the entire sphere of sensual perceptions. People exposed to the constant influence of noise often become difficult to communicate.
So, the noise has its destructive effect on the entire human body. His disastrous work contributes to the fact that we are almost defenseless against noise. Dazzling bright light makes us instinctively closed. The same self-preservation instinct saves us from the burn, reducing the hand from the fire or from the hot surface. But on the impact of the noise of the protective reaction in humans.
Above the problem of noise "invasion" in many countries seriously thought, and some have taken certain measures. In connection with the growth of noise, you can imagine the state of people in 10 years. Therefore, this problem must be considered, otherwise the consequences may be catastrophic.
The high level of environmental noise is the audio time of today. This problem stands next to the pollution of soil, air, water. The level of noise pollution has recently increased greatly, negatively acting on human health, as well as flora and fauna. What it is? How to avoid its negative impact?
Noise pollution - the problem of modernity
The high level of noise is the type of physical contamination, which is characterized by the following features:
- increased degree of noise in a certain place;
- distorted sound characteristics - repeatability, sound strength and others.
Almost every source of noise, which does not have natural origin, can be considered as anthropogenic noise pollution. This is not just a harmless trouble, but the problem of a deeper scale. Recent studies of British scientists gave a disappointing result - they revealed that the prolonged effect of noise negatively affects the human body, reducing the life expectancy for about 8-10 years. Controls the level of impact of noise in enterprises with the help of special procedures, such as.
The effect of noise pollution on the human body
The most dangerous noises are those to whom humanity is accustomed to everyday life and does not notice them. These are minor sounds of household appliances, computers, laptops, faxes, printers, and so on.
The effects of excess noise for human health are destructive. Neurological diseases appear, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, absentiance increase. Increased noise levels negatively affects human hearing, lowering its sensitivity. There may also be problems with heart, liver. However, the nervous system is most extended.
The effect of noise pollution on the flora and fauna
Noise discomfort badly affects animals and plants. Its sources in the environment are, trolley buses, compressors and much more. The acceptable noise level ranges in the range of 30-60 dB, but in fact, the indicators often exceed these numbers, reaching 100 dB.
Numerous tests found that plants that are subject to constant influence of noise dry. The cause of their death is the release of too much moisture with leaves. It happens because noise pollution exceeds the allowable barrier. Thus, trees in large cities live significantly less, and bees with the sound of a jet engine lose the ability to navigate in space.
How to prevent negative impact of noise pollution
Today, the noise level in one place or another is easy to measure with the help of special devices and technology. Numerous environmental studies allow you to determine with high accuracy how safe is a certain area. So, noise at 15 dB is a comfortable level for the human body, and the permissible frontier is 55 dB during the daytime.
Device for measuring noise level
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Plan
Introduction
Airplane and noise
Inside the ear
The effect of noise on organisms
Effect of noise per person
Fight against noise pollution
Summa level scale
Introduction
A man always lived in the world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical oscillations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 oscillations per second). The fluctuations of the greater frequency are called ultrasound, smaller - infrasound. Noise - Loud sounds, spilled in a non-stroke sound.
For all living organisms, including a person, the sound is one of the environmental impacts. In nature, the loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives time to animals and a person necessary to assess their nature and the formation of a response. The sounds and noises of high power are striking the auditory apparatus, nervous centers, can cause pain and shock. So there is noise pollution.
Noise pollution - This is the sound scourge of our time, apparently, the most intolerable of all types of pollution of the external environment. Along with the problems of air pollution, soil and water, humanity faced the problem of combating noise. There were also widespread such concepts as "acoustic ecology", "noise pollution of the environment", etc. All this is due to the fact that the harmful effects of noise on the human body, on the human body, on the animal and the plant is undoubtedly established by science. Man and nature are increasingly suffering from his destructive effects.
According to I. I. Sedyu (1990), the contamination is noise - the form of physical contamination, manifested in increasing noise levels over natural and causing anxiety with short-term duration, and with long-term - damage to the organs perceive or the death of organisms.
Normal environmental noise medium varies within 35-60 dB. But all new decibels are added to this background, as a result of which the noise level often exceeds 100DB.
Decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement of noise expressing the degree of sound pressure. 1 DB is the lowest noise level, which is barely able to catch a person. Nature has never been fragrant, it is not difficult, and silent. Sound - One of its most ancient manifestations, the same ancient as the Earth itself. Sounds have always been and even monstrous power and power. But still, in the natural environment, the sounds of the rustling of leaves, the murmur of the stream, the bird votes prevailed, the light splash of water and the noise of the surf, which are always pleasant to the person. They calm him, remove stress. Man worked, and new and new sounds appeared. After the invention of the wheel, it, according to the fair remark of the famous English acoustics R. Tylora, not realizing himself, sowed the first link of the modern problem of noise. With the birth of the wheel became increasingly tired and annoying a person. The natural sounds of the votes of nature became increasingly rare, disappear at all or drown out by industrial transport and other noises, the noise of trams, roars of jet aircraft, screaming loudspeakers and the like - this is the Beach of Mankind.
noisy pollution decibel plane
Airplane and noise
All aircraft produce noise, and reactive - more than most others. As a result, the noise level, especially around the airport, is constantly growing as more jet planes come on airlines, and their power increases. At the same time, both dissatisfaction of the public is growing, so that aircraft designers have a lot working on how to make reactive aircraft less noisy. The reactive engine roar is called mainly by the rapid mixing of exhaust gas with outdoor air. Its volume directly depends on the rate of gas collision with air. It is the greatest when the engines are displayed at full capacity before the separation of the aircraft.
One of the ways to reduce the noise level is the use of turbofer engines, in which most of the air absorbed air minus the combustion chamber, resulting in the rate of emission of exhaust gases decreases. Turboventy engines are used now on most modern passenger airliners.
Usually the noise level of reactive engines is measured in decibels (dB) of a real felt noise, where it is taken into account, in addition to the volume of sound, its height and duration.
Inside the ear
When you fly over the jetting aircraft, it spreads around itself sound waves in the form of oscillations of the air pressure level. These waves create vibrations in your eardrum, which transmits them through three small bones - hammer, anvil and ispidden - in the middle ear filled with air.
From there, vibration penetrate into the inner ear filled with liquid, passing through the seafront channels, the heads of your equilibrium, and snail. The auditory nerve responds to fluid oscillations in snail, transforming them into encoded pulses. The pulses go to the brain where they decrypt, and as a result we hear the sound.
The effect of noise on organisms
Researchers found that noise can destroy vegetable cells. For example, experiments have shown that plants that are shelling sounds dry and dying. The cause of death is the excessive release of moisture through the leaves: when the noise level exceeds a certain limit, the flowers literally proceed with tears. If the carnation is put next to a full-volume radio receiver, the flower will start. Trees in the city die much earlier than in the natural environment. The bee loses the ability to navigate and ceases to work at the noise of the reactive aircraft. A competitive example of the effects of noise on living organisms can be considered the next event of a two-year limit. Thousands of unheard of chicks died on the spit of the birds of the Bird of Girla Fast (Delta Danube) as a result of dredging works, the German company "Mebius" by order of the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine. The noise from the working technology was broadcast on 5-7km, providing a negative impact on the adjacent territories of the Danube biosphere reserve. Representatives of the Danube Biosphere Reserve and 3 more organizations were forced to state with pain to state the death of the entire colony of Ponfonosa Prachk and River Colon, which were located on the Spit Bird.
Effect of noise per person
Long-term noise adversely affects the hearing body, lowering the sensitivity to the sound. It leads to a disorder of the heart, liver, to the depletion and overvoltage of nerve cells. Weak cells of the nervous system cannot clearly coordinate the work of various organism systems. From here there are violations of their activities.
As already mentioned, the noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived irrelevant. Noise level in 20-30 decibels (DB) is almost harmless to humans, this is a natural noise background. As for loud sounds, here the permissible border is approximately 80 decibels, and then at noise level 60-90DB there are unpleasant sensations. The sound of 120-130 decibels already causes a pain of a painful sensation, and 150 becomes intolerable for him and a couple leads to an irreversible hearing loss. No wonder in the Middle Ages existed a penalty "under the bell". The buzz of the bell stall tormented and slowly killed the convicted one. The sound in 180DB causes metal fatigue, and in 190 - snaps down the crosses from the designs. Very high level and industrial noise. In many works and noisy production, it reaches 90-110 decibels and more. Not much quieter and we have at home where all new sources of noise appear - the so-called household appliances. It is also known that the crowns of trees absorb the sounds of 10-20db.
For a long time, the effect of noise on the human body was not specifically studied, although in antiquity they knew about its harm and, for example, in the ancient cities, the rules for limiting noise were introduced. Currently, scientists in many countries of the world lead various studies in order to determine the effect of noise on human health. Their studies have shown that the noise causes tangible harm to human health.
In the UK, for example, one of four men and one of the three women sick neurosis due to a high noise level. Austria scientists have established that noise reduces the life of urban residents for 8-12 years. The threat and harm of noise will become more understandable, if we consider that in large cities it increases annually for about 1 DB. Leading American noise specialist Dr. Knudsen stated that "Noise is the same slow murderer, as was able. " But the absolute silence scares and depresses it. Thus, the staff of the same design bureau who had excellent sound insulation, a week later began to complain about the impossibility of working in the conditions of oppressive silence. They nervous, lost their performance. And, on the contrary, scientists found that the sounds of a certain force stimulate the process of thinking, especially the account process.
Each person perceives the noise in different ways. Much depends on age, temperament, health status, surrounding conditions. Some people lose their hearing even after the short effects of the noise of relatively reduced intensity. The constant effect of severe noise can not only adversely affect the rumor, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in ears, dizziness, headache, increasing fatigue. Very noisy modern music also dults hearing, causes nerve diseases. Interestingly, the American otolaryngologist S. Rosen found that in the African tribe in Sudan, not affected by civilized noise, hearing acuteness in sixteen-year-old representatives on average as in thirty-year people living in noisy New York. In 20% of young men and girls who often listen to fashionable modern pop music, the rumor turned out to be dull in the same way as in 85-year-old old people. Shem has a battery effect, i.e., acoustic irritation, accumulating in the body, the nervous system is increasing. Therefore, a functional disorder of the central nervous system occurs before the hearing loss of the effects of noise. A particularly harmful effect of the body has a particularly harmful effect on the body. The process of neuropsychiatric diseases is higher among persons working in noisy conditions rather than those working in normal sound conditions. Noise cause functional disorders of the cardiovascular system. The famous therapist Academician A. Butchestnik pointed that noise can be a source of hypertension.
The noise has a harmful effect on visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often becomes the cause of accidents and injuries. The higher the intensity of noise, the worse we see and react to what is happening. This list can be continued. But it is necessary to emphasize that the noise is cunning, its harmful effects on the body completely invisibly, imperceptibly and has accumulating character, moreover, the human body is practically not protected against the noise. With a sharp light, we close your eyes, self-preservation instinct saves us from burns, forcing the hand from hot, etc., and there is no protective reaction from the effects of noise. Therefore, there is an underestimation of the fight against noise.
As studies have shown, non-hearing sounds can also have a harmful effect on human health. So, infrasounds have a special impact on the mental sphere: all types of intellectual activity are affected, the mood deteriorates, sometimes a feeling of confusion, anxiety, fright, fear, and with high intensity - a sense of weakness, as after a strong nervous shock. Even weak sounds - infrasounds can have a significant impact on humans, especially if they are long. According to scientists, it is infrasounds, which are sneakingly penetrate through the thick walls, many nervous diseases of the inhabitants of large cities are caused. Ultrasound, occupying a noticeable place in the range of production noise, is also dangerous. The mechanisms of their action on living organisms are extremely diverse. The cells of the nervous system are particularly negatively exposed to their negative effects. The noise is cunning, its harmful effects on the body is committed invisibly, imperceptibly. Disorders in the human body against noise almost defenseless. Currently, doctors speak of a noise disease that develops as a result of the effects of noise with a predominant leaning of hearing and nervous system in this way, it is necessary to fight with noise, and not try to get used to it. The acoustic ecology, the purpose and meaning of which are the desire to establish such an acoustic environment, which would fit or were consonant with the votes of nature, because the noise of the technique is unnatural to the whole living, evolutionary in the planet. It should be remembered that the fight against the noise was carried out in antiquity. For example, 2.5 thousand years ago in the famous ancient Greek colony city of Sibaris operated rules guarding the dream and peace of people: there were loud sounds at night, and artisans of such noisy professions, like blacksmiths, tinsmiths were expelled outside the city.
Fight against noise pollution
In 1959 An international organization to combat noise was established.
The fight against noise is a complex integrated, requiring great efforts and means a problem. Silence is worth money and considerable. Noise sources are very diverse and there is no single method, the method of combating them. Nevertheless, acoustic science can offer effective means of combating noise. The general ways to combat noise are reduced by legislative, construction planning, organizational, technical and technological, design and preventive peace. Preference should be given to measurements at the design stage, and not when noise is already produced.
Sanitary standards and rules set:
maximum allowable noise levels in the workplace in the premises and on the territory of production enterprises, creating noise, and on the border of their territory;
the main measures to reduce noise levels and preventing the impact of noise per person. The appropriate standards are created and created. Failure to follow them persecuted by law. And although at present it is not always possible to achieve effective results in the fight against noise, yet steps in this direction are made. Special noise absorbing suspended ceilings collected from perforated plates, silencers on pneumatic devices and devices. Music studies offered their means of softening noise: skillfully and correctly chosen music began to influence the efficiency of work. The active struggle against transport noise began. Unfortunately, there is no ban on the supply of transport audio signals in cities. Create noise cards. It is they who give a detailed characteristic of noise atmosphere in the city. Undoubtedly, it is possible to develop optimal measures that ensure proper environmental noise. Noise card according to V. Chimunov (1980) is a kind of noise plan for noise. There are a lot of ways to combat traffic noise: the construction of tunnel junctions, underground transitions, highways in tunnels, on overpass and grooves. Fee and reduce the noise of the internal combustion engine. On the railway, the vengeous rails are stacked - the velvety path. Actual construction of shielding structures, land strip landing. Noise norms should be reviewed every 2-3 years towards their tightening. High hopes in solving this problem are imposed on electric vehicles.
Summa level scale
Noise Impact Level Characteristic Noise Products Intensity Noise, DB
Hearing Threshold Complete Silence 0
Permissible level of normal respiration noise 10
Home comfort 20.
Sound clock, sound volume rate 30
Rustling of leaves on light wind 33
Volume Number Day 40
Silent whisper at a distance of 1-2 months 47
Quiet street 50.
Work washing machine 60
Street noise 70.
Normal speech or noise in a store where many buyers 73
Vacuum cleaner, noise on the highway with a very intense movement, glass of glass 80
Dangerous Level Sports car, Maximum sound volume rate in industrial premises 90
Loud music player in big room 95
Motorcycle, Metro Electric Train 100
City of Urban Transport, Röv Diesel Truck at a distance of 8 meters 105
Rips of the Gunning "Boeing 747" right above the head 107
Loud music, powerful mower 110
Pain threshold sound of a working lawn mower or air compressor 112
Ryov "Boeing-707" coming to land at the airport 118
Rips of the Gun "Concord" right above the head, powerful grommet split 120
Air alarm siren, super-hurded fashionable electromussic 130
Pneumatic Cloak 140.
Deadly Level of Atomic Bombs 200
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"Noise Pollution of the Atmosphere"
Introduction The environmental problem is the problem of the relationship between society and nature, the preservation of the environment. For millennia, a person has constantly increased its technical capabilities, strengthened the intervention in nature, forgetting the need to maintain biological equilibrium in it. Especially sharply increased load on the environment in the second half of the 20th century. In relations between society and nature, there was a qualitative horse, when, as a result of a sharp increase in the population, intensive industrialization and urbanization of our planet, economic loads began everywhere to exceed the ability of environmental systems to self-cleaning and regeneration. As a result, the natural circulation of substances in the biosphere was disturbed, the health of the current and future generations of people was under threat. The environmental problem of the modern world is not only an eroland, but also multifaceted. It appears in almost all sectors of material production, relates to all regions of the planet. Stop and listen: Through the street with noise, multi-torques and zila are rushed. Cold the door of the main on the powerful steel springs, the shouts of the shoes are rushed from the courtyard, the guitars are cut to deep night. The tape recorders and televisions are stunned, factory workshops meet us the roar of machine tools and other machines ... The picture like ordinary. But is it normal? Our age has become the busiest. It is difficult to name the field of technology, production and life, where noise would be present in the sound spectrum, that is, a mixture of sounds that interferes with us and annoying us. For certain comfort, the convenience of communication and movement, the landscaping of life and the improvement of the production of the modern person has to listen not to the screened cart and brands of matters, and howl car, the ezgi trams, the taura of motorcycles and helicopters, the roar of jet aircraft. Over the past decade, the problem of combating noise in many countries has become one of the most important. A man always lived in the world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical oscillations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 oscillations per second). The fluctuations of the greater frequency are called ultrasound, smaller - infrasound. Noise - Loud Sounds, Sleeping into Non-Strong Sound. For all living organisms, including a person, the sound is one of the environmental impacts. In nature, the loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives time to animals and a person necessary to assess their nature and the formation of a response. The sounds and noises of high power are striking the auditory apparatus, nervous centers, can cause pain and shock. So there is noise pollution. The noise environmental pollution is the sound scourge of our time, apparently, the most intolerable of all types of pollution of the external environment. Along with the problems of air pollution, soil and water, humanity faced the problem of combating noise. There were also widespread such concepts as "acoustic ecology", "noise pollution of the environment", etc. All this is due to the fact that the harmful effects of noise on the human body, on the human body, on the animal and the plant is undoubtedly established by science. Man and nature are increasingly suffering from his destructive effects. According to I. I. Sedyu (1990), the contamination is noise - the form of physical contamination, manifested in increasing noise levels over natural and causing anxiety with short-term duration, and with long-term - damage to the organs perceive or the death of organisms. Normal environmental noise medium varies within 35-60 dB. But all new decibels are added to this background, as a result of which the noise level often exceeds 100DB. Decibel (DB) is a logarithmic unit of measuring noise expressing the degree of sound pressure. 1 DB is the lowest noise level, which is barely able to catch a person. Nature has never been fragrant, it is not difficult, and silent. Sound is one of the most ancient manifestations, the same ancient as the Earth itself. Sounds have always been and even monstrous power and power. But still, in the natural environment, the sounds of the rustling of leaves, the murmur of the stream, the bird votes prevailed, the light splash of water and the noise of the surf, which are always pleasant to the person. They calm him, remove stress. Man worked, and new and new sounds appeared. After the invention of the wheel, he, according to the equitable remark of the famous English acoustics R. Tylora, without realizing himself, sowed the first link of the modern problem of noise. With the birth of the wheel became increasingly tired and annoying a person. The natural sounds of the votes of nature became increasingly rare, disappear at all or drown out by industrial transport and other noises, the noise of trams, roars of jet aircraft, screaming loudspeakers and the like - this is the Beach of Mankind. Airplane and noise.All aircraft produce noise, and reactive - more than most others. As a result, the noise level, especially around the airport, is constantly growing as more jet planes come on airlines, and their power increases. At the same time, both dissatisfaction of the public is growing, so that aircraft designers have a lot working on how to make reactive aircraft less noisy. The reactive engine roar is called mainly by the rapid mixing of exhaust gas with outdoor air. Its volume directly depends on the rate of gas collision with air. It is the greatest when the engines are displayed at full capacity before the separation of the aircraft. One of the ways to reduce the noise level is the use of turbofer engines, in which most of the air absorbed air minus the combustion chamber, resulting in the rate of emission of exhaust gases decreases. Turboventy engines are used now on most modern passenger airliners. Usually the noise level of reactive engines is measured in decibels (dB) of a real felt noise, where it is taken into account, in addition to the volume of sound, its height and duration. Inside the ear.When you fly over the jetting aircraft, it spreads around itself sound waves in the form of oscillations of the air pressure level. These waves create vibrations in your eardrum, which transmits them through three small bones - the hammer, anvil and swallowed - in the air filled with air. The auditory nerve responds to fluid oscillations in snail, transforming them into encoded pulses. The pulses go to the brain where they decrypt, and as a result we hear the sound. The effect of noise on organisms Researchers found that noise can destroy vegetable cells. For example, experiments have shown that plants that are shelling sounds dry and dying. The cause of death is the excessive release of moisture through the leaves: when the noise level exceeds a certain limit, the flowers literally proceed with tears. If the carnation is put next to a full-volume radio receiver, the flower will start. Trees in the city die much earlier than in the natural environment. The bee loses the ability to navigate and ceases to work with the noise of the jet aircraft. A specific example of the effects of noise on living organisms can be considered the next event of a two-year limit. Thousands of unheard of chicks died on the spit of the birds of the Bird of Girla Fast (Delta Danube) as a result of dredging works, the German company "Mebius" by order of the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine. The noise from the working technology was broadcast on 5-7km, providing a negative impact on the adjacent territories of the Danube biosphere reserve. Representatives of the Danube Biosphere Reserve and 3 more organizations were forced to state with pain to state the death of the entire colony of Ponfonosa Prachk and River Colon, which were located on the Spit Bird. From the Act of Spit Surveys of the Bird dated July 16, 2004: "As a result of the actual scythe of the bird of the bird (near the gyrlah) at the location of large colonies of Pepronosa (950 nests and 430 nests - according to the results of accounting 28.06.04) and river colt (120 The nests - according to the same accounting) on \u200b\u200bthe area of \u200b\u200babout 120x130 meters and the area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 30x20 meters discovered the remains of many hundred eggs of the specified species. The nature of their damage unequivocally suggests that the chicks of them did not hatch. The estimated time of the beginning of hatching chicks of this colony was expected from July 20. The most likely cause of the disappearance of the colony (even adult birds are currently lacking at its place) is an excessive concern factor caused by the dredging technique, as well as serving her boats. " After that, the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine has arrogance to declare that "the construction of the Canal Danube - the Black Sea does not disturb the environmental balance of Danube Delta." This was stated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Konstantin Grishchenko in response to the appeals of the EU representatives and a number of international environmental organizations to stop the construction of the channel prior to the environmental expertise (according to the newspaper "Voice of Ukraine"). Using such a position of the Government of Ukraine, "Ministry of Transport", Delta - Lotsman and Mebios, are not at all going to make any efforts to minimize damage from the construction of the canal. On the contrary, on July 17, the representative of Delta - Lotsman announced the imminent beginning of the demolition of trees and the berth of the reserve in the area of \u200b\u200bCordon Rapid - that is, in the territory not devoid of protected status. Thus, until the President of Ukraine without the shade of embarrassment in negotiations with the European Union, talks about the challenge of the channel for the unique nature of the Danube delta, Mintrans, Mebius and Delta - Lotsman do everything to protect in the Ukrainian part of the delta there was nothing. To date, in defense of the Danube Reserve, about 8,000 letters from all countries of the world came to various instances. Noise pollution One of the types of pollution of the atmosphere in cities is noise. Noise belongs to the number of atmospheric pollution for humans. The irritating effect of sound (noise) on a person depends on its intensity, spectral composition and duration of exposure. Noise with solid spectra less irritable than the noise of the narrow frequency interval. The greatest irritation causes noise in the frequency range of 3000-5000 Hz. The work in the conditions of increased noise at first causes quick fatigue, aggravates the hearing at high frequencies. Then the person is getting used to the noise, the sensitivity to high frequencies falls sharply, the worsening of the hearing begins, which is gradually developing into the hearing loss and deafness. With the intensity of noise 145-140 dB, vibrations occur in soft tissues of the nose and throat, as well as in the bones of the skull and teeth; If the intensity exceeds 140 dB, it begins to vibrate the chest, muscles of the hands and legs, pain in the ears and head, extreme fatigue and irritability appear; With noise level over 160 dB, a breakpoint breakpoint may occur. However, the noise is destructively acting not only on the auditory apparatus, but also to the central nervous system of man, the work of the heart is the cause of many other diseases. One of the most powerful sources of noise are helicopters and aircraft especially supersonic. With those high demands on the accuracy and reliability of the management of the modern aircraft, which are presented to the aircraft crew, elevated levels of noise have a negative impact on the performance and speed of acceptance of the crew. The noises created by airplanes cause hearing deterioration and other painful phenomena among the airport land services workers, as well as residents of the settlements over which aircraft fly. A negative impact on people depends not only on the level of maximum noise generated by airplane during flight, but also on the duration of action, the total number of spans per day and the background level of noise. For the intensity of noise and the distribution area, meteorological conditions are essential: the wind speed, the distribution of it and air temperature in height, clouds and precipitation. Especially acute character, the problem of noise has acquired in connection with the exploitation of supersonic aircraft. Noise are connected with noise, sound blow and vibration dwellings near airports. Modern supersonic aircraft generate noise, the intensity of which is significantly higher than the maximum permissible norms. The introduction of new technological processes into the industry, the increase in the capacity and speed of process equipment, the mechanization of production processes led to the fact that the person in production and in everyday life is constantly exposed to high levels. Fighting noise is a comprehensive problem. Article 12 of the Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" adopted in 1980. It is noted that "in order to combat production and other noise, in particular, the implementation of low-noise technological processes, improving the planning and development of cities and other settlements, organizational measures to prevent and reduce household noise". Noise is every unwanted sound for a person. Under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound in the air is 344 m / s. A sound field is a space area in which sound waves are distributed. When the sound wave is propagated, energy is transferred. The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels (dB). This pressure is not perceived irrelevant. Noise at 20-30 dB is almost harmless to humans and is a natural sound background, without which life is impossible. As for the "loud sounds", then a permissible boundary rises to about 80 dB. The noise of 130 dB already causes a painful sensation in humans, and reaching 150 dB becomes intolerable for him. No wonder in the Middle Ages existed a penalty - "under the bell"; The bell ringing killed a man. If in the 60s - 70s of the last century noise on the streets did not exceed 80 dB, then it currently reaches 100 dB and more. On many lively highways, even at night, the noise is below 70 dB, while at the sanitary standards it should not exceed 40 dB. According to experts, the noise in big cities annually increases by about 1 dB. Bearing in view of the level already achieved, it is easy to imagine the very sad consequences of this noise "invasion". All new heavy-duty sound sources appear, for example: noise of a reactive aircraft, cosmic missile. Very high level of industrial noise. In many industries, it reaches 80 - 100 dB and more, contributing to an increase in the number of errors in the work, reducing labor productivity by about 10 - 15% and at the same time significantly worsens its quality. Depending on the level and nature of noise, its duration, as well as from the individual characteristics of a person, the noise can have various actions on it. Noise, even when he is small, creates a significant burden on the human nervous system, having a psychological impact on him. This is especially often observed in human mental activities. Weak noise affects people. The reason for this may be: age, state of health, type of labor. The impact of noise depends on the individual attitude towards it. So, the noise produced by the person himself does not bother him, while a small extraneous noise can cause a strong irritating effect. The absence of the necessary silence, especially at night, leads to premature fatigue. High level noises can appear good soil for the development of insomnia, neuroses and atherosclerosis. Under the influence of noise from 85 - 90 dB, the hearing sensitivity at high frequencies is reduced. For a long time, people complain about malaise. Symptoms - headache, dizziness, nausea, excessive irritability. All this is the result of work in noisy conditions. The effect of noise per person has not been the object of special studies until some. Nowadays the impact of sound, noise on the function of the body studies the whole branch of science - Ayudology. It was found that noise of natural origin (the noise of the sea surf, foliage, rain, the murmur of the stream and others) have a beneficial effect on the human body, soothe it, the healing dream is visible. Among the senses are hearing, one of the most important. Thanks to him, we are able to analyze all the variety of sounds surrounding us the external environment. The rumor is always awake, to a certain extent even at night, in a dream. It is constantly irritating for no protective equipment similar, for example, with centuries that protect eyes from light. Ear - one of the most complex and delicate organs he perceives and very weak, and very strong sounds. Under the influence of strong noise, especially high-frequency, irreversible changes occur in the organ of hearing. With high noise levels, the hearing sensitivity drops after 1 to 2 years, with medium - it is found much later, after 5-10 years, that is, the reduction of hearing occurs slowly, the disease develops gradually. Therefore, it is especially important to take appropriate measures to protect against noise. Currently, almost every person exposed to the effects of noise risks to become deaf. The acoustic irritation is urged, like the poison, accumulate in the body, is still stronger than the boring nervous system. The force, equilibrium and mobility of nerve processes changes, especially as more intense noise. The response to noise is often expressed in increased excitability and irritability covering the entire sphere of sensual perceptions. People exposed to the constant influence of noise often become difficult to communicate. So, the noise has its destructive effect on the entire human body. His disastrous work contributes to the fact that we are almost defenseless against noise. Dazzling bright light makes us instinctively closed. The same self-preservation instinct saves us from the burn, reducing the hand from the fire or from the hot surface. But on the impact of the noise of the protective reaction in humans. Above the problem of noise "invasion" in many countries seriously thought, and some have taken certain measures. In connection with the growth of noise, you can imagine the state of people in 10 years. Therefore, this problem must be considered, otherwise the consequences may be a cat-painted. Conclusion Nature Protection is the task of our century, the problem that has become social. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but so far many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable rationing of civilization and believe that we still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have revealed. However, the impact of a person on the environment has accepted a threatening scale. To radically improve the position, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. Responsible and effective policies in relation to the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, reasonable knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods for reducing and preventing the nature of the nature applied by the person. Already the time is when the world may suffocate, if the nature does not come to the aid. Only a person owns environmental talent - to contain the world around clean.
Noise pollution can be defined as an obsessive noise that disrupts, distracts, or prevents the normal human activity. And while many people think that noise pollution is the problem of large cities, do not forget that we are faced with it and in suburban areas, as well as in offices and at home.
Causes of noise pollution
Today there are many sources of noise pollution. Here are the main of them:
1. Airplanes. Studies argue that noise pollution from airplanes has a strong negative impact on the health and well-being of people who live near the airports. They suffer from heart disease, high pressure and chronic stress.
2. Cars. Many who live in big cities or near busy streets, complain of noise from traffic. It is interesting that even low levels of traffic noise can harm people.
3. Noise in the workplace. Most of us can think about high-profile assembly lines or construction sites when we talk about noise pollution at work. But it concerns the usual offices. Employees who speak, knock on the table, thereby distracting their colleagues and reduce their performance, without realizing themselves.
4. Home noise. Many people think that their homes can not be called "noisy." But at home we are moving a lot, the TV and other household appliances are constantly working, and all this together takes the noise level that can cause stress. In fact, in children who live in more noisy houses, there is an increased anxiety, problems in the development of speech and other diseases.
Negative consequences of noise pollution
To study the impact of noise pollution on human health, many studies were conducted. And this is how it affects us:
1. Performance. We all know that noise can distract. Recently, a study was conducted by children who were exposed to airport noise. Scientists have found that their ability to read and long-term memory has been violated. It was also established that people who work in noisy offices are less cognitively motivated. They are more susceptible to stress.
2. Health. Noise pollution is very bad on our health. It can cause a stress reaction in our body, as a result of which we get heart disease, high pressure and stroke. Studies conducted by Cornell University show that noise pollution also causes the problems of the musculoskeletal system. Noise does not affect the quality of sleep. And, perhaps, the most important thing: chronic stress reduces our immunity, so noise pollution is a serious threat to our health and well-being.
Elizabeth Scott, stress.about.com
Translation: Tatyana Gorban