Apple orchard business idea. Intensive apple orchard technology.

This article will discuss the intensive technology of creating and cultivating an apple orchard, which allows you to get a harvest the next year after planting apple seedlings, from the third year you will receive a stable profit annually.

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If you own even a small piece of land, you have the opportunity to create a small family apple business and receive a stable income every year.

What is needed for this is to plant an apple orchard using intensive technology. I want to note right away that the days are long gone when, after planting a garden, profits had to be expected in at least 7 years, that is, the investments paid off for a long time. Of course, very few people are attracted by such a prospect, but technologies do not stand still, and now using the intensive method, a sufficient harvest of apples can be obtained the next year after planting trees - 15 t / ha, for 4 years - 30 - 35 t / ha, 6 more than 50 tons per hectare per year.

An apple orchard using intensive cultivation technology, based on the use of tall popular varieties (Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonared, Simorenko, Idored, Starking, Royal Delicious, Steiman, etc.) on dwarf rootstocks (M - 9, M -26, D - 1071, R - 22, etc.), a high density of tree planting per 1 ha - 2000 - 5000 apple trees, a special technique for pruning the crown of trees.

The most widespread in horticulture is the dwarf rootstock M 9, which is the international standard for dwarf rootstocks. Apple trees grafted on M 9 begin bearing fruit the next year after planting. But the main disadvantage of this rootstock is that the root system is located in the upper layers of the soil and, as a result, low frost resistance of the rootstock (-11 C), in the presence of snow cover in winter this problem is not significant, in areas with possible low temperatures the problem is solved by hilling the root zone with earth or organic matter.

Intensive apple orchard technology.

It is recommended to start planting an apple orchard in the spring, while the seats are prepared in the fall. The arrangement of trees depends on the planned pruning of the crown, when pruning according to the type of "slender spindle" - the row spacing is left - 4 m, trees between each other in a row - from 1.2 to 1.5 m, when pruning according to the type of "super spindle" - row spacing from 3 up to 3.5m trees among themselves in a row from 0.6 to 0.8m.

Planting of seedlings is carried out in prepared holes of the appropriate size, on soils rich in chernozem, the size of the holes is 60 x 60, on soddy podzolic and gray forest ones, the size is 1.0 x 1.0 m.At the bottom of the holes, 25 kg of peat - humus mixture are applied, 40 g - phosphorus potassium fertilizers, if the soil for planting is sandy, a waterproof clay layer of 15 cm is placed on the bottom of the hole.

When planting, the seedling must be watered with 3 to 4 buckets of water. The seedling is immediately cut off, leaving 6 buds from the height of the stem, the height of the stems, usually with an intensive method, is above 80 cm, this is necessary so that future fruits on the lower branches do not lean directly to the ground.

Apple trees in an intensive garden should have additional support, this can be a wire trellis, which is concrete posts dug into the ground at a distance of 25 meters from each other, with a stretched galvanized wire at a height of 0.5 m and 2 m.A pine tree can also serve as a support. stake - 2 - 3 meters high, treated with creosote or any available antiseptic. Support is necessary to keep the tree upright and to tie the fruit branches to prevent them breaking off under the weight of the fruit. The garter is made with synthetic twine or plastic garter.

An important stage in intensive technology is the correct pruning of the crown of the apple tree, with a high density of tree planting, it is required to form the crown in such a way as to avoid shading of neighboring trees, while the crown height should not exceed 2.5 - 3 m. Pruning, “slender spindle »Which is a crown like a spindle. Also, gardeners successfully form crowns of the "super spindle" type.

The soil in the near-trunk areas (0.5 - 0.7 m.) Is kept without weeds, mulched with dry needles of conifers, chips from the bark, or treated with herbicides to keep it clean. It is not recommended to treat the soil in the near-trunk strips near trees mechanically with a garden cutter, which damages the roots of dwarf boles; also, during mechanical processing, the structure of the soil layer rises, reducing heat transfer, which contributes to damage to the root system during periods of severe frost.

Most gardeners prefer to treat the near-stem soil with herbicides. Treatment with herbicides is carried out in calm weather, while avoiding contact with the solution on the leaves and stems of trees. In European countries, gardeners use the following herbicides: - Simazin, Azotop, Kerb, Roundup, Glyphosate, Fosulen, Nitosorg.

The row spacings are processed by periodically mowing the grass with rotary mowers, the chopped grass is left on the aisles to create mulch. Grinding the grass is mandatory, if the mower does not grind, then such grass must be removed from the row spacing.

For the care of the garden, a very important point will be the treatment of apple trees against insect pests by spraying with contact insecticides: - Benzophosphate, Oleocobrite, Karbofos, Trichlorol - 5, with systemic drugs - Insegar, Karate Zeon, Aktara. If not processed in time, pests can cause significant damage to the future harvest.

The basis of an intensive apple orchard is watering. Without additional irrigation, you will not get high yields, irrigation can be carried out by any available method, the preferable option would be to plug the well and install a pump, drip irrigation systems with the simultaneous supply of fertilizer solutions that save energy, water, reduce the growth of weeds, and reduce labor costs have also been widely used ...

The apple orchard using intensive technology yields a harvest the next year after planting the seedlings, and in 3-4 years the harvest of an industrial level is achieved, the business in the apple orchard brings a stable profit every year.

To plant an apple orchard using intensive technology, you will need to purchase varietal seedlings from the nursery, each costing about $ 3, you will also have to spend money on organizing irrigation (plugging a well, pump, hoses), installing supports for trees, buying fertilizers, herbicides. At the time of the ripening of the crop, care should be taken to protect the garden. Seasonal workers are hired to harvest the crops.

Apples can be sold in bulk immediately, but if there is a basement storage room, then it makes sense to sell the crop in the winter, when the price of apples approximately doubles. Some gardeners sell apples on their own in the market.

An apple orchard business is an investment for you and your children.

Start a fruit growing business by registering a horticultural non-profit partnership (SNT). The documents are submitted to the tax office. Registration takes about 8 days. The payment of the state fee is obligatory.

The fruits grown by you must comply with the following GOSTs:

1. - general specifications for dried fruit.
2. - fresh apples sold in retail outlets. Technical conditions.

New landing technology

For the most part, the result of the apple business depends on the geography and type of trees grown. But gardening is improving every year. New technologies open up great opportunities and significantly reduce the growing time. Follow our recommendations and get the following result:

• after 1 year - 15 tons / ha;
• after 4 years - 35 tons / ha;
• after 6 years - 50 tons / ha.

The success of these technologies depends on the planting of tall varieties on dwarf rootstocks of high density planting of apple trees, correct pruning of crowns. Tall varieties include:

• Golden Delicious;
• Red Delicious;
• Jonared;
• Simorenko;
• Idored;
• Starking;
• Royal Delicious;
• Steiman.

You can choose the right variety for your area yourself. The necessary information can be found on the Internet.

The business plan of the apple orchard is designed for an area of \u200b\u200b1 hectare. The trees are planted at 2,000 - 5,000 apple trees per hectare. Use the most popular M9 dwarf rootstock. This is an international standard. Grafting apple trees to M9 will shorten the fruiting period to 1 year. The only drawback is that the roots are in the upper layers of the earth. Therefore, frost resistance is only -11 ° C. Cover tree roots with soil to adapt to low temperatures.

How the farmer Valery Zhomer is engaged in gardening

Required technique

At the present time, it is costly for an initial entrepreneur to buy equipment. An alternative option is to buy equipment in or, which you pay with the first income. Read more about gardening techniques. To improve your earnings from growing apples, we recommend purchasing the following equipment:

1. Machine / van / tractor with a trailer - for transporting fruits;
2. Chainsaw or electric saw - for cutting dead trees;
3. Woodcutters - for removing broken and diseased branches;
4. Install an automatic watering system for trees - this will free up your time for other important things.

Preparing for landing

First of all, make a plan for the correct planting of apple trees. Not only the health and quality of the fruit depends on this, but also your reputation. For this:

• plow the area;
• when planting, take into account the distance of the hole, which is compared with the diameter of the seedling root;
• fill the dug holes with water;
• place the cut roots of the seedlings so that the ground covers them;
• prepare the necessary soil by forming a place for watering;
• water the trees.

Prepare the land for the garden in the fall, and carry out the planting itself in the spring. Trees should not shade each other. Therefore, consider planting a garden. Better to contact a specialist. The planting scheme for an apple orchard depends on the type of crown pruning:

Prepare holes for seedlings:

Hole: lower 25 kg of peat distillation mixture and 40 g of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to the bottom.

Garden care

The apple orchard as a business must take into account the constant maintenance of the garden. First, buy it. Remove weeds from around the trunk. Do not machine the soil mechanically with a garden cutter. Cover with dry needles of conifers, bark chips, treat with herbicides. Processing is done in the absence of wind. For this, Simazin, Kerb, Roundup, Glyphosate, Fosulen and other popular types of herbicides are suitable.

Treat trees to repel insects. Use different types of insecticides such as Benzophosphate, Oleocobrite. If you do not do this, harmful insects will significantly reduce your harvest or completely destroy it.

Sapling pruning: leave 6 buds from the height of the stamp (from 80 cm).

Cut the grass between rows. If you are using a mower that will chop the grass, then use the grass as cover for the soil. Remove chopped grass.

Be sure to provide support for the trees. For example, concrete pillars (height 1 - 2 m), buried in the ground at a distance of 25 meters with a stretched wire. Or use pine colas (height 2-3 m). But first, treat them with an antiseptic. Thanks to the supports, the tree will grow in an upright position, and the branches with apples will not break.

Few facts:

• the garden bears fruit for several decades;
• the life of an apple tree is about 50 years;
• the peak of the highest yield falls on 10-15 years of life with a further decrease in fruiting.

Harvesting and storage

To get the expected income, the crop must be properly harvested and stored. Fruit picking usually takes place in September. The characteristic indicator is the acquisition of the peel of a characteristic color and ripening of the stone, which turns brown.

In winter and autumn varieties, removable and consumer maturity is distinguished. To make the product fit for consumption, it is placed in storage for further maturation.

Fruit picking requirements:

• the collection is carried out by hand in cool weather;
• preservation of the stalk is imperative;
• there should be no damage on the surface;
• the product cannot be poured, only shifted;
• fruits that have fallen to the ground are collected in a separate container;
• it is recommended to put apples in wooden boxes;
• fold the fruit in layers, separating from the previous one with a sheet of paper, and also cover with a sheet on top;

You don't need special equipment for storing apples. The basement is a good storage space. Monitor the temperature, keeping it within 0-2 ° C. You can keep a fresh look until April by collecting autumn and winter varieties.

Selling apples

Growing apples as a business provides several optimal options for marketing products:

• with small quantities of apples: sale in the city markets, wholesale sales to traders, delivery of apples to the places where baked goods are made;
• for large quantities of apples: sales of goods to large supermarkets, supply of apples to producers of wine, cider, jams, compotes, jam, vinegar.

Orient the planting from the purchased apple varieties. This fruit is highly prized among wholesalers and ordinary buyers. If the territory, as well as funds allow, build a warehouse for storage. When apples are sold in winter, the profit increases by 50%.

An apple growing business is a win-win household-based income. Even if you have not fully sold your product, you can additionally open it, which will not only save your product, but also increase your profit.

Apple garden in numbers

The use of intensive apple orchard cultivation technologies will raise your business to industrial heights in just 3-4 years.

Stable profits are guaranteed every year.

Saplings cost - from 180 rubles / piece

Garden arrangement costs:

Cost item	Cost, rub.)
Registration of SNT	12 000
Saplings	360 000 - 900 000
Garden design	3 000
Soil preparation	3 700
Planting seedlings	300 000
Organization of watering	4 000
Installation of supports	320 000
Special equipment	3 080 000
Total	4 082 700 - 4 622 700

Monthly costs:

Hire a garden guard only during the fruit ripening season. Seasonal workers are essential for harvesting. The rest of the time, the number of employees should be minimal. You may be able to do it yourself or turn apple growing into a family business.

Payback business on apples - 3 - 4 years.

Profitability reaches 100%.

During the season, apples are sold at a price of 50 rubles. for 1 kg.

In the winter season, this price increases by 3-4 times.

Spoiled fruits can be sold for industrial processing at a price of 20 rubles. for 1 kg.

In the first yearprofit from the harvest will be from 750,000 rubles... You will get about 8 kg of harvest from each tree. The amount of the harvest will increase every year.

Risks

Before starting a business, it is necessary to analyze all possible risks. This business has the following risks and ways to prevent them:

• bad harvest - calculate your own expenses for crop insurance;
• loss of liquidity in case of uneven sales - when attracting a loan, make a refund in payments during the seasonal period with the possibility of a deferral and long-term loan repayment;
• lower prices for products - agree in advance on the supply of products;
• untimely performance of technological operations due to inexperience - strict implementation of the planned plan for growing technology.

Timely analysis and identification of risks will help you avoid possible mistakes and financial losses in the future.

Additional income

Also, you can get a stable income from a new and profitable business of making and growing caramelized apples. This will require:

• caramelizer;
• caramel mixture, water, sugar;
• sticks for the nozzle;
• sprinkles (chocolate, nuts, powder, sesame seeds, sugar powder);
• apples.

Apple - 7 rubles

Caramel - 3 rubles

Other expenses - 3 rubles.

Net profit: 60 - 13 \u003d 47 rubles. from one apple.

You can sell 200-300 apples per day in crowded places, and at large events from 500 apples.

47 x 300 (average sales) \u003d 14 100 rubles. for one event.

What else to do outdoors?

1. A fruitful and tasty berry can be the key to a successful business. Fast implementation contributes to a monthly profit of 130,000 rubles.

2.. It is the most popular vegetable in agriculture. Business profitability - more than 150%. The product is highly sought after, especially at the end of the summer season.

3. - a frequent question of residents of rural areas who have a plot and a desire to make money on this business idea. This type of business has a profitability of 35-40%. Minimal competition and high demand for this product provide an opportunity for good earnings.

4. in your garden. Sea buckthorn is not only a useful product, but also has a multifunctional application in cooking, folk and scientific medicine, cosmetology, which makes it possible to quickly find points of sale for the product.

5. Those wishing to earn money The value of this berry does not subside until the end of the season. The income easily pays for the costs at the initial stage!

One of the priority directions of development of the agricultural sector of the Kuban at present is the introduction of intensive horticulture. An intensive garden is considered an innovative technology, although it was first tried in the world in 1964 in Canada. In the Krasnodar Territory today there are only up to 30 farms that have laid intensive gardens. Surely many agricultural producers do not yet have answers to questions about how to make it really profitable. Although, perhaps, the high costs at the initial stage are frightening. But what business does not require investment? Let's try to consider an intensive garden as an investment.

How much money needs to be invested in it, in what time frame and what financial result can you achieve? Is a special kind of standard business, which consists of a number of factors. The absence or insufficiently reliable functioning of one of them can lead to a significant decrease in economic efficiency. That is, an intensive garden without irrigation or tree supports resembles a good car without wheels or a supermarket without goods. In both cases, the absence of a separate element negates the normal functioning of the system as a whole.

From a seedling ...

The first component of this business is seedlings. They provide about 80% of commercial success. As Russian and foreign experience shows, it is optimal to use healed two-year-old seedlings with a one-year crown - "knip-baum" - "flowering branch". In the world gene pools of the apple tree today, there are more than 20 thousand varieties of samples. The main difference between varieties of intensive type, in addition to the high marketability and fruitfulness of the fruit, is the property of the intensive setting of flower buds on annual shoots. Breeders are now seeking to combine this property with immunity to fungal diseases and certain pests in order to reduce pesticide contamination of fruits and the environment. Of course, regional selection is important to obtain varieties that are well adapted to a specific area. But at the moment, according to specialists who have laid intensive gardens, it is better to give preference to imported seedlings - for example, Italian ones. Although problems may arise here too: far from all varieties are allowed to be imported into the territory of our country by Rosreestr, even those that are optimal for our geoclimatic conditions.

Nevertheless, there is a choice for gardeners, and high-quality planting material, subject to a number of requirements, is able to ensure a harvest already in the year of planting and, accordingly, provide a quick return on investment. The “knip” seedling is specially formed in the nursery and from the very first year of planting “works” for fruiting, that is, there is practically no need to work with such a tree in the garden.

Moreover, the tree bears fruit annually. The fact that "knip" bears fruit already in the year of planting opens up the opportunity for the gardener to maneuver in the market with pomological varieties. This means that it allows you to conquer the market as quickly as possible and ensure the highest profit. Despite the fact that its cost is 2.5 times higher than an ordinary one-year-old, such a seedling can pay for itself very quickly. In addition to the careful selection of seedlings, support is extremely important. A modern, intensive garden is inconceivable without reliable supports for trees laden with crops. You can choose from three types of supports - a stake near each of the trees, impregnated with creosote or copper sulfate, and two types of trellis - from 1-2 rows of wire and a bamboo support near each tree, or from three to four rows of wire to which the trees are tied.

It should also be taken into account that a drip irrigation system is applicable for an intensive garden - it cannot be cheap, but other irrigation systems are not suitable in this case. The fertilization system is developed and annually adjusted taking into account the content of nutrients in the soil, the activity of vegetative growth, yield, rainfall, temperature, leaf diagnostics and other conditions.

And it should be remembered that it is better to "underfeed" trees than "overfeed". The next component of the "garden" business is the system of protection against pests and diseases. These are not only chemicals, but also a reliable tractor and sprayer. Unfortunately, the existing domestic sprayers do not meet the requirements of working in an intensive garden. Any imported sprayer is close to the optimal option. Working with a working fluid consumption of about 260 liters per hectare, it allows to reduce the consumption rate of the drug by 25%, and this covers the additional costs of purchasing an imported sprayer in four years. A garden is impossible without a fence, which also costs some money. Anti-hail installations are also required.

... to the refrigerator

The storage is one of the most important elements that allows you to maximize the profit from the garden, and an indispensable component of success in this type of business. You need to take care of the presence of a refrigerator from the time you make a decision to start gardening, because "knip" allows you to get a significant mass of apples in the second or third year - about 50 t / ha. Without storage, the meaning of such a business is lost, because in the fall the market is overflowing with apples that have a low price. The container needed to store apples in storage is also a very solid investment. Renting a refrigerator can be more expensive than building your own. In the Krasnodar Territory, there are horticultural farms, which even before laying the garden installed their own modern refrigerators - from 2 to 5, for 5 thousand tons each.

People

Well, as they say, everything is still decided by the staff. Although an intensive garden requires a minimum of personnel - because modern technologies provide for the automation of many processes, up to pruning trees in an intensive garden. Despite this, competent personnel are required at all stages of the functioning of an intensive garden. As a rule, with rational technical support for a garden with an area of \u200b\u200b10 hectares, one manager is enough - a specialist fruit grower, one machine operator and two permanent workers. During busy periods of work, such as harvesting, temporary workers from the local community can be brought in.

Let's count?

So, setting up an intensive garden and maintaining it requires a lot of investment. It follows from the above that the exclusion of even one of the elements of such a garden will nullify all the work. So how much money is needed to plant a garden, say, with an area of \u200b\u200b5 hectares, the number of trees per hectare is 2500 pieces? We count. Returning to what was said, high-quality, healthy knip-baum saplings will be required: 12,500 pieces at $ 3 each - only 37,500 dollars. Further - the supports, for example, a single-wire trellis with bamboo near each tree worth $ 16,615. The third is drip irrigation: if there is a source of water and electricity, the cost can be about $ 10,000. Fourth - a fence: a mesh netting 1.5 m high and reinforced concrete pillars for fastening it through every 4 m will cost $ 1,444. Do not forget about the technique: you need a tractor (you can domestic), a sprayer (necessarily imported), a rotary mower for mowing grass between rows, a herbicide sprayer and a transport trolley - it will take about 9300 dollars.

In total, the approximate amount of investments and fixed assets will be about 75 thousand dollars. The work on laying the garden also includes the operations of planting trees, installing supports, installing a drip irrigation system and installing a fence and is estimated at about $ 2,000. It is worth adding also the annual operating costs, which are the sum of the costs of chemical protection against pests and diseases, fertilization, irrigation, facility security, fuels and lubricants, refrigerator rent, wages for specialists and hired workers.

They can reach 22,470 dollars. Such an impressive amount of overhead annual costs involves the use of renting a refrigerator and buying disposable containers. The sum of these costs is up to 40% of the above annual costs. By using the option with your own refrigerator and reusable containers, these costs can be significantly reduced. In terms of one tree, the total costs for 15 years of planting existence will be only about $ 30. For the entire period of fruiting, one tree provides up to 90-100 dollars. net profit. A large investment in the creation of a garden pays off with the harvest of the third year, after which the annual profit will exceed $ 100. Thus, for every dollar invested in an intensive apple orchard, we get $ 2.7. net profit. Of course, this example is exaggerated. It does not take into account the payment of taxes, force majeure. But it allows you to see what are the real potentialities of the strategically important segment of the agricultural business for the south of Russia - intensive gardening.

Aggregated indicators

investment project implementation

apple orchard bookmarks

intensive type and

St. Petersburg

BRIEF OVERVIEW (Summary) of the project

Name of the project - " Aggregated indicators of the implementation of the investment project of laying an intensive apple orchard with an area of \u200b\u200b30 hectares ».

The investment project provides for the laying of an intensive apple orchard in the Kharkiv region, Lozovsky district, with. Sadovoe, with an area of \u200b\u200b30 hectares on a trellis support using drip irrigation, equipped with modern equipment.

Payback period of the project - 5 years

Apple orchard business plan

Apple orchard

Rootstock - M9

Landing patterns: 4m x 1m;

Number of trees per 1 ha of planting: 2500 trees;

The source of water is an artesian well.

Irrigation system - drip.

The planned planting of the garden will be carried out with promising varieties of late maturity: Idored, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Ligol, Gloucester, Renet Semirenko

When planting a garden on a dwarf rootstock using intensive technology, it is planned to install trellises and bamboo as a means of individual support for each tree.

Intensive fruit growing technology, as the most cost-effective, is currently used by all European countries.

The technology of planting an intensive garden includes the following costly aspects:

Design;

Soil preparation;

Breakdown of the site into quarters, cells, rows;

Planting plants;

Support installation;

Irrigation system construction;

Mowing herbs;

Herbicide weeding in rows;

Plant protection from pests and diseases;

Plant nutrition together with watering;

Pruning, green operations and other types of work;

Purchase of specialized equipment.

Growing technology

Site description

An apple orchard plot consists of cells, varieties in each cell alternate in rows (for better pollination during flowering), it is more convenient for each variety to have an even number of rows. The row length should not exceed 150m (due to restrictions on drip irrigation and harvesting). The cages are separated by 15m wide roads.

The satellite image shows 2 possible areas (32 hectares and 38 hectares) for the first stage of planting (autumn 2012). These sites were selected due to the possibility of their faster commissioning, compared to the rest. The rows should be located in the North-East - South-West direction (parallel to the forest protection belts).

In each row, every 10-13m, poles are installed (3-4m height of the post: 1m underground, 2-3m above the ground), the poles must be metal (used drill pipe NKT60) or reinforced concrete (the most expensive). The outer pillars are fixed with galvanized steel wire (4mm) and anchors (1m long) screwed into the soil, or anchored in any other available way (for example, they are concreted or fixed with a load buried in the soil). 3 rows of galvanized steel wire (3mm) are stretched between the posts (at a height of 0.5m, 1m, 1.5m). A drip line (after 100 cm of length) and the lowest branches are subsequently attached to the lower wire. The subsequent rows of wire (at a height of 2m and 2.5m) are stretched as the trees grow in height. Immediately after planting the seedlings, individual supports should be installed for each bamboo seedling (2-3cm in diameter, 3m high) or any available equivalent.

One of the most important measures in the establishment of industrial plantings of apple trees is the selection of modern varieties. For planting an intensive orchard, it is advisable to use, first of all, economically profitable varieties of apple trees of winter ripening, which are in high demand on the market, are transportable and can be well stored. In industrial plantings, up to 5-6 winter varieties of apple trees, which occupy 70-80% of the area, should be grown. If there is a sales market near the farm, then for direct sale a certain share of high-end summer and autumn varieties should be introduced.

With a small number of varieties in the garden, it is easier to implement a system for protecting plantations from diseases and pests, varietal formation and pruning of trees. When selecting varieties, one should take into account their requirements for soil and climatic conditions, primarily temperature regime and the duration of the growing season.

Brief characteristics of varieties.

	Idared. The tree is medium-sized with a rounded dense crown, quite winter-hardy. A fast growing variety with an annual yield. It is affected by powdery mildew, foliage - weakly scab. Fruits are large, flattened, slightly ribbed, regular in shape. The rind is thin, slightly oily, shiny. The main color is greenish-yellow, the integumentary color is bright red on most of the surface. The pulp is greenish, dense, fine-grained. The taste is sweet and sour, slightly astringent with a weak aroma, rough. The fruits are stored in ordinary fruit storage until June-July. Due to its early maturity, high annual yield, transportability and the ability of the fruit for long-term storage, the Idared variety, which has been recommended in Ukraine since 1986, will still retain a prominent place among other winter varieties in the near future.
	Golden Delicious. One of the world leaders, a fast-growing medium-sized variety with low winter hardiness of trees, it succeeds better in microzones with a warm climate. Trees are slightly damaged by powdery mildew, fruits are resistant to scab, which affects foliage. Fruits are medium, elongated-conical, regular in shape. The peel is rough, light yellow. The pulp is yellow, dense, fine-grained, sweet taste with barely perceptible sourness, pleasant aroma. They are stored until May, but with reduced air humidity in the storage facilities they wither.
	Jonagold and his clones. One of the most promising varieties in European countries. The trees are vigorous, of very high productivity, insufficiently winter hardy, not resistant to scab and powdery mildew. Fruits are large (225 g), round, intense yellow, sometimes green with bright red or orange stripes, shooting maturity - October, stored until April-May. The pulp is yellow, juicy, aromatic, of high taste. Triploid requires at least two pollinators, the best of which are: Idared, Alcmene, Melrose, Spartan. Clones with more intense fruit color are spreading: Jonagored, Yonika, Wilmuta and others. Fruits ripen 8-10 days earlier than the variety Golden Delicious, higher palatability, are stored for 8-9 months.
	Ligol... The tree is early-growing, above average vigor, easy to form. Fruiting profusely with a tendency to periodicity. Frost resistance is above average, average resistance to scab and powdery mildew, is affected by bacterial burns and wood diseases. The variety is self-fertile, the best pollinators are Idared, Gala, Golden Delicious. Fruits are large or strongly large, aligned, rounded-conical, with expressive ribbing near the calyx. The rind is firm, smooth and shiny, greenish, completely covered with a bright red blush on the sunny side. The pulp is creamy, aromatic, sour-sweet, tasty. Harvesting maturity occurs in late September - early October, consumer maturity - in January-April.

Stock characteristics.

M9 (England): It is a typical dwarf rootstock and is the international standard for dwarf rootstock. M9 is the most important and widespread rootstock in the world. Trees grafted on the M9 rootstock begin bearing fruit 2-3 years after planting in the garden, and if the seedlings are of high quality (knipp-baum), flowering is observed already in the year of planting. The main disadvantage of the M9 rootstock is the low frost resistance of its root system (-10C) and, in this regard, trees planted in risky, extreme for horticulture, areas must be covered with soil or organic matter for the winter so that their roots do not freeze during snowless winters. The problem of winter damage to the root system of trees grafted on M9 is in most cases eliminated by the presence of snow on the soil surface. The penetration depth of zero temperature in the proposed area of \u200b\u200bthe garden is 80 cm. Gardens on this rootstock are successfully grown in the Voronezh region, where the depth of soil freezing reaches more than 120 cm, which means that there should be no freezing of the root system under the conditions of the intended place for laying the garden. The trees on the M9 rootstock are very demanding for irrigation. Most preferably, drip irrigation allows the application of irrigated fertilizing. This is important, since most varieties on M9 are very fast-growing and are prone to overloading and crumbling fruits with a lack of moisture and nutrition. About 30 M9 clones are widespread in industrial gardens: M9 EMLA (England), RN 19, RN 29 (Belgium), T337, T338, T339, T340 (Holland), etc. Immediately after planting, it is imperative to install permanent supports near the grafted on M9 trees, and in their absence - temporary supports, which are replaced by permanent ones no later than the end of the first growing season.

Features of protection against pests and diseases.

Diseases and pests are a significant threat to fruit plantations. They cause weakening of plants, reduced yield and deterioration of fruit quality. In intensive gardens, the same diseases and pests are harmful as in traditional gardens. All recommended chemical and biological means of protection can be used to combat them. The list of pesticides, doses and terms of their application are published in the professional literature, constantly supplemented with the advent of new pesticides and methods of their use.

In intensive thickened plantations with smaller trees, the frequency and intensity of manifestations of certain diseases or pests may be somewhat different than in traditional gardens. The technique of spraying trees is also specific.

Due to their small size, trees in an intensive garden are better ventilated and more efficiently treated with chemicals that reduce the development of diseases and pests inside the crown, and significantly less working fluid, manual work and energy consumption are required for spraying.

To spray an intensive garden with a conventional garden sprayer, it is enough to use about 600 l / ha of working fluid, and with a special "columnar" sprayer 300 l / ha, reducing the dose of the drug by 20-25%.

Fan "href \u003d" / text / category / ventilyator / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e fan with an air flow of more than 30,000 m3 / h, cause significant losses of working fluid, which only 25-40% gets on foliage and fruits, polluting environment and requiring significant energy costs.

Changes in the technique of spraying plantations consist in the use of economic "columnar" sprayers with a horizontal air flow, with a fan capacity of 20-30 thousand m3 / h. and the optimal droplet size of the working fluid (70-150 microns), which provides better coverage of the sheet surface and small losses from runoff. Thanks to the use of a tractor with a lower power of 30KN, fuel costs are reduced, up to 30% of funds for the purchase of pesticides are saved and the environment is less polluted.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image009_104.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 207 "height \u003d" 277 src \u003d "\u003e Herbicides. When using herbicides, the width of the near-trunk strip in plantations up to 4 years of age is about 0.5 m, in older ones - 0.7-1 m, and their introduction is carried out in the absence of wind, and at a temperature not lower than + 50C, making sure that the drug does not get into on the trunks and foliage of trees.

The choice of herbicide and the dose depends on the age of the plantations, the types of weeds and their quantity, the type of soil and the availability of drinking water near the sources.

In Western European countries, the following herbicides are used in apple and pear plantations: soil herbicides - simazine and its analogues (azotope), kerb, devrinol kazoron; contact - basta and combined action - roundup (fosulene, glyphosate, nitosorg) and others.

An apple tree on an M9 rootstock, on the root of which the herbicide Roundup got on the last year.

Soil herbicides are applied in cloudy weather in early spring before the emergence of weeds, spraying the working fluid on the wet soil surface of the near-stem strip to create a so-called herbicide film that prevents weed growth. In addition, herbicides of the simazine group are used in the fall after harvest. Before applying, the surface of the stab strip is freed from plant residues so that the solution of the drug gets on the cleaned soil and creates a "herbicidal film". In dry weather, it is impractical to apply soil herbicides, or they need to be embedded in the soil to a depth of 5 cm. Some farms use a desiccant - Reglon, instead of gnrbicides, it has a more gentle effect compared to preparations based on glyphosate.

Contact and systemic herbicides should be applied to vegetative weeds in sunny and calm weather at least 2-3 hours before the rain falls. Roundup and other systemic herbicides are applied by directional spraying, preventing the ingress of liquid on the foliage and tree bole, and the height of the weeds should not exceed 15 cm. Before that, root and bole shoots are removed from the trees (without fail!). In Holland, it is not recommended to apply Roundup after the beginning of July, as this can damage the trees due to its active evaporation.

A working solution of herbicides is prepared before use. The consumption of working fluid per 1 hectare of the treated surface when using soil herbicides is 200-300 l, and when treating vegetating weeds with contact or systemic herbicides - up to 600 l / ha. Spraying is carried out with a reduced pressure (2 atm.) In the absence of wind with the lowest speed of the movement of the unit, using T-shaped or special (eccentric) nozzles and directional spray flares and protective shields.

Fertilization and irrigation.

The joint standardized application of water and fertilizers to the soil is the organizational, technological and ecological basis for optimizing the conditions for growing high yields of agricultural crops and their quality. This method is based on the use of various drip irrigation systems with the simultaneous supply of fertilizer solution, which allows you to constantly maintain soil moisture in the optimal proportion in the “water-air” system in the soil and to supply plants with small doses of fertilizers. This contributes to their increased digestibility, less leachability in comparison with traditional methods of fertilization and, as a result, a higher coefficient of nutrient absorption by plants.

In addition, such a system of fertilizing with irrigation - fertigation allows you to apply a balanced amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients, taking into account the phases of plant growth. The supply of fertilizer solutions with irrigation water leads to a more even distribution of them in the entire wetted layer. The drip-moistened soil layer is located in the zone of the main mass of roots, has a certain horizontal and vertical dimensions, depending on the type of soil and the dose of irrigation. During fertigation, not the entire soil surface of a plot is moistened, but strips of a certain width, which saves water, prevents weed growth, and reduces the cost of maintaining the soil in a weed-free state.

When using drip irrigation with an automatic control system, accurate dosing of all fertilizers in the solution is carried out, the amount of solution is controlled per unit of irrigated area.

Fertigation is carried out during the entire irrigation cycle or in the middle and at the end of the cycle, but so that at the end of the fertigation cycle, clean water is supplied to flush the drip irrigation system.

Fertigation allows maintaining the necessary level of nutrient concentration in the soil on soils with low absorption capacity, poor in reserve nutrients. Fertigation saves labor and energy costs for fertilization compared to traditional methods. Fertigation, in contrast to conventional irrigation using large doses of irrigation, allows not only effective use of fertilizers, but also prevents groundwater pollution, does not create conditions for secondary soil salinization.

The use of fertigation requires compliance with certain requirements for the use of fertilizers. For fertigation, only completely soluble fertilizers are used, free from sodium and other harmful impurities.

A fertigation program should take into account the type of soil and the presence of mobile forms of essential nutrients available to plants. Based on agrochemical analyzes according to standard methods and the planned yield level, a fertilization program is drawn up. It can be based not only on the use of fertigation, but also on the application of part of the fertilizers during soil preparation - the main application + fertigation. However, the international practice of fertigation shows that on sandy and sandy loam soils, all fertilizers are best applied by the fertigation method. On medium mechanical composition (light and medium loamy) soils with a low level of nutrient content, the main application of fertilizers is combined with fertigation, and with an average and high level of supply with nutrients, only fertigation is used. On heavy-textured soils - various types of chernozems and heavy loamy podzolized soils - with a low and medium level of supply with nutrients, a combination of the main application of fertilizers with fertigation is used, with high rates, only fertigation is used. Usually, up to 10% nitrogen is given in the main application - 40% phosphorus and 30% potassium. For the main application, you can use various types of poorly soluble fertilizers: superphosphate, ammophos, potassium chloride, nitroammophoska and others.

When calculating the rates of application of nutrients, a recalculation is made using coefficients that take into account the degree of use of fertilizers by plants. For nitrogen fertilizers in the main application, a coefficient of 1.2 is used, for fertigation - 1.1, for phosphorus, respectively - 1.9 - 2.25 and 1.6, for potassium - 1.4 and 1.2-1.6. Depending on local conditions, the coefficients can be specified.

Fertilizer use rates.

With the use of fertigation, due to the receipt of consistently high yields, the removal of nutrients from a unit area significantly increases, which should be taken into account when planning a fertilization system.

For fruit, the removal is N - kg / t, P2Okg / t, K2O - 7.79 kg / t, according to E. Degodyuk et al., 1992.

According to M. Roelos, Germany, 1998, in intensive gardens on loamy soils with a yield of 40 t / ha seed crops, N-kg / ha, P2Okg / ha, K2O - kg / ha are applied, taking into account soil fertility, including N - 50kg / ha, P2O5 - 30kg / ha, K2O - 80kg / ha in the main application.

According to I. Papadopoulos, Kemira firm, 1997, the minimum requirement of certain types of fruit in the elements of food is presented in the table.

Fertilization rates for apple trees (kg / ha a.c.).

Culture	Planting age
	12 and more years

The indicated doses of fertilizers are usually applied with fertigation.

The fertilization rate planned for a certain yield is recalculated using coefficients that take into account the use of fertilizers by plants, as well as the level of soil fertility, according to the analysis.

The peculiarity of the fertigation of fruit crops is that each fruit plant uses a large volume of soil, therefore, subject to the main application of fertilizers, periodic fertigation can be used. Usually, starting from early spring, fertigation continues until mid-summer and ends 1-1.5 months before harvest. To improve the keeping quality of pome seeds, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in the first half of the season, no later than two months before harvesting. The average rate of fertilizers applied with fertigation in intensive fruit-bearing orchards varies in nitrogen from 80 to 130 kg / ha, for potassium from 115 to 140 kg / ha. With post-harvest fertigation for better overwintering they give kg / ha nitrogen and g / ha potassium. The rest of the fertilizers are usually applied as the main application.

An example of irrigation and fertilization of an intensive apple orchard by month:

Irrigation rate 10 l / der (20 m3 / ha)

Fertilization: the rate for 2012 according to the current N23 P13 K22

For one watering with fertigation, give no more than 2 kg. etc. per ha

Watering interval with fertigation not less than 3 days

Use only completely soluble fertilizers.

Breakdown of fertilization in a. by months per 1 hectare:

April N6 P3

May N6 P3 K3

June N3 P2 K3

July N2 P1 K4

August N3 P1 K6

Master 13:40:13 (N-13% P2O5-40% K2O-13%)

Ammonium nitrate (N-34%)

Potassium sulfate (K2O-50%, S-18%)

The total amount of fertilizers in physical weight:

Master 13: 40: 13- 32.5kg

Ammonium nitrate 56 kg.

Potassium sulfate 38 kg.

April

1st watering 2.04 N1 P0.5 1st watering 2.04 master 13: 40: 13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 7.04 N1 P0,5 ammonia village - 2,5 kg (physical weight)

3rd watering 12.04 N1 P0,5 2nd - 6th watering the same as the first

4th watering 17.04 N1 P0,5

5th watering 22.04 N1 P0.5

6th watering 27.04 N1 P0.5

May: number of irrigations-6 after 4 days

1st watering 2.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5 1st watering 2.05 master 13: 40: 13 - 1.25kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 7.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5 ammonia village - 2.5 kg (physical weight)

3rd watering 12.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5 potassium sulfate - 0.7kg (physical weight)

4th watering 17.05 N1 P0,5 K0,5 2nd - 6th watering same as the first

5th watering 22.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5

6th watering 27.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5

June: number of irrigations-6 after 4 days

1st irrigation 1.06 N0.5 K0.5 1st irrigation 2.06 ammonia village - 1.5kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 6.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 potassium sulfate - 1kg (physical weight)

3rd watering 11.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 2nd watering 6.06 master 13: 40: 13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

4th watering 16.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 ammonia village - 1kg (physical weight)

5th watering 21.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 potassium sulfate - 0.7kg (physical weight)

6th watering 26.06 N0.5 K0.5 3rd-5th watering the same as the second

6th watering was the same as the first

July: number of waterings-4 after 4 days. Watering is carried out in the first and last weeks of the month (we do not water the second and third weeks of the month to create a stressful situation, which will contribute to the differentiation of the kidneys, but at the same time, avoiding a decrease in N.V. below 70%). It is advisable to agree on the non-irrigation period in advance.

1st irrigation 1.07 N0.5 P0.5 K1 1st irrigation 1.07 master 13: 40: 13- 1.25kg (physical weight) 2nd irrigation 6.07 N0.5 P0.5 K1 ammonia village - 1kg ( physical weight)

3rd watering 25.07 N0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 1.7kg (physical weight)

4th watering 30.07 N0,5 K1 2nd watering the same as the first

3rd watering 25.07 ammonia village - 1.5 kg (physical weight)

potassium sulfate - 2kg (physical weight)

4th watering is the same as the third

August: number of irrigations-6 after 4 days

1st irrigation 4.08 N0.5 K1 1st irrigation 4.08 ammonia village - 1.5kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 9.08 N0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 2kg (physical weight)

3rd watering 14.08 N0,5 K1 2nd - 4th watering the same as the first

4th watering 19.08 N0.5 K1 5th watering 24.08 master 13: 40: 13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

5th watering 24.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 ammonia village - 1kg (physical weight)

6th watering 29.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 1.7kg (physical weight)

6th watering is the same as the fifth

September: number of irrigations-6 after 4 days

1st watering 4.09 N0.5 P0.5 K1 1st watering 4.09 master 13: 40: 13 - 1.25kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 9.09 N0.5 P0.5 K1 ammonia village - 1kg (physical weight)

3rd watering 14.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 1.7kg (physical weight)

4th watering 19.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 2nd - 6th watering same as the first

5th watering 24.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1

6th watering 29.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1

In dry autumn, it is necessary to do water-charging irrigation of 200-250 m3 / ha.

Corrective nutritional system (foliar feeding)

1st feeding - loosening the bud Megafall0.5-1 l / ha

2nd feeding- phase pink bud. Boroplus

3rd feeding- after flowering, in the phase of falling petals. Boroplus -50-60ml \\ 100l of working solution. Special wizard (N-18, R-18, K-18, Mg-3 + micro) -2 kg / ha.

4th feeding - fruit up to 3 cm Megafall 0.5-1 l / ha

5th feeding -during the period - the fetus is more than 3 cm. Kalbit S Master (3: 11: 38 + 4 + micro) - 2 kg / ha.

6th feeding- during the period of filling and ripening of fruits. Kalbit S 60 - 80 ml \\ 100 l of working solution.

Protection against frost and hail.

Over-crown sprinkling is an effective protection against frosts, but this requires significant water consumption - up to 5000 m3 per 10 hectares of garden for 10 hours at a temperature of -5C. When the water freezes, heat is generated (80 calories / liter), which is enough to maintain the temperature around zero degrees.

With fine-dispersed sprinkling (water consumption is reduced by 50-70%), it is possible to protect the most valuable quarters in a relatively small area. Micro-growths are placed over tree crowns on supports or trellises existing in the garden, so most of the water falls on the crown and not on the soil surface.

The effectiveness of micro-irrigation is ensured under the following conditions:

Cloudless weather, irrigation should be started at an air temperature of + 3 ° C (buds on trees at this time will have about 0 ° C);

Wind speed does not exceed 8 km / h;

The air temperature cannot be lower than -7 ° С;

Water must be served continuously throughout the night until the moment when it begins to appear on the branches under a layer of ice.

Traditional frost protection methods - mixing air or burning straw, fuel oil, car tires, etc. - are ineffective or pollute the environment. The use of fire fighting foam is also being tested.

Additional agrotechnical measures - maintaining the cleanliness of the near-trunk strips, low mowing of grass in the aisles and the inclusion of drip irrigation - can increase the temperature by only 0.5 ° C, but this is enough to save the crop.

The only, but very expensive, means of protection from hail is the anti-hail netting, which is widely used in Germany and France (in Holland it costs 10 thousand dollars per hectare). In Belgium and the Netherlands, hail damage insurance for gardens is more common.

Pollination and ovary thinning.

Effective pollination is a prerequisite for ensuring active fruiting of plantations and the formation of high-quality fruits with high keeping quality. An insufficient number of pollinating insects during the flowering period can be the reason for poor set and the formation of low-quality deformed fruits. This is especially important in unfavorable weather or short flowering periods, especially for triploid varieties such as Jonagold, Mutsu, as well as Elstar, Cox Pepin orange, etc.

From the point of view of the fact that insects are able to pollinate no more than 30% of flowers, it is recommended to exhibit bees in plantations of traditional structures at the rate of two hives per hectare. However, taking into account possible unfavorable conditions during flowering and the need for guaranteed pollination, 3-6 bee families should be placed per hectare of an intensive garden, and 9 bee colonies for a high-intensity one.

Bees bring in about 10% of flowers during the opening period, placing them every 100-150 m every row aisle, and leave them in the plantings for up to two weeks. To avoid disorientation of bees near plantations, do not grow melliferous plants that bloom earlier or simultaneously with fruit (winter rapeseed), and in the aisles and near-trunk strips, timely destroy flowering weeds.

Spraying with insecticides during the flowering period is excluded. If the flowering of trees is not intense enough, treatments with fungicides should also be avoided, since preparations of the benzimidazole (topsin) group can impair the germination of pollen, and copper preparations can cause flower burns.

Thinning the ovary, like pruning, is one of the most important gardening techniques. Of the common apple varieties, only Cortland, Jonathan, Idared, Melrose and Boskopskaya Beauty can bear fruit regularly without removing an excessive amount of ovary, while others bear fruit periodically and need to be thinned out.

Manual thinning is most effective, however it is labor intensive and difficult to execute in a timely manner over a large area. Therefore, this measure is used in addition to chemical thinning and on young trees.

Chemical thinning consists in spraying the crowns of fruit trees with appropriate preparations, starting from the period of active flowering until several weeks after its end. If the flowering intensity of individual varieties in the block differs significantly, the rows with intense flowering should be marked and sprayed separately from the others.

Calculation of capital and operating costs for laying 1 hectare of garden.

Calculation of costs for the purchase of seedlings:

Planting scheme: 4m row spacing, 1m in a row.

Food area - 4 sq. m.

Taking into account the insurance fund, 2625 seedlings are required per hectare.

Estimated price of “Knipp-baum” seedlings for autumn 2011 - 4.8 €.

Total required for the purchase of planting material 12600 €

Calculation of design costs:

The average cost for 1 ha of garden design is about 50 €.

Calculation of soil preparation costs:

Average costs for preparing the soil for planting 60 €

Breakdown cost calculation:

The average cost of setting up 1 hectare of garden is 30 €

Landing cost calculation:

The average cost of planting one seedling is 0.75 €

Total required for landing 1 ha 1970 €

Calculating the cost of installing a drip irrigation system:

Irrigation cost per 1 ha 1400 €

Calculation of the cost of installing the support:

The cost of one metal column from the tubing tubing 60 - 10 €

reinforced concrete - 20 €

221 supports are required per 1 hectare - 4420 €

(with a row length in a cage of 150 m and an average distance between supports 12.5 m (alternating in a row the distance between supports is 12 and 13 m))

The approximate cost of bamboo (0.40 € / piece) per 1 ha - 985 €

Trellis organization - 920 €

Total support installation costs - - in the version with reinforced concrete pillars) 6325 €

Weeding cost calculation:

Average annual costs per hectare for weeding is 30 €

Calculation of costs for plant protection:

Average annual cost per 1 ha of protection is 70 €

Calculation of food costs:

The cost of fertilizers per 1 hectare annually 250 € (1st and 2nd year: 100 €, 3rd: 150 €,

4th and subsequent 250 € (with a yield of 35-40 t / ha)).

Calculation of the cost of purchasing specialized equipment.

Bar machine based on MTZ tractor €

Garden tractor € 83,000

(Claas NECTIS,John Deere 5725, New Holland TN95FAor Fendt 209)

John Deere 5725 can be purchased for 50,000€

dearest Fendt 209 83000€

New Holland TN95 FA costs about 72,000€

Basic requirements for the tractor:

Front and rear PTO, hitch

Sufficient number of hydraulic outlets front and rear

Sufficient power for SIMULTANEOUS rotary mower and spraying (hp)

Tractor width - the narrower the better

Tractor New Holland TN95 FA has a pivoting front axle, which gives it an additional advantage when working in an intensive garden over other tractors

Garden sprayer (2pcs) 14000 €

Post delivery 3200 €

Rotary mower 3000 €

Herbicidal sprayer 875 €

Totalthe cost of purchasing specialized equipment € 45,075

Capital costs for planting a 30 hectare garden in 2012:

Purchase of seedlings € 378,000

Installation of irrigation systems € 41666

Well drilling € 25,000

Pole installation 189750 €

Purchase of special mechanisms 31975 €

Design 1500 €

Soil preparation € 1800

Breakdown 900 €

Boarding 59 100 €

Total: 729691 €

Capital expenditures in 2013:

Purchase of containers 3750 €

Total: 5250 €

Capital expenditures in 2014:

Purchase of a container ship 1500 €

Purchase of a garden tractor € 83,000

Purchase of containers 18,750 €

Total: 103,250€.

Capital expenditures in 2015:

Purchase of containers 24375 €

Total: 24375 €

Capital expenditures in 2016:

Purchase of containers 9375 €

Total: 9375 €

Total capital expenditures for the project 689816€

Operating costs in 2013:

Weeding 900 €

Watering and nutrition 3000 €

Total 6000 €

2014 operating costs:

Weeding 900 €

Plant protection products 2100 €

Watering and nutrition 3000 €

Cleaning costs (yield 12t / ha) 10170 €

Total: 16170 €

2015 operating costs:

Weeding 900

Plant protection products 2100 €

Watering and nutrition 4500 €

Harvesting costs (yield 25t / ha) 21187 €

Total: 9687 €

2016 operating costs:

Weeding 900 €

Plant protection products 2100 €

Watering and food 7500 €

Harvesting costs (yield 35t / ha 29663 €

Total: 40163 €

Operating costs in 2017:

Weeding 900 €

Plant protection products 2100 €

Watering and food 7500 €

Harvesting costs (yield 40t / ha) 33 900 €

Total: 44400 €

Calculation of payback periods by years.

Naming of expenditures

Capital investments, Euro

Operating costs, Euro

Total costs, Euro (item 1 + item 2)

Accumulated costs by years, Euro (item 3, cumulative)

Gross collection, kg

Gross income, Euro

Accumulated income by years, Euro (clause 7, cumulative)

Project net income, Euro (clauses 8-clause 4)

Yield by years, t / ha

Garden area, ha

Wholesale price, Euro / kg

From the table we can see that the excess of income over expenses occurs in the fifth year after planting the garden (in 2016). According to the results of the work in 2016, the expected net profit from the project under implementation will amount to 389,179 Euro. The service life of this type of gardens is 15-20 years.

payback period of the project - 5 years.

Saplings for an intensive garden

Which seedlings to give preference to experienced gardeners when laying an intensive garden

The main requirements of any modern intensive garden, according to experts, are:

Early (1-2 years) entry of the garden into fruiting;

Stable and high yield of HIGH quality fruits;

High labor productivity when performing basic technological operations (pruning, pest and disease control, harvesting, etc.);

Varieties that meet consumer requirements and are in demand in the market;

Short term (12-15 years) of garden exploitation, which makes it possible to quickly replace varieties in accordance with market demands.

Based on the foregoing, in modern horticulture, plantation structures prevail, providing, with an optimal density, the largest number of trees per unit area. It is precisely such plantations that are gardens on dwarf (in the countries of Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Ukraine and in the south of Russia, mainly of the M9 type) rootstocks with a rounded crown such as a slender spindle or its modifications, using varieties of a high world rating, which ensures the rapid entry of trees into fruiting, quick return of spent funds and in the future their highest productivity and profitability. For our conditions, the stock M9, which has a low frost resistance of the root system and a low winter hardiness of the aboveground part, is not suitable. The closest substitute for it can be a stock 57-146, but it has great fragility of wood. Worse results can be obtained with rootstocks 134 and 62-396, yielding taller trees with a later onset of fruiting. The establishment of such gardens requires the independent cultivation of seedlings by experienced gardeners, since such seedlings are practically not grown by local nurseries.

Consider the modifications of apple tree seedlings that exist today:

Ordinary one-year-olds;

Cropped one-year-olds;

Two-year-olds with an annual crown ("knip-baum");

Two-year-olds "ordinary" according to the known traditional technology

Saplings with a stem-forming insert.

The quality of the seedlings significantly affects the condition of the garden and its yield. Such planting material should be grown on a virus-free basis, in a high agricultural background and with irrigation. Special observations show that this will further increase the yield by 30-40%. True, in the Sverdlovsk region, and in the neighboring regions, there is no guarantee that the mother plants of these dwarf rootstocks available there are virus-free, since they were not tested for the presence of viruses.

In order to reduce the unproductive period in intensive gardening, uncropped planting material, as a rule, is not used due to its inefficiency, but crowned one-year-olds are most common and two-year-old apple seedlings with an annual crown "knip-baum", which are unknown to our gardeners, are especially appreciated. Seedlings "knip-baum", subject to agricultural technology, provide a yield of 150-300 kg per hundred square meters on the M9 rootstock in the second year after laying the garden and its active growth to 400-600 kg per one hundred square meters in subsequent years. Experiments have shown that planting crowned seedlings provides an increase in yield of 29% in the first 8 years of fruiting compared to non-crowned ones. In our climatic conditions, when using the above-mentioned rootstocks, the fruiting of trees in the first years and in the subsequent years should, of course, be lower.

It is possible to evaluate in more detail the effectiveness of using crown planting material for planting. By planting annual eyepieces without a crown, the grower will have big problems with regulating growth and entering the garden into fruiting. Without crowning, it is possible to form an axial crown and get decent results only in the 4th or 5th year, although the quality of such trees in the garden will never reach the level of a similar "knip". Crohnated one-year-olds have significantly fewer fruit buds than "knip", and, as a rule, they do not exist at the ends of the branches. Their lateral branches grow intensively in the second half of summer and, as a result, end with growth buds, and also have sharper angles of lateral branches. Therefore, after planting, such seedlings grow much stronger than the "knip", and this causes the ovary to shatter if it has formed. In addition, the growth activity inhibits the laying of fruit buds.

Two-year-old seedlings with an annual crown ("knip-baum"), in comparison with crowned annuals, have a greater load of fruit buds, including at the ends of branches. The branches extend from the conductor at large angles. Therefore, such a seedling after planting experiences more stress and will practically not grow. In general, "knip" -type seedlings are ready for intensive fruiting immediately after planting, while crowned one-year-olds bear fruit much weaker. Such a level of productivity, which "knip" gives in the second year, the crowned one-year-olds reach in the fourth year after planting. So, from a tree "knipa" In the year of planting, 1 to 3 kg of fruits are obtained (no longer allowed by thinning). In the second year - 6-8 kg. In the first two years, one tree gives 9-10 kg. A cropped one-year-old, as a rule, does not bear fruit in the first year. In the second year, on average, it produces 3 kg of fruits.

Seedlings of the "knip-baum" type are grown in a two-year cycle mainly by winter grafting and summer budding with a sleeping eye, receiving planting material with a two-year-old root system, which ensures good engraftment in the garden.

Winter vaccination. Stocks for winter grafting should be selected with a high-quality root system. Particularly suitable is a two-year old, vegetatively propagated stock, the grafting is carried out at a distance of 40 cm from the base (heel) of the stock. The value of the budding height deserves a more detailed consideration. Numerous studies have established that high grafting or budding enhances the positive effect of the vegetatively propagated rootstock on the fruit tree, induces fast fertility, reduces the strength of tree growth, and contributes to obtaining higher yields of high quality fruits. Before planting in the field, the winter grafts carried out are stored in a refrigerator or basement at a temperature of 0 ° C.

Summer budding with a sleeping eye. The rootstocks are planted at the beginning of spring work according to the scheme 60x8-10 cm with a root collar diameter of 4-6 or 6-8 mm to a depth of 20 cm.At the end of July- at the beginning of August (in our country no later than July 20-25), the rootstocks are occulated at a height of 20-25 cm above the soil level using the butt method, which ensures the engraftment of the eyes in most cases after three weeks. While budding in the traditional way into a T-shaped incision- after 1.5 months. Rapid engraftment is predetermined by the best combination of the cambium of the scion and stock, while the oculants grow better. In the fall, rootstocks with engrafted eyes are dug up and stored throughout the winter in a refrigerator, basement or a special burrow, avoiding drying the root system, at a temperature of 0 ° C.

First field.With the beginning of spring work, in the earliest terms, stocks with winter grafting or summer budding are planted according to the scheme 70-90x40 cm to a depth of 20 cm.Then the stocks are cut for grafting or a peephole, covering the wound with water-based paint, adding fungicides, the soil in the row spacing is loosened to a depth 10 cm. With good growth of the cultural shoot after planting, wild shoots on the rootstock are removed several times; with weak growth, one should not rush to remove them. On winter grafting, when the cultivated shoots have at least 8 leaves, the best shoot is left in development, and the weaker ones are removed. After that, on the side of the stock opposite to the cultivated shoot (scion), a wooden support is installed, to which the scion is tied up in at least two places. This prevents curvature of the one-year-old, trauma to the root system and breaking off the aerial part under the influence of wind. From spring and throughout the growing season, careful protection of plants from pests and diseases should be carried out.

So, with normal care in the first field, a one-year-old with a height of 1.0-1.4 m with a stem diameter of 9-12 mm grows, and that's enough. One should not strive to have very developed one-year-olds, since they can grow too strong, not always desirable for a gardener, a seedling of the "KNIP" type. In addition, the shoots can dry out after crowning due to intense "crying" at the cut.

Second field.In early spring, one-year-olds are crowned for re-growth. The height of the crown depends on the strength of the growth of the variety: for low-growing - 60-65 cm, medium-sized- 65-70 cm and for the strong- 80-85 cm from the soil surface. According to traditional technology, cutting a one-year-old at a height of 75-80 cm and removing lateral shoots in the area of \u200b\u200bthe trunk when they reach 10 cm, we obtained a crown two-year. In contrast, when a "knip-baum" type seedling is formed, only one strongest cultural shoot is left below the place of crown, from which the guide is grown, and all the others are removed gradually in three steps, focusing on the growth activity of the guide, in the direction from above down. For example, if the conductor has reached a length of 15-20 cm, all lateral branches in the upper part of the trunk are removed at the same distance, and so on. When the left conductor has 7-8 leaves, it is necessary to use well-known techniques that actively affect the crown formation of the eyepiece, since the number of branches- one of the main factors in the value of a seedling.

The formation of shoots from the lateral buds located in the leaf axils is stimulated by cytokinins synthesized by the root system and inhibited by auxins synthesized by newly formed leaves and the growth point of the conductor- apex, and the latter, as a rule, dominate. The activity of growth processes largely determines the tendency of seedlings to form crown, and under conditions of insufficient agrophone and moisture deficit in the soil, they will branch poorly. Ambient temperature conditions significantly affect the branching of eyepieces. Studies have established that the branching process occurs more intensively at a temperature of 21 ° C and high air humidity. It also contributes to the establishment of fruit buds and the subsequent formation of full quality inflorescences. Among the methods of active influence on the process of crown formation abroad, the use of synthetic growth regulators, such as promalin (USA) or paturil (Hungary), is widely used.

So, when the abandoned conductor has 7-8 leaves, begin to pinch its top by unscrewing and simultaneously tearing off the underdeveloped leaves located around the apical bud ("tuft"), in order to facilitate branching during growth (reducing the level of plant auxins). This special pinching is performed 5-7 times at appropriate intervals depending on the ambient temperature. If the temperature is close to the optimum (2 ° C), it is enough to pinch once every 10 days. In the heat, when the temperature is about 30 ° C, pinching should be done after 4-5 days. If the temperature is too low and the branching of the conductor is delayed, its upper part is additionally sprayed with the indicated or other growth substances. But this provokes the formation of lateral branching with sharper branching from the conductor.

With a good agricultural background, numerous lateral shoots with almost right angles of discharge grow on the conductor, thereby facilitating the differentiation of fruit buds, including at the ends of the growths. It should be emphasized that it is possible to achieve the setting of fruit buds only under the condition of a high agricultural background and the use of high-quality healthy rootstock and scion material.

Studies conducted in Western Europe and North America have shown that for the establishment of modern intensive apple orchards with an early entry into fruiting, a quick return of funds for their establishment, minimal labor costs for care and harvesting, orchards on a dwarf rootstock of the M9 type turned out to be the most effective. planted by two-year-old seedlings with an annual crown ("knip-baum") and are significantly inferior to annuals with a crown.

In principle, there is no particular difficulty in growing two-year-old seedlings with an annual crown ("knip-baum"), and we have experienced gardeners and planting a garden from these seedlings. Of course, the dwarf stock M9 is absolutely not suitable for our conditions, and you will have to use stocks 57-146, 62-396, 134 or other more frost-hardy and winter-hardy ones. But even for these rootstocks, it will be necessary to protect (insulate) for the winter not only the root system in the absence of snow, but also the aboveground part to the grafting site, since its length is 20 cm. using a dwarf insert from the indicated rootstocks, making it longer (more than 20 cm) to reduce the size of the future tree. True, this will lengthen the growing time of seedlings. For grafting, the most valuable local, winter-hardy, scab-resistant varieties should be used. I see the greatest difficulty in realizing the idea of \u200b\u200bgrowing "knip-baum" type seedlings in our country in finding and acquiring a virus-free mother stock dwarf material.

V. N. Shalamov

Other articles by V. Shalamov in the section

Intensive garden with clonal rootstocks

Intensive gardens are the era of modern gardens that have long become common in most European countries, southern regions and the central zone of our country. In other words, in the agricultural sector, these are high-tech apple orchards, highly productive, less costly, with better quality of the fruits obtained, both in industrial and home gardening.

In our country (in the Urals zone), this direction in gardening has not been developed. Our market continues to provide gardeners with apple seedlings grafted onto seed stock, i.e. to the wild. An intensive garden is created from planting apple tree seedlings grafted onto special low-growing clonal rootstocks.

The advantages of such rootstocks:

1. Restrain the growth of fruit trees, as a result: a) it is convenient to look after them and harvest them; b) small crowns are better illuminated, the processes of photosynthesis are more active, the harvest is better formed; c) it is easier for low trees to hide in snow, and therefore to overwinter.

2. They force the tree to enter the fruiting phase earlier and to increase the yield faster in subsequent years.

3. Improves taste, color and size of fruits.

4. Reduce the frequency of fruiting.

5. Allow to grow trees where groundwater is close.

6. Allow to increase the planting density, and, accordingly, the number of apple varieties in small garden plots.

Cons of undersized rootstocks:

1. Winter hardiness of clonal rootstocks is lower, and where there is little snow, there is a danger of freezing of the root system.

2. The absence of a central root reduces the adhesion of the root system to the soil, the stability (anchoring) of the tree, as a result of which, at high harvest loads, under the weight of the fruits, the trees can deviate from the vertical position, therefore they need support. I make a trellis on both sides, because then I use it to tie branches loaded with fruits.

3. The period of productive fruiting in intensive apple trees is shorter, about 20-25 years.

4. Prices for seedlings on vegetative rootstocks are still higher due to the lack of the latter.

It is known from various information sources that such rootstocks were tested by specialists, gardeners of our zone, but the conclusions were not encouraging. What prompted me to start creating an intensive type garden?

Harsh winter 2009-2010 remained in the memory of many gardeners. This winter took away from me all the fruit trees, which for the most part of their mass were above the level of the snow cover. These are young (5-7 years old) apple trees that have begun to bear fruit on seed stocks. And it is not surprising, because the temperature on the site, according to the watchmen, dropped to minus 52 degrees. The birds froze on the fly. After that winter, only low plantings of annual apple trees and columnar apple trees, most of the aboveground mass of which were under snow, remained alive from the fruit trees. Eager to quickly revive a fruitful garden, he took an active part in creating an intensive-type garden (before that he was keen on testing columnar apple trees). Fortunately, clone stocks have their own. The mother plant of such rootstocks was laid for columnar apple trees.

The area for testing fruit plants of an intensive type was the vicinity of Perm, which is 1 degrees north of Yekaterinburg, and 2 degrees north of Chelyabinsk. My main plot of 12 acres is located in a lowland, on the bank of a river, an open field from the northwest, not protected from cold winds. The temperature is 5-7 degrees lower, transmitted according to the reports of the city of Perm. The other two plots of three hundred square meters each have more favorable conditions.

The starting material for obtaining seedlings of apple trees of an intensive type are clonal rootstocks: dwarf 62-396 and P-60; medium-sized 57-545 and 54-118. Such rootstocks for apple trees grow well for me and multiply according to intensive technology using an organic substrate.

The year 2010 can be considered the beginning of active work on testing standard apple trees grafted onto clonal rootstocks. Many of the one-year-olds planted in 2010 gave their first fruits within a year. These are Papiroyantarnoe, Cosmonaut, Altynai, Minusinsk Sinap, Rodnikovaya, Sokolovskoe, Tolunai, Gorny Sinap, Dachnaya. Two years after planting, the following varieties yielded: VEM yellow (Danila), Pervouralskaya, Mamrovskoe, Osennee striped, Uralskoe bolshoi, Anis Sverdlovsky, Aromat Uktusa, VEM pink, Seman, DL-34-104.

There were those that bore fruit in the year of planting: Toropyzhka, Aksyona, Excellent worker, DL-11-12-120, DL 22-105, hybrid 25, but the next year they usually rest. Therefore, it is better to remove the first flowers so that the seedling grows stronger, forms a good root system, crown, leaf apparatus. Every year new varieties come into fruition and delight with their characteristic, valuable interesting features.

Leading varieties appear according to valuable economic traits. Tasting the fruits of each new variety is an interesting event, like a small holiday. All the troubles, worries about compact trees are justified when we enjoy ourselves in winter, consuming our juicy, tasty, beautiful, healthy apples.

Currently, more than 75 varieties of standard apple trees are being tested, not counting the columnar ones. I had to purchase two more small plots, several with better microclimatic conditions. As for the vegetative rootstocks I use, they have never failed in six years. There were no cases of freezing either in the mother liquor or in the fruit trees. The snow cover on my plots is at least 40-50 cm, this is enough for the temperature in the upper soil layer to drop at least -7 ...- 10 ° С during our frosts, and the root system of my rootstocks can withstand up to -16 ° according to the description FROM.

Beklemyshev S.I.

Tel. 8-902-646-64-61

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