Botkin Sergey Petrovich - Great Russian Clinician-therapist. Born in Moscow in 1832. After graduating from the course in the best Moscow guest house, in 1850 he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. At the end of the medical faculty, in 1855, S. P. Botkin went to the Crimea on the Theater of Military Action and more than 3 / x months worked as a resident in Simferopol Military Hospital. Here his direct supervisor was the famous Russian surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.
At the end of the Crimean campaign, S. P. Botkin returned to Moscow. He came to the conviction that he needed to continue his medical education, and in early 1856 he drove abroad. In Germany, he worked in the pathological institute R. Virchov, the founder of cell pathology, and at the same time engaged in physiological and pathological chemistry.
In the fall of 1800, Botkin returned to St. Petersburg; Where successfully defended his thesis on the topic "On the suction of fat in the guts" and in the same year was appointed an adjunct of the academic (faculty) therapeutic clinic of the Medical and Surgical Academy. Botkin became an ordinary professor of this clinic. From the first year of entry into the Department, Sergey Petrovich created a laboratory under the clinic, which he initiated himself, and since 1878, for ten years, the Laboratory management was carried out by I. P. Pavlov. Here, in addition to clinical analyzes, the pharmacological effect of new drugs was studied, and experienced animals were performed with the aim of artificial reproduction of pathological processes and clarifying their pathogenesis.
Botkin introduced physiological and laboratory and experimental methods of research to the clinic, considered experiment in the clinic as a means revealing the mechanism of disease. Botkin's clinical and theoretical views are most fully set forth in the issues of the course of the clinic of internal diseases and clinical lectures.
The attention of Botkin constantly attracted "sick" questions of the metropolitan hospitals. Despite the overloading of the clinic, under the leadership of the dissertation works of numerous students, according to the Russian doctors in St. Petersburg, as his chairman, by the position of Life-Medica, he was the permanent chairman of the Duma Commission for the Protection of Public Health, improving the sanitary condition of St. Petersburg and hospital-outpatient care. in him.
Created a new direction in medicine, named I.P. Pavlov Nervism. Modern medicine is obliged to Botkin in that he is one of the first to notice what an important role in the human body is played by the central nervous system. He realized that the disease does not affect a separate section of the body or body, but affects the nervous system to the entire body. Just having feding it, the doctor can treat the patient correctly. This thought Botkin developed in his writings. His scientific views were picked up by the majority of Russian advanced doctors, so we are talking about Botkin as the creator of the domestic scientific medical school. Science is obliged to Botkin and other major discoveries. At the dawn of the development of microbiology, he argued that the disease known as jaundice is caused by microorganisms. This foresight was justified: scientists found the causative agent of an infectious jaundice, which is now called Botkin's disease. Botkin made many wonderful predictions. In his lectures, he expressed, for example, confidence that there will be special centers in the human brain, which are controlled by the blood formation, the POTA separation, heat regulation, etc. Now the existence of such centers is proved. Botkin first expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe specificity of the structure of the protein in various organs; established the infectious nature of the disease - viral hepatitis, known previously called "Catarial Jaundice"; Developed diagnostics and wandering kidney clinic.
Botkin published "Archive of the clinic of internal diseases of Professor S.P. Botkin" (1869-1889) and "Weekly Clinical newspaper" (1881-1889). He performed an active fighter for the equality of women. In 1872 he participated in the organization of female medical courses. In 1861, he discovered the first in the history of the clinical treatment of patients with a free outpatient basis with his clinic. In 1878, he was elected chairman of the Russian doctors in memory of N. I. Pirogov and remained in this post until the end of life. For the first time in Russia, a free hospital was built, opened in 1880 (Alexandrovskaya Hospital, now infectious hospital. S.P. Botkin) in St. Petersburg. In 1881, Botkin was elected vocabulary of the City Duma, the Deputy Chairman of the Public Health Commission, the Creator of the Duma Duma and School Supervision System. From the 1886 trustee of all urban hospitals and was rude in St. Petersburg. Introduced the Institute of Sanitary Doctors, developed measures to improve the sanitation and a decrease in mortality in Russia (1886). It is the creator of the scientific school of therapists: out of 106 his students 85 became doctors of science, 45 headed clinical departments in St. Petersburg and other cities.
Printed works of Botkin: "Stagnation formed in the blood vessels of a jejuer frogs, from the action of middle salts" ("Military Medica. Journal" 1853); "Quantitative determination of protein and sugar in the urine by means of the polarization apparatus" ("MOSCOW. Mediz. Gas.", 1858, №13); also "definition of milk sugar" ("Mosk. Honey. Gas.", 1882, №19); "On the suction of fat in the guts" ("military. Honey. Jour.", 1860); "On the physiological action of atropine sulfate" ("Honey. Vestn.", 1861, №29); "Ueber Die Wirkung Der Salze Auf Die Circulirenden Rothen Blutkorperchen" ("Archive Virchova", XV, 173, 1858); "Zur Fette in Thierischen Organismen" ("Archive Virchova", XV, 380); "Untersuchungen Uber Die Diffusion Organischer Stoffe: 1) DiffusionSverhaltnisse der Rothen Blutkorperchen Ausserhalb Des organismus" ("Archive Virchova", XX, 26); 2) "Uler Die EighthumlichKeiten Des Gallenpigment Hinsichtlich Der Diffusion" ("Archive Virchova", XX, 37) and 3) "Zur Frage Des endosmotischen Verhalten des Eiweis" (ibid., Xx, 39); "TROMBROS CASE Vienna "(" Honey. Vestn. ", 1863 37 and 38);" Preliminary message about the recurring hot epidemic in St. Petersburg "(" Honey West. ", 1864, №46);" To the etiology of returnable hot in St. Petersburg " ("Honey. V.", 1865, №1); "Course of the clinic of internal diseases" (Issue 1 - 1867; Iss. 2nd - 1868 and vol. 3rd - 1875); "Preliminary message about the cholera epidemic" (Appendix to No. 3 "epidemiology. Lesson" for 1871); "Archive of the clinics of internal diseases" (7 volume from 1869 to 1881); "Clinical lectures", 3 issues; Since 1881, published under His editors "Weekly Clinical Gazette".
Addresses in St. Petersburg
(5 (17) September 1832, Moscow - 12 (24) DECEMBER 1889, MENTON) - Russian physician and public figure, created a doctrine of the body as a whole, obeying the will. N. S. Professor of the Medical and Surgical Academy (since 1861). Member of the Crimean (1855) and Russian-Turkish (1877) wars.
Biography
Sergey Petrovich Botkin comes from a merchant family engaged in tea trafficking. In childhood, I wanted to become a mathematician, but by the time of arrival at the university, the decision of Emperor Nikolai was published, which allowed free access only to the medical faculty. He studied at the Faculty of Medical Faculty of Moscow University, studied by famous professors - physiologist I. T. Glebova, the pathologist A. I. Polunina, Surgego F. I. Inozemesev, therapist I. V. Varvinsky. During the student, a friend of friends with I. M. Sechenov. In the summer of 1854, he participated in the elimination of the cholera epidemic in Moscow. In 1855 he graduated from the university, he received the title "Hello with honors." In the same year he participated in the Crimean campaign under N. I. Pirogov as the alternator of the Simferopol hospital. Already during this period, S. P. Botkin was formed at S. P. Botkin, the concept of military medicine and proper nutrition soldiers:
Got extensive training on various sections of medicine abroad. In the clinic of Professor Girsha in Königsberg, in the Pathological Institute at R. Vikhov in Würzburg and Berlin, in the laboratory of Hoppe Zapeler, in the clinic of the famous therapist L. Traube, Neuropathologist, Romberg, Syphilidolog Brenxprung in Berlin, Physiologist K. Ludwig and Clinician Podpolseri in Vienna, in England, as well as in the laboratory of the Physiological Experimentator K. Bernard, in the clinics of Bartez, Bush, Trusus, etc. in Paris. The first works of Botkin are published in the Virchov archive.
At the end of 1859, Yakubovich, Botkin, Siechen, Bokkes and Jung were invited to the clinic of therapy of the Medical and Surgical Academy (St. Petersburg). On August 10, 1860, Botkin moved to St. Petersburg, defended his thesis for the degree of doctor of medicine on the topic: "On the suction of fat in the guts" and appointed the acting adjunct with the therapeutic clinic, headed by Professor P. D. Shipulinsky. Soon, the relationship of Botkin and Shipulinsky deteriorated, and the latter was forced to resign. However, the Conference of the Academy did not want to transfer the leadership of the Talented Botkin clinic, only a letter from students and doctors allowed him to take the liberated position of 1861, and at the age of 29 he received the title of professor.
At the Department of Faculty Therapy S. P. Botkin was elected for 28 years and led it for 30 years. The routine of Botkin's Day looked as follows: he came to the clinic for 10 in the morning, from 11 o'clock began chemical and microscopic studies carried out by students and young doctors, as well as research work with senior students, from 13 o'clock he read lectures to students, after the lecture he followed Bypass and inspection of outpatient patients, from 17 to 15 hours - evening bypass of the clinic, from 19 to 21 hours - lectures for the associates that everyone has been allowed. After that, Botkin returned home where he had dinner and was preparing for the next day, and after 12 o'clock in the morning he paid attention to his beloved business - playing cello. In his letter, N. A. Belogolovoy Botkin notes:
The first stone of glory S. P. Botkin as a fine diagnostic was laid in 1862 g after its lifetime diagnosis of the carial vein thrombosis. After the diagnosis of the patient has lived several weeks. Non-promoters hoped for an error. Much of attention S. P. Botkin paid a gallstone disease, which he himself suffered for a long time. He pointed out the role of infection in the formation of stones. He emphasized the clinical diversity of this disease. The scientist believed that as long as the doctor does not find an authorized stone, his diagnosis remains a hypothesis. In the work "On reflex phenomena in the skin vessels and about the reflex sweat" S. P. Botkin leads a number of interesting clinical observations, one of which demonstrates that when the stone is passed through the bile ducts, the upper and lower limbs are cold, the chest skin becomes hot and temperatures in The axillary wpadine rises to 40 ° C.
Thanks to the outstanding pedagogical abilities from the Botkin clinic, the professors were published, headed by the departments at the medical faculties of Russian universities V. T. Pokrovsky, N. I. Sokolov, V. N. Syrotinin, V. A. Manassein, Yu. Maundovsky, A.G . Polotebnov, N. P. Simanovsky, A. F. Prussak, P. I. Uspensky, D. I. Koshlavkov, L. V. Popov, A. A. Nechaev, M. V. Yanovsky, M. M. Volkov , N. Ya. Chistovich and others. Only 87 graduates His clinic became doctors of medicine, of which more than 40 were awarded the title of professor on 12 medical specialties. S. P. Botkin 66 times acted as an official opponent on theses.
In 1865, S. P. Botkin made the initiator of the creation of an epidemiological society, the purpose of which was to combat the spread of epidemic diseases. The society was small, but active, his printed body was "epidemic leaflet". Within the framework of the Company's work, Botkin studied the epidemic of plague, cholera, titons, natural smallpox, diphtheria and scarletines. Observing the liver disease flowing with a high temperature, S. P. Botkin first described the disease, which was considered to be considered a gastrointestinal catalog with a mechanical delay of yellow. The disease was not only a jaundice, but also an increase in the spleen, sometimes a kidney disease. The disease indicated by S. P. Botkin, stretches for several weeks, in the future it can lead to a hardest complication - liver cirrhosis. After looking for the causes of the disease, S. P. Botkin came to the conclusion that contaminated food products serve as a source of infection. This kind of catarrhal jaundice, he was attributed to infectious diseases, which was confirmed later (Botkin's disease, viral hepatitis A).
Botkin stood at the origins of female medical education in Russia. In 1874, he organized a Feldsherce School, and in 1876 - "Women's Medical Courses". In 1866, Botkin was appointed a member of the Medical Council of the Ministry of the Interior. Active life position, interest in social activities allowed the medical public to elect S. P. Botkin in 1878 by the Chairman of the Russian Doctors Society, which he led to death. At the same time, he was a member of the Main Directorate of the Accounting Company on the wounded, the vowels of St. Petersburg Duma and the Deputy Chairman of the Public Together Commission of St. Petersburg. Faminess and medical talent played their work, and S. P. Botkin became the first in the history of the Russian Liebe Medica of the Imperial Families. S. P. Botkin marked the beginning of sanitary organizations in St. Petersburg. From the first years of the existence of the Alexander Bar Hospital (now the clinical infectious hospital named after S. P. Botkin) becomes its trustee on the medical part. In many respects, it is thanks to the activities of S. P. Botkin, the first sanitary carriage appeared as a preifune of future ambulance.
Died on December 24, 1889 at 12 h 30 min in Menton. Buried Botkin on Novodevichy Cemetery. At that time, the congress of Russian doctors was walking, whose work was interrupted. The coffin with Botkin's body carried on hand over 4 wool.
A family
Father - Petr Kononovich Botkin, the merchant of the first guild and the owner of a large tea company, mother - Anna Ivanovna Postnikov. In the family of parents S. P. Botkin, there were 25 children, Sergey was 11 children from the second marriage of his father.
Brothers: Collector D. P. Botkin, writer V. P. Botkin, artist M. P. Botkin. Sisters: M. P. Botkin - Wife of the poet A. A. Feta
Children: Alexander Botkin (sea officer), Peter Botkin (Ok. 1865-1937, diplomat), Sergey Botkin, Evgeny Botkin (1865-1918, Liebe Medic), Victor Botkin.
Addresses in St. Petersburg
- 1860-1864 - Spasskaya Street, House 1;
- 1878-12.12.1889 - Gallery Street, House 77 (Memorial Plank).
Memory
Botkin hospitals operate in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Also in the city of Orel, the hospital is named after him.
In 1898, in memory of the merits of an outstanding physician, the Samara Street in St. Petersburg was renamed Botkin Street. At home number 20 installed a memorial plaque.
In the square in front of the clinic at the corner of Botkinskaya Street and the Grand Sampwehonian Avenue on May 25, 1908, a monument was established (sculptor V. A. Beklemishev).
In the territory of the Botkin hospital in the 1920s, the Bust of Work I. Ya. Ginzburg (1896) was installed.
By the middle of the XIX century, Russian medicine was in a terrifying condition. Historians of medicine write that the majority of teachers at the medical faculties have used the same information from year to year, ignoring the discovery in their field and is colder than an innovative approach. Sometimes the information transmitted to the students was from the category of medieval, for example, about the liver it was stated that it was "Many times the rolled intestinal canal", there were other inconsistencies that were taught from the Department of Dear Educational Institutions.
At that time (and, apparently, not without reason) it was believed that overseas doctors treat better domestic, so rich patients preferred to see in their homes of the Eclap of Prussian origin. The dominance of German doctors led to the fact that the doctor could not interactably explain with his patient, due to ignorance of the Russian language.
Indeed, people from the student bench of the medical faculty often headed abroad, where the medical thought was more progressive. So it turned out with the future great therapist, clinician and physiologist, prominent Russian scientist Sergey Petrovich Botkin. His friend, historian T. N. Granovsky, who lived in the lower floor of his house, noted the extraordinary curiousness of young Botkin and its outstanding abilities. Returning from many years of travel on European educational institutions and clinics, a young doctor began its activities with reforms in medical business. In 1860-1861, he founded the laboratory, which will be destined to become a research experimental center. In this laboratory Botkin He examined the effect of drugs on the human body, conducted chemical and physical research. So in Russian medicine, experimental directions were born in therapy, pharmacology, pathology.
Sergey, 1832 years of birth, was one of the 14 children of a rich merchant and owner of the factories. The eldest son, the future famous writer Vasily Botkin, was engaged in raising children in the family. Up to 15 years of the future, Light Russian Medicine was taught by his elder brother and friends, including T. N. Granovsky, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen. In the house of Botkin, a philosophical circle was going, which in many respects shaped the views of the young man.
Botkin wanted to act on the mathematical faculty, but life ordered otherwise, and a decree on the cancellation of a set to any faculties, except for medical. With internal resistance, Botkin chose the medical faculty. Frequently, it would be different, it would be more in Russia with one eminent mathematician more, for, as you know, talented talented people in everything.
Immediately after graduating from Moscow University in 1855 Sergey Petrovich Botkin went with a detachment Participate in the Crimean company. By the time the shores of Evpatoria had already landed hundreds of enemy ships, which represented four European states who opposed Russia - Turkey, France, England and Sardinia. The losses of the Russian side were calculated tens of thousands, the wounded was a solid stream. Then pies created field brigades from Sisters of Mercy and opened courses of first aid, where everyone who wanted to sign up. By the time of the Crimean War, Pies had already mastered the anesthesia anesthesia, which greatly facilitated pain wounded about the time of operations. In addition, he used a gypsum bandage that allowed preserved limbs to a huge number of wounded. Botkin, being all the time nearby, studied at the most progressive physician-compatriot and absorbed innovations like a sponge.
Due to its experimental laboratory, at the clinic of internal diseases, Botkin was able to use studies for the diagnosis and treatment of patients. It introduced a mandatory measurement of the temperature of the body to the thermometer, the method of listening to the patient (auscultation) and the awake (percussion), physical inspection, collecting information about the image of the patient's life and anamnesis. So he received a complete vision of the disease and put an accurate diagnosis. He tirelessly taught students with diagnostics using these methods, which then became an integral part of Russian clinicia.
Interestingly, the place of the professor of the clinic of internal diseases got Botkin not so simple. It was necessary to overcome the fierce debates, in which on the one hand were fans of Western doctors, inviting the German professor to this position, and on the other hand, Botkin's students who thought out against injustice and rather than their teachers as a progressive young force of Russian medicine. The theoretical works of Botkin and his name were already known at the time in professional circles, and he was offered the place of the professor and the head of the clinic.
Like any bright personality with an innovative approach, Botkin immediately unbelievable envious colleagues, who had no overwhelmed cases of inflating the error or to slander the doctor. It should be noted that Botkin was a real diagnostic Ass. His ear was so trained to listen to the internal organs through a plaster (device for medical audition patient) that no violations could slip away from his attention. Once the enviousness was introduced by the case to blame the eminent physician in the quantity. To one sick Botkin diagnosed with a torch vein thrombosis. Such a diagnosis did not leave hopes, and the patient was to leave the mortal world soon. However, he lived as six weeks, which gave enemies to doubt the diagnosis. An autopsy after the death of the patient showed the absolute loyalty of the diagnosis, and the worships were disappeared. It was the starry hour of the Great Scientist, it fell favorable suggestions, and there was no removal from rich patients.
In 1872, Botkin fell out of honor to treat the having disadvantaged Catherine II. Having saved her from weakness, he extended her health for many years, became a royal physician and just a welcome guest at the court.
One of the main merit S. P. Botkin as a scientist was the nomination of the new theory of medicine. It happened almost simultaneously with the advent of the new theory in Germany, where its author was a professor Which beginning the best of Russian doctors studied. The new theory of Botkin was that there were reflexes at the heart of any vital activity. Whereas Vivov, putting forward his theory, spoke of the beginning of everything due to the cage. Both of these theories, independently of each other, were opposed to humoral, or vital, medicine based on the theory of life spirit underlying every phenomenon. This theory was unshakably dominated in medicine for many centuries. Thanks to the emergence of two new theories of medicine, two directions originated - anatomical, virovhu, and physiological, on Botkin.
The fundamental view of Botkin on the body consisted of its inextricable relationship with the outside world. Adapting to the medium, the body changes the metabolism in itself and forms new properties. These new characteristics of the body are inherited and cause survival in a changing environment. The origin of Botkin's disease saw in the inability of the body to respond to an external environment or quality transmitted by previous generations.
The insolvency of the cell's theory of Virchova Botkin saw in limited functionality: the disease, virtifier, is caused by the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms from one cell to another or, in the second embodiment, together with blood or lymph. Botkin seemed limited theory of the body as a "country" consisting of cells, he contrasted her the doctrine of the body, as a whole, managed by the nervous system. In this regard, Botkin paid great attention to the study of various parts of the brain. Experimed by he opened the centers of sweating, blood formation, and the formation of lymphs. Thus, he concluded that the treatment of the disease consists in selective impact on each of the nerve centers responsible for a particular process or body. Unfortunately, it was not possible to bring to the end of evidence and research in favor of their theory. However, he managed to prove the main position of his theory: the unity of the body, as a whole, neurological and physiological ties between the organs and systems of the body, treatment is not illness, but the patient.
Among the exceptional discoveries S. P. Botkin, most of the diagnosis and etiology of diseases belongs. So, he discovered and proved the infectious nature of the catarrhal (now Botkin's disease, viral hepatitis A) and hemorrhagic jaundice (Jaundice Botkin-Weyl), has developed a diagnosis and clinical manifestations of the "wandering" kidney. Botkin successfully fought with the spread of epidemics, he was entrusted to reduce mortality and improve the sanitary conditions in Russia, and therefore he undertook to reorganize Russian health care, but it was not allocated for any resources.
An outstanding Russian scientist and doctor, Sergey Petrovich Botkin died in 1889 in France. Two of his 12 children went in the footsteps of the Father. Evgeny, who served by the Life Medicus at the royal family of Romanov, followed them to the exile, where he was shot, refusing to leave the ethereal family. Later was counted for the face of saints.
Botkin Sergey Petrovich
Botkin Sergey Petrovich (1832 - 1889) - Classic of Russian medicine, outstanding therapist, founder of the functional direction in domestic clinical medicine, talented teacher, organizer and public figure, creator of a major school of therapists.
Born in Moscow in a merchant family. At first he studied at home, and from 1847- in a private board.
In 1850, S. P. Botkin entered Honey. The Ft-T of the Moscow University, who graduated from 1855, receiving the title of Lekary with honors. At the University of S. P. Botkin was distinguished by modesty, zealous and toasting the mind. Among the professors of the University, he allocated a physiologist I. T. Glebova, Pharmaloga N. E. Lyascovsky and especially F. I. Inozemesev, who admired him with his commitment to therapy, honesty in life and science and, most importantly, sincerely love for Russian medicine.
In 1855, S. P. Botkin voluntarily drove into the Crimea, in the army. For three months, he worked as a reinforcement in Simferopol Military Hospital under the leadership of N. I. Pirogov.
In 1856, S. P. Botkin left abroad - first to Würzburg, then in Berlin, where he listened to the lectures R. Virchova, visited the Traube clinic (L. Traube); In Vienna, he worked (1858) in the physiologist Ludwig (S. F. W. Ludwig) and the clinician of the Toplzer (J. Oppolzer). After a short stay in Switzerland and England S. P. Botkin moved to Paris, where Physiol visited, Bernard's laboratory (S. Bernard) and the Therapeutic Clinic Trusso (A. Trusseau).
During the years of stay abroad, S. P. Botkin wrote several scientific papers published in the magazine "Virchov Archiv ...". At the same years, G. A. Zaharin and I. M. Siechen lived abroad, he often met with K-Ryim. Durable friendship S. P. Botkin with I. M. Sechenov began in 1853 in Moscow and continued all his life.
In 1860, S. P. Botkin returned to St. Petersburg, defended his thesis "On the absorption of fat in the guts," he received a degree of doctor of medicine and was approved as an adjunct-professor of the academic therapeutic clinic of the Medicochargic Academy. In this rank as an assistant prof. P. D. Schipulinsky S. P. Botkin remained during the year. In 1861, he was approved by the ordinary professor of this clinic and did not leave the Academy until the end of his life.
S. P. Botkin The first in Russia created under the clinic of the laboratory: generally clinic, chemical, bacteriological and physiological. Physiol, the laboratory since 1878, for ten years, headed I. P. Pavlov. Here was studied Pharmal. The effect of new drugs, there were experiments on animals in order to reproduce pathological processes and clarifying their pathogenesis.
The worldview S.P. Botkin was under the influence of the advanced figures of Russian culture - V. G. Belinsky, T. N. Granovsky and A. I. Herzen. His friendship and scientific contact with I. M. Sechenov played a major role in the formation of views. S. P. Botkin. The multifaceted scientific activity of S. P. Botkin as a pathologist-experimenter and clinician was largely determined by the direction of work and the achievements of its compatriots. This is especially true of the overall understanding of the pathological process. Even at the beginning of his medical activity, he pointed out that the disease is not something independent: "It represents the usual phenomena of life under conditions that are not favorable organism." S. P. Botkin taught that it is impossible to talk about the clinical picture of the disease in general, out of connection with this organism. The disease always proceeds peculiar, depending on the characteristics of the individual. "That's why," P. P. Botkin pointed out, "along with medical knowledge, it is necessary to appreciate the medical experience." Striving for a more accurate understanding of the patient,
S. P. Botkin resorted to working hypothesis, many of whom were further confirmed. Trying to reveal the cause of the disease, its pathogenesis, features of the course of the disease, S. P. Botkin, when examining the patient, paid special attention to the state of the nervous system and psyche. He from the student years masterfully owned Piz. research methods - palpation, percussion, auscultation, but no less important attached to a detailed survey of the patient; He emphasized the importance of functional bonds of organs and systems in a holistic body.
Understanding the pathogenesis of the disease opens up, according to Botno, the ability to foresee further the current, to properly determine the necessary treatment and prevent complications, as well as to make theoretical conclusions that contribute to the development of the teachings on internal pathology.
Deep knowledge and exceptional observation allowed S. P. Botkin to develop a number of complex issues of the pathology of the internal organs and enrich Russian clinical medicine with important discoveries.
S. P. Botkin established the difference between hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart, described postssistolic noise during the stenosis of the mouth of the left venous hole, indicated that in the insufficiency of the aortic valves, the diastolic noise could be heard in the third-fourth intercoesery to the left of the sternum (Botkin's point, or 5th Auscultatory heart point). For the first time in World Literature, they are given a clinical description of arteriosclerosis. A lot of new introduced S. P. Botkin to the doctrine of peripheral blood circulation. In 1867, he expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe activity of arterial and venous blood circulation, developed further into the doctrine of the peripheral heart in the works of his students and followers (M. V. Yanovsky et al.). In 1875, S. P. Botkin with his students set the participation of the spleen in the deposition of blood, which was significantly later confirmed by the experiments of Barcroft (J. Barcroft).
In the laboratory S. P. Botkin, I was first implemented by Ya. Ya. Stolnikov (1879) Experience of imposing clamps for renal artery, which opened the possibility of obtaining renal hypertension in the experiment. Such experiments contributed to the progress in studying the problem of hypertension were produced by Goldblatte (N. Goldblatt) with employees only in 1934, however, on a wider scale.
A lot of newly made by S. P. Botkin in the clinic of the Basned Disease. He drew attention to the unevenness of the atrium reduction and the contrast between the sharp pulsation of the overall carotid artery and the small pulse of the radiation arteries, as well as the irritability and the conversion, usually arising from this disease. S. P. Botkin - the creator of the neurogenic theory of the pathogenesis of the Based Disease. He was the first in Russia described the micased clinic. In the teaching on jade S. P. Botkin considered it possible to talk about diffuse jade with the predominance of an interstitial or parenchymal process. He drew attention to the diversity of clinical manifestations of gallstone disease and the difficulties of its diagnosis. It was previously known about the mobile kidney, but only S. P. Botkin gave an exhaustive description of the clinic of this suffering and scientifically substantiated the method of its recognition. S. P. Botkin allocated as an independent disease infectious hepatitis (see hepatitis viral), described its clinic and the first indicated that sometimes this disease can lead to liver cirrhosis. This disease is now often called Botkin's disease. He made a lot of new infectious diseases in the clinic as a rapid, abdominal and return backs.
In a number of works, S. P. Botkin, there are statements that such physiols exist in the body, the mechanisms that give it the opportunity to deal with diseases. Even many prominent clinicians of the time taken by microbes, forgotten about the macroorganism, against which S. P. Botkin resulted resolutely.
Medicine for S. P. Botkin was "science to warn the disease and treat the patient." First of all, he paid attention to the need to comply with the appropriate regime and diet, assigning medicines, took into account the peculiarities of the patient. Valled balneotherapy, but criticized the brandt method (treatment of typhoid patients with cold baths).
S. P. Botkin demanded a careful approach to the treatment of a patient, reasonably arising from understanding the essence of the disease and pathogenesis of its symptoms. He objected to the experiment on the patients, since "our medicine is far from the exact science, and always need to keep in mind that saving fear so as not to damage the patient."
S. P. Botkin and his students studied in the experiment and clinic a lot of medicines. In particular, they found that the sulfate atropine acts specifically for the peripheral branching of sensitive nerves; In experiments with a dimest, they proved that the substances contained in the leaves of this plant increase, and do not decrease, as they thought before, the power of heart abbreviations. He was studied. The properties of the horizontal, the diuretic effect of Blattae Orientalis, it turned out the beneficial effect of Grindelia Robusta during angina, was investigated. The effect of potash salts, tincture of the May valley and others. S. P. Botkin entered the story of Russian medicine not only as the imperimental therapy, but also as one of the founders of clinical pharmacology.
As a teacher S. P. Botkin developed scientific philosophical thinking from the listeners, called for critically evaluating the dominant doctrines. He possessed rare talent to transfer his knowledge and experience to listeners. Most of the lectures read by S. P. Botkin in the last years of his life was recorded and published by his students (V. N. Sirotinin, M. V. Yanovsky, etc.).
Based on the main provisions of the work of I. M. Sechenov "Brain Reflexes" and developing the functional direction in medicine, S. P. Botkin approached the creation of a new, progressive theory of clinical medicine - "Nervism". However, the state of science of that time did not allow him to develop this theory. It was made by the great Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov. "Under Nervism," I. P. Pavlov wrote, "I understand the physiological direction, seeking to spread the influence of the nervous system for the possibility of a greater number of organism activities." Reviews S. P. Botkin had nothing to do with localist medicine of the West. He, highly appreciated Virchova as a major pathologist, after I. M. Sechenov, ε. F. Aristov and other representatives of Russian science criticized his theoretical views.
S. P. Botkin was one of the founders of military field therapy. During the Russian-Turkish war (1877 -1878) S. P. Botkin, being a headquarters doctor, paid a lot of attention to the organization of therapeutic assistance in war. He pointed out that a military doctor should be not only a surgeon, but also a therapist who can treat and warn the development of diseases among warriors. The special meaning of S. P. Botkin attached to the study of morbidity during the war, anti-eupid issues. Services, Administration of Hospitals, Evacuation of patients and wounded warriors and the preparation of military doctors.
Peru S. P. Botkin belongs to OK. 75 scientific papers on topical problems of therapy, infectious diseases, experimental pathophysiology and pharmacology.
In 1867, "Course of the Clinic of Internal Diseases" was published. In this and subsequent (1868 and 1875) issues of the book S. P. Botkin showed that domestic medicine was raised on the scientific basis, he introduced Russian doctors with the method of its clinical work, and the description of clinical cases gave such a force and depth analysis that these books Until now, they are desktop manuals of the internets. S. P. Botkin for his funds published in 1869-1889. 13 volumes "Archive of the clinic of internal diseases", in which the numerous scientific works of his students were published.
In 1886, at a solemn act in the Medical and Surgical Academy S. P. Botkin, they said, in K-Roy outlined his views on the main problems of medicine and outlined her next tasks: "For the future doctor of the scientific direction, it is necessary to study the nature in the full sense of this the words. Knowledge of physics, chemistry, natural sciences, with possibly wide general education, is the best preparatory school for the study of scientific practical medicine. "
During the institution, the academic therapeutic clinic of S. P. Botkin and his students wrote more than 100 works devoted to only the problems of the treatment of patients, of which 40 became doctoral dissertations.
The greatness of S. P. Botkin is that he was the first of the Russian clinicians at the cost of hard work and a large talent created the largest and best-time school. Of the 106 students of S. P. Botkin 45, the clinical departments were headed not only in St. Petersburg, but also in various cities of Russia. Among them, Professor-clinicians N. A. Vinogradov, V. G. Lashkevich, N. Ya. Chistovich, V. N. Sirotinin, M. V. Yanovsky, V. A. Maenasine, Yu. T. Chinovsky, L. in . Popov, M. M. Volkov, V. T. Pokrovsky, Ya. Ya. Soolnikov, S. V. Levashev, S. M. Vasilyev and many others. Under the influence of clinical views of S. P. Botkin, other industries were fruitfully developed fruitfully. Knowledge: neuropathology, psychiatry, dermatology, otorinolaryngology.
In 1866, with the assistance of S. P. Botkin, the "epidemiological leaflet" was founded - a magazine, which was published 2 years. At the same time, he organized epidemiol in St. Petersburg, society. Since 1881, with the assistance of S. P. Botkin, a "weekly clinical newspaper" was published - the first newspaper of domestic clinical medicine.
In 1872, the Conference of the Medical and Surgery Academy S. P. Botkin was approved by the Academician.
S. P. Botkin's social activity is significant and multifaceted. In 1878 he was elected chairman of the Russian doctors in St. Petersburg and carried out these duties until the end of his days. With his assistance in 1872, female medical courses were founded. In 1881, S. P. Botkin was elected a vowel city of Duma and deputy. Chairman of the Commission of Public Health. On his initiative, free medical care was organized for "poor classes". At the suggestion of S. P. Botkin in St. Petersburg, a schoolmanist supervision was introduced.
In 1886, S. P. Botkin was elected a trustee of all city hospitals of St. Petersburg and chairman of the Commission at the Medical Council on the issue of improving San. conditions and reduction of mortality in Russia. In these public posts, he participated in the organization of Health of Russia.
S. P. Botkin was an honorary member of the Moscow and Kazan universities, 35 Russians and 9 foreign medical societies.
Works: On the suction of fat in the guts, military.-Honey. journals, vol. 78, No. 2, p. 443, 1860; On the physiological action of sulfur-acid atropine, honey. Vestn., №29, p. 261, 186i; Course of the clinic of internal diseases, in. 1 - 3, St. Petersburg, 1867-1875; About pernicious anemia, week. Wedge, gas., № 6, p. 81, 1884; On the mobility of the kidneys, ibid, No. 23, p. 353; Basedova disease and tired heart, ibid, No. 21, p. 367, № 22, p. 383, № 23, p. 399, 1885; The general foundations of clinical medicine, ibid, No. 37-38, p. 731, 1886; Clinical lectures S. P. Botkin, Sost. V.N. Sirotinin et al., C. 1 - 3, St. Petersburg, 1887-1888; Acute infectious kataror of bile ducts, week. Wedge, gas., № 37-38, p. 795, 1888; Letters S. P. Botkin from Bulgaria 1877, St. Petersburg., 1893.
Bibliography: Arinkin M. I. and Farber V. B., S. P. Botkin, 1832- 1887, M., 1948, Bibliogr.; Belogolova A. N., S. P. Botkin, his life and medical activity, St. Petersburg, 1892; Gukasyan A. G., S. P. Botkin - the founder of the Russian clinic of internal diseases (to the 50th anniversary of death), owls. honey, № 5-6, p. 8, 1940; Molchanov N. S. Development of ideas S. P. Botkin in modern clinical medicine, in the book: Botkin's readings of 1970, p. 7, M., 1972.
A. G. Lushnikov, D. Ya. Shurygia.
Medic. Botkin's name is forever insisted in the history of world medicine, because he played a huge role in its development.
Sergey Botkin was born in mid-September 1832, in Moscow. There was from a good family, his father was a merchant, engaged in tea trading. Sergey had two brothers: Vasily was engaged in literature, and Mikhail was a good artist.
Sergey's education, for the most part, was engaged in the elder brother Vasily, who had certain fame in literary circles, was friends with Belinsky. In their house, it was often possible to see interesting guests - Belinsky, Stankevich and many other famous of their time.
After the end of the guesthouse, the doors of the institute were opened in front of Sergey Petrovich. He wanted to study at the Mathematical Faculty, but mathematics were not particularly in demand. By virtue of circumstances, he began studying at the medical faculty.
Study at the medical faculty once and forever grafted Sergey Petrovich the love of this science. Studying at the university, he received a solid foundation for basic medical knowledge. Having learned theory, at the end of the university, Botkin immediately moves to practice. He goes to the Crimea, where events are actively unfolding.
Sergey Botkin worked for more than three months in Simferopol Military Hospital. The Crimean War ended, and he rides back to Moscow. Updated at home, understands that there are still many theoretical knowledge that he needs. So he decides to continue his medical training abroad. For several years, Botkin spent in Germany, then in France.
In 1860, Sergey Petrovich returns to. Here he was immediately offered to work as an adjunct in the metropolitan Medical and Surgical Academy. A year later, he headed the Department of the therapeutic clinic. In this position he worked until the end of his life.
We have already talked about what Botkin inscribed his name in the history of medicine forever. What is it? Medicine, as science developed only in the 19th century. Sergey Petrovich was one of those thanks to whom today's medicine is what we used to see. After studying abroad, he mentioned the peculiarities of the healing of that time.
People's treatment was based on empirica (to the touch), there was no rationalism in the treatment of people. And only, in the middle of the 19th century, in the accounting and thanks to its research and activities, medicine takes the type of rational science. He was a scientist innovator. Many Thoughts of Botkin went into a section with an understanding of medicine in his era. But today, many works of the Russian scientist are the main in medicine.
All the achievements of Sergey Petrovich cannot be listed in one small article. We give only some. He talked about the meaning of the nervous system in the treatment of heart disease, the role of the body during infectious diseases, about the origin of jaundice. They opened the role of the spleen in the circulatory system. Botkin assumed that in the human brain there are several centers - sweat, sugar, thermal and others. Today, this assumption is an axiom in medicine.
Sergey Petrovich Botkin in 1889 passed away, leaving his descendant a huge heritage of his medical knowledge and experiments.