Honey is an easily dismantled food product. Although it consists mainly of simple sugars (80 - 84%) and water (16 - 20%), but includes up to 300 different components (enzymes, vitamins, salts, balms, etc.), which, together with the main part Detect its dietary and therapeutic properties. This product is widely used in confectionery production, in cosmetics, for the preparation of honey beverages. Therapeutic nutritious and dietary properties of pollen, uterine milk and propolis are well known. A wide range of biological active substances is included in their composition, having a biostimulating and tonic effect. Propolis is a strong antioxidant. The royal milk, normalizing the metabolism and protective forces of the body, stimulating the energy factors, suspends the processes of clogging of the body tissues toxic pollutants and slows the aging of the body. Invaluable the role of bees in pollination of plants, including agricultural.
The role of bees as producers of specific products - honey, wax, pollen, uterine milk, propolis and bee poison. Each of them has a complex composition of substances that have a specific chemical effect. This allows them to be used in the dietary practice of the medical treatment plant, especially for those who are ill with immunological failure. Man uses beekeeping products from ancient times. Nowadays, interest in them in many cases has grown significantly due to the national economic significance of products obtained from bees and the exclusive effects of them on the human body.
However, since the external environment is contaminated, it affects the animal and the plant world. Thus, when combustion of fuel in the atmosphere, harmful substances are thrown into the atmosphere, which reach the upper layers of the atmosphere, mixed with water vapors and form solid, sulfur, nitric and nitrous acid, respectively. As a result, many species of mammals, birds, insects and other groups of animals are made to the Red Book. In particular, among insects it is a bumblebee steppe and ordinary. At one time, Darwin noted that only these insects are able to pollinate red clover flowers. That is why the disappearance of the red clover as a species is associated with them, although we note that the role of pollinkers of these species can be performed by honey bees with appropriate training. In an effort to obtain as much products with sowing areas, people affect the components of the ecosystem and especially on the soil by applying a complex of agrotechnical activities, including chemicalization. There is intensive contamination of the soil and the atmosphere by radioactive substances, the greatest danger, as is well known, two isotopes - strontium-90 (half-life of 25 years), settlement on the surface of the Earth, and Cesium-137 (half-life of 33 years), accumulated in plants and soil By cycle of substances.
Collecting nectar and pollen within a radius of 3 - 5 km from the apiary, the bees suffer all pollutants from the environment. When used for its livelihoods of contaminated nectar and pollen pollutants penetrate into the insect organism. This leads either to the death of bees and their breakdown, or to reduce the life expectancy of insects. We have repeatedly noted the weakening of such families.
In the form of gaseous, liquid or solid particles entering the environment in the form of gaseous, liquid or solids, various chemicals are usually entered by bees in a hive with nectar, step, pollen, resin trees, water. Their concentration in the bee nest can be 1000 - 100,000 times more than in the air, and 1000 - 10,000 times higher than in plants. At the same time, this property makes the bee especially vulnerable to various pollution. In a wide range, reliable materials on the environmental characteristic of the area can study the chemical composition of bees and beekeeping products. Such studies in the south of the Tyumen region we spend regularly.
When determining the toxic elements in samples, we acted in accordance with GOST "Beekeeping products. Mineralization of samples to determine the toxic elements." Mineralization is possible in two ways: dry - for all beekeeping products, except for wax, and acid extraction method for beeswax. For each beekeeping product, said weights of the sample are used when the toxic substances are detected by atomic adsorption and polygraphic. The last method is especially good, which allows you to detect several metals in one jam. The actual data on the detection of pollutants on the apiarys of one of the districts of the Tyumen region is presented in the table.
Currently, the quality of products produced by bees is carried out in Russia in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation for each type of product, hygienic safety requirements and food value of food products (SanPine 2.3.2.1078-01).
Safety requirements for beeswax in these documents are not, as it is not related to food products. However, in our opinion, studies on the content of toxic substances in it should be carried out, since the wax directly contacts the products of beekeeping, with a breakdown, besides, it is used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industry. In this, we are convinced of our research results: the accumulation of pollutants in the nests of bee families occurs in the wax. We explain this by the fact that it is used in nests for a number of years. We hope that further research on the identification of pollutants in various objects (soil and plants) will be continued. This will make it possible to make a scheme for rational accommodation of an apiary in the region to ensure that there are really environmentally friendly products of beekeeping in the south of the Tyumen region.
Table1. Results of studies of soil samples, plants and products of beekeeping for the infection of heavy metals, radioactive substances and pesticides on the Pomegers of the Nizhnevdinsky district of the Tyumen region
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Indicators |
Plants |
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|
detection |
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Lead MG / kg |
Actual |
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|
Error |
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Cadmium MG / kg |
Actual |
|||||
|
Error |
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|
Mysterious mg / kg |
Actual |
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|
Error |
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|
Cesium - 137 BK / kg |
Actual |
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|
Error |
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|
Strontium-90 bk / kg |
Actual |
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|
Error |
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|
GHCG mg / kg |
Actual |
|||||
|
Error |
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|
DDT mg / kg |
Actual |
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|
Error |
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S. A. Pasha, K. B.n., Associate Professor,
Tyumen State Agricultural Academy
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Bee hive is just a storehouse of nutrients. Wax, propolis, pollen, uterine milk - all these products bring us only benefits and are used both in medicine and in cosmetology. Even a simple reception inside - but only in limited quantities - is very useful and can get rid of many diseases.
Commus
The bees seal the cells with hexagonal caps, which beekeepers break down before shooting honey. This is the Rasub. It is even more useful than honey itself, as it also contains bees saliva, and honey, and a little bee poison, which bees seal honeycombs. In the intake - high concentration of vitamins A, B, C, E, there are almost all the users of microelements and a very rare type of fats secreted by bee glands.
Radru is a very useful cocktail from honey, pollen and wax, and in addition - it contains bee poison. It is thanks to the abroad honey in cells can be stored for a very long time, decades, not sugar and maintain their useful properties.
The ranging is very useful for diseases of the respiratory tract, runny nose, hyimorite, bronchitis. It cures colds and influenza, as it has antiviral and antimicrobial effect. Rasload just chew like a chewing than longer, the better.
Contraindications.
Propolis
Its bees are obtained by processing resinous substances of plant origin. Propolis is bee glue. It is used to arrange the housing, ripping cracks, construction.
Propolis is the strongest natural antibiotic. It destroys harmful microbes, but it does not harm useful bacteria, therefore it does not have side effects in contrast to the tablets. Propolis is used as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anesthetic, antitumor and antioxidant. Propolis also regulates blood reducingness, strengthens the vessels, improves digestion.
Contraindications. Individual intolerance and allergies to bee products.
Pollen
Bees, collecting nectar, do not forget about pollen. Most of the collected pollen, they can be preserved in honey, and it turns out Perga. In addition, they bring pollen on the legs and on the abdomen. Beekeepers put special pollen collectors to assemble part of pollen from bee legs, because it is so useful.
Flower pollen contains all the necessary amino acids that a person should receive with food, since the body itself cannot synthesize them. It has a lot of potassium, which we need to maintain the heart muscle, as well as 26 more important trace elements and very necessary vitamins: carotene, provitamin A, group vitamins, vitamins C, E, D, R, K. Present in pollen Rutin, Which is a record number, practically performs a program for the prevention of heart disease: it strengthens the walls of the capillaries, thereby improving heart activities.
Contraindications.
Perg.
This pollen, which bees was treated with their saliva and waste in honey. One of the most valuable bee products. Perhea Bee feed their larvae. Moreover, producing this product, they can be can pollen with the mind, making up a cocktail from different types of pollen.
Perge contains a lot of potassium, which is extremely necessary for our body, but with conventional food or vitamins to get the necessary amount is difficult - it is poorly absorbed. And in Perga Pokaliy was actually recycled by bees, so he digested well. This trace element is responsible for the work of the heart muscle, good metabolism, withdrawal of toxins from the body.
Contraindications.Allergies to pollen and honey, diabetes mellitus. Pollen and Perm should be eating very small portions - no more than 1 tsp. in a day. Overdose is harmful.
Royal Milk
It produces bees that do not fly out of the hive. The uterine milk need a family to feed the larvae bees and drone, as well as to power the queen of bees - uterus.
In appearance and taste, the uterine milk resembles a sour cream. If we take it on a little bit every day on an empty stomach, then after a while you can see that the tone of the muscles and the nervous system has increased, the memory has improved, vision, has become smooth and elastic skin. The uterine milk reduces cholesterol in the blood, normalizes blood pressure, increases mental and physical performance, prevents the aging process.
Contraindications. Allergies and individual intolerances, acute infectious diseases, tumors, adrenal cortex diseases. It is impossible to use this product at elevated pressure and increased blood coagulation. Maximum daily dose (if there are no contraindications) to 100 mg per day (the maximum one-time dose is 30 mg). It is impossible to use royal milk in the evening, otherwise insomnia is provided.
Bee poison
In the villages and at the Pacific, the bees were used as a medicine against radiculitis: 4-3 bees were put on the lower back and slightly pressed. Bees Kusali, and their poison treated the disease, accelerated blood.
Scientists have proven that the bee poison is a very useful substance. It increases the amount of hemoglobin, reduces the viscosity and consumption of blood, reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood, expands the vessels, increases blood flow to the patient, relieves pain, increases the overall tone, performance improves sleep and appetite. So in small quantities of poison bees - is useful.
Contraindications. It should be treated with a bee poison only under the supervision of a doctor, since only a specialist will pick up the desired dosage. Keep in mind that some people are allergic to bee poison. And then the bite of even one bee can lead to a fatal outcome.
Are people often thinking about what benefits do bees nature?
Everyone knows what they are beneficial to people. Many associate them with honey and other beekeeping products, which are applied for various purposes: in the treatment of diseases, cooking, cosmetics, just in food or as a biodendering.
Each beekeeper has acquaintances who will say that we do not need these products, we do not use them. How then to explain to them, what benefit from bees?
Not every person knows about the value of honey intake insects in nature. But on the planet Earth, the life of bee and flower plants are closely connected. They cannot exist without each other.
Causes of such a phenomenon: uncontrolled use of pesticides, pesticides, selection work for the creation of self-political and genetically modified plants and agricultural products. cultures.
Scientists have already considered that the further disappearance of honeycomb insects will lead to a deterioration in global food security worldwide.
It will disappear from the ground more than 20 thousand species of flowering plants, which will undermine the foundation of the earth's ecosystems.
So do not forget about what benefits bring and remember that they are not only honey.
What will happen when the bees disappear, about the problems that the beekeepers are worried today, you can watch the movie "Silence of Bees".
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Meeting of humanity with interflower insects, which have a miraculous ability to create unique honey products, held long before our era. The evidence of this is evidenced by many archaeological (fragments of ceramics with the image of bees, the remains of ancient apiary, etc.) and ethnographic (folklore of many nations of the world, the presence of images of striped workers in ornaments) of finds. The benefits of bees are known to people for a long time. Not in vain, our grandparents adopted in the formidable bears the ability to use a delicious and therapeutic product - honey, mined with wild bees ness. Thanks to the invention of framework hiles in 1814, the Russian beekeeper Peter Prokopovich, the apiary became common in the national economy.
Beehive with collapsible frames
Important! Honey is the only natural product that does not have the properties to deteriorate, that is, can save its qualities indefinitely.
Stages of beekeeping
Why are the bees bred
The taming of the representatives of the wild fauna occurred from the need of humanity in certain benefits. It is purposefully engaged in beekeeping, people began to consume products made by bees. The domestication of the interflower insects was first due to the taste properties of the bee product, which was used as a meal. Later, the use of other bee products - wax, pollen, propolis and others began. At the same time, humanity did not even realize the remaining positive factors of the impact of the vital activity of bee families on the environment (for example, pollination of plants, including those whose fruits were also on the table, or the preservation of the natural balance).
Note! It is the bees to pollinate 35% of all agricultural crops that exist on the globe.
Fruits bee vital activity
Pollination of plants
Even if someone from your acquaintances say that the bees and honey they are absolutely not needed, because they have intolerance or allergies, they will not be convicted. Even a junior school student will be able to tell what benefits are bees for Mother Nature. Two hundred thousand species of plants need pollination by insects, otherwise they would be deprived of the opportunity to create fruits and produce seeds. Cross pollination of inflorescences of bees make it possible to increase the number of seeds and make the fruit of large in size. It is so established that blooming plants and refamming insects cannot live without each other - they mutually complement their existence on our planet. And if we talk on the topic of the need of bee families, the pollination of plants brings such a huge benefit that humanity could hardly have survived without it.
Attention! Scientists cleaned that the contribution of striped workers to the global economy, as pollinators of plants, becomes about 160 billion dollars annually.
Foods produced by bees
To date, thanks to the latest scientific achievements, people are widely used in culinary, medical and cosmetology purposes:
- honey is a rich in healing quality source of energy and power;
- perga - canned bees assembled nectar, recycled by enzymes, harvested as food for larvae and adult insects;
- propolis (glue, UZA) is a resinous substance created with adhesive discharge on trees modified by bee enzymes;
- mastechnic Milk - stands out by the bread makers for feeding offspring;
- wax - allocated from the special glands of the refamped insects product used for the construction of cells;
- the bee composite - the floral pollen collected by bees, after processing the secret of the salivary glands, turning into the granules;
- submor - dried beacons of striped workers, flew into powder;
- the bee poison is bitter and burning liquid highlighted by working bees when bite;
- radru (honey sealing) - wax caps, which bees permanent cells with honey.
So because of such a long list of bee products filled with many healing substances, humanity began to build apiary and breed bee swari.
Beekeeping products
Need to know! All beekeeping products are narrowed antibiotics, not all living things, but, most importantly, only malicious bacteria and viruses.
Ecotourism
Nowadays, many people began to prefer to hold a weekend or vacation not in crowded polluted cities, but in quiet and clean corners of nature. An excellent place to relax will be the stay at the apiary, especially if it is located in the forest or on its outskirts. After all, it is known that bees will live only in good, environmentally friendly places. Why not create a project on ecotourism, both for adults and children in which you can combine holidays in nature, work with amazing representatives of fauna and know the secrets of cooking honey.
Business plans
On the material interest of beekeepers - the sale of the above-listed products of bee vital activity - has already been said not once. In addition, it is possible to engage in the breeding of certain breeds of bees - to deal with business plans for the sale of larvae bees, beekeepers, as well as Pcheloshemey Raev.
Do not forget! Before breeding one or another breed, it is necessary to take into account all the features of the lifestyle, external features and occupational indicators of the bee subspecies.
Breed bees
Among the huge bee kingdom, which has about twenty thousand rocks, which includes multi-million-dollar singular insects, isolated individual groups depending on the image of their lives. There are bees living in earthen nonorah, there are insects living between rocks of rocks and under the crust of trees. Some independently build nests, having fallen from wax and propolis, others use foreign horses - regardless of this, each of the representatives of any breed deserve respect. If homemade bees are more familiar to us because of the neighborhood of living, then the rest, wild, refigulate workers are no less useful for the planet Earth. Here is an incomplete list of bee rocks that are bred in our country:
- Chelyabinsk;
- Vologda;
- Orlovskaya;
- Mordovskaya;
- Tatar;
- Bashkir;
- Mariy;
- Gorno-Altai and others.
Sea Caucasian Bee.
Biological reference: the first places on the world spread and the Italian, gray Caucasian and Krain breed bees occupy the first seats and brought humanity.
Is it possible to sleep on bee hijah
Interesting! Information about the healing qualities of bee products and the role of bees in the natural environment has already been said a lot. But there is another one of the positive moments of the effect of bees on the human body - this is a dream on bee hives. Yes, yes, you understood everything correctly - it turns out that one of the unique methods of traditional medicine is overnight on the houses of bees.
See how an unusual project works, you can in the subject provided by the plot:
Gray facts
Unfortunately, not only ordinary citizens can afford to disrespect to respond to the refillar insects, but even at the level of state power, they do not raise questions about the reduction of the number of bees needed in the country. And to beat the bell, and the louder, the better.And the project on saving insect-honeycombs is never relevant - after all, today there is a real threat to the reduction of bee families. The reasons for this is:
- the ill-conceived use of pesticides and pesticides in agriculture, which generously irrigates our fields. Often such chemical products do not have a charitable effect on bees and their offspring;
- created by breeders not one project on new genetically modified products, as well as their efforts to bring new varieties of self-polling flowering plants.
Important! If the reducing bees continues to continue with modern pace, then in the near future there are disappearance of more than 20 thousand flowering plants, which will pull the cardinal change of environmental landscapes.
Proverbs and sayings about hardworking bees
Walking in nature, never tease and do not touch without a further reason for small hardworking insects - remember, one bee bite ends for her death. Do not forget about the benefits of striped workers - it is not only honey and other bee products, but a huge role in the existence of a whole planet.
Effect of external temperature
The wide range of honey bees is associated with the fact that in the process of the evolution of a social lifestyle, they adapted to the general efforts to regulate the microclimate of their nest. Due to this, the bee family is able to live in conditions where the range of annual temperature fluctuations reaches almost 100 ° C. Indeed, the bee family withstands the external temperatures up to 40-45 ° C and survives in cases where the temperature during the wintering period is lowered to -50 ° C.
The thermoregulation mechanism is used by the bee family to maintain the optimal (best) temperature conditions of its livelihoods. This mechanism is a chain of complex behavioral acts performed by working facilities of the family. At the same time, they use in various ways, depending on what needs to be done is to increase or lower the temperature relative to the required optimal temperature.
The negative attitude of the bee to overheating their dwellings is manifested in natural conditions while choosing places for housing. So, if it provides such an opportunity, it will settle with other things to equal conditions in a dwelling, protected from a long direct impact of the sun.
However, the choice of housing space due to the limited quantity of those in this area does not always guarantee the family safety from possible overheating of the nest. Therefore, the bees in the process of evolution adapted to actively counteract overheating by venturing the dwelling - the creation of a directional flow of air with the swords of their wings.
In addition to ventilating, effective means of reducing the temperature in the overheating of the nest are the evaporation of water delivered to it with bees, as well as a decrease in the proportion of heat released by adult individuals. The latter is achieved by the fact that most of them leave the dwelling, located in the form of a roe well under the arriving board or under the hives. This bunch is usually formed in the afternoon and disappears in the evening, while the bees from the bunch return to the hive.
Bees, as in other cold-blooded (pallotermic) animals, the body temperature largely depends on the ambient temperature. But the presence of such a dependence does not mean the equality of these temperatures - the bees have a congenital ability to adjust the temperature of their body in some limits. Thus, at an outer temperature of 9 ° C, the body temperature of the flying bee is 18 ° C, and at an external temperature of 34 ° C, it rises to 35 ° C.
The heat production mechanism in bees is based on muscle activity. Its largest amounts are distinguished by breast muscles.
The temperature of the bee body is significantly increasing with increasing their motor activity, however, in externally fixed bees (for example, forming a winter club), a rapid rise of the breast temperature may occur.
The temperature in the bee nest is supported with rather high stability, especially in the breakdown zone. Here, its upper boundary at a relatively high outer temperature rarely rises above 36 ° C. Thus, with an increase in the external temperature from 5 to 27 ° C, the temperature in the bee decoder zone increases by an average of 34.5 to 36.3 ° C.
The absolute value and temperature stability depends on the location of the breakdown. During the spring-summer period of family development, the highest and stable temperature is in the central zone of the nest, where the multi-aging breakdown is located. Here, the influence of daily oscillations of the external temperature is weakly or not at all. The average temperature in this zone of the nest is at 35 ° C.
Regarding the influence of the external temperature on the Musicians, you can say the following. As a rule, natural roseerinemen are placed in the peripheral zone of the nest outside or on the border with a beesframe, which allows the bees to carry out autonomous temperature control in this zone. Typically, the maximum temperature value in natural dyashelniks is ranging from 34 to 35.4 ° C. At the same time, the minimum temperature values \u200b\u200bin the satellites located on the peripheral parts of the cells during the cycle of their development are repeatedly lowered to 31-32 ° C, and sometimes even up to 28-29 ° C. This explains the delay in the exit of individual uterus while simultaneously laying the satellites.
On the range of fluctuations in temperature in the pancakenikov affects their location in the nest. Thus, the most stable temperature in the range of 1 ° C is maintained in the satellites located in the central part of the nest.
The generalized dependence of the temperature in different zones of the nest in the hive and in the voupel of the effect of the external temperature is shown in Fig. one.
Fig. 1. The effect of external temperature on the temperature in various areas of the hive with bees (according to E.K. Slakov, 1983, 1990)
Briefly small decrease in temperature in the bee nest in the active period of the family's vital activity causes a rapid increase in the body temperature of the bee. With the largest cooling in the passive period of vital activity (autumn - winter - spring) one increase in the body temperature of the bee is not enough. If they used only this way, they would quickly spend their main energy material - honey and died. The stability of the family to long-term and deep cooling is largely related to the ability of the bees to regulate the thermal return of the nest by changing its heat insulation. Already a small night cooling in the summer-autumn period encourage bees located in various housing places, gather in the nest area with a breakdown and form a club. At the same time, they are most closely grouped in peripheral, more cooled parts of inter-frame spaces, forming their bodies a peculiar heat insulating shell, which reduces the thermal losses of the family. As a result, the farther from the surface of the club will be bees, the less they will be exposed to cold. Therefore, the density of the club from the periphery to the center gradually decreases. However, the outer part (crust) of the club is cooled unevenly, which is associated with the peculiarities of the thermal protection of the dwelling and the effect of physical laws of heat transfer. This causes the heterogeneity of the density of the bee club in different zones. The most loose usually the upper part of the club, located directly above its thermal center.
The change in the density of the winter club and the volume occupied by them is an important mechanism for regulating heat loss bees. In particular, the seal of the club, undertaken by bees in response, either cooling, entails a decrease in thermal losses. The heat loss club is reduced by reducing the air exchange between the introlyspa and the environment. Reducing the cost of heat occurs also due to the reduction of thermal radiation from the surface of the club, as the ratio between its surface area and the volume decreases.
The originality of thermoregulation mechanisms in bees is associated largely with the peculiarities of the work of their thermistors. The bee thermal receptors are both carbon dioxide receptors, which has an important biological meaning. The fact is that lowering the external temperature causing the club seal, worsens its ventilation. Therefore, it increases the temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide, which is the product of metabolism in bees. As a result, the receptor is subjected to simultaneous effects of two factors (carbon dioxide and high temperature), causing a unidirectional reaction in the form of excitation of bees, which leads to a further increase in temperature in the heat center zone. The above explains the reasons for the well-known fact of the buckwind increase in temperature in the center of the nest with sharp cooling: the colder on the street and in the hive, the warmer in the club.
The temperature also serves as an important factor determining the development of bees and affecting their physiological state. The development of a wide range of dealers of people, especially in the northern territory, is associated with the development of the high-improved system of regulating the thermal sensor of the nest. This family spends energy the more, the stronger the external temperature differs from optimal. Studies found that during the summer period the bee family spends the smallest amount of energy at an external temperature of 23-28 ° C.
Temperature fluctuations inside the nest have a strong effect on the duration and course of developing workers bees, dietary and drone.
It is known that the sealed bee breakdown at 34-5 ° C is developing before the exit for 12 days. But if the temperature in the nest during the ripening of the breakdown will be 30 ° C, then this period will increase by 3-4 days and will be 15-16 days.
The development of the damp from the moment of sealing of the satellites slows down on average for almost three days with a decrease in temperature from 37 to 31 ° C (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. The effect of temperature on the duration of the development of the duration of the uroda from the moment of sealing of the Musicinee (E.K. Slakov, 1992)
At 38 ° C, the development time of the module is reduced in relation to such at 34 ° C for another 14 hours (E. K. Eykov, 1983). All this beekeeper should be known and take into account in its practical activity.
In natural conditions, the bee is exposed to low temperatures during the wintering period. Especially cooled by those bees that are located in the lower and lateral parts of the club. The short-term effects of negative temperatures (below 0 ° C) bees are transferred due to the fact that the hemolymph that replaces them the blood, and other liquid body fractions have the ability to be for some time, not freezing, in a supercourse state. Thus, bees are protected from low temperatures. With a further decrease in temperature in the so-called point of maximum hypathy, the crystallization of these liquids begins.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the nest also has a strong influence on the maximum hyproofing temperature. So, if the external temperature of the bee is gathered in a dense club, this will reduce its ventilation and an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, which will cause a decrease in the temperature of maximum hypothermia.
Special studies have established that between the temperature of the maximum overcooling and life expectancy of the bees there is an inverse dependence: the lower the temperature of the crystallization, the less the bee lives. Consequently, the cold protection mechanism provides the possibility of bee to experience short-term, but rather strong cooling. However, upon the occurrence of normal temperatures, this will affect the reduction of the life expectancy of bees.
1) It is necessary whenever possible to protect bee families from the effects of low temperatures encouraging bees to group a very dense club;
2) the longer the bee will be in a dense club during wintering, the less they will live after spring flights;
3) The optimal method of wintering bees must ensure their maximum protection against low-temperature effects.
Influence of air humidity on the life of a bee family
The atmospheric air always has in its composition of water vapor, the amount of which is impermanently and depends on the presence of a source of moisturizing, temperature and atmospheric pressure. The higher the temperature at normal atmospheric pressure, the more moisture in the air and vice versa. At constant temperature and pressure in air in the equilibrium state, there is a completely defined amount of water vapor. Any increase or decrease in air temperature disrupts this equilibrium, causing respectively or condensation of a part of water vapor, or an additional saturation of its moisture.
There are many indicators for the characteristics of air humidity, but in practice the relative humidity is most often used. Under the relative humidity (%), the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature is to that quantity that is required for full air saturation at the same temperature.
In the active period of the family's life, the relative humidity in the bee dwelling depends on a number of factors. Among them is the moisture content of the external air, the moisture content in the feed brought by bees, the degree of activity of bees and the amount of brood in the nest.
In summer, the relative humidity of air in various areas of bee housing ranges from 25 to 100%. The minimum values \u200b\u200bof relative humidity are characteristic of periods with low outer temperatures, and maximum - for periods with high temperature and humidity. Therefore, in the daily cycle of oscillations, the relative humidity in bee housing is usually the highest in daytime and the smallest - in the night. This circumstance, in particular, can be explained by the fact that in one night the nectar brought to the nest can lose up to half the water contained in it; In the process of venting out, the bee is pumped through the nest at night "dry" air, which makes outward excess moisture from nectar. Fast nectar dehydration is very important for bees, because otherwise he could quickly get tidy.
In general, the internal relative air humidity may be lower than outer or exceed it. The number of water vapor in various zones of the socket depends on the level of the air exchange between the intraulic space and the external environment. To increase the air intake of the roof of the hives, usually equipped with ventilation holes. The need for these holes demonstrates the rapid condensation of water vapor in the hive in the case of sealing its upper part. So, if the top of the hive is tightly close with a plastic film, and literally a few minutes later, the formation of condensate will begin on its inner side. This means that air moisture content at the top of the hive reaches full saturation (100%).
And now let's talk about a very important for the family passive period of her life - wintering.
During this period, the degree of air saturation with water vapors in various areas of the beehs occupied by bees and free from them depends on the temperature and humidity of the external air entering the dwelling, the level of ventilation of the hive and the physiological state of the bees.
For the passive period of life, bees is characterized by high uneven distribution of water vapor in their home. In wide limits there are fluctuations in air humidity in the part of the hive, which is not occupied by bees, especially in the zone adjacent to the pilot. In this part of the dwelling, including in inter-frame spaces, when they are not occupied by bees, air saturation with water vapors varies in accordance with the oscillations of external humidity. The temperature and humidity of the external air also have a significant effect on the content of water vapor at the wall opposite to the flying hole. The relative humidity of the air in this part of the dwelling during the wintering is often supported at about 100%, that is, at the level of saturation.
When the temperature decreases, water vapor is condensing falling in the form of water or inone. If the ventilation in the ule will be organized incorrectly, the condensate can accumulate in large quantities not only at the bottom and rear wall, but also on the sections of the frames. Wood walls of the hive and frames at the same time saturated to the limit, molds and loses its physical qualities (first of all the strength). If there will be open honey in these types of honey, it will quickly zakuats, and the perga is covered with mold and all this feed becomes unsuitable for use with bees. Most often, such negative phenomena are observed in the hives with insufficient subracted space (traditional 20 mm) and poorly organized ventilation. That is why the conditions of high-quality wintering of bee families are the use of modern hives with a subracted space in 100-150 mm and a competent organization of ventilation.
It is known that honey has high hygroscopicity and therefore its humidity will depend on the humidity of the surrounding air. By virtue of this property, open honey can both dry and moisturize the intraulic space. Thus, the increase in the relative intraeval humidity of the air entails the absorption of water vapor with honey and an increase in the content of water in it; At the same time, the discharge of the intraulic space will occur. For example, with relative air humidity, 66% water content in open honey is 21.5%, and with a humidity of 81% - about 40%. At these levels, a dynamic equilibrium is installed between the humidity of the air and the content of water in honey, that is, honey no longer absorbs and does not give moisture.
For bees during the wintering, such a property of honey is very important, since the permanent printing of honey in order to consume its consumption has a beneficial effect on reducing air humidity in the nest. In addition, the consumption of bees of such honey will satisfy their need for water, which is of particular importance with the beginning of growing breakdown bees at the end of wintering.
The so-called metabolic water (metabolism is the process of metabolism and the process of metabolism has a large influence on the humidity in the bee housing during the wintering. The amount of this water is directly related to the number of food consumed. It has been established that the family by force of 3 kg when wintering in Overschika, an average of a day allocates with breathing 46 g (maximum - 80 g) of metabolic water. In general, there are about 700 g of metabolic water to each kilogram of the eaten honey of the bee. This means that if the bees family will eat 10 kg of honey for winter, then it will allocate 7 kg of water in the form of steam with breathing. A large amount of metabolic water released is one of the main reasons that generates the main problem of wintering bees - the complexity of removal from the nest of excess moisture without a large heat loss.
Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen on the life of bee family
The atmospheric air is a natural mixture of various gases, among which oxygen (0 2) is the greatest effect on the life activity of bees (0 2), which contains about 21% in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide (C0 2), the content of which in the atmosphere is 0.03%.
The composition of the gas medium in bee housing is quite different from atmospheric air. This is due to the fact that the consumption of the oxygen family and the separation of carbon dioxide always occurs in a closed amount of bee housing, which is poorly connected with the external environment. The air exchange is carried out mainly through the flying holes, the ventilation system and the slot in the connection places of the collapsible pieces of the hive. Due to the air exchange with an external environment, oxygen comes into the nest, and carbon dioxide and water vapor are removed. The air exchange (aeration) of the inner space of the hilt is carried out due to active and passive ventilation, as well as due to the physical impact of diffusion.
Active ventilation ensures the activity of bee-ventilator at the flyer. The intensity of this ventilation depends on the needs of the family and its physiological state.
Passive ventilation of the intrahightspace occurs through the above-tailed gaps due to the physical appearance of convection. Its essence is that warm air, having a smaller density and weight, will always spontaneously climb up and through the holes in the ceiling leave the socket (through ascending ventilation).
As for diffusion, the essence of this physical phenomenon consists in spontaneous alignment of the concentrations of the eponymous gases across the boundary of the contact of two volumes in which the concentrations of these gases are different.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are distributed in different ways in the bee housing due to the unevenness of the placement of adults and developing features of the bee family and a different level of ventilation of various dwelling zones.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the central part of the nest is usually higher than on the periphery. In contrast, the oxygen concentration in the center is lower, and on the periphery above. These zonal differences in concentrations are largely dependent on the outer temperature. Thus, at a temperature of an external air, changing at the beginning of spring from - 3 to +9 ° C, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the central part of the socket is maintained by bees at 1.8-3.7%, and oxygen is about 6%. With an increase in the external temperature by the end of spring to 6-24 ° C, the concentration of carbon dioxide in this dwelling zone decreases to 1.3-0.15%, and the oxygen content increases to 15.7-20.3%.
The content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in bee housing is also associated with the physiological state of the family and therefore changes in the cycle of its seasonal development. A variety of stress factors can be reached on the gas medium in the dwelling of the bee. One of these factors is the transportation of bee families, for example, with nomads on the turbines. During transportation, the vibration of the nesting buildings occurs, which is very disturbing bees. This encourages them to go to the sandarbing space, which leads to a sharp decrease in gas exchange between intrahightspace and the external environment. As a result, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the hive increases sharply and can reach 4%, that is, to exceed its content in atmospheric air 130 times! At the same time, the temperature is sharply rising in the hive, and the family can "be closed".
During this period, with any formation of the club, the concentration of oxygen decreases in it, and carbon dioxide increases. Thus, with the oiled decreases of temperature to 0 ° C, the C0 2 concentration in the central part of the socket is set at 2.5%, and on the periphery - up to 1.2%; Oxygen: in the center - at 10%, and on the periphery - up to 15%. With further reductions of the external temperature and the formation of a dense club, the concentration of CO 2 increases, and 0 2 - decreases.
It is noted that if the wintering bees is carried out using an electrically heating at the location of the heating elements at the bottom of the hive, then the concentration of carbon dioxide in the darkest space will be 2-2.5 times lower than in the ule without electrically heating.
In general, the bees negatively relate to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in their home and begin to ventilate it. Moreover, the activity of bee-ventilator and their quantity, with other things being equal, depend on the C0 2 concentration. In the summer, the problem of removing excess carbon dioxide from the bee nest is solved in the complex with the removal of excessive moisture from nectar, which for them does not represent complexity during this period. And what is the case in winter, when the bees are forced to gather to the club? It turns out that bees during this period remove carbon dioxide from the nest in two ways. The first one is based on a decrease in the density of the bees in the club, which improves air permeability into the nest and removing carbon dioxide from it. The second method is associated with the active ventilation of the socket with bees-valve, located outside the club. This method of bee begins to ventilate the nest when one decrease in the density of the club becomes not enough to remove excess carbon dioxide that excites 1 bees.
It has been established that bees, wintering rooms at a temperature of about 0 ° C, begin to actively ventilate the socket when the 4% concentration of C0 2 is reached in the peripheral part of the dwelling. With a further increase in the concentration of bee are excited even stronger (E. K. Eykov, 1983). Beekeepers sometimes have to hear how with a bad wintering family literally "roars." It is usually explained by this the fact that the family is hot. However, this is only a partly so. The main reason that forces the bees to start the mechanism of active ventilation of the nest, is still excess carbon dioxide in the nest.
Now let's try to understand what effect carbon dioxide has on the development of individual individuals and the bee family as a whole.
It is known that high concentrations of carbon dioxide toxic for living organisms, since they cause oxygen fasting (hypoxia) and development in the body of pathological changes. We note that bees are highly resistant to the effects of carbon dioxide, since in the process of their evolution they were forced to adapt to life into poorly ventilated natural shelters. As a result, modern honey bees are able to maintain a high level of motor activity even at a 10-15% concentration of C0 2 in their home. It is 330-500 times the normal concentration of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air! However, despite the ability of the bees to maintain activity and with such high concentrations of carbon dioxide, it still has a negative physiological impact on the body, which is most often irreversible.
In natural conditions, in certain periods of the annual life cycle, the bee family is exposed to relatively high carbon dioxide concentration. Its level during the wintering period can reach 3-9%.
In the winter club of strong families, C0 2 concentration usually reaches 2-2.5%, and weak families it is less and is about 1%. Assumptions are suggested that the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide to 2-2.5% is a prerequisite for the transition of the family to the winter peacekeeper, in which the level of metabolism decreases and the feed intake decreases. Consequently, the level of carbon dioxide concentration in the winter club affects the physiological state of bees and their activity. The higher the content of C0 2 in these limits (up to 2-2.5%), the less the feed will consume bees.
However, at the same time carbon dioxide also has a negative impact on winter bees: the higher its concentration in the nest, the faster the physiological aging of the bees occurs. The latter is due to the fact that at high concentrations of C0 2 bees, despite the smaller intake intake, it is stronger than their internal reserves (nitrogen and fat).
The above circumstances lead to the fact that in the spring such bees will grow less than the breeding and the spring development of such families will slow down.
The use of wintering techniques involving the increased maintenance of carbon dioxide in the nest in order to save feed, adversely affects the physiological state of the bee. Consequently, the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the hive during wintering the bees is undesirable.
Effect of air ionization on the life of bees
Mention of such an external environment as an air ionization in beekeeping literature is quite rare. Although air ionization and does not have such a powerful effect, as temperature, air humidity and its gas composition, but it still affects the bees, which will be described below.
Atmospheric air ionization causes ions - electrically charged particles. The charge of particles can be positive or negative. Ions in the lower layers of the atmosphere arise mainly under the influence of cosmic rays and background radioactive radiation of the Earth, as well as thunderstorms, waterfalls, a marine surf and coronating wires of high-voltage power lines.
Conditionally ions in the air are divided into two groups - light and heavy, which are distinguished by the magnitude of mobility and time of life. Little ion life ranges from several tens of seconds to a few minutes, heavy - up to 50 minutes. The main cause of the short life of ions is the process of mutual destruction of oath blood ions (the so-called recombination): the oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other due to their natural electrostatic attraction and, reuniting, form a neutral system, devoid of charge.
In the clean air at the surface of the Earth, 1 cm 3 is based on an average of 500 to 1000 light ions, with a positively charged, usually 10-20% more than charged negatively. In the cities and industrial areas, the concentration of heavy ions can reach 1 million in 1 cm 3. At the same time, simultaneously with the increasing number of heavy ions in the atmosphere, the concentration of the lungs decreases (it may decrease to 10 in 1 cm 3). The concentration of ions in the atmosphere in various geographic locations of non-etinakov, it also changes during the day and year. Usually the concentration of light ions in the atmosphere is maximum early in the morning (invigorating morning air) and minimal at noon. In the summer, light ions are more than in the winter. Many ions occurs near the waterfalls, fountains, as well as during a thunderstorm.
The presence of ions in the atmosphere significantly affects the vital activity of living organisms, including people and bees. Thus, the increase in the number of negatively charged light ions stimulates the activity of living organisms and suppresses the pathogenic microflora. With an increase in the number of positively charged ions, a large fatigue of a person is associated, the appearance of headaches, a sense of discomfort and similar phenomena.
The idea of \u200b\u200busing air saturated with light negative ions (aeroionization), for the prevention and treatment of human diseases, was expressed even at the beginning of the 20th century. Even constructive solutions appeared to implement this idea (in particular, the famous "Chizhevsky chandelier"), but due to a number of reasons for widespread use in everyday life, this idea did not find. Later, A. L. Chizhevsky wrote about the use of aeroionization in beekeeping. It has been reported on the study of the effect on the bee of the family of negative aerials at a concentration of 104-106 per 1 cm 3 with an exposure of 5 minutes. Sessions were held 2 times a day in the morning and in the evening at the end of April - early May. It was found that at the same time the mortality of the bees decreased by 15%, and flight activity increased in some cases twice.
They are also reported on the experiment on the use of artificial air ionization in the wintering. As a result of the experiment, it was found that in the usual state the content of biologically useful air ions in the wintering was 2.5 times lower than in atmospheric air. The ionic air pollution coefficient is heavy and positive ions, which many hygienists consider it an important indicator of its biological usefulness, exceeds this figure in the atmosphere by 1.9 times.
In essence, each session of aeroionization is completely harmless to bees disinfection of the wintering. Periodically repeated (in two days), ion disinfection supports in the procession and in the hives the proper sanitary condition. Apparently, this circumstance contributes to the allocation of a small amount of ozone when operating the ionizer, which has strong oxidative (disinfectant) properties. Improving the microclimate and direct effects of the optimal concentration of light negative ions on the bee organism is favorably reflected on the quality of their wintering, feed consumption and the further spring development of families.
Effect of Life Life Bees
Although the bees are able to navigate well inside their dwelling and in complete darkness (as they do it, while it is not reliably known), they are still day insects. All its basic functions are the workpiece of nectar, pollen, water delivery, propolis, the rise, search and population of the new dwelling, mating the uterus and some others - the family only carries out in the bright time of the day. As for the working bees, they can only with lighting to solve vital for the type of Triune task: navigating the polarized sunlight, holding while driving a permanent course, as well as localization and identification of food or other objects.
The value (intensity) of the solar luminous flux falling on the ground is made called illumination. The magnitude of illumination and its character (duration and spectral composition) play an important role for bees due to the specifics of their visual perception. In contrast to humans, the area of \u200b\u200blight perception of bees is shifted to the ultraviolet range of the lighting spectrum. Therefore, it can be said quite definitely that a person and bee perceive color in different ways. They also perceive the objects of the surrounding world and their forms differently, since the vision of the bee and the person is significantly different.
Indicators characterizing illumination differ depending on the geographical position of the habitat, day and year time. The daily and seasonal periodicity of the change in illumination and the spectral composition of the light led to the fact that the bees adapted their basic life cycles to a certain duration of the day. This is connected with the cyclicality of their reproduction, the change of phases of individual development of bees, uterus activity, the beginning and end of certain cycles of the bee family.
In zones with a temperate cold climate (in our middle latitudes), periods of growing breakdown and their dynamics are strictly confined to certain periods of the annual cycle of the bee family. The onset of these periods and their duration, in addition to the temperature factor, are largely dependent on lightness. The amount of breeding in the family reaches the maximum, as a rule, at the end of June, when the duration of the daylight of the day is maximum, and then it begins to gradually decrease. In families with old utensils, if not to take measures that stimulate the development of the family, by September-October, the breakdown will not be left at all. This expresses one of the forms of adaptation of bees to the upcoming wintering. This behavior of the bee family is extremely appropriate, since the continuation of the cultivation of the breakage in the fall would reduce the winter stocks of the feed, would increase the strength of the family and such a family could no longer be able to feed themselves.
And now let's move from the winter to summer and see how the bee family will react to daily change in light.
The activity of the bee family during this period cyclically changes during the day, with the most directly effect on these changes affects the illumination of the hive. The daily change in illumination affects the intrahight microclimate, in particular when it is gained in the morning clock, a slight increase in temperature and a short-term increase in carbon dioxide content is observed. These factors are the consequence of improving the morning activity (a peculiar "family awakening"), when the level of illumination still does not allow the bees to leave the hive. Under normal, the bees begin to fly out in the field at the level of illumination of 1-3 LCs (Suite). However, the level of illumination, in which the bees begin to fly out of the hive, may be different, as it depends on the distance to the source of feed and from the concentration of sugar in the stern.
So, when the source of feed is no more than 50 m, the departure occurs when the illumination is 0.1-0.2 LCs, at a distance of 1000 m - 3 LCs, with a distance of 4 km - at least 15 LCs (E. K. Eykov, 1999 ). If the flying hole will be shaded, for example, constantly installed by the dust collector, then the departure of bees in the field will begin with an external illumination in 46-130 LCs, in which the light of the tip is only 0.1 LC.
Given that the duration of the working day of the bees (the period between the beginning of the departure of bees from the beehive and the cessation of their summer) is largely determined by the level of lighting of the flyer, it can be changed by the orientation of the hive relative to the parties of the world. The longest time of the flying of the hive will be lit by the sun's rays in the summer on the medical unit when the velocity is oriented towards the North (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. Orientation of hive on a medical board
In this case, immediately after sunrise the sun will cover the pilot on the right, and before entering the left. The duration of the lighting of the flyer in medium latitudes, for example, on the day of the summer solstice - June 22 - will be the maximum and be about 18 hours. In other months of summer, this duration will certainly be less, but it will still be the maximum possible.
The influence of wind and precipitation on the vital activity of bees
It is known that the physiological state of the family is the main factor in determining the degree of activity of the bee family during the beekeeping season. However, such external factors such as the productivity of honeycomb (bribe), wind speed and precipitation, significantly affect the flight activity of bees during the daylight.
As for the productivity of the honey, then let's talk about this in more detail later. In the meantime, we consider how the wind and precipitation on the liveliness of the bee family affect.
Wind. Beekeepers-practitioners know well that even in the presence of a fairly good bribe in days with a strong wind (even without rain) the intensity of the summer bees is noticeably reduced. It has been reliably established that, with other things being equal, the increase in wind speed will always lead to a decrease in flight activity of bees and their loss growth.
The wind can affect the delay in the fertilization of the uterus. If 4-5 days after the output of the progressive uterus, windy weather will be installed, the first estimated departures and the subsequent departures of the uterus on mating can be delayed, even if it is warm and sunny. The process of copulation of the uterus with a drone can occur at wind speed no more than 18 km / h (5 m / s). At the same time, the departure of the drone from the bee occurs only at wind speed no more than 25 km / h (7 m / s). But usually in summer in our latitudes, periods with windy weather lasts no more than a few days, with the exception of steppe, seaside and mountain areas, where strong winds can blow and longer periods of time.
The wind can also delay the reasons for a few days, especially with an old uterus. POI-PERVAKI, unlike the subsequent roots, are very demanding of the weather, since the old fetal uterus has worse flight qualities than young untouched.
The wind also affects the vital activity of the bee family not only directly, which we have already spoken, but also indirectly through the magnitude of the cells.
Strong wind and especially Sukhov adversely affect not only the development of honey plants, but also on their nectarization. Of all natural factors, strong wind is perhaps the only factor that never has a positive effect on the selection of nectar. Especially unfavorable for the northern and northeastern winds, accompanied by the influx of the mass of cold arctic air, and the southern and southeastern Sukhhei.
To reduce the negative consequences of strong winds (and not only for this), the apiary should be located in protected areas, forest belts, on the edges and outskirts of forest arrays. X. N. Abrikosov (1944) proved that families whose hives were not protected from strong dominant winds, a breakdown was grown less than 33% and collected 60% less than honey.
Precipitation. In the summer season, the precipitates falling in the form of rain or hail can influence the vital activity of the bee family both directly and indirectly.
The direct effect of rain and hail is that they negatively affect, first of all, the flight activity of bees. Bees very sensitively react to rain loss and hail, especially when these phenomena are accompanied by a thunderstorm. The beekeepers know well that before the start of thunderstorms, the bees return to their hives literally with a solid stream. During such a "panic", heavy bees often fly out in their hives, but in those that at the point are closest to the direction of which they return. Therefore, the result of a sudden thunderstorm can be the gain of families located on the edge and weakening families located inside the point.
Water is the basis of life on Earth. Thanks to the water and the sun in the plant, photosynthesis is carried out, metabolism (metabolism), the movement of mineral substances and livelihood products, the elastic state of the cells is maintained (turgor), etc. In plant flowers and they reduce or completely stop the selection of nectar.
The best nectarization occurs with a moderate loss of warm rains, especially if they go at night, or with thunderstorm short-term rains during the day.
The people say: "The more thunderstorms, the more honey." Thunderstorm rains, increasing the humidity of the soil and air and practically without having a negative effect on the intensity of solar illumination and the temperature, contribute to the enhancement of the selection of nectar. There is reason to believe that the ionization of the air and the saturation of its ozone with electrical lightning discharges additionally stimulate plants to the enhanced selection of nectar. It is clear that after the end of such rains, the activity of bees increases, especially in the next few days. Studies have established that most often high honeybers are on the 2nd and 3rd days after the rain.
Long rains, especially during their dropping, adversely affect the selection of nectar. This is due to the fact that the lack of sunlight during cloud weather slows down the absorption of carbon and the formation of starch with the leaves of plants, and the increased humidity leads to the malnutrition of nectar. Thus, nectar in linden flowers with relative humidity of air 51% contains about 70% sugar, and with a humidity of 100% - only 22%. With rainy long weather, the strong growth of green parts of the plant delays the development of flowers. In addition, such rain is shears nectar from flowers, especially in plants with open neckers, such as Lipa, Creeps, Raspberry, etc.
Consequently, tightening summer rains significantly reduce the flight activity of families not only because of bad weather, but also in the reasons presented above.
Although the fog of precipitates cannot be called (this is rather a natural phenomenon), it should be noted that it has a favorable affects the selection of nectar by plants. In areas with frequent fogs, with other things being equal, honeyers are higher than where there are no fogs. And although early in the morning with a dense fog, the flight activity bees begs a little later than usual, the abundant allocation of nectar compensates for the reduction of the duration of the working day.