Rubric: Labile type. Methods for treating accentuations of various types

Labile type

This type is most fully described under various names "emotionally labile" (Schneider, 1923), "reactive-labile" (P. B. Gannushkin, 1933) or "emotive-labile" (Leongard, 1964, 1968), etc. ..

In childhood, labile adolescents, as a rule, do not particularly stand out among their peers. Only a few show a tendency towards neurotic reactions. However, almost all childhood is filled with infectious diseases caused by opportunistic flora. Frequent sore throats, continuous "colds", chronic pneumonia, rheumatism, pyelocystitis, cholecystitis and other diseases, although they do not occur in severe forms, tend to take a protracted and recurrent course. Perhaps the factor of "somatic infantilization" plays an important role in many cases of the formation of the labile type.

The main feature of the labile type is extreme mood variability ...

We can talk about the emerging formation of a labile type in cases when the mood changes too often and too abruptly, and the reasons for these radical changes are negligible. An unflattering word spoken by someone, an unfriendly glance of a casual interlocutor, an inappropriate rain, a button that has come off a suit can plunge into a dull and gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles and failures. At the same time, some pleasant conversation, interesting news, a fleeting compliment, suitably dressed for the occasion, heard from someone, albeit unrealistic, but tempting prospects can cheer up, even distract from real troubles, until they again remind something about yourself. During a psychiatric examination during frank and exciting conversations, when you have to touch on the most different sides of life, for half an hour you can see tears ready to come back and soon a joyful smile.

Mood is characterized not only by frequent and abrupt changes, but also by their considerable depth. The mood of the moment depends on well-being, and appetite, and sleep, and ability to work, and the desire to be alone or only with a loved one, or to rush into a noisy society, company, people. According to the mood, the future is colored with rainbow colors, now it seems gray and dull, and the past appears now as a chain of pleasant memories, sometimes it seems entirely consisting of failures, mistakes and injustices. The same people, the same environment seem to be sweet, interesting and attractive, sometimes boring, boring and ugly, endowed with all sorts of shortcomings.

Low-motivated mood swings sometimes give the impression of superficiality and frivolity. But this judgment is not true. Representatives of the labile type are capable of deep feelings, great and sincere affection. This is primarily reflected in their attitude towards relatives and friends, but only to those from whom they themselves feel love, care and participation. Attachment to them persists despite the ease and frequency of fleeting quarrels.

Loyal friendship is no less characteristic of labile teenagers. In a friend, they spontaneously seek a psychotherapist. They prefer to be friends with someone who, in moments of sadness and discontent, is able to distract, console, tell something interesting, encourage, convince that "everything is not so scary", but at the same time, in moments of emotional uplift, it is easy to respond to joy and fun , satisfy the need for empathy.

Labile teenagers are very sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention, gratitude, praise and encouragement - all this gives them sincere joy, but does not at all induce arrogance or conceit. Censures, condemnations, reprimands, notations are deeply felt and are capable of invading hopeless despondency. The labile adolescents endure real troubles, losses, misfortunes extremely hard, revealing a tendency to reactive depression, severe neurotic breakdowns.

The reaction of emancipation in labile adolescents is expressed very moderately. They feel good in the family if they feel love, warmth and comfort there. Emancipatory activity manifests itself in the form of short bursts due to mood whims and usually interpreted by adults as simple stubbornness ...

And the intoxicating excitement of games, and the scrupulous meticulousness of collecting, and the persistent improvement of strength, dexterity of skills and the height of refined intellectual and aesthetic pleasures are alien ...

Self-esteem is distinguished by sincerity (Efremenkova, Ivanov, 1971). Labile teenagers are well aware of their character traits, they know that they are "people of mood" and that everything depends on their mood. Aware of the weaknesses of their nature, they do not try to hide or conceal anything, but, as it were, invite others to accept them as they are. In the way others relate to them, they reveal surprisingly good intuition - immediately, at the first contact, they feel who is disposed towards them, who is indifferent, and in whom there is at least a drop of ill will or hostility. The reciprocal attitude arises immediately and without trying to hide it ...

Accentuation of character or personality accentuation- excessive strengthening of certain character traits. This personality trait determines behavior and actions, leaves an imprint on all areas of her activity: attitude towards herself, towards others, towards the world. Accentuation is an extreme variant of the norm and is not considered a mental disorder or illness.

Prevalence... Personality accentuations are widespread, especially among adolescents. Among young people, overt or hidden accentuations are found in 95% of those surveyed. With age, people will be able to smooth out unwanted features, and the number of accentuations decreases to 50-60%.

The benefits and harms of accentuations. On the one hand, an accentuated trait makes a person more stable and successful in some situations. For example, people with hysterical accentuation are talented actors, and those with hyperthymic accentuation are positive, communicative and can find an approach to any person.

On the other hand, an accentuated character trait becomes a person's vulnerability, complicates life for himself and those around him. Situations that are not significant for other people turn into a test for the psyche. For example, people with a hypothetical type of accentuation find it difficult to get to know each other and establish contact when necessary.

There is a danger that in difficult situations, these enhanced character traits can develop into psychopathy, cause neurosis, cause alcoholism, and illegal behavior.

In what cases can accentuations develop into pathology

Unfavorable environmental conditions that hit the accentuated line as the weakest point, for example, for conformal accentuation, is the rejection of a person in a team.
Long-term exposure to this factor.
The impact of an unfavorable factor during the period when a person is most vulnerable. Most often these are lower grades and adolescence.

If these conditions are met, accentuation worsens and turns into psychopathy, which is already a mental disorder.

How do accentuations differ from psychopathies?

Reasons for the formation of accentuations. It is believed that the innate properties of temperament influence the formation of accentuations. So a person born of a choleric is prone to the development of an excitable accentuation, and a sanguine person to a hyperthymic. Strengthening of certain character traits occurs in childhood and adolescence under the influence of chronic traumatic situations (constant humiliation by peers) and the characteristics of upbringing.
Personality accentuation degrees

Explicit- manifests itself in a person's behavior in most situations, but does not violate his ability to adapt to various social situations (acquaintance, conflict, communication with friends).
Hidden- does not manifest itself in life, can only be found in critical situations that affect accentuated character traits.

Types of personality accentuations. Each scientist dealing with character accentuations singled out his own types. To date, several dozen of them have been described. This article will describe the main ones.
Psychologists began to deal with the problem of personality accentuations in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, in matters of classification, diagnosis and correction, there are many controversial issues.

Types of accentuation

There are many character traits, and each of them can be over-amplified. It is the accentuated traits that determine the type of personality and character traits, make a person different from others. Here are short descriptions of the main personality types.

Hysteroid type

In other classifications demonstrative type of. Widespread among women. It is especially pronounced in adolescence and young age. Distinctive features:

Seeking attention others to his person. They seek attention in all ways - actions, manner of dressing and speaking, appearance. They demand respect from others, surprise, sympathy, in extreme cases, anger. The appearance is bright and attractive. Even in the absence of outstanding external data, they know how to look spectacular.
Increased emotionality. They are distinguished by high sensitivity and violent reaction. At the same time, they easily endure mental pain, grief and resentment, although they demonstrate strong emotions. Some emotions are quickly replaced by others. There is a tendency towards envy and jealousy. They do not tolerate if the attention of others is switched to another person.
Artistry manifests itself in all life situations. They easily get used to any role, which makes it easier to adapt to new situations. They are distinguished by arrogant facial expressions and mannered postures.
Developed imagination and imaginative thinking. Themselves believe in the invented. Give in to suggestion. They are fond of applied magic, they believe in horoscopes. They tend to advertise and exaggerate their victories in their personal lives.
Fearful... They tend to exaggerate the danger.
Positive features: open to communication, easily establish contact with a new person. They adapt well to new situations. They have an active life position. The desire for fame becomes a powerful motivator, which contributes to the achievement of success in creative professions (actors, singers, dancers, artists).
disadvantages: excessive emotionality, overly acute reaction to all events concerning one's own personality, while indifference to the problems of others. Difficulties on the way make you abandon your plans. They do not tolerate routine work. They can easily get sick on a nervous basis - psychosomatic diseases develop. Loss of authority can lead to suicidal thoughts. They provoke conflicts, based on the desire to be in the center of attention.

Epileptoid type

In other classifications excitable personality type. People with this accentuation, just like hysterics, tend to attract attention to themselves. But they do it not so demonstratively, but with the help of stuttering, coughing, and complaints. Distinctive features:

Discontent and irritability... They are prone to negative emotions. Constantly grumble, express complaints. They get hung up on the bad and think about the problem for a long time, while the discontent builds up until it spills out in the form of a major quarrel. The behavior of such people is compared to a steam boiler, in which the temperature rises until an explosion occurs. After discharge, they cannot calm down for a long time. This feature distinguishes them from other types. In family life, they show despotism, arrange frequent scandals over trifles.
Tendency towards pre-established order in things, deeds and relationships. They do not like changes, rearrangements. They keep order themselves and force others, especially family members and subordinates. The mess can lead to a big fight. Special attention pay attention to rationality, not purity.
Easy attitude to moral standards. In actions, they are guided only by their own opinion, therefore, they can overstep the norms of morality, especially in a fit of anger. They can get nasty, show disrespect for elders, physical violence towards children and animals. At the same time, they will not even notice the offense, and will not be tormented by remorse.
Structured thinking. Making decisions, they are guided by common sense and logic. However, this does not prevent them from reaching fits of rage if their desires are not fulfilled. Not considering alternatives. They believe that their point of view is the only correct one.
Mistrust based on critical thinking. They don't take their word for it, they demand proof. Don't trust to strangers... They don't believe in horoscopes and predictions.
Difficult to adapt to the new situation.
Positive features: scrupulousness, increased accuracy, caring for their health, the ability to receive benefits, the ability to defend their interests. When calm, they show extreme kindness and concern for family members and animals. Energetic and active in maintaining order, which can become part of the profession - managers, managers, caretakers.
disadvantages violent bouts of anger, after which they cool down for a long time, gloom, intolerance of contradictions, lack of respect for other people's opinions. These sides of character provoke discontent of others, frequent conflicts in the family and at work. Possible addictions to alcohol, sexual perversion, sadistic inclinations.

Schizoid type

People with schizoid accentuation are secretive, uncommunicative and outwardly cold. However, this accentuation rarely leads to adaptation disorders. Distinctive features:

Isolation... They do not know how and do not want to communicate with others. Strive for loneliness. After trying to make an acquaintance, they note that they have nothing to talk about with a person, which is why disappointment and withdrawal come.
Combination of conflicting properties: shyness and tactlessness, sensitivity and indifference, pliability and stubbornness.
Lack of intuition about feelings other people. They cannot understand whether the interlocutor treats them well or badly, how he reacted to their words.
Lack of empathy... Indifferent, do not show emotions in communication.
Secretive don't show your inner world... They open up only to like-minded people.
Unusual interests and hobbies. Reading literature of a certain genre, drawing churches, calligraphy, sometimes collecting (for example, only stamps with flowers).
Positive features: developed imagination, creativity, creativity, passion for non-team sports to improve their body (cycling, yoga), playing musical instruments (guitar, violin).
disadvantages... Sometimes there may be a tendency to peeping or exhibitionism, they may take small doses of alcohol or light drugs to overcome shyness in communication.

Cycloid type of... Accentuation causes a periodic change in mood (the duration of periods from several days to 2 weeks). Distinctive features:

Wave-like mood swings... Each phase can last 1-2 weeks. Sometimes there are breaks of "balance" between them. Cycloid accentuation is common in adolescents and fades with age.
Rise periods- a person is full of energy and desire to work. At this time, cycloids are cheerful and sociable, strive for leadership, achieve success in school and at work. They do not tolerate loneliness, boredom, monotony.
Recession periods or subdepression- mood and performance are sharply reduced. There is no desire to communicate, to do something, drowsiness develops. They strive for loneliness, entertainment loses its attractiveness. Become too sensitive to criticism and vulnerable. Self-esteem drops sharply, thoughts appear about their uselessness, inferiority.
Positive features: in the lifting phase, a person is full of strength and desire to work and communicate.
disadvantages... Low activity in the recession phase. In the event that the subdepressive phase is prolonged, suicidal thoughts may arise. Under unfavorable circumstances, accentuation can develop into bipolar disorder.

Paranoid type... It is formed late - by the age of 30. Its main characteristics are persistence and perseverance in achieving goals. People with paranoid accentuations feel bad and are afraid of what others will think of them if they find out about their essence. As a result, they often experience fear and shame. Two personalities coexist in them, they consider one worthless and despise her. The second is perceived as ideal and omnipotent. An internal conflict, exhausting a person, takes place between these two poles. Distinctive features:

Projecting your own character traits onto other people... They attribute their thoughts and intentions to them. This leads to the fact that they see anger, envy in others. Constantly trying to recognize ill will in the behavior of others.
Self-obsession... Selfish, constantly thinking about themselves, experiencing their inner conflict.
Oversensitive to remarks criticism, refusals.
Grumpiness and a constant desire to defend their rights, even if they have not been infringed upon.
Unreasonable jealousy, suspicions of conspiracies.
Inability to refuse. They do not know how to say "no", but prefer to make promises and not keep them.
A tendency towards exclusivity and uniqueness in clothing and hobbies.
Positive features: persistent and purposeful. They have non-standard thinking, are smart, well-read. They are able to analyze and foresee the result of their own and others' actions. They differ in their sense of style. They can deny themselves excesses for the sake of an idea.
disadvantages: tendency to over-control over loved ones, suspicion, disgust for people.

Unstable (rampant) type of... People with an unstable type are distinguished by a desire to have fun. Distinctive features:

Laziness and weakness. It’s hard to bring yourself to do something that’s not enjoyable. Under any pretext, they shirk from work or imitate labor activity.
Volatility of emotions... Any event causes a short-term outburst of emotions. Therefore, they need a frequent change of impressions.
The need for strict control... Only the consciousness that the result of their work will be controlled can make them complete the task. However, strict control makes them want to run away or quit.
Tendency to obey the informal leader... They show dependence even in the search for entertainment. They follow the lead of others, do what they are offered.
Positive features. Carelessness, curiosity, optimistic outlook on the future.
disadvantages... The constant search for thrills increases the risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism. They love speed, which increases the risk of accidents when driving a car or motorcycle. Prone to gambling.

Labile type

People have frequent, unpredictable mood swings that occur for any unimportant reason (they did not like the tone or look of the interlocutor). Distinctive features:

Mood swings... The mood swings are sharp and profound. People do not just get upset, they fall into despair, and after half an hour they can feel sincere joy. Their well-being and performance, the idea of their own future and the structure of the world largely depend on these differences. So, if a person is in high spirits, then he feels great, is friendly even to unfamiliar people, looks to the future with optimism. If the mood has dropped, then everything takes on a negative connotation.
High sensitivity to praise and criticism. Praise creates joy and stimulates new achievements, but criticism can cause discouragement and rejection.
Sociability... They are drawn to their peers, in dire need of communication. They become attached to people and suffer greatly from the breakdown of relationships.
Positive features: sincere, direct, positive, devoted. This accentuation rarely goes into the phase of psychopathy.
disadvantages... They are hard to bear losses, have extremely low stress resistance. They are not ready to deal with difficulties, they can give up the goal.

Conformal type

People with conformal accentuations tend to trust and follow their surroundings. Distinctive features:

Submission to the majority opinion... They tend to agree with the majority opinion in the group to which they belong. Critical thinking is absent, they do not analyze how the group decision corresponds to the norms of morality and law.
Following fashion... They adhere to fashion trends in clothing, choosing a hobby or profession.
Striving to be “like everyone else”. Unwillingness to stand out from the group stimulates to be no worse than others in study and work. At the same time, they are not characterized by the desire to take the place of a leader, to become better than the majority.
Conservatism... They tend to adhere to the established order imposed by the majority.
The break with the group is hard. Expulsion from a group, conflict with its leaders, and loss of authority are serious psychological trauma.
Positive features... In a positive environment, they are successful. This accentuation rarely becomes the basis of mental disorders.
disadvantages... They do not show independence, independence, initiative. Dislike people of other nationalities, strangers in the group. Once in a bad company, they follow the lead, consume drugs and alcohol, break the law.

Astheno-neurotic type

People with an astheno-neurotic type of accentuation are characterized by rapid fatigue, irritability and a tendency to hypochondria. Distinctive features:

Mental and physical stress is difficult(exams, dissertation defense, competitions). Severe fatigue is caused by mental and emotional stress... Also experience fatigue from noisy companies, active rest... Try to avoid stress whenever possible.
Irritability, appearing against the background of fatigue. Its manifestations are short-term and not too strong outbursts of anger, which are associated with increased fatigue of the nervous system. Against this background, sleep worsens and appetite disappears.
Hypochondriac tendency is characteristic of this type of accentuation. They love to be treated, they are happy to observe bed rest, listen to bodily sensations. The connection is noted - the higher the state of health, the better the state of the nervous system. And against the background of a nervous shock, a real, and not contrived, illness can develop.
Positive features... Affection for loved ones, kindness, good intellectual development, conscientiousness.
disadvantages... The risk of developing neurosis and neurasthenia, they react painfully to jokes in their address, high fatigue interferes with studying well and working productively.

Psychasthenic type

People with psychasthenic accentuation are prone to introspection. Distinctive features:

Reflection- attention is directed inward. They tend to analyze their feelings, actions, emotions.
Indecision... Avoid situations in which a choice must be made.
Striving to meet expectations that family, friends, bosses place on them. A developed sense of responsibility, combined with increased fatigue, causes a constant internal conflict between "must" and "can", which depletes mental strength.
The development of obsessions. Obsessive thoughts, memories, fears, actions, rituals, superstitions that appear regardless of a person's desire and cause negative emotions.
Experiences directed to the future... They are afraid that misfortune may happen to them or their loved ones in the future.
Pedantry... Strictly follow the rules. These rules can be generally accepted (traffic rules, fire safety) or invented by them. The goal is to protect yourself from trouble.
Positive features: kindness, affection for loved ones, adherence to moral principles, high intelligence, developed imagination.
disadvantages: indecision, tendency to obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Hypertensive type of... The main feature of people with a hyperthymic type of accentuation is optimism, and short-term outbursts of anger are very rare. Distinctive features:

A good mood often for no good reason - a hallmark of hyperthymes that makes them the life of the company.
Energetic, active, hardy. They do everything quickly. Sometimes the quality of work can suffer.
Chatty... They like to tell stories, exaggerate, sometimes they embellish the truth.
Sociable... They love to communicate and make new acquaintances. Strive to command. They love jokes and practical jokes.
Positive features: high vitality, optimism, endurance to physical and mental stress, stress resistance.
disadvantages: promiscuity in the choice of dating, the risk of regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. Restless, do not like work that requires accuracy. They are wasteful, can borrow and not give back. Among people with hyperthymic accentuation, there is an addiction to petty theft.

Sensitive type of

Very sensitive, yet reliable, serious and taciturn. Mostly depressed mood.

Impressionability... Even in adulthood, they remain extremely susceptible to all external stimuli. It is very difficult to endure stress and conflicts, they experience them for a long time.
Difficulty managing yourself in stressful situations... If this situation drags on, they can flare up strongly. What they later regret. In critical situations, they are capable of courageous deeds.
Self-doubt... In their imagination they draw a strict "I-ideal", they worry that they do not correspond to it in real life.
Pessimism... They see the future in dark colors.
Anxiety about the attitude of others towards them. They are worried about what other people will say about them. They are afraid of criticism and ridicule.
Positive features: conscientiousness, diligence, loyalty.
disadvantages: passivity, unpredictability in a stressful situation.

Combinations of accentuation types

O mixed accentuations they say when in a person's character not one, but several features are enhanced at once. It is these options that are found in the majority of cases of accentuations.
The most common mixed character accentuations:

Hypertensive + conformal;
Labile + cycloid;
Sensitive + schizoid;
Sensitive + asthenic-neurotic + psychasthenic;
Hysteroid + epileptoid.

Classification of accentuations according to Leonhard

German psychologist Karl Leonhard divided all character traits into basic and additional. The main ones are the core of the personality. They are responsible for her mental health. If one of these traits is enhanced (accentuated), then it determines human behavior. When exposed to it unfavorable factors pathology may develop.

Group	Accentuation type	Characteristic
temperament how to natural education	Emotive	Kind, compassionate, humane, appreciates close friends, peaceful, diligent, has a heightened sense of duty. But at the same time it is distinguished by fearfulness, tearfulness and shyness.
	Affective-exalted	Sociable, amorous, has good taste, attentive to loved ones, altruistic, capable of high feelings. But at the same time, he is prone to panic, gets lost under stress, is prone to mood swings.
	Affectively labile	Gentle, vulnerable, capable of empathy, has high moral principles. But he is prone to sharp cyclical changes in mood that determine his relationship with people. Does not tolerate loneliness, indifference, rudeness.
	Anxious	Friendly, loyal, executive, self-critical. The mood is often lowered, timid, does not defend his interests, needs support.
	Dysthymic (hypothetical)	Conscientious, serious, laconic, appreciates friends. But at the same time, an individualist, closed, inclined to pessimism, passive.
	Hypertensive	Sociable, optimistic, active, hardy, hardworking, does not lose control in stressful situations. Frivolous, rarely completes what he started. Does not tolerate loneliness and strict control.
Types of accentuation related to nature how to social education	Excitable	Differs in mood swings and violent outbursts of anger. In a calm state, caring, conscientious, neat. During outbursts of anger, he poorly controls his condition, is irritable.
	Stuck	Responsible, stress-resistant, stubborn, hardy, presents to himself and others high requirements... But at the same time he is suspicious, touchy, boring, jealous, somewhat conflicted. Does not tolerate when someone else claims to be in his place.
	Pedantic	Neat, strictly adheres to the rules, reliable, conscientious, peaceful. But boringness, grumbling are often noted, bureaucracy is not work.
	Demonstrative	Artistic, charismatic, sociable, has a developed imagination, strives for leadership. But at the same time he is vain and inclined to lie, selfish. He does not tolerate when he is not paid attention, suffers if his authority is undermined.
Types of accentuation related to personality generally	Extroverted	Sociable, friendly, attentive, executive, always ready to listen, does not pretend to be a leader. But at the same time he is talkative, frivolous, easily falls under the influence of others, and is prone to thoughtless impulsive actions.
Types of accentuation related to personality generally	Introverted	Principled, restrained, immersed in his inner world, morally developed, has a rich imagination. But at the same time, the closed, stubborn, defends his point of view, even if he turns out to be wrong. Does not tolerate interference in his personal life.

Lichko classification of accentuations

Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Lichko viewed accentuations as temporary enhancements of character traits that can appear and disappear in childhood and adolescence. At the same time, he recognized the possibility of maintaining accentuations for life and their transition to psychopathy. Since Lichko considered accentuation to be a borderline option between norm and psychopathy, his classification is based on the types of psychopathy.

Accentuation type	Characteristic
Hypertensive	Cheerful, active, optimistic, self-confident, striving for leadership, resourceful, adventurous. Cons: frivolous, restless, inattentive, not responsible enough to his duties, sometimes irritable.
Labile	Empathy is well developed, feels the emotions of others and their attitude towards themselves. Experiencing severe mood swings for minor reasons. Needs support from loved ones.
Cycloid	Cyclically changing ups and downs of mood. The frequency is several weeks. During periods of recovery, sociable, energetic, joyful, energetic. During the recession - apathetic, irritable, sad.
Astheno-neurotic	Disciplined, neat. Increased mental fatigue is noted, which makes a person irritable and overly concerned about his health.
Psychasthenic (anxious-suspicious)	Intellectually developed. He is inclined to reflection, introspection, assessment of his actions and the actions of others. High self-esteem is combined with indecision. In times of crisis, he can commit rash acts. Cons: petty, despotic, prone to the development of obsessive actions.
Sensitive (sensitive)	High sensitivity to joyful and frightening moments. Obedient, assiduous, responsible, calm, makes high moral demands on himself and others. Cons: uncommunicative, suspicious, whiny, difficult to adapt to a new team.
Epileptoid (inert-impulsive)	Strives for leadership, loves to set the rules, enjoys authority with management and among peers. Tolerates well the conditions of strict discipline. Cons: can offend the weak, harsh, irritable.
Schizoid (introverted)	Introverted, prefers loneliness or communication with elders. Cons: indifferent, unable to show sympathy and empathy.
Unstable	Sociable, open-minded, courteous, seeking entertainment. Cons: laziness, unwillingness to work and study. Prone to alcohol, drug use, gambling.
Hysteroid (demonstrative)	Artistic, impulsive, proactive, sociable, loves attention, seeks to take a leading position, but is not able to achieve authority. Cons: Self-centered, prone to lying. The behavior is unnatural and pretentious.
Conformal	There is no criticality and initiative, inclined to obey the opinion of the outside. Strives not to be different from the rest of the group. To please the group, he can commit unseemly acts, while he is inclined to justify himself.
Paranoid	Specific traits develop by the age of 30. In childhood, he manifests himself as a teenager with epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Self-esteem is significantly overestimated, ideas about their exclusivity and genius appear.
Emotionally labile	Suffers from frequent and severe mood swings, needs support, feels good about people's attitude towards themselves. Cons: emotionally unstable.

Character accentuation test according to Shmishek

Personality questionnaire, developed by G. Shmishek, is designed to identify accentuations of character. It is based on the classification of accentuations developed by Leonhard. The adult Schmiszek character accentuation test consists of 88 questions. For each of them, you must answer yes (+) or no (-). It is not recommended to think about the questions for a long time, but to answer as it seems at the moment. Children's option the test is similar and differs only in the wording of the questions.

Each of the 88 questions characterizes an accentuated feature.

Hyperthymicity
Density
Cyclothymicity
Excitability
Jamming
Emotiveness
Exaltation
Pedantry
Demonstrativeness

The results obtained are processed using a key. For each line, the points are summed up and multiplied on the coefficient corresponding to this line.

Scale	1 point is awarded for		Coefficient
Scale	The answer is yes	The answer is no	Coefficient
Hyperthymicity	1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77		3
Density	9, 21, 43, 74, 87	31, 53, 65	3
Cyclothymicity	6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84		3
Excitability	20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 75, 86		3
Jamming	2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81	12, 46, 59	2
Emotiveness	3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79	25	3
Exaltation	10, 32, 54, 76		6
Anxiety	6, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82	5	3
Pedantry	4, 14, 17, 26, 36, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83	39	2
Demonstrativeness	7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88	51	2

Each scale is assigned a point, from 0 to 24.

0-6 - the line is not expressed.
7-12 - the line is expressed moderately;
13-18 - severity is above average;
19-24 is an accentuated line.

On the basis of the points received, a graph is built, which is also very important, since it makes it possible to characterize the personality in general terms.

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Personality accentuations are formed in adolescence. In the same period, they appear especially clearly. The reason for this is the impulsiveness of adolescents, the inability to control their emotions and actions. One or another personality accentuation is present in 90-95% of adolescents.

The very presence of an enhanced character trait does not pose a danger, but makes a teenager extremely sensitive to external situations and internal conflicts, and affects relationships with parents and peers. The same accentuations under unfavorable conditions can lead to delinquency, and with the right approach and the right choice of profession, they will help to achieve success in life.

It is important for parents to know about the presence of character accentuation in a teenager in order to help him adapt to life, to build a style of upbringing that will be as effective as possible. The task of parents is to develop qualities and skills in a teenager that will smooth out the accentuated character trait.

Hysteroid type

"Class stars", activists, participate in all activities. They are distinguished by their artistry and the desire to stand out from others. They do not like it if the praise goes to someone else. They exaggerate emotionally react to all events (they sob sobbing in front of the audience).
Distinctive feature. Playing to the audience, constant need for attention, recognition or sympathy.

Characteristic
As long as they feel loved and focused on them, there are no behavioral problems. V Everyday life by all possible ways attract attention. This is defiant behavior, expressive manner of speaking and bright clothes. They credit themselves with achievements. They can boast that they drank a lot, ran away from home. They often lie, mostly fantasies relate to their own person. They cannot stand it when the attention of others is switched to others (a newcomer to the class, a newborn, a stepfather). They can take actions to get rid of a competitor, "out of spite" to do things that parents obviously don't like. They verbally defend independence, sometimes with scandals, but they need guardianship and do not seek to get rid of it.

Problems
Behavior problems are often an attempt to get the attention of the parents. They have suicidal tendencies, but the goal is not to commit suicide, but to avoid punishment or gain sympathy. Suicide attempts are demonstrative and not dangerous. Easily amenable to suggestion, risk getting into a "bad" company. Can consume alcohol, but not large quantities... There are cases of minor offenses (fraud, truancy, petty theft). Demonstrative and frivolous behavior, revealing clothing and a desire to show their adulthood can provoke sexual violence.

Positive sides... If they are used as an example, they become very diligent. They study well, especially in the lower grades. Artistic, successful in dancing, vocals, conversational genre.

How to interact

Encourage people to speak only good things about others.
Praise only for real achievements.
Give an assignment - help a peer to be in the spotlight. For example, prepare a performance in which someone else will be the soloist.

Epileptoid type

Personality properties are due to the passivity of the processes occurring in the nervous system. Adolescents with such an accentuation are touchy and get stuck for a long time on resentment.

Distinctive feature... Periods of severe irritability and hostility towards others, lasting up to several days.

Characteristic
Adolescents with epileptoid accentuation are stubborn and uncompromising in nature. They are vindictive and never forget grudges. Personal interests are put in the first place, they do not take into account the opinions of others. The company tries to become leaders, uniting the younger and the weak around them. Since they are despotic, their power is based on fear. The growing up process is problematic. Teenagers can demand not only freedom, but also their share of property. Sometimes they get angry and cry for hours. Strong emotions provoke bouts of anger and aggression. During seizures, adolescents look for a “victim” to which they can pour out their emotions. During these attacks, sadism can be reached.

Problems.
Suicidal attempts as a reaction to "unfair" punishment. They tend to consume large amounts of alcohol "before memory loss." They do not remember the actions they perform in this state. But other toxic agents are rarely consumed. During puberty, they experience a strong sexual desire, which can lead to the development of perversions. There is an addiction to setting fire to firecrackers and making fires.

Positive sides.
Discipline, accuracy. They know how to win over teachers. They feel comfortable in conditions of strict discipline (boarding school, camp). They love and know how to make something.
How to interact

Provide safety and comfort to reduce irritability and aggression.
Require strict adherence to the rules, installed at home(do not give unsolicited advice, do not interrupt). This will allow parents to gain the status of "strong" in the eyes of the teenager.

Schizoid type

This type of accentuation manifests itself even in preschool age: Children prefer playing alone to their peers.

Distinctive feature isolation, immersion in the world of fantasy.
Characteristic
They prefer to fantasize, engage in their hobbies, as a rule, highly specialized (they mold soldiers from plasticine, embroider birds). They do not know how and do not want to establish emotional contact and communicate. Do not express their emotions. They are closed, do not share their experiences, do not reveal their inner world. Consciously choose loneliness and do not suffer from a lack of friends. Difficulties in communication are associated with a lack of understanding of the feelings of others: "I don't know if this person likes me, how he reacted to my words." At the same time, the opinion of others does not interest them. Not able to rejoice with friends or empathize with someone else's grief. They are not tactful, do not understand when to keep silent, and when to insist on their own. Speech is florid, statements are often with subtext, which further complicates communication.
Problems. You may develop an addiction to taking drugs to enhance fantasies and immerse yourself in your invented world. Occasionally they can commit illegal actions (theft, damage to property, sexual violence), and they think over their actions to the smallest detail.
Positive sides. Developed fantasy, rich inner world, stable interests.
How to interact

Encouraging classes in the theater studio - this will help the teenager learn to express emotions, actively use facial expressions. Encourage dancing and martial arts or other plastic training activities. They will teach you to control your body, make movements less sharp and angular.
Stimulate to be in the center. The teenager should periodically feel in the role of an animator in charge of entertaining others. For example, while entertaining his little brother and his friends, he will learn to speak loudly and emotionally. Learn to read the reaction to their actions.
Instill a sense of style. It is necessary to teach a teenager to follow their appearance and fashion.

Cycloid... In adolescence, cheerful, sociable and active children have long (1-2 weeks) periods of low mood, loss of strength, irritability. They are called the subdepressive phase. During these periods, adolescents are no longer interested in past hobbies and communication with peers. Learning problems begin due to a decrease in working capacity.

Distinctive feature- alternation of cycles of high spirits with apathy and loss of energy.
Characteristic
A lack of perseverance, patience and attention leads to the fact that adolescents with cycloid accentuation do poorly monotonous scrupulous work. In the subdepressive phase, they do not tolerate changes in the usual way of life. Become very sensitive to failure and criticism. Their self-esteem drops significantly. They look for and find flaws in themselves, are very upset about this. During periods of recovery, they do not like loneliness - they are open, friendly and in need of communication. The mood rises, there is a thirst for activity. Against this background, academic performance improves. During periods of recovery, they try to catch up with what they have missed in their studies and hobbies.
Problems.
Serious problems in a teenager in a subdepressive stage can cause emotional breakdown or even provoke a suicide attempt. They do not tolerate total control, they can flee in protest. Absences from home can be either short or long. During periods of recovery, they become promiscuous in acquaintances.
Positive sides: in the period of recovery, conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, high productivity.

How to interact
It is necessary to be as tolerant and considerate as possible, especially when a teenager is going through a sub-depressive phase.

Protect from emotional overload.
Avoid being rude or insulting, as this can provoke a serious nervous breakdown.
During periods of recovery, you need to help direct energy in the right direction. Support the teenager in his hobby, teach him to plan his time and bring what he started to the end.
Maintain him in a negative phase, increase his self-esteem, and encourage him. Convincing that the bad period is over soon.

Paranoid ( paronoy ) or stuck the type of accentuation in adolescents is not distinguished, since its features are formed later by the age of 25-30.
Distinctive feature- high purposefulness.
Characteristic
Sets a goal and looks for means to achieve it. In adolescence, enmity towards others, as the main feature of this accentuation, does not manifest itself in any way. Exaggerated self-esteem, ambition and perseverance can betray future accentuation. It is also characteristic of "getting stuck" when a teenager cannot move away from a state of passion (strong negative emotions) for a long time.

Unstable or unrestrained.

From childhood, such adolescents are distinguished by disobedience and unwillingness to learn. They need strict control. Fear of punishment is the primary motivation for learning and fulfilling responsibilities.

Distinctive feature - weak will, laziness and desire to have fun.
Characteristic
They love pleasures, they need a frequent change of impressions. They avoid any kind of work under various pretexts. This is especially noticeable when you need to study or follow the instructions of your parents. Only communication with friends seems attractive to them. On this basis, they risk getting into an antisocial company. Easily succumb to negative influences.
Problems associated with the desire to have fun. On this basis, they begin to drink early and use various intoxicants. The risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism is quite high. "For fun" they can skip school, steal cars, enter other people's apartments, commit theft, etc. They are prone to vagrancy.

Positive sides. Striving for positive emotions, cheerfulness.

How to interact

They need strict control. This applies to everything from homework to the quality of assignments.
Carrot and stick management. Specify in advance what penalties will be imposed for failure to complete tasks, and what bonuses the teenager will receive for quality work.
Encourage vigorous exercise and other energy release.

Labile

Frequent and rapid mood swings from delight and stormy fun to despondency and tears. Often, the reasons for mood changes are the smallest (bad weather, confused headphones).

Distinctive feature- mood variability for insignificant reasons.
Characteristic
During periods Have a good mood adolescents are talkative, active, in the mood for communication. But any little thing can ruin their mood and make them mad. At the same time, they can burst into tears, they easily go into conflict, become lethargic and withdrawn.
Problems.
Very dependent on the people they value (close friends, parents). The loss of a loved one or his location, separation from him, causes affect, neurosis or depression. Bad mood can cause a deterioration in well-being up to the development of real diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, migraine, nervous tics). They very badly tolerate criticism and reproaches from teachers, parents, close friends. They become withdrawn, react with tears.

Positive sides... They are often talented. They have a deep inner peace. They are capable of strong affection and sincere friendship. Appreciate people for their good attitude. During periods of good mood, they are full of strength, desire to communicate, study and practice a hobby. Empathy is developed - they unmistakably feel the attitude of others towards them.

How to interact

Show empathy and open communication. Make it clear to your teen that you share his feelings.
Provide an opportunity to take care of the weaker, take care of the younger family members, volunteer.
Encourage to expand the circle of friends, get acquainted with peers in extracurricular activities.

Conformal

Extremely susceptible to outside influence. Change their minds and behavior to please others. They are afraid to stand out from the crowd.
Distinctive feature- conformity, the desire to please others.
Characteristic
The main desire "to be like everyone else" is manifested in clothing, demeanor, interests. If all friends are fond of break dancing, such a teenager will also do it. If the closest environment (parents, friends) is prosperous, then such adolescents are no different from the rest and the accentuation is practically invisible. If they fall under bad influence, then they can break the rules and the law. It is hard to bear the loss of friends, but they can betray a friend for the sake of someone more authoritative. They are conservative, do not like changes in all areas. They rarely take the initiative.

Problems
Having contacted a bad company, they can get drunk, addicted to taking drugs. So that they are not accused of cowardice, they can commit actions that endanger their health or harm other people. A ban on communicating with a company can provoke a scandal with parents or run away from home.

Positive sides... They value their surroundings. Tied to friends. They love stability and order.

How to interact

Offer yourself to make a choice without relying on someone else's opinion.
Make sure that the teenager is involved in various teams, has the opportunity to communicate with peers at school, in sports clubs, circles. This reduces the likelihood that he will end up in bad company.
Help select influencers who are truly worthy of emulation.

Astheno-neurotic

For adolescents with such an accentuation, increased fatigue and irritability are characteristic.
Distinctive feature- fears for their health, increased fatigue.
Characteristic
Mental and emotional stress quickly tires them. The result is irritability when adolescents vent their anger on whoever is close at hand. Immediately after that, they feel ashamed of their behavior, they sincerely repent, ask for forgiveness. Outbursts of anger are short-lived and not strong, which is associated with low activity of the nervous system. They are prone to hypochondria - they listen to bodily sensations, perceiving them as signs of illness. They love to be examined and treated. Draw attention to themselves with complaints.

Problems- high fatigue, the risk of developing neurosis.

Positive sides. Kindness, compassion, high intelligence. Such adolescents do not have runaways, hooliganism and other illegal actions.

How to interact

Disregard outbursts of anger that occur against the background of nervous exhaustion.
Praising successes and noticing even minor accomplishments can be a major motivation.
Encourage people to go in for sports, do morning exercises, take a contrast shower to improve the performance of the nervous system.
Use periods of highest productivity (from 10 to 13) for the most difficult tasks.

Psychasthenic

Such adolescents are characterized by: suspiciousness, a tendency to introspection and fear of the future.
Distinctive feature high demands on oneself and the fear of not living up to the expectations of others.

Characteristic
This type of accentuation is formed if parents place too high hopes on the child in school or sports. The discrepancy between their expectations leaves an imprint on the character. Such adolescents have low self-esteem, they are tormented by feelings of guilt and fear of failure, which can further disappoint their parents. Adolescents suffer from increased anxiety. They are afraid no matter how something terrible and irreparable happens to them or their loved ones. As defense mechanism pedantry develops. Teenagers make up detailed plan actions, believe in omens, develop rituals that should ensure success (do not wash your hair before the exam).

Problem... The risk of developing anxiety obsessive thoughts and actions that are prone to complication.

Positive sides... In critical situations, they quickly find the right solution, are capable of a bold act. Obedient, non-conflicting, as a rule, are quite successful in their studies, become good friends.

How to interact

Simulate frightening situations and propose to find a solution on your own. For example: “Let's say you are lost in a strange city. What will you do?"
Teach a constructive approach to problem solving. What should I do? Who should you contact for help? What to do to prevent the incident from happening again?

Hypertensive

They are characterized as cheerful, noisy, restless. They find it difficult to focus on their studies and maintain discipline at school. They often become informal leaders among their peers. They do not tolerate strict control from adults, they are constantly fighting for independence.

Distinctive feature- optimism and high spirits, which often pushes them to pranks.

Characteristic
Very sociable, they quickly become the center of any company. They do not bring the matter to the end, they are not constant in their hobbies. They make and break promises easily. In spite of good ability, study mediocre. They easily provoke conflicts, but they themselves can make amends. They quickly find peace of mind after failures and quarrels. Outbursts of anger are short-lived.

Problems- unable to perform routine work that requires perseverance and intense attention. Indiscriminate in the choice of dating. If such adolescents find themselves in an unfavorable situation, they may develop an addiction to alcohol, soft drugs. They can commit illegal and antisocial acts (vandalism, hooliganism, petty theft). They are characterized by early sexual intercourse. They are prone to risk taking, extreme hobbies and gambling. Once in conditions of control and strict discipline (hospital, summer camp), they can escape.

Positive sides... Energetic and tireless. They are distinguished by fun, do not lose optimism in difficult circumstances. They find a way out in any situation.

How to interact
The task of adults is to teach a teenager with hyperthymic accentuation to discipline and self-organization.

Avoid total control.
Advise the teenager to keep a diary in which you need to write down your plans for the day and independently monitor their implementation.
Come up with a punishment for each case that has not been completed.
To teach to maintain order on the table, in the closet, in the room. This will stimulate the teenager to organize and analyze everything that happens.

Sensitive type

Signs of this accentuation can be seen in childhood. The sensitive type is manifested by numerous fears that replace each other.

Distinctive feature- hypersensitivity.

Characteristic
Teenagers are deeply and for a long time experiencing everything that happens. Praise and criticism are deeply engraved in their memory and have a significant impact on their self-esteem, behavior and actions. They are very shy and for this reason they are uncommunicative. They hardly get used to the new team. Quickly get tired of mental work. Controls and exams cause significant stress in them. They are also very worried about ridicule from peers. Dreamy, prone to introspection. Conscientious, have a developed sense of duty. Be sure to bring the work started to the end. They are very worried about the result of their actions (control, actions).

Problems... A tendency to self-flagellation and the development of phobias. Tearfulness. Excessive demands on oneself can cause neurosis. A chain of failures can trigger a suicide attempt.

Positive sides. They are diligent in their studies, responsibly treat all tasks. They strive to become a good friend, value loved ones.

How to interact

Build self-esteem and confidence in own forces... For this, it is important to give feasible tasks that will not be too simple, otherwise their solution will not cause self-respect.
Conduct long conversations to establish contact with a teenager.
Deservedly praise and thank. Keep criticism to a minimum. Do not criticize the qualities, do not hang labels - "lazy", "sloppy". Instead, indicate what needs to be done.
Encourage auto-training. Repeat formulas to increase self-esteem: "I feel calm and confident," "I am brave and confident," "I am a great speaker."

Most adolescents have several accentuated character traits at once. Therefore, to determine accentuation, it is necessary to use the Schmishek test, and not be guided only by the presented description of accentuation.

Factors influencing the formation of personality accentuations

In the vast majority of cases, accentuation is formed in childhood or adolescence. Its appearance is significantly influenced by inharmonious relationships with parents and conflicts with peers.

Hyper-care and control by parents and teachers... Promotes the appearance and aggravation of psychasthenic, sensitive, asthenic accentuation;
Lack of guardianship and parental attention increases the risk of developing hysterical, unstable and conformal personality traits:
Cruel attitude excessive severity and authoritarian style of communication, provokes an increase in epileptoid traits;
Excessive requirements for the child leads to psychasthenic accentuation of character;
Lack of emotional contact can cause an increase in labile, sensitive and asthenic traits;
Excessive focus on well-being and chronic diseases disrupting the usual way of life. Physical disabilities, defects in appearance and diseases of the nervous system play an important role. The result can be hysterical or astheno-neurotic accentuation;
Serious peer conflicts in adolescence, when communication is most significant, they can cause the development of conformal or schizoid accentuation.

The development of any type of accentuation can be facilitated by:

Failure to meet basic needs for love, care, safety, communication;
Lack of concepts about moral and cultural norms, interests and hobbies;
Misconception about yourself - inferiority complex, overestimated self-esteem;
Professional factors... Work-related accentuations often arise among actors, teachers, doctors of some specialties, law enforcement officers and the military;
Genetic predisposition... Features of the functioning of the nervous system are transmitted from parents to children. This is especially true of hyperthymic, cycloid and schizoid accentuation. Therefore, if the parents have an accentuated character trait, then there is a high probability that it will also be found in the child. Improper parenting and behavior of parents can significantly enhance congenital accentuated traits.

Methods for treating accentuations of various types

Treatment for accentuation is based on smoothing out enhanced features. Correction is necessary if the accentuation of the personality violates its social adaptation. If normally a person changes his behavior depending on the situation and the goals of the activity, then people with pronounced accentuation constantly demonstrate an enhanced character trait, which interferes with themselves and those around them. Although it is impossible to change the character, a person can learn to restrain his negative manifestations. Work on oneself and psychocorrection can help in this.

Work on yourself

People with character accentuation rarely seek help from a psychologist, preferring to work independently.
To correct accentuated traits, training is needed that develops character traits opposite to accentuated ones. At the same time, the development of new models of behavior and the harmonization of the personality are taking place.
To correct pronounced character accentuations, exercises have been developed that must be performed daily.

Hysteroid type

"Calm quiet speech"... Adopt the phlegmatic's manner of speaking (quiet speech, a minimum of facial expressions and gestures). Consider what you want to say. State the facts, not your emotions about what is happening.
"Good deeds"... Try to do them discreetly and not tell anyone about what you have done. Observe the person's reaction without showing yourself.
"Invisible"... While in company for an hour, try to sit silently, observing others. Don't give in to attempts to drag you into a conversation.
Do auto-training daily. The goal is to love yourself for who you are and to increase your self-esteem. When you do this, the praise and attention of others will not seem vital.

Epileptoid type of.

Goodbye and let go of grudges. Realize that grudges are harmful to the person's mental and physical health.
Train your tolerance and benevolence to people. Smile at your acquaintances when you meet, or try to show a readiness to smile on your face.
Show generosity take part in charity events.
"Active listening". Listen to the other kindly, without interrupting or arguing. Encourage speaker in phrases: "I understand you", "This is familiar to me."
Put yourself in the shoes of others... This exercise must be done daily. It is important to put yourself in the shoes of the person you want to argue with.

Schizoid type.

Learn to copy the facial expressions of another person and define his emotion. You will need the help of someone close to you for this exercise.
"Calm benevolence" will be the best communication style with others. Such an even attitude towards the interlocutor must be practiced daily in communicating with loved ones. Avoid being overly friendly or hostile.
« Choleric game". Try to speak louder, faster, more impulsively. Express your opinion during the conversation. Do it kindly with a smile on your face.

Cycloid type of.

Keep a diary... It is necessary for planning and describing your emotions and experiences. During periods of recession, it is useful to re-read how the same people and events were perceived during periods of emotional upsurge. It helps to realize that difficulties are temporary.
Ask yourself a question, "What can I change in myself so that my negative qualities do not interfere with me and others?"

Paranoid type.

Check your motives do not trust other people at first impressions.
"An hour without comment." For a while, completely give up criticism and moralizing.
Attend training in communication behavior. Read relevant literature and apply knowledge in life.
Learn the practices that force you to be "here and now"- meditation, yoga, zen.
"Compliment". Get into the habit of saying good things to your loved ones every day.

Unstable type.

"I can + want." This exercise will help you deal with laziness and force yourself to do the necessary things. If you don't want to do something, you need to ask yourself the question: “Can I do this? Can I do it? " The second question is: "Do I want to?" And you can want long-term consequences - I want a salary, so I get a job; I want a slender healthy body, so I go to the gym.
Increased motivation. Think about what you really want. Write down your goal. Break the path to it into stages and act. A strong desire (car, vacation) will force you to move forward.

Labile type of.

A rational approach to problem solving. At any unpleasant situation answer the questions: why did this happen? (what is the reason) what can be done now? (where to start) how to fix the situation? (long-term plans) what can be done to prevent this from happening again?
"Mood Diary". Keep a diary in which you write when and for what reason the mood change occurred.
Separate the sensible and the emotional in yourself. It is important to accept and love both of these sides in yourself. Treat your “emotional” self with condescension, but don't let your emotions rule your actions.
Auto-training, which will help balance the processes in the nervous system. This will make you less sensitive to situations that piss you off and help you control your emotions.

Conformal type.

Develop critical thinking. Consider whether this statement could be a lie. What are the consequences if you do what you are offered.
Suggest. Try not to immediately agree with what is being offered. State a counter offer. When they tell you, let's go to the cinema - offer to go to a cafe.
Try something new. Try new dishes, buy clothes in a new style for you, visit places you haven't been to, communicate with people not from your circle.

Astheno-neurotic type.

"Superman". Imagine that you have superpowers. Feel how it changes internal state... The purpose of the exercise is to look, move, talk, feeling your significance and exclusivity. The goal is to keep the image as long as possible.
Meeting new people... Make it a goal to meet a new person and have a short conversation with them.
Add humor... Don't silently swallow ridicule. Learn to respond to them with humor, self-irony is acceptable. To develop your sense of humor, read more humorous literature and watch comedy shows.

Psychasthenic type.

Imagine that what you fear has happened... Coolly think over your plan of action in this situation.
Depart from the established order. Do not follow your usual rituals (walk on the left side of the street, do not step on cracks) to make sure that nothing terrible will happen;
"Exercise for the face". In people with psychasthenic accentuation, the muscles of the forehead and the muscles that lower the corners of the mouth are constantly tense. It is necessary to make grimaces depicting positive emotions(surprise, joy, delight).

Hyperthymic type.

Get organized. Take 15 minutes every day to clean up your desk or closet. This helps to organize and organize thoughts.
See it through to the end. Make a promise to yourself to follow through, no matter what happens. Be sure to complete it, and then move on to other activities.
Diary... Planning will help organize tasks, prioritize and get things done on time. Be sure to include exact deadlines for each task. Challenge yourself and reward your successes.

Sensitive type.

"Winner". Praise yourself for every success. Break big things into stages and do not forget to thank yourself for each successfully completed period.
"My dignity". It is necessary to make a poster on which to list all the advantages that you value in yourself or that people pay attention to. It is advisable to put it in a conspicuous place.
Play the role of a joker. Memorize funny stories and anecdotes to tell in the company. Gradually, it will cause less and less psychological discomfort when speaking in front of an audience.

The main principle correction - it is necessary little by little, but every day to do something that you are not used to, which is opposed by an accentuated line. Such exercises allow you to smooth out roughness of character and make you a harmoniously developed personality.

Psychologist's help

Psychological correction of personality accentuations usually takes from 3 months to several years. It includes work with a psychologist and independent execution assignments. Main directions:

Individual conversations- the psychologist points out the accentuated character traits and the most vulnerabilities personality. Tells how to effectively use strengths character. Teaches how to change the way you respond and behave in different social situations.
Group lessons. They select a group of people with similar accents or choose a topic that would be useful to everyone. The psychologist teaches productive models of behavior in various situations, the rules of communication with others, the intricacies of relationships with family members. The conversation is illustrated with examples from life, the lesson includes practical tasks for each type of accentuation.
Family therapy - conversation with family members. It is aimed at building relationships with loved ones and improving the psychological atmosphere in the family. One of the main methods when working with teenagers.
Psychological trainings - active training that teaches correct behavior patterns in various situations.
Psychodrama method- a group method of psychotherapy based on playing an exciting situation (invented or real events). Helps to develop the correct model of behavior and communication in people in various situations.

It is important to remember that character accentuation is not a pre-disease. This is the strengthening of certain character traits that make a person more vulnerable to certain influences, but these same traits provide increased resilience.
Childhood of a person of a labile personality type is often marked by a tendency to neurotic reactions. In adolescence, attention is drawn to the main feature of this type - extreme variability, lability of mood, which changes too often and excessively abruptly for insignificant or even imperceptible to others reasons. Someone's unflattering statement, the unfriendly look of a casual interlocutor can plunge into a state of gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles or failures. On the contrary, an interesting conversation, a fleeting compliment, someone dropped words about tempting, albeit unrealistic, prospects can instill gaiety and cheerfulness, even distract from real troubles.
Everything depends on the mood at each moment of time: well-being, and appetite, and efficiency, and sociability. In accordance with the mood, the future seems either rosy, or dull and hopeless, and the past appears as a chain of pleasant, sunny memories, or continuous failures and injustices. Everyday environment also seems to be cute and interesting, sometimes boring and ugly. Such unmotivated mood swings can create an impression of superficiality and frivolity in others. However, in reality, people of the labile type are distinguished by deep feelings, sincere attachment to those from whom they see love, care and attention. They are characterized by loyal friendship.
The most "weak link" of the labile is emotional rejection by significant persons, loss of loved ones, separation from them. The loss of loved ones is especially hard to bear. A peculiar selectivity of intuition allows them to quickly feel the attitude of those around them - immediately, at the very first contact, determine who is disposed towards them, and in whom there is even the slightest drop of ill-will and hostility. Self-esteem is distinguished by sincerity and the ability to correctly note the traits of your character.
Labile people love companies, a change of environment, but, unlike hypertimal people, they are attracted not by a new field of activity, but only by the possibility of new impressions. Distinctive feature these people are sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention; praise and encouragement bring them genuine joy. A labile person never pretends, like a hypertimal one, to the role of a leader; he is willingly content with the position of everyone who is guarded, protected and protected by everyone, a pet and a darling. And a variety of hobbies and going to a group are all ways to improve your mood. We can say that a labile person is constantly busy regulating his "emotional homeostasis", his current mental state, gravitating towards such people and situations in which he finds emotional support and understanding.
For quite a long time, sexual activity has been kept at the level of flirting and courtship, luring, coquetry, and sexual play. Attraction remains poorly differentiated; therefore, a temporary deviation to the path of transient homosexuality is possible. Among the possible pathopsychological disorders arising from the labile accentuation of the personality, it should be noted a tendency to acute affective reactions, reactive depression, as well as neuroses, especially neurasthenia. A labile personality type is combined with psychophysical infantilism, with vegetative lability and a predisposition to allergic diseases.
In emergency situations and extreme circumstances, a labile person in most cases gives neurotic reactions, mainly of a depressive type. Mental activity turns out to be paralyzed, mechanisms of adaptation and compensation are not included, active and constructive mechanisms of coping with stress are not used. In the inner psychological plane, the crisis is experienced as a state of panic, blocking the possibility of constructive resolution of critical circumstances.

Psychological features of the manifestation of the labile type of accentuation

A manifestation of the labile type of character is the unpredictability of the reaction and frequent mood swings that defy the standard logical explanation. In this case, there is a psychological component of the problem, when a person cannot consciously control emotions.

Such manifestations are observed in adolescence, which is explained by the peculiarities of growing up. But in the case of an extremely frequent and sharp change in behavior, it is possible that initial stage becoming a labile type. In this case, insignificant factors become the reasons for the change in mood. For example, pouring rain or a broken nail can plunge a person into a state of extreme despondency or cause an attack of aggression, which is abruptly replaced by laughter due to a pleasant memory or a joke heard.

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With a frank conversation during a psychological session, people with this personality type may show several inconsistent mood changes within a few minutes.

Accentuation traits

The negative manifestations of character include the following aspects:

irascibility;
high level of conflict;
undeveloped self-control;
hysterical attacks of crying or laughing;
pugnacity;
sharp bouts of apathy.

The relationship with the outside world, personal preferences of a person: sleep, appetite, concentration (see), performance depends on what mood a person experiences.

Despite a wide range of negative manifestations, a person with a labile personality type is often distinguished by good nature and sincerity. When choosing a friend, a person with this character pays attention to his ability to create comfortable conditions with mood swings. Friendship for him is determined by a deep psychological attachment to those who are dear to him. The person responds positively to flattery, gratitude, praise without expressed complacency.

Health status

As a rule, the formation of a labile type of character begins in early adolescence. Due to certain characteristics of the body during the period of growing up, almost all children are characterized by emotional instability.

A distinctive feature of the labile personality type in adolescents is the high incidence of infectious pathologies. Such children often suffer from pneumonia, sore throat, ARVI, inflammation of the urinary and gallbladder. These diseases have a chronic course with constant relapses.

Adults do not have a high degree of pain, but in some cases, an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases persists.

Important! Variable emotionality and frequent illnesses in a child are not a direct indicator of character lability. Be sure to consult an experienced doctor for diagnosis.

Cognitive ability

This type of character is distinguished not only by the unpredictability of the reaction, but also by a low level of self-control. V early age the ability to learn is poorly developed (see), which has an extremely negative impact on further knowledge and skills of a person. Adolescents react painfully to comments from adults (parents, teachers). The response to criticism can be crying or insults. Also, depending on the situation, the child's reaction can be quite positive.

In the future, it is difficult for a person with a labile type of character to take root in a team and conduct normal work activities. However, if the work is really interesting, he will be fully involved in the process without the slightest sign of instability.

In order to establish a positive contact, you must adhere to the following recommendations:

avoid conflict situations;
do not resort to aggressive methods of influence;
find out the reason for the change in mood and experiences;
encourage and praise in every possible way;
comfort and empathize as much as possible;
find an interesting activity that will completely captivate the person;
do not take mood swings personally (see).

Learn about: Interesting facts and superpowers.

Read what is: diagnostics of verbal and non-verbal intelligence.

All about: structure and function.

Conclusion

Unstable behavior and frequent mood swings are a manifestation of character lability. More often than not, minor factors are the cause of emotional change. In order to establish relations with such a person, it is necessary to protect him as much as possible from external stimuli, providing support and understanding.

This type has been described under different names: "emotionally labile", "reactive-labile", or "emotive-labile" [PB Gannushkin, 1933], "emotive", "super-mobile". In the systematics of psychopathies in children, given by G. Ye. Sukhareva (1959), this type is absent, however, the described picture of "general" or "harmonious" infantilism contains almost all characteristics characteristic of the labile type. At the same time, it is added that with age, "children's infantilism" can be smoothed out, but "reactive lability" remains. As you know, the problem of the relationship between infantilism and psychopathies has attracted attention for a long time [Buyanov MI, 1971] The most rational point of view on infantilism, including the general (harmonious) one, as a basis on which to form different types psychopathies [Kovalev VV, 1973]. In childhood, labile adolescents, as a rule, do not particularly stand out among their peers. Only a few have a tendency to neurotic reactions. However, almost all in childhood have a chain of infectious diseases caused by opportunistic flora. Continuous "colds", frequent sore throats, chronic pneumonia, rheumatism, pyelocystitis, cholecystitis and other diseases, although not in severe forms, are characterized by a tendency to take a protracted and recurrent course. It is possible that the factor of "somatic infantilization" plays an essential role in many cases of the formation of the labile type. The main feature of the labile type is extreme mood variability. This is its essential difference from the similar in name type of "unstable", where the main defect falls on the volitional sphere, where instability concerns behavior and actions. As you know, mood variability is generally inherent in adolescents. To some extent, almost all of them are endowed with emotional lability. Therefore, the diagnosis of this type in adolescence is a difficult, but still doable task. We can talk about the formation of a labile type when the mood changes too often and too abruptly, and the reasons for these radical changes are negligible. An unflattering word spoken by someone, an unfriendly look from a casual interlocutor, an inappropriate rain, a button that has come off a suit can plunge into a dull and gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles and failures. At the same time, a pleasant conversation, interesting news, a fleeting compliment, a suit well-worn for the occasion, and, although unrealistic, tempting prospects heard from someone can cheer you up, even distract you from real troubles, until they again remind you of something about yourself. When talking with a psychiatrist, during frank and exciting conversations, when you have to touch the most different aspects of life, for half an hour you can see tears ready to come back and soon a joyful smile. Mood is characterized not only by frequent and abrupt changes, but also by their considerable depth. The mood of the moment depends on well-being, and sleep, and appetite, and ability to work, and the desire to be alone or only with a loved one, or to rush into a noisy society, company, people. According to the mood, the attitude towards one's future also changes - it is colored with the most iridescent colors, then it appears gray and dull. And the past sometimes appears as a chain of pleasant memories, sometimes it seems entirely consisting of failures, mistakes and injustices. The same environment, the same people are perceived as cute, interesting and attractive, or as boring, boring and ugly, endowed with all sorts of flaws. Unmotivated mood swings sometimes give the impression of superficiality and frivolity. In fact, adolescents of this type are capable of deep feelings, of great and sincere affection. This is primarily reflected in their attitude towards relatives and friends, but only to those from whom they themselves feel love, care and participation. Attachment to them persists, despite the ease and frequency of fleeting quarrels. Loyal friendship is no less characteristic of labile teenagers. In a friend, they unconsciously seek a psychotherapist. They are looking for friendship with someone who, in moments of sadness and discontent, is able to distract, comfort, tell something interesting, encourage, convince that "everything is not so scary", but at the same time, in moments of emotional uplift, be able to respond to joy and fun , satisfy the need for empathy. Labile teenagers are very sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention, gratitude, to praise and encouragement - all this gives them sincere joy, but does not at all induce arrogance or conceit. Censures, condemnations, reprimands, notations are deeply felt and can plunge into hopeless despondency. The labile adolescents endure real troubles, losses, misfortunes extremely hard, revealing a tendency to acute affective reactions, reactive depression, and severe neurotic breakdowns. The emancipation reaction is expressed very moderately. They feel good in the family if they feel love, warmth and comfort there. Emancipatory activity manifests itself in the form of short bursts of mood swings, which are usually interpreted by adults as simple stubbornness or whims. However, the reaction of emancipation becomes more pronounced and stable if it is fueled by an unfavorable family situation; labile adolescents often want to escape from such a family. The craving for grouping with peers is also subject to mood changes: in good times, labile teenagers look for company, in bad times they avoid communication. In a peer group, they do not pretend to be a leader, but rather seek emotional contacts. They are willingly content with the position of a pet and a darling, who is guarded and protected by their more stenic friends. The infatuation response is usually limited to the types of hobbies that we designate as informative-communicative and egocentric (see. ch. II). The intoxicating excitement of games, and the scrupulous meticulousness of collecting, and the persistent improvement of strength, dexterity, skills, and the height of refined intellectual and aesthetic pleasures are alien to them. Moreover, they do not claim leadership anywhere. Communication with comrades, amateur performances and even some pets (your own dog is especially attractive) belong to the kind of hobbies that give a slight outflow of emotional energy that fills in moments of mood swings. None of the hobbies last long and soon give way to others Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting and courtship, and attraction remains poorly differentiated, as a result of which a deviation on the path of transient adolescent homosexuality is possible (see Chapter III.) But excessive sexual excesses are always avoided. Self-esteem is sincere. Labile teenagers are well aware of their character traits, they know that they are “people of mood” and that everything depends on their mood. Realizing the weaknesses of their nature, they do not try to hide or obscure anything, but, as it were, invite others to accept them as they are. In how others treat them, they show good intuition - immediately at the first contact they feel who is disposed towards them, who is indifferent, and in whom there is at least a drop of ill will or hostility. The reciprocal attitude arises immediately and without attempts to hide it. The severity of emotional lability in adolescence usually does not exceed the level of explicit accentuation. Psychopathies are relatively rare. The “weak point” of this type is rejection by emotionally significant persons, loss of loved ones, forced separation from them. This type of accentuation is often combined with vegetative lability and a tendency to allergic reactions. Labile accentuation can serve as a ground for acute affective reactions (more often impunitive or intrapunitive), neuroses, especially neurasthenia, reactive depression and for psychopathic development, more often in the labile-hysterical type. It is only in these cases that labile adolescents come under the supervision of a psychiatrist. The focus of attention is on the violations that have arisen and the mental trauma that caused them, and the character traits that cause the ease of such breakdowns often remain in the shadows. That is why, it seems to us, the "emotionally labile type" of Schneider - Gannushkin did not become widespread as a working term in psychiatric practice, despite the brightness of the descriptions and the frequency with which this type occurs. Sergey G., 14 years old. In childhood, he suffered from "colds" a lot, since school years he suffers from chronic cholecystitis. He grew up cheerful, sociable, but very touchy. The mother has a serious kidney disease, she often spent long periods of time in hospitals. He was raised by a father who played with him, fed and dressed. I went to school willingly, I studied well until the age of 11. When he was 11 years old, his father died. After his death, for several months he was extremely lethargic, did not play, did nothing, after school all days he sat at home and waited for his mother to return from work. Complained of a headache bad dream, "Eyelids twitched." In the same year, the teachers changed at the school. The new class teacher considered him a lazy person, convinced other teachers of this, scolded him in front of the whole class. I was very worried about my failures and reprimands from teachers. He began to run away from lessons, one wandered around the city. At home, he reacted to his mother's reproaches with tears, left home, sat alone on the stairs. Leia spent the past in a sanatorium. He remembers him very warmly, he was disciplined there, calmly treated the remarks of his elders. At the beginning of the new school year at school, a high school student, passing by him, unexpectedly spat in his face. In anger, having contrived, he pushed him down the stairs. In response to the punishment, he categorically refused to go to school and was rude to teachers. At home, at the reproaches of his mother, he gave a violent emotional outburst, ran away from home, spent the night somewhere in the front door. At first he reacted to being placed in a children's psychiatric hospital with incessant crying. But then, feeling a warm attitude towards himself, he calmed down. He began to study at a school at the hospital, made friends with disciplined boys. During a conversation, depending on the content of the conversation, it is easy to pass from sadness to a smile and vice versa. At the mention of his father, who had died three years ago, he immediately burst into tears, but quickly succumbed to consolation. He said that in the mornings on some days he gets up vigorous and cheerful, on other days in the morning he feels lethargic and bored. Complains of headaches, especially after school conflicts. If something unpleasant happens during the day, then in the evening he cannot sleep for a long time. He loves to study, especially drawing and English - teachers in these subjects treat him warmly. He agreed that he behaved incorrectly at school and at home. Wants to continue her studies at the same school, despite former conflicts with teachers. He explains this by the fact that he is used to his comrades. He is attached to his mother, treats her very tenderly. Survey with the help of PDO. The labile type was diagnosed on a scale of objective assessment. No signs indicating the possibility of psychopathy were found. Moderate conformity. The reaction of emancipation, the tendency to delinquency and alcoholism are not pronounced. On the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is insufficient: neither recognized nor rejected traits of any type stood out. Diagnosis. Prolonged reactive depression against the background of a clear accentuation of the labile type. Follow-up after 3 years. Healthy. Continues his studies. Still very emotional. In psychopathies of this type, emotional lability itself can reach such a degree that it turns into affective explosiveness. However, more often the core of emotional lability is overlaid with traits of another type — hysterical, sensitive, unstable. Labile affective psychopathy. This type of psychopathy is commonly seen in the modular group of excitable psychopathies. Although affective outbursts arise for an insignificant reason, they are quickly exhausted. Anger is easily replaced by tears. In affect, there is no tendency to rough aggression towards others. Usually affect is limited to violent emotional manifestations, sometimes there are reactions of an autoaggressive type. A constant change of mood leads to extreme restlessness, incoherence, distraction, a rapid change of interests. Learning suffers from all this, there are constant conflicts with both elders and peers. Usually there is no correctness of self-esteem inherent in a labile accentuation, there is no criticism of one's behavior. Alexander M., 15 years old. He grew up without a father in a close-knit family with his mother, aunt and grandmother. In childhood, he often suffered from "colds", was distinguished by "nervousness." From the first school years, with quite satisfactory abilities, he studied with difficulty, was restless, absent-minded, everything quickly got bored. Reacted to comments with violent affective outbursts, shouting,;, ran away from the class, according to the teachers, became like "mad" he began to play the role of a jester, made faces, made the guys laugh. He easily fell under the influence of his comrades, was mischievous, but avoided participating in fights. He was fond of playing the piano, then the guitar, tried to play tennis, hockey - at first he was passionate about everything, but he quickly gave up. Most of all he loves "walking with the guys", wandering around the streets until late at night. For noisy night walks he was detained by the police more than once. Close friend does not have, loves company. He does not drink wine - he is afraid of vomiting. After several conflicts with teachers, he dropped out of school, did nothing, “walked”, exchanged chewing gum with foreigners for badges. Once in a psychiatric hospital, I was frightened at first, but quickly calmed down and got used to it, became mobile, fussy, distracted, prone to affective outbursts at the slightest pretext. once the mood changed abruptly. Tied to his mother, not burdened by her care. Criticism of his behavior is distinguished by extreme superficiality - he easily agrees with accusations, makes promises to improve and immediately forgets these promises. He does not think about his future. I would like to work as a postman - I like to walk the streets. Tall, but graceful physique, feminine, has a high timbre of voice, somewhat childish facial expression, but sexual development by age. Neurological examination and EEG showed no abnormalities. Examination with PDO On the scale of objective assessment, the more labile type was diagnosed. Signs indicating the possibility of psychopathy have not been established. Conformity is moderate, the response of emancipation is weak. Psychological tendency to delinquency and alcoholism was not revealed. On the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is insufficient: neither traits of any type, nor the most rejected traits were identified. Diagnosis: Psychopathy of moderate degree of labile-affective type, labile-hysteroid type. It can be observed in the framework of both psychopathies and character accentuations. Psychopathy of this type can be both constitutional, that is, an endogenous combination of two types, and a consequence of psychopathic development during education labile teenager in a system of conniving hyperprotection (see Chapter V). Hysteroid egocentrism here turns into a more egoistic demand for unlimited love for oneself and cares on the part of emotionally significant persons than a thirst to attract the gaze of the whole environment. Fantasies are usually devoid of an intoxicatingly adventurous streak. They have a more romantic coloring, they are rather idyllic dreams of the fulfillment of hopes, of serene happiness and bliss. There is no intention to show the uniqueness of your person with your inventions. Nevertheless, under the influence of mental trauma, especially when rejected by emotionally significant persons, and in difficult situations acute affective reactions and reactive states acquire a distinct hysterical coloration. Vladimir B., 15 years old Since childhood, mobile, restless, quick-tempered In the early years, repeated pneumonia Then he grew up physically healthy When he was 7 years old, his father left the family. He was very worried about it At the age of 10, he began to protest violently, when a stepfather appeared in the family, quarreled with him over the slightest trifle, his mother was jealous of him As a protest, he began to skip school, started classes. In response to the punishment from his mother, he began to run away from home. He furnished the shoots so that they would seek and return him. For example, when leaving for another city to visit his aunt, he had previously “secretly” told about his intention to a peer from a neighboring apartment in the hope that he would pass it on to his mother. When his mother did not come for him for a long time, he himself, on behalf of his aunt, gave her a telegram. Another time, he defiantly went to look for his own father, who did not show any interest in him. During the escapes, he never slept either in the front doors or in the basements - he was afraid of rats. When he did not receive a present from his mother for his birthday as punishment, he opened the piggy bank without asking and bought himself carrier pigeons for 25 rubles. He began to spend time in street companies, but at the same time did not smoke, refused to drink wine. His mother put him in a boarding school - he was offended at her for that. He also escaped from the boarding school. Then he became friends there with one fellow practitioner, very much attached to him. He was the leader among the pupils, and he enjoyed his patronage. He was jealous of his other comrades. When he demonstratively "cheated" on him - he ran away from the orphanage, leaving him, after his return, in front of his comrades, he played an attempt to hang himself, but he easily let himself be restrained. In the adolescent department of a psychiatric hospital, he quickly settled down. He tried to claim leadership, but failed to gain credibility even among the younger and weaker ones. In the conversation, I discovered a great emotional lability. He blushed easily, depending on the topic of conversation, a dull expression on his face and a cheerful smile quickly replaced each other. He willingly talked, looked for contact. He spoke with restraint about his stepfather, about his mother - not hiding his resentment. When asked about a friend, he was very worried, tried to get away from this topic, quietly muttered: "I have already told everything." Then he admitted that they were tied with a friend by a "terrible oath", the essence of which he refused to tell, but added that the friend had broken this oath and his comrades mocked him. He condemned the attempt to hang himself as a stupid act, but refused to acknowledge its demonstrative nature. He assured me that he was ready to die. With a pronounced acceleration of physical and sexual development, he discovers children's interests - loves fairy tales, games, the child's facial expression is preserved. Survey with the help of PDO. The labile type was diagnosed on a scale of objective assessment. There were no signs of possible psychopathy. Conformity and emancipation response are moderate. The tendency to delinquency and alcoholism was not found. On the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is insufficient: neither traits of any type, nor reliably rejected traits have been established. Diagnosis. Moderate psychopathy of the labile-hysterical type. Follow-up after 2 years. For complicity in theft he was sent to a special school for difficult teenagers. Labile-unstable type. As a rule, it occurs against the background of labile accentuation due to upbringing that combines emotional rejection with hypoprotection. Often reaches psychopathic development. Outwardly, there is a "syndrome of unstable behavior" _ similarity with psychopathy of an unstable type due to delinquency, running away from home, etc. delinquent and alcoholic and sexual. Pavel 3., 16 years old Father suffers from epilepsy and alcoholism, mother with severe polyarthritis, disabled. Grew up in a large family the eldest of five children. From childhood to the present time, he suffers from nocturnal enuresis. Until the age of 11, he did not differ from his peers, he was very attached to his mother. Hardly experienced scandals in the family. He studied mediocre. From the age of 11, due to scandals at home, he reached out into the street, fell under the influence of the asocial company of teenagers, began to smoke, occasionally drink, at the instigation of his friends, he stole money from a teacher at school. Was sent to a special school for difficult. There he began to be severely persecuted by fellow practitioners. Escaped. Returned to a special school, he began to threaten with suicide. In a teenage psychiatric clinic, at first he was tense, embittered, suspicious. Later, he gave a violent emotional reaction to a warm and affectionate attitude - he burst into tears, confessed to misconduct that were not previously known: under the influence of his street company, he stole from his pockets, climbed into abandoned cars and unscrewed what was ordered, stole bicycles. He held on to this company because he was “his own” there and was protected from other hooligans. During conversations, he discovered pronounced emotional reactions, depending on memories, he easily passed from tears to a smile, from anger to tears. Interests - children, loves games, fairy tales In the clinic did not break the regime, reached for the elders, looked for empathy On examination - pronounced physical infantilism, height 154 cm body weight 40 kg (the lower limit of the age norm 167 cm, 53 kg) first pubertal phase, children facial expression. Neurological examination showed no abnormalities. Survey with the help of PDO. On the scale of objective assessment, the type "labile cycloid" was diagnosed. There are signs that indicate the likelihood of psychopathy. An increased frankness in assessing character traits and personal relationships was noted. Conformity and emancipation response are moderate. Established a psychological tendency to delinquency. Attitude towards alcoholization is uncertain On the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is incorrect: conformal traits are reliably distinguished, traits of an unstable type are rejected; ambivalence in relation to sensitive traits is noted. Diagnosis. A protracted reactive state (delinquent equivalent) against the background of psychophysical infantilism and psychopathic development in a labile-unstable type. Follow-up in six months. Was released from training in a special school and placed in a regular boarding school, where the labile-sensitive type continues to study. It can be both an endogenous combination of both types, and a consequence of psychopathic development from labile accentuation under conditions of upbringing according to the type of emotional rejection and especially in the position of "Cinderella" at a reminder of past troubles, but a quick yielding to consolation and reassurance. Otherwise, sensitive traits predominate. Pavel P., 15 years old. Grew up without a father, lives with his mother and older sister... From childhood he was sensitive, impressionable, touchy, easily upset, but succumbed to consolation and persuasion. Very attached to his mother. He was reluctant to go to school - he was an average student, the guys teased him, called him "a girl." Even small troubles were very upset: for example, at the age of 10 he accidentally broke his mother's favorite vase - he cried for three days. At the age of 12, he fell ill with acute appendicitis and was hospitalized, in the hospital he cried all the time - he could not bear the separation from his mother. Six months ago, having been ill for a week, he came to school without a certificate from the clinic, but only with a note from his mother. A new teacher appeared in the class, who became their class teacher ... In front of all her fellow practitioners, she called him "a truant" and "a simulator", the guys began to mock him. He burst into tears in front of everyone, ran away from school, dropped out of school, refused to go to the final exams. His mother took him to a pioneer camp for the summer, where she herself worked. There he hardly communicated with his peers, did not leave his mother, played only with the kids. He hoped that in the fall he would be allowed to pass the exams - he wanted to answer alone, and not in front of the whole class. But unexpectedly for him, he was left for the second year. Then he flatly refused to go to school, considering repetition a shame. Sydnam sat at home, played with the dog, read books, got carried away with the study of brands of cars and types of sea vessels - he talks about them with knowledge of the matter. I did not go out into the street - I was afraid of meeting my acquaintances and asking them questions. When my mother returned from work, he happily greeted her, did not leave her. In connection with the refusal to go out into the street, to go to school, the mother turned to a psychiatrist for advice. When talking to him, he was withdrawn, sullen, cried, without revealing the reasons for the tears. He was sent for examination to a teenage psychiatric clinic. Here, having met the warm and caring attitude of the staff, I quickly got used to it. He began to use the patronage of a more sthenic teenager, almost did not leave him. During the conversation, he is very worried, when asked about unpleasant events, tears begin to pour in a hail. But it lends itself easily to consolation. Having made contact, he frankly spoke about his school failures. After several psychotherapeutic conversations, he agreed to go to another school. Marked psychophysical infantilism. Childish facial expression. Sexual development corresponds to 12-13 years of age. Vegetative lability. Neurological examination and EEG showed no deviations. Survey with the help of PDO. On the scale of objective assessment, a pronounced sensitive-labile type was diagnosed. There are signs indicating the possibility of the formation of a sensitive psychopathy. Conformity is average, the response of emancipation is moderate. The tendency to delinquency was not found, there is a pronounced negative attitude towards alcoholism, which is characteristic of sensitive adolescents. On the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is good: features of the sensitive and labile types are distinguished, hyperthymic features (a sign of a tendency to subdepressive states) are reliably rejected. Diagnosis. Psychopathy of a pronounced degree of the labile-sensitive type against the background of psychophysical infantilism. Follow-up in a year. I could not study in an ordinary school. He graduated from 8 classes of evening school, which he attended irregularly, but managed to do it at home. It should be emphasized that the labile-affective type is found only in the form of psychopathies - this is, in fact, an extreme exacerbation of the labile type. The last three varieties (labile-hysterical, labile-unstable, labile-sensitive types) are found not only in psychopathies, but also as character accentuations and are even more often observed as the latter. In the general population of adolescents, the labile type of character accentuation occurs in 8% of male adolescents (see Table 3) and in 12% of female adolescents [Pathocharacterological studies .., 1981].

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Rubric: Labile type. Methods for treating accentuations of various types

In what cases can accentuations develop into pathology

How do accentuations differ from psychopathies?

Types of accentuation

Hysteroid type

Epileptoid type

Schizoid type

Labile type

Conformal type

Astheno-neurotic type

Psychasthenic type

Sensitive type of

Combinations of accentuation types

Classification of accentuations according to Leonhard

Lichko classification of accentuations

Character accentuation test according to Shmishek

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Hysteroid type

Epileptoid type

Schizoid type

Unstable or unrestrained.

Labile

Conformal

Astheno-neurotic

Psychasthenic

Hypertensive

Sensitive type

Factors influencing the formation of personality accentuations

Methods for treating accentuations of various types

Work on yourself

Psychologist's help

More on the topic Labile type:

Psychological features of the manifestation of the labile type of accentuation

Accentuation traits

Health status

Cognitive ability

Conclusion