In my presentation, the concept of morality is consonant with the concept of morality. Each of us knows what is good and evil, and what is the honor, dignity and nobility. But truly moral people are distinguished by not just an understanding of such things, but also the ability to realize these ideals in their behavior.
I think that everyone from us should strive to be moral, but, unfortunately, it is very difficult. Comes correctly in any situation, sometimes even to the detriment of your interests, is a challenge complex, and for some people, and just impossible. It is probably why so many conversations today are underway for the fall of morals in society.
Despite this, the moral people among us are still there. For me personally, a decent example of such a person is my grandmother Lidia Mikhailovna.
Grandma was raised back in the Soviet era. She still remembers the good films of that time, such as "We live to Monday", "Three Poplars on the Ivy" or "Girls" on which she grew and raised.
Despite the fact that life was often strict and unfair to her, the grandmother did not lose faith in people, and her heart did not cross. She always strives to help others, and not only close, but also just strangers.
In addition, the grandmother loves animals very much and now, despite their age, works by a volunteer in a shelter for dogs, where she really likes. It seems to me that the ability to compassion and the desire to help someone who found himself in trouble is also the important qualities of a moral personality.
I also really want to learn how to find strength for sincere love for others, because it allows us to understand other people, do not be angry with them and feel when they need our help. Grandma says that the path to morality begins from the moment when we forget about our egoism. In some situations, it is still difficult for me to do this, but still I try to follow her advice.
Since childhood, we always say that the brain is responsible for everything. But alas, adults were mistaken. Morality is the mind of the heart, not the brain. Of course, the brain decides whether this or that thing does, but in the end the heart prompts the right path. Morals contained inside a person finds a place for itself in the heart. If you stepped over yourself and did something bad, then you will certainly feel like a heart begins to shrink, it tells you what you did not choose.
I sometimes seems to me that it is in the heart of a man's soul. She begins to hurt when a man breaks herself for someone else or something. Morality is laid in a person from birth and before that moment he becomes a teenager, then it cannot be purchased. If a person was once able to overpower himself and his morality, it means she will leave him forever, he will not be afraid of anything, since this forbidden feature has already been violated. Living in big cities, forget about all this and every day you are ready to violate the rules.
Probably, after your life ends with a person understands what he did in this life something wrong. Sometimes you just need to listen to your heart, perhaps this is a moral voice.
Option 2.
From early childhood, adults teach children to develop positive qualities. Simply put, be good, not bad. Often, such education is only formal, and in reality children are trained everywhere to look for personal benefits and take care of themselves.
Of course, you need to be able to take care of yourself and your loved ones, but such concern can be harmful in the global sense if there is no significant component of morality. Such quality is generally required everywhere in human activity, whatever the person does not work, it is necessary to maintain morality. The most interesting thing is, if a person has a high level of morality, he will never make bad actions, since such behavior is eating and does not agree with the internal ideals.
For me, morality seems to be something similar religious morality, only a deeper feeling. If earlier (and now, too, the religion was used, including to create some norms for people, but now (in my opinion) more people come to morality.
After all, what is the meaning of religious morality? Do not do something bad, as you get some kind of punishment and do it impossible to do so in connection with some otherworked reason. In fact, we are just a model of control over not particularly developed people who are prone to bad actions.
Morality in turn is mostly an internal feeling that a person brings up in himself, that is, it works to become better. Of course, there may be external factors, guidelines, but morality is always a consequence of internal work. At the same time, a person does not relieve any in advance of these postulates, and he tries to deeply comprehend the world.
The result is the understanding of the values \u200b\u200bof human existence, good, honesty. A person who raises morality in himself, learns to better realize the needs and interests of others. Such a person is always compassionated to other people.
It seems to me that morality is a consequence of a deep understanding of this world. Therefore, stupid and underdeveloped people are most often immoral.
Essay on the theme of morality reasoning grade 9
A person should always reflect on his own morality, as such qualities and make people people. Morality is even more meaningful than morality with which morality is often confused.
Morality is most often a public phenomenon and belongs to a certain group of people. For example, there is a morality in the society of cannibals, there is a morality of the Society of the Socialist Republic and there is also morality in the intellectual community. In turn, morality is a factor in the inner and more versatile.
In fact, such a property can combine people from different societies, because a person can observe the moral foundations of his community, but be completely immoral and vice versa. For example, and cannibal from primitive society, and a representative of modern civilization may have internal moral foundations and guided by the concepts of kindness and honor. Of course, they have among themselves the difference in the sense of habitual behavior and some norms, but they can aware of the deep sense of humanity as such, the sign of which is morality.
Also in all societies we can see immoral people, as such quality needs a person to educate in itself and always to work for this. Such is not available to everyone and sometimes even good education and excellent conditions for the development of the personality do not in the end of moral nature.
Morality It is even possible to compare with animal instincts that do not know morality. They come as they come as being done by nature and do not appreciate their actions. Only people differ (not all, but moral) deep analysis and evaluation of their own actions.
They do not just correlate their actions with some standard or convention, but they are trying to find the highest meaning and genuine humanity. Therefore, the possession of morality is the personal merit of every person, and the lack of such quality is personal omission and, in fact, the loss of human appearance.
Option 4.
Each person is individual. Each has its own worldview, its own attitude towards various issues in life. But all this understanding is based on a number of life principles that are generally characterized by a person. Behavior, the results of any acts are indicators, first of all, education that a person receives from childhood.
Morality is an unconscious or conscious choice of certain situations about good and evil in accordance with their life plants. Adult, a person is gaining experience, more and more feeling the difference between bad and good, good and evil.
The qualities of the human soul are reflected in such concepts as honesty, justice, goodwill. Thanks to its inner world, the level of education and pupils people give a choice in favor of positive characteristics. If the choice is correct, then he benefits not only others, but also to himself.
Such qualities are worthy of a person's highly moral, which can be judged as a standard of education. He always comes correctly, thinking not only about himself, but also considering the opinion of loved ones. His deeds are thoughtful, and their results are satisfied with the rich spiritual world. People with high morality conscience of Chista, there is no greed, envy, easily in the soul.
The image of a moral person consists of several components, regardless of the fact that each individual: type of behavior, its actions, motifs, worldview, personal understanding of positive and negative qualities.
Morality is the benchmark for which the desires to act is their own behavior line, but from a positive side.
The famous author of the tales "Cinderella" Charles Perra showed a precise, unforgettable example of a high level of manifestation of morality. The main character of the work has absorbed the main indicators of this category - hard work, sincerity, generosity, lack of envy and malice. This led her to the happy final.
The main heroine of the fairy tale "Frost" is a girl. She lived with his father, a stepmother and a pivot sister. By the will of fate, all his homework fell on her fragile shoulders, however, the girl does not lose and do everything around the house.
One of the minor heroines of the work is Miss Jacqueson represented by the writer in the image of the governess of the only driver of the Murom, Lisa landowner, the key character of the story.
The choice is always hard. You never know what it is better to give preference, what consequences will give one or another option, which way is it better to swing the scales. It is best to consider options not only from the mind, but also by morality, conscience.
Moral
The choice is not just a choice made by the heart, but the choice is correct from the morality and ethics. This is a choice of good or evil.
Sometimes the moral selection falls in front of a person in the smallest, but sometimes in the most critical situations: raise or not money, in your eyes, I accidentally dropped out of the pocket of the passerby, to enroll or not for the person who offend the hooligans, sometimes it even concerns life and death issues .
Morality and conscience is what makes man man, his internal moral installations and rules that do not allow him to move the line, the line between good and evil.
Even a conscientious person is difficult to make a moral choice correctly, because often the dark side of the choice lays a person with his temptation, temptation. Of course, any choice must be done with the mind, but the mind is often looking for, and because of the benefits often have to overlap the trait of morality.
Morality helps a person not to make selfish, dull and wrong deeds in his life, orients him in life. Often, morality goes along with a person since childhood, in many ways he receives it from religion, which speaks of punishment for sins. Basically, this is what stops a person from unreliable actions. Even children's poems like "What is good and what is bad?" From the smallest years, the person is involved in separating good from evil, black from white.
The moral person has such qualities as the ability to forgive, kindness, generosity, understanding, ability to love and be friends, courage, dedication. He alien greed, egoism, anger, indifference, hatred.
I believe that the moral choice is often, indeed, is not very simple. To make it easier, you need to strive for self-improvement in moral terms: learn to love, forgive, educate the best and right qualities.
The moral choice accompanies every person throughout his life. Sooner or later, it is necessary to make the choice between how it is better to do, which benefits at this stage are more important, is it possible to close the eyes on something for the desired goal.
The moral choice depends on the upbringing of a person, because it is the parents who teach her child what kind of good and what evil is what is friendship and love, they are taught that you should always talk to the truth, share and help in need. If in childhood everything seems much easier and the choice of meanwhile to tell the truth or to lie, it is simple to do, then as the task is greatly becoming much more complicated, the unequivocal good and evil cease to exist, gossy with each other, and with them there is no only correct formula Which will make the right moral choice, because everyone chooses itself for themselves in accordance with their life plants, principles and ideas about morality and ethics.
The moral choice quite often affects what person will occupy a place in society, as his loved ones and colleagues will be taken, how his fate will be. Even, it seemed, a small dill could turn the life from the legs on the head. Volisk and strong people who do not want to go against their principles, making a moral choice, ready to sacrifice everyone that they have and it has an incredible impact on their fate. Thus, the story of Lion Tolstoy "After Bala" tells about a difficult life choice, which had to make a hero. He was crazy in love with the girl and for her I was ready to sacrifice everything, but once I saw how severely punished a deserter soldier, decided to break the relationship with the beloved and leave the service, since she assumed the unconditional execution of leadership orders, but to do I didn't want to hurt the hero, because I chose another destiny, making a difficult moral choice for myself.
It is very important that the moral choice is made on conscience, because it is difficult to live contrary to your desires and beliefs. At the same time, it is necessary to remember the interests of other people, it is impossible to offend their loved ones and remain indifferent to their fate. Only then the choice will be made right and ashamed for your act will not be.
The moral choice teaches a lot of human. Having made a mistake once, a person will gain invaluable experience and the next time it will be more to think about how to do he. He also teaches responsibility, often young people are frivolously make decisions, put their interests above the others, but when there is a turn to answer for their actions, they understand how they were wrong and what was needed differently.
Works on topics:
- The choice is always hard. You never know what is better to give preference, what consequences will give one or another, in ...
What is morality? On the one hand, this is a very complicated philosophical question that requires serious reflection. And on the other hand, we usually clearly clearly determine whether a person has morally or not. Well, let's grow out.
If you smoke deeply, we will understand that since time immemorial, the source of morality served the scriptures. In Christianity, it was the ten commandments of Christ that the moral code of man was determined. Why I say last time? Probably because now there are not so many believers, religion no longer permeates all spheres of human existence, as before. In addition, as culture and humanity develops, new moral and ethical norms appear in society.
But still what is morality? Perhaps, under it it is worth understanding the spiritual qualities of a person who are based on the high ideals of good, debt, honor, justice and manifest themselves in relation to other people and nature. Morality is how personality itself appreciates its actions and behavior from the point of view of good. But good everyone understands in his own way. What is good for one is completely unacceptable for another. And where is the truth? I think morality is just to see your actions not just admissible, but also good for society. Immoral behavior makes a person loose, ethically ugly and unworthy.
Is it possible to talk about the actions of children from the point of view of morality? I'm afraid that there is no, because the concept of "good" in gentle age is very foggy, the child is simply uninteresting to analyze his behavior and look at it at an angle of some nepheomous morality. Children's deeds are determined by the only criterion - "Like", "do not like". And absolutely not a fact that, mature, the child will acquire moral features. Here, much depends on the upbringing and environment. The first teachers of morality for children are parents and school. I do not think that morality can not be learned. On the contrary, you can and need. A person learns all his life, and it is not only about expanding the horizons, but also about self-education, a change in priorities, the development of new values.
It is necessary to control each step. As the experience shows, the one who has committed an immoral act once cannot resist and later. And here the antimoram is already born: a person becomes a liar, adaptable, or even a frank passing. Therefore, it seems to me, you should not shout about moral norms - it is better to behave in accordance with them. The moral principles of one person will become moral principles of society only if it is guided by positive intentions and live on conscience.
The subject of ethics
It with
Ethics
Ethics
Moral measurement of personality
Moral measurement of society
Moral as a volitional attitude is the sphere of actions, practical perspective of man. And the actions objectify the internal motives and the thoughts of the individual, put it in a certain attitude to other people.
Moral characterizes a person from the point of view of his ability to live in a human hostel. The space of morality is a relationship between people. When the person says that he is strong and smart, then these are the properties that characterize the individual in itself to discover them, it does not need other people. But when they say about a person that he is kind, generous, kind, then these properties are detected when communicating with others and describe the quality of these relations. for example: Robinson, being on the island, could demonstrate and the power, and the mind, but until Friday appeared, he had no opportunity to be kind.
Many moral qualities of personality are manifested only in relations between people (honesty, kindness). Morality is responsible for the human hostel - this is a regulator of relations between people. The human hostel is supported not only morally, but also many other institutions: custom, right, market, etc. All skills, skills, forms of human activity, and not only moral qualities are associated with the social character of his being. Morality is not only responsible for human hostels, she gives him initially a self-meaningful meaning. Morals can be called a public form that makes the possible relationship between people in all of their particular diversity. She connects people to all connections, outlines that wagon, inside which human being can unfold. Human relations and humanity relationship are very close concepts. Morality and there is the most humanity, without which the relationship of people would never have acquired a human character. The comprehension of freedom of will and universality constitute a characteristic feature of morality.
GOLD Rule "in ethics
"Golden Rule", one of the oldest moral commandments contained in folk proverbs, sayings, etc.: Do not do other things that you do not want to hurt you. He spoke out by the ancient and the ancient Greek wise men, entered the New Testament. I. Kant modified it in his teaching about categorical imperative .
Moral: Definition.
moral, starting with Greek. Antiquity, understood as a measure of domination over himself, the indicator of how much the person is responsible for himself, for what he does.
moral appears in 2 frills:
As a personality characteristic, a set of moral qualities, virtues: truthfulness, honesty, kindness
As a characteristic of relations between people, a set of moral norms, i.e. Requirements, commandments, norms.
7. Functions of morality:
-regulatory (basic) The essence in the ghost of personality behavior in accordance with the moral norms developed in society, the tool is public opinion, customs, authority
-educational Samples of behavior are formed, morality forms moral qualities
-evaluation-imperativehuman behavior is determined by the value system
cognitiveassociated with the acquisition of knowledge (how to make a choice of simple or extreme situations)
communicativeproviding understanding of each other, sharing values
prognosticwhat can we expect from society
cultural and creativemoral side of society, moral measurements of the individual, is guided by the mind (submission of the passion of mind)
ideological, ideologicalmoral score
Morality is inextricably associated with morality. If moral is certain principles, ideas, norms. cat. Direct, regulate the behavior of people., Morality is that part of life, the cat. related to cases, customs, in short, practical behavior of people.
Speaking of moral measurement of society, the golden rule of morality is of great importance - this is a fundamental rule of morality, identified with the most morality, which sounds the mark. way: "Do not do (wish) another person that you don't want to yourself"
Structure of morality
The moral structure is made up of several elements.
Since the time of Aristotle, they allocate such moral consciousness and moral deeds. Modern ethics adds to them also moral relations. Thus, the structure of morality includes:
but) moral consciousness - Regulatory ideas that encourage actions;
b) malniary activities - actions, to the extent that they are generated by moral motives (the structure of the moral act - see the following lecture);
in) moral relations - any relationship, to the extent that they are implementing moral requirements ( relations K. family, to work, to homeland, to nature; as well as relations between People, if moral norms embodied in this relationship).
Ethics Confucius.
Born 551g BC, China.
The doctrine of Confucius is set out in the book "Lun Yu" ("judgments and conversations") compiled by students.
Confucius opened a person, comprehended the originality of his being and places in the world. Central category of his teaching - Zhen ("Humanity"). This is the human beginning in a person who is at the same time debt. Meaning: "Love people." The hieroglyph "Zhen" consists of 2 characters, respectively, respectively, a person and two numbers. "Zhen" takes its origins and is realized in human relations with other people.
Some sayings:
"The one who is sincere, seeks to humiliate, will not make evil."
"Out of your home believing to people as we receive guests."
"Do not do other things that you do not want."
Next category of his teaching - Lee ("Ritual").This is the moral principle of human behavior, this is the embodiment of humanity into practice, in life. Under the ritual, specific norms and samples of socially decent behavior are implied. Principle of Ritual:
The basis of the ritual - "Sonna Results" (Honor of the Son to Father and the Care of the Father's Son; An honorable father, who gives his son to his son, will return to the Son through his own children),
Love for ancestors
Compliance with its intended. Everyone should honestly fulfill their duty.
pupil (Ven) - Cultural sense of life. "If naturalness in man is superior to the pupil, he is like a village." "If the person surpasses the education of naturalness, he is like a science-scribe." When the lifting and naturalness balance each other, then the person becomes noble husband (Jun-Tzu). A noble husband is a focus of all high qualities, an ideal person, he seeks to know the right path - Dao.
Features of a noble husband:personalism, following ritual, sincerity, truthfulness, honesty, respectfulness in actions, the correspondence of words and cases (first to do, then speak), borrow the best qualities. A noble husband judges himself - this is self-sufficient, independent person, which is constantly improving. A noble husband is opposed by a low person: if a noble husband follows a debt, then low - benefit, he is concerned about his career, he does not think about the affairs of the state.
Moral teaching of the Buddha
The founder is the Indian Prince Gautama. He received the name of the Buddha - awakened, clarified. The initial reference point of the Buddha is a statement that neither the enjoyment of life, nor the killing of passions lead to bliss. Four noble truths:
Life is full of suffering, - there is the reason for these suffering, "you can stop these suffering," there is a path leading to the cessation of suffering, for this it is necessary to follow the noble ecrossar path. This is the path of moral cultivation, where consciousness is connected, behavior.
1. Stage: Right glances are free from delusions, knowledge, understanding of the four truths.
2 Stage: The right determination is the path of spiritual renunciation against attachment to the world.
3. Stage: Proper speech - abstinence from lies, from frivolous conversations.
4 Step: Proper behavior. Refusal to destroy the living, from theft.
5 Step: Proper Lifestyle, making money honestly.
6 Stage: The right goals, eradicate bad.
7 Step: Obtaining the right direction of thought - know what is happening in life.
8 Stage: Proper concentration. Acquisition of maliciousness, exemption from all passions, we comprehend Nirvana.
Five requirements for layman:
1. Abstinence from evil
2. Abstinence from lies
3. Abstinence from theft
4. Abstinence from sensory frills
5. Abstinence from alcohol
Buddhism approves the principle of freedom, self-monomy of the individual. A person lives in parallel from God and does not depend on him. A person must love all living things. The teaching of the Buddha is aimed at the cessation of human contention through the internal self-improvement of the person. It is based on moral goals.
Ethics Moses.
In the pentateuch of Moses, the economic ethics of the ancient Jews (commandments) was formed, in which the emphasis was made on human rights. The criticism of the usury and debt slavery of tribesmen is given. The norms of the behavior of the ancient Jews contained in the pentateuch of the behavior of the ancient Jews - the commandments - the covenant of the Covenant in the "scrubles" were given Moses on Mount Sinai. Among the Ten Commandments are contained by six moral norms of behavior: honoring parents, the prohibition of murder, theft, adultery, perjury, encroachment for someone else's property.
A characteristic feature of Moiseeva law is his inclusion. All fields of human activity and all the actions of a person, even the most distant from purely spiritual issues, relate to the norms and rules that are considered to be obtained from the sky. This also applies to the sphere that we call the area of \u200b\u200beconomic activity and economic relations.
Two starts underlie Moiseeva law - Justice and righteousness. In that person, the person is obliged to imitate God. Justice in this case means recognition of six fundamental human rights: on life property, clothing, dwelling, work and rest.
Righteousness implies the fulfillment by the person of his duties in accordance with the commandments of God - in relation to near relatives, poor, orphans, employees and slaves. In relation to the neighbor, it is primarily a helpful and sick help. It was forbidden to use the nearest need for its own enrichment. It was impossible to demand debt payments with interest. It is impossible to delay the fee for the labor of the employee. It is impossible to measure and hang out the owner of its land, livestock and other property, but the manager of these earthly benefits, which belong to God. All of these commandments flowed out of the general: love their neighbor, like himself. This rule applied not only to free, but also to slaves. It was impossible to return to the former place of a runaway slave. Saturday was a mandatory holiday day for everyone, including slaves and pets.
Special rules for judges were prescribed to judge only at justice, do not favor to rich and not do discounts for the poor or orphan. Before the law was equal and free, and the slave. It was required to periodically forgive debts, to release the slaves to the will of the slaves who were in slavery because of their needs, return the land incorporated into the debt. It was forbidden to carry injury to slave, to oppress the widows and orphans. If, when complying with all these commandments, a person becomes rich, then this is a reward for righteousness and justice. Such wealth was a sign of God's blessing.
The difference between the laws of Moses from the Hammurapi law focus on human rights, and not to protect the property, and labor activity was considered to be a low, slave lot.
Ethics of Jesus Christ
Ethics of Jesus Christ can briefly determine how ethics of love. We know about the life and teaching of Jesus Christ according to the testimony of his students and students of his students.
The gospel (good news) tells that Christ is the son of God born from immaculate conception. It
sent to the ground to prepare people to the last terrible court.
Jesus looks at our life (on our world), as it were, from the castorcal, from eternity. He talks about the end of time when good and evil, light and darkness, life and death, separate each other an insurmountable abyss. He says as a man who came from there. Jesus says that the heavenly kingdom is close (sadness. Farming is the end of the world, the apocalypse).
Jesus turned the established order of values. Jesus calls himself a son of man. The virtue of the Son is to obedience to Father. The son does not just take the will of his father, he takes her as his. "Father loves his son" - it's kach-in doing Father's father. The Son Man is likened to God to the Father through Love. Ethics of Christ have ethics of love. The last instruction of Christ is to love each other.
Love Smysrenna - Love is active - love is disinterested. Love for enemy - deities. The height of the person.
Ethics Mohammed.
Mohammed is the founder of Muslim religion and civilization. The basis of his ethics. The programs of Jawl - the idea of \u200b\u200ba single God. In his opinion, the prerequisite and guarantee of individual happiness and societies. Aless to certainly faith in God in the form, in what God himself found it necessary to open people. There was a lot of revelations of Muhammed, God ruled. God is absolute in all respects, God of truth, justice and mercy. Only he can be a patron saint of a man, his support and hope. I have the one for a single god indicates the person of his fairly modest place in the world and, at the same time, obliges a person in a certain way, namely, it is praising positively to the world and above all to other people. The unity of God is a guarantee of the harmony of the world. The human being should also be uniform. Vera is one, it is impossible to separate it.
Value. Ideal
Value - this is the concept that expresses significancewhich is something for us. All the concepts of morality have a value aspect. Higher moral values
- meaning of life, freedom,
Happiness - imagine ideas that organize the moral world of personality in general and providing regulatory impact on its behavior. Therefore, each individual must decide on them alone, because these problems are personal, even intimate character. It is impossible to give specific advice and recipes here, so we will only outrise possible ways of reasoning about the nature of higher moral values.
Moral Values \u200b\u200b- Public Uthanovka and Imperators, expressed in the form of regulatory ideas about the good and evil, fair and unfair, on the meaning of life and the appointment of a person in terms of their moral significance. Serve as a regulatory form of a moral orientation of a person in the world, offering him specific regulators of actions. The moral ideal is a holistic sample of moral behavior to which people seek, considering it the most reasonable, useful, beautiful. The moral ideal allows you to evaluate the behavior of people and is a reference point for self-improvement.
16.17. Good and evil:
In the primitive society "Good" - useful, valuable at all. With the advent of civilization, the class sociot and the moral and material understanding of good and evil is also distinguished. It is opposed to practical feasibility. There are two approaches: spiritual and materialistic. In the Spirit. Approach: Good - the highest idea, said Plato, is an absolute idea, Hegel. Good - manifestation of Divine Will. Good - spiritualized love, and evil - an opposition feud, said Ilyin. In Mater Approach: Good - what contributes to happiness of a person, which meets the needs, interests of people. Good gives pleasure, helps to avoid suffering. Good - the benefit, what brings personal happiness. Epicur said that good - how happiness was achieved.
In Marxism, considered a little different. Good - manifestation of societies, in the cat. The needs of the class, societies are embodied. Group.
In good, a person's desire to perfection and to eliminate obstructive vertices are reflected. Good - the concept of creative. Forms of manifestation of goodness - sensitivity, justice.
Evil is that immoral, damage to people. Evil shares, destroys people.
Evil Physical - does not depend on the person (death, natural disaster), evil moral - special quality and acts of people, evil social - war, crises, social. Cataclysms. Canthats said that evil can manifest themselves in the use of other people. Confucius said that the evil should be responsible for justice.
18. Debt:
Debt is a realization of the identity of the unconditional need to fulfill what follows from a moral ideal. A person's debt is to follow the path of virtue, to do good to other people as far as possible, not allow in itself deposit, to resist evil. Only not taking into account this degree of debt Individual can also see the debt only coherence. Psychologically, debt is actually realized as the need to commit certain actions. Moreover, it is aware of how from the inside this necessity, as an inner motivation.
Debt interpreted as any streamlining of individual manifestations, in the form of whether social rules or common cultural principles, it seems to be a yoke, like suppressing personality. However, one should not be discharged that the fact that the outside appears as nihilism can be motivated by a protest against the actual external compulsion of generally accepted norms - customs, morals, social discipline. The moral pathos of protest against external, official, hypocritical subordination by public standards will undoubtedly be attractive. However, the discretion in the moral duty of forced subordination to the extent of the shortestations incorrectly in two reasons. First, the completeness of the individual, personal manifestation is based on the perception of the personality of other people's experience. This experience is impersonal and is generally expressed in culture, including in moral norms - universal and local. From this point of view, the debt can be understood as a way to relax: not to reinvent the bike, but to execute a reasonablely recommended public environment or respected and decent trust in people as proper.
The demands of debt self-relief. This is expressed not only in the fact that a person performs debt disinterestedly and thereby demonstrates its independence from the outside of these norms and rules, but that, fulfilling a debt, he approves his priority to fear, enjoyment, personal benefits, the wishes of glory etc. Performance of the debt is manifested by the autonomy of the personality - following the law, a person does not need external coercion, and, by fulfilling a moral demand, a person treats him as if it was established by him. All the limitations that a person voluntarily imposes on himself, and the actions that he performs in fulfillment of the requirement, have moral meaning, provided that he acts, being confident in its right. Consciousness of debt does not exist in itself. It is always awareness of the need for a certain kind of actions to fulfill various requirements. Therefore, we repeat, incorrectly understand the debt as a form of public control over individual behavior, at least incorrectly understand it only. The debt reflects a certain mechanism of interaction between people. Morality can be represented as a system of mutual responsibilities that are charged to people who people take over (or it is assumed that people have taken on), which are aware of them as certain vital tasks, unconditionally executed in specific circumstances. So, the commandment of love indicates that the debt of man is mercy. Mercy implies not so much the state of the soul as certain actions of a person in relation to others. The commandment states that a person should be ready to help everyone who needs help, having sacrificing his time and means, and possibly a reputation, even a representative of the hostile tribe and someone else's faith. Such is the meaning of the unconditionality and categorical of debt in general - the person he follows, no matter what. But a specific action that is committed to debt is committed, of course, due to: it is precisely as required by circumstances.
19. Conscience:
Conscience is the most intimate phenomenon of morality. Kant said that the conscience is the consciousness of the inner trill in the Chek. Tolstoy claimed that the worshipers of all the fact that you would like your conscience.
Conscience is a concept that characterizes the ability of a person to exercise moral self-control, formulate moral duties, to produce self-esteem of the actions performed.
Conscience is manifested emotionally (conscience in the role of experiences) and rationally.
Conscience is associated with shame. Conscience shows the dependence of the common person from the personality, his domestic court. Conscience can express identity ideals and common.
Conscience - a mirror, reflecting the consciousness of the person. The highest court is the court of conscience. Loss of conscience - identity degradation.
Ethical views of the epicura.
Epicur(342-270 BC), ancient Greek philosopher, founder of epicoreism, was born on the Samos in the Athenian family. She was engaged in philosophy from Platonics of Pamphil and at the follower of Democrita Warzifan. From the last epicurus awarded atomism, which made the basis of his own teaching.
The moderate version of the hedonism was proposed by the Greek philosopher epicurist, who learned that only the natural and necessary pleasures are worthy, because they do not destroy the internal imperturbability of the soul. The Higher Blessings of the Epicur considered the condition of the Ataraction, i.e. Caidenship, "freedom from bodily suffering and mental alarms." However, the difference between the hedonism and Eupdemonism is insignificant: both teachings orient people are not on good, but for pleasure (personal happiness), and if on good, then for the pleasure of pleasure (personal happiness).
Morality and right.
1. Force regulation.
M.- Diva target: 1. Development of universal contradictions of being: proper / existing, social / individual, good / evil. 2. Support, maintaining community.
P. - Divine Purpose: 1. Protection of property and owner. 2. Customize public order.
2. Method of regulation. Only 3 ways: spiritual - support for good mind, feelings, good will; material and economic; Physical, violent.
M. - relies only for one regulation method - spiritual. Morality The most perfect type of regulation based on human in man, but really M. is not the most effective, imperfect species, due to human arbitrariness.
Charles Fourier "M. - This is impotence in action. " Nietzsche "M. - It's a lot of weak, it is the woven of slaves.
P. - Spiritual - Legal education, legal education, legal sanctions; material and economic - taxes, fines; Physically-violent - deprivation of a person of freedom, conclusion.
The subject of ethics
Ethics is the most important part of philosophy, the subject of the study of which is morality.
In traditional society, a person does not put critical tasks; It is part of the cultural environment and it takes its cultural values, traditions and stereotypes are almost automatically or unconsciously. Performing a generally accepted ritual or following cultural tradition, a person does not think about the possibility of other behaviors. Cultural tradition performs the way to combine people, demonstrating their commitment to a common one for all values.
The word "ethics" was formed by Aristotle from the word "ethos", which had several values. It with- This is a familiar habitat, dwelling, animal lair. Later, it began to denote the sustainable nature of any phenomenon, custom, just habit, temper, character, temperament.
Ethics- Moral philosophy, where ethics is a domain of knowledge, and the moral subject.
The specifics of the ethics are that it is the problems of a separate person gives a universal scale, so that the proposed solutions can be distributed to any other individual encountered with the same problems.
Ethics- This is a study of the fundamental values \u200b\u200band goals of human life (good and evil, happiness, love, etc.), but also analysis of the concept of morality.
Moral measurement of personality
moral (from Greek) - a measure of domination over himself, the indicator of how much the person is responsible for himself, for what he does. Morality is associated with character, temperament. If in a person to highlight the body, soul and mind, then it is a qualitative characteristic of his soul. When about a person say he is spiritual, then they mean that he is good, responsive. When called soulless, then it is meant that it is cruel and evil. A look at Morality as a qualitative definiteness of the soul substantiated Aristotle. At the same time, under the soul, I understood such an active, activity-volitional beginning in a person, which contains reasonable and unreasonable parts and represents their interaction, interpenetration, synthesis. Moral always acts as moderation, the ability of a person to limit themselves, impose a ban on its natural desires if necessary. Morality at all times in all nations has been associated with restraint with respect to the effects, self-passing passions. Among the moral qualities, one of the 1st places occupied the quality, as moderation and courage, the evidence that a person knows how to resist the vigorous and fear. The domination of a person over himself is the domination of reason over passions.