During the operation of the court for a number of reasons, damage to the housings in the underwater part can be damaged. Most often, this is due to the strikes of ships about soil, port facilities and various underwater objects, as well as clashes of ships. Damage to the underwater parts of ships and floating conditions are possible as a result of overvoltage of the skin with a strong swing or when swimming in ice. 116.
Case damage can be three types: holes, cracks and seams; Damage to the case also includes the fallout of rivets (on the old ships of the riveted design).
The platforms in the housing can have the most different configuration and the area from several square centimeters to tens of square meters. For the slipins, the presence of torn and curved edges, as well as dents around them, makes it difficult to bring them and requires the use of various patches.
Cracks and sailed seams can also be different sizes in their size, but in most cases they are small, which facilitates their seal.
Survey of damage to the case. If the locations of the damage are unknown, the divers examine the housing from the rivet end or the rhoilt ladder. A detailed examination of the place of damage and dimensions, as well as its sealing should be done from the working gazeb. During the examination, it should be borne in mind that when the water is admitted, there is a danger of tightening or sucking the diver to the platform. Therefore, diver must inspect and examination of the samples by, occupying a position that excludes its tightening or attracting to the platform.
During the examination of the crack and the separated seams, the diver establishes their length and direction, as well as the width so that then choosing the wedges to choose them correctly. The examination of the blades on the smooth areas of the body lies in the removal of their size and inspection of the edges in order to establish the possibility of setting the patch and the need to cut the ripped and curved parts; The sizes are removed using a diving line or any bar on which the diver makes scubons.
If the platoon is located on the cheeky of the vessel in the Forstevnya or Ahterstevnya area and for its sealing it is necessary to put a figured plaster, diver, using templates, removes the housing circles around the holes. Also relieve templates for setting patches on holes surrounded by dents. The most convenient templates of wood in the form of boxes or squares (Fig. 75); The switching pattern is a quadrangular frame made according to the dimensions of the samples with the calculation of its overlap from all sides by 10-15 cm. On the two sides of the frame, and if you need to form a hole of the samples from its four sides, attached on one nail movable Rake. The manufactured template in the porch ends are summed up onto the hole, and the diver sets it like how the plaster will be installed. After installing the diver template, the rail brings the rail alternately to the vessel's trim and fixes the nails. - The finished pattern is removed on the podogly ends from the side and raise up.
For the removal of the shape of the patches in the areas of Akhterstevnya and the Forstevnya, the patterns-COLLECTS, which are made of two boards or bars with racks stuffed on them. Adjusting the rails
barely the installation of the chalnk template in the podogle ends is done in the same way as for a box template. With a significant change in the curvature of the housing, two coated templates are bonded at a distance equal to the width of the future plaster.
Sealing cracks, separated seams and small spokens. For sealing small damage to the vessel body, wooden stupidity and pointed plugs and wedges are used, their dimensions are set according to the results of the survey with such a calculation so that they are at a charge of at least 2 / s during the close-up damage.
Fig. 75. Templates for removing the case of the body:
a -Clocked pattern; B - UGOLNNA pattern
The plugs and wedges of small sizes are supplied to the diver on the hemp end with the ballast, into which they are stuck between strands; Largely pre-ballasting. Diver inserts a plug into the hole and scores it with a sledgehammer. If the plug is not sufficiently tight or entered the hole in less than 2/3 of its length, the diver must be applied to the surface for additional processing. Also, the diver clogs one to another wedges in cracks and sailed seams. The wedges are recommended to pre-wind the thin layer of the resin pane.
Having scored a wedge or cork, diving cuts or untie the end and gives ballast. If it is necessary, the plug and wedges are brought by resin palauls and deceive the looseness of the bass or a special smear. Strongly protruding wedges and traffic jams can be filled to cut out, which is better to do after 2-3 hours after setting when the wood is swollen.
Staging semi-rigid patches. Semi-rigid plasters put on breakdowns in most cases as a temporary measure of their sealing by the crews of ships without the participation of divers. Semi-rigid plasters are of different designs, more often than others apply the so-called plaster-mattress. It consists of soft
stay - two gear layers of canvas with a layer layer of the resin packley - thickness up to 200 mm. A boards with a thickness of 50-75 mm are attached to the soft part with intervals, equal to the thickness of the boards, which is necessary for the bending of the plaster of the body in the circuit breakers. For fastening the boards, they are applied and nails a layer of canvas, which is then sewn to a soft part. On top of the boards, two pieces of the steel cable with flames with flames are applied and fastened with brackets to which rivets are fastened.
On the hole, the plaster of the mattress, as well as other types of soft plasters, get out of the decks in the podogli ends. The operation of the diver under the formulation of the semi-rigid plaster is to observe its correct location and adjacent to the body, as well as for the proper tightness of the podogyl ends. After installing the plastering and fixing the podogly ends, the diver removes the ballast from the plaster.
Staging hard patches. Rigid plasters are wooden or metal, in the practice of emergency rescue work, wooden, as the manufacture of metal is more difficult and requires a lot of time.
Wooden plaster - has a rectangular shape and manufactures from the sizes of holes, so that the plaster overlap all the hole. Depending on the size and depth of the formulation, the plaster is made of two or three layers of boards or bars, the thickness of the patch is selected from the table. 6.
Table 6.
|
The thickness of the patch, mm, with the depth |
||||||||||
|
plocker, M. |
||||||||||
0.3x0.3 0.5x0.5 1.0x1.0 2.0X2.0 2.5x2.5 3.0X3.0 4.0X4.0 5.0X5.0
The two-layer plaster is made from the dimensional thickness boards are pre-sliced. In a flat place, the first layer of boards is placed, they put the bars and penetrated with nails, a knocked out shield turn over. The shield impose a piece of canvas, which should be more shield on each side of about 200 mm. The sail is crushed by Surik in the area of \u200b\u200bfitting to the shield and cover the second layer of boards, navigating them with nails around the perimeter for fastening with the first layer; Nails should be such a length so that they pass through both layers and it could be beatened from the reverse side.
On the perimeter of the finished shield laid a resinous pass so that a dense roller with a width of 70-130 mm, a height of 30-40 mm. Valnk wrapped speakers due to a shield edges of the canas and nail with nails in such a way that a soft board formed along the edges of the patch. In the finished patch, the holes for hook bolts are drilled, the brackets are naked to it for fastening ends and ballast.
The rigid plaster is installed on holes that are not hated outwards or dents at the edges. Bended outside edges
spinowns and protruding parts of the diver set are cut with an electroxular or gas-oxygen cutting. The attachment of the plaster is the most responsible transaction operation. The tight pressing of the patch can be performed using hook bolts and bolts with folding heads, as well as with the help of podlodny ends and detentions.
For fastening the patch, hook bolts are inserted in advance in the plaster around the perimeter of the holes. The number of bolts depends on the size of the patch and the conditions of its formulation, but at least one bolt with a diameter of 20 mm for every 0.5 m2 of the plaster area.
The sablated plaster is served at the ends of the diver, he brings the plaster on the hole and inserts the bolts into it. After the bolts are engaged, the diver, alternately rotating the carrying nuts, achieves the tight pressing of the patch to the body (Fig. 76).
If it is not possible to hook the hooks of bolts over the edges of the samples, you need to install from the inside the case of the pipe segment or profile steel, for which the bolts hooks hooks. In difficult cases, the attachment of the plaster with hook bolts is carried out simultaneously with two divers, one of which runs from the inside of the case.
The bolt with a folding head at its end has no hook, but a folding bracket - a head of 450-500 mm long, which, when entering the bolt, it is located along it, and then unfolds perpendicular to hold the samples. This limits the use of bolts with a folding head for setting small plasters with an area of \u200b\u200bup to 0.5 m2, except when the platoon is slightly long with a width of the bolt's folding head.
The process of setting a patch on one or several bolts
Fig. 76. Installation gesture- "
whose plastering: 1 - vessel case; 2 - plaster; 3 - hook bolts; 4 - bars nut; 5 - Soft Board (Valn)
with folding heads similar to production bolts.
The attachment of the patch in the porching ends and the dents, which are machined through the hole inside the vessel body, is made with the help of a skot, which are covered with rivets and delicate after installing the patch in place.
Regardless of the fastening method, the waterproof should carefully examine it around the perimeter in order to establish the density of adjustment to the case. When discrepancies are detected, the diver must beat the plaster of packles using a wooden wedge. In the future, when pumping water from a flooded compartment, the vessel is observed by the plaster, identifies looser on the current water and eliminates them.
Staging boxes. Boxed plasters are a kind of hard patching - there are rectangular and curly. Rectangle are installed on straight areas of the case, when for some reason it is impossible to trim the protruding edges of the samples, and figure-to-uneven regimens of the vessel housing, as well as in the presence of dents and replenish the blades.
The rectangular boxed plaster is the plaster-box - manufactured according to the dimensions of the samples, and figure - according to templates shot during the survey of damage to the vessel body.
The boxed plaster has a bottom and side walls, which at a rectangular plastering are the same in height, and the figure-with curvilinear circulation, according to the template taken. For the formulation of a figured plaster in places with a large curvature, the plaster is made with a bottom consisting of two parts, which are fastened at an angle of 90 ° to each other (Fig. 77).
The thickness of the box of the box of the patch is selected depending on its size and the depth of the formulation as well as the simple rigid plaster, in the table. 6. The thickness of the side walls should be no less than the thickness of the bottom, but usually they are made in large for the convenience of padding soft roller.
The tightness of the bottom of the box of the patch and its walls is achieved by the laying of the seas with the sulk, between the layers of the boards or the subsequent pankle pankle.
Fig. 77. Figure figured plaster:
1 - Dona Plastor; 2 - metal tires; 3 - pillow (roller); 4 - scraw; 5 - walls; 6 - Metal casing
To give a box-made plaster necessary stiffness, especially with large sizes and high wall heights, metal tires are used.
To install a box, the same means can be used as for the installation of conventional rigid plasters, however, due to the distance of their donations from the skin on a large distance, use hook bolts and bolts with folding heads is difficult. Therefore, box-shaped plasters, especially curly, are more often installed with the help of rivet ends and detentions.
The emergency vessel often has damage to the outer body, through which water penetrates into the vessel and causes it to sink. To give the ship a positive plugness, it is necessary to damage the case to close and pump water from the vessel.When conducting a shipping operation, sealing holes is temporary, only so that the vessel can be brought to the repair point, where it is given to the relevant repairs.
Sealing outdoor plastering
In river practice, soft plasters are usually used, made of sails in one or two layers. The plasters are made by square sizes of 1.5 x 1.5 m, 4.5 x 4.5 m and 6 x 6 m. On the edges of the sail, it is trimmed around the Littros, from which hinges with coarses are made at the corners of the patch. For coats, the ends of the hemp cable are fixed by a circle of about 75 mm, using the plaster on the place and fastened to the ship.Locking the packle between the two layers of the cans in the plaster cannot be considered rational, as it causes a rapid purse of the patch and its failure.
To close the holes in the housing of the vessel, the plaster is supplied from the outside of the housing and, if possible, pressed the ends to it. If at the same time start pumping water from the damaged compartment, then the pressure pressure of the water is sprinkled to the sliver and stop entering it water.
The plaster is produced in the following order. On both sides of the damaged place of the housing, podkin ends are breeded, through which under the vessel tied to two adjacent corners of the cable ends of the cables. Choosing these ends from the opposite side, put as a patch so that the middle it comes against the holes. Then they pull the ends of the vague and fastened to the sides of the vessel.
The disadvantage of these soft plasters is that if the platoon has sharp protruding edges, the plaster can be easily ruined. Equally, the soft plaster cannot stop the flow of water through the hole, if the size of the latter is very high, since in this case the plaster pressure will be squeezed inside the vessel.
In such cases, instead of a soft patch, the so-called Swedish plasters are used, made of two or three layers of boards with a thickness of 50-75 mm, between which the canas and a resinular panel are packed. In places of fitting of the Swedish plastering, wooden planks are seamless to the housing, abundant with soft pillows for a more dense fit. For the neutralization of positive blows to the plaster, metal goods are suspended (usually pieces of old chains).
To close a particularly large spacing, a wooden plaster is attached to the shape of the box. Such a plaster is called Kesson. The mounting of the caisson is made by podloan ends. For storage of strength inside the box, spacer bars are put.
Internal plasters
The plaster used for sealing damage to the housing from the inside of the vessel is manufactured as follows. On a piece of canvas or a conventional bag, exceeding the area of \u200b\u200bthe holes about three or four times, is superimposed by a layer of resinous pacle; The panel on top is laughing with hand with a smooth layer of tavota, on top of which lay a pacle layer again, and a canas again from above. Such a plaster is relieved easily along and across a thin twine or cabine. The total thickness of the patch is about 5-8 cm. The plaster is placed on the damaged place of the housing, and the cutting of the boards of 50- 75 mm thick is put on top. Better these trimming to score the vague between any parts of the body set, for example, between the splits, flora or stringers. Due to the fact that the water pressure seeks to push the plaster from the holes, the logs or thick boards are put on top of the boards, which are drunk in bims, carlings or other reliable communication of the housing.If leak through the hole is not so strong so that it can prevent the installation of an internal plaster, then the sealing of the described method is quite reliably withstands the fairly long transition of the vessel.
Sealing outdoor tampon
The tampons are used for the temporary plug of small, scaffolding and especially in cases where the plastering is impossible. The tampon is manufactured in the same way as an internal plaster, and is supplied to the drilling of the diver outside the vessel. When eyeliner, the tampon should simultaneously pump, water, since only on this condition the tampon will be pulled to the sliver, will partially penetrate into the body and stop accessing the water to the vessel.If the diver approach the platoon is not, maybe the tampon is tested to a sufficiently long stick on the twine-length about 30-40 cm, counting from the end of the stick to the tampon. This stick diver drives a tampon under the body in the area of \u200b\u200bthe holes until the water jet will tighten it and does not border the hole. At the same time, of course, water from the vessel should, throw away. Sometimes the tampon can do, leading it on a long stick, from a boat or even from the very emergency ship,
Having achieved the cessation of water access to the ship, produce a full pumping and close the hole from the inside, after which the tampons themselves fall off.
Sealing wood
Small, cracks and holes in the outer case, separated joints and the sludge grooves temporarily can be sealed by diver through wooden wedges scored outside the vessel. The wedges are made of dry wood so that after swelling in the water, increase the seal density.Wooden wedges are a temporary event and should be replaced immediately after the arrival of the vessel to the repair point.
An insignificant flow through small slots on the separated grooves and the joints of the outer sheathing is sometimes possible to stop, subwinning outside the vessel against the placechie wood sawdust, bran or sorry from the ants: small pieces of wood or bran are clogged and cracking, swelling and leaks stop.
Itself, of course, that such a method of termination of leaks is temporary, suitable only for the time of the short transition of the vessel to the repair point.
Chopping Yemensky
Grinding cement reliable not only in dried! Three, but also under water. In the latter case, for reliable sealing, work on cement laying should be made with special care. When bringing damage, it should use rapidly setting grades of cement to avoid unwanted erosion and leaching it. Before laying cement, the damaged place should be carefully, to shine, purified from paint and rust and washed with green soap. The gland prepared in this way is not recommended to touch with the hands not to apply a layer of fat substances and not cause the cement lag. So that the cement is not spread, it is necessary to arrange a formwork from the boards around all damage.It is much more difficult to produce cementing in the event that water continues through damage, which easily pierces the channel in the relaxed cement layer. In such cases, it is necessary to first make the removal of this water through a piece of the pipe or a specially shot down wooden jolobe. By installing such a drain, cementing the whole area around it. After grappling the cement created by the flow of water tightly (clogged with a plug,
With a lot of damage caused by the weakening of the body, it is necessary inside the cement to lay a frame of iron rods, wires or pieces of iron, increasing the strength of the sealing.
For sealing, the cement blades is adopted in a mixture with sand, in proportion from 1: 1 to 1: 4, depending on the required strength and the speed of its grasp. The smaller the sand, the usually faster and grapplation.
To reduce the leaching of concrete with water during its setting and to accelerate this process, concrete should be blocked in warm water, to which liquid glass is added. After laying the concrete in the formwork, it must be good to catch it, which ensures with solidification of greater waterproofability.
Close-up with a solution of pure cement, as sometimes observed in practice, should not be.
When choosing a composition of concrete, you can use the following table:
Grinding
The clay seal does not have durability and applies only as a temporary measure to stop leaks to more reliable damage repair. This method is completely inapplicable if any significant amount of water continues to do in the hole.When plumbing out outside the plaster; Water intake work is made as follows. Around the damage is arranged from the boards if possible is a dense formwork, and individual boards must be driven as precisely as possible in the form of those parts of the hull to which they are adjacent. The layers are superimposed with layers and clamp tightly. The thicker layer of clay, the more reliably the seal. Some clay layers are useful to make mixed with a thin chips, straw or sawdust, delaying flushing clay with seeping water. In addition, to remove the outdoor plastering well to the place of damage to bring sawdust, which are fond of water jets into the hole, fill individual gaps in the seal, swell and thus stop or strongly reduce water flow inside the vessel.
Forward
Table of contents
Back
Currently, small vessels with fiberglass enclosures are becoming increasingly widespread, so it is advisable to summarize some experience in repairing such vessels by lovers.
During the operation of vessels, damage to the hulls at Uddre are damaged about invisible underwater obstacles (fuses, stones, piles, etc.). When hitting the plastic case on the obstacle, the following main types of damage are possible:
1) holes in the trim;
2) the separation of the set from the skin;
3) Deep (more than half of the thickness of the sheath) scratches.
Consider the repair of these three main types of damage to the plastic case individually.
Lubble in the trim
The spacers in the trim usually occur when the housing is impaired at high speed about a fairly acute obstacle, located close to the surface of the water. The damaged vessel must be lifted from the water and install on the shore (for killel blocks, etc.) so that it is convenient to work in the area of \u200b\u200bthe samples. Then a thorough inspection of damage is made and the boundaries of the holes are set (openings can be drilled at its ends).The entire damaged section of the casing is cut out of the case along with the set. The cutout must be a rectangular shape, but with a mandatory stroke of the angles (Fig. 1). A set that fell into the damaged zone must be cut off the retreat of 100-150 mm outside from the cutout circuit in the trim, cut down and also delete. Cutting the fiberglass of small thicknesses (2-5 mm) can be manually - with a hacksaw with a hacksaw blade of steel P-9.
For the possibility of sealing cutouts, it is necessary to make the edges of the width of at least 10-12 of the casing thickness throughout the perimeter of the cutout (Fig. 2). It is best for this purpose to apply a pneumatic machine with an elastic cord (Fig. 3), but with a certain skill, the edges can be made with a sharp knife and a mocer (Fig. 4) or even a file.
The surface of the edges on both sides of the cutout should be dried (for example, a 300-500 W tube with a white tin reflector or an electrical stubbring type "Neva") and before a set of holes is mounted as acetone or gasoline with an excerpt of 20 minutes. To evaporate the degreasing substance. The hole must be chopped by plywood, which should repeat the equipment of the body in the cutting place (Fig. 5). For this purpose, you can apply a paneur with a thickness of 3-4 mm, arming it on special patterns, taken from the other side (Fig. 6), and consolidating it to the same patterns.
A separation layer is applied to the phaneer, after drying which the hole is mounted from the inside the fiberglass impregnated with the binder (the inner pad of the holes). The area of \u200b\u200beach layer of fabric gradually increases, and the edges of the edges are completely filled. It is necessary to lay the layers of fiberglass until the surface of the internal lining and the plating is aligned (Fig. 7).
After the polymerization of the inner laying, the plywood seal is removed, and the surface of the lining, which comes into contact with the plywood is determined to remove the separation layer and is also degreased. Then the outdoor pad of the holes is molded, but not the plywood seal, but directly on the inner pad. The section on the exhaust hole is shown in Fig. eight.
For the polymerization of the lining, a lamp is impaired with a reflector or electrical stove. When working in rainy weather over the repair point, it is necessary to make an awning to prevent water from entering directly to the molding area.
Before installing a new set, instead of remotely, it is necessary to thoroughly clean and degrease the inner surface of the trim.
It is then pasted (on the BF Clee or Compound K-153) thoroughly fitted at the place of segments of a new designer ("strength filler", "core"), most often wooden. The docking of the designer is made in the end or with the bevel "on the Us". After that, new sections of the designer are informed to the trim and the ends of the old set of fiberglass layers impregnated with the binder. The set of dialing jacks must cover the ends of the old kit by 120-150 mm (Fig. 9).
Both sides of the sealing holes are cleaned under the color and paint.
Sewing
The separation of the set from the skin occurs when the housing is impaired about a large underwater obstacle (stone, pile, etc.). Sometimes the breaking of a molded set (especially in the nose) occurs during a long-term progress of the vessel on the gliding mode by excitement, when strong blows of the water body are observed.A part of the set from the trim is needed to cut and remove, and the trim before installing the new set is carefully cleaned and degreased. Installation and conformity of the new designer are made in the same way as when setting a set when embedding holes. After the polymerization of the regforms, they must be cleaned and painted.
Seeling deep scratches
Deep scratches occur when crushing the case for sharp objects (for example, sharp stones).Close up of deep scratches are needed immediately by their discovery, because in places such damage significantly decreases the strength of the skin. Deep scratches of the plastic case are the foci from which the stove bundle begins.
Inserting deep scratches is made as follows. The trimming of the scratches is cleaned with the method described above with such a calculation so that it turned out oval in the form of a recess to the entire depth of scratch, having a bevel around the perimeter (Fig. 10). Then this deepening is mounted in the usual way is mounted by layers of fiberglass, impregnated with resin, to leveling with the surface of the casing (Fig. 11). After stripping, the molded surface must be painted.
The basic types of damage described above occur most often when hitting the housing of the obstacle. But the damage to the skin can be caused by other reasons. For example, with long-term operation of the vessel in shallow water or frequent approaches to the shore in small places from frequent contacts with the bottom (especially when it is stony or sandy), the bottom of the housing is abrasion, primarily in the nose. Therefore, the trim in the area is recommended during the construction of the body to increase the additional layers of fiberglass (especially in the area of \u200b\u200bkeel in the nose). With long-term operation, the exterminated surface must be rented. To do this, you need a worn area of \u200b\u200bthe trim dry, clean and degrease, after which it is necessary to form the necessary number of fiberglass layers on it.
From vibration when operating a suspended motor (especially - two engines) can get damage to the traum. There were cases when when operating a boat with two suspended motors "Moscow" in the angles of the submool cutout in the transit, cracks appeared, which could lead to complete destruction of the transaction (Fig. 12).
Repair of this node must be made as follows. Current ends should be sewed to prevent their further distribution. Then the area of \u200b\u200bcracks must be cleared on both sides and in each corner of the cutout insert a wooden book with a rounding. The thickness of the book must be equal to the thickness of the transom (Fig. 13).
The jignit is glued to the transntion epoxy compound or BF glue. The crack is then clogged with a chopping fiberglass on the resin, and the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe cracks together with the book is molded with a fiberglass, impregnated with a resin (Fig. 14). The thickness of molds should be equal to half the thickness of the transom. The trace renovated in this way during further operation no longer has any signs of new destruction.
When operating the vessel, such damage is also possible as a leaving of the deck of rye, ducks, knektov. In this case, the place of attachment of the dotted part to the deck is required, after which rounding the angles of the cutout and make the edge of the edge (Fig. 15). Then, the plywood is installed on the bottom and the neckline is mounted (Fig. 16), as discussed above.
Since the deck in the seeding site of the hole will be somewhat weakened compared to the whole site, rye or knecht it is advisable to put on another place. If there is no such possibility and the item has to be put on the previous place, it is necessary to put a reinforcement overlay in the deck on the deck of a thickness equal to half the deck thickness (Fig. 17).
In small vessels with stationary power plants, when hitting the bottom, there is a breakdown of kingston of wicked water, in connection with which the water begins to flow into the engine compartment. For the temporary termination of the leaks, you can apply raw rubber and a metallic bohege of 50-60 mm wide. Rubber should be paved around Kingston, overlapping a vertical regiment of a diamal coal by 20-30 mm, and enhance the bowl (Fig. 18). The flow of water in the boat is either sharply decreased or stops.
Upon returning the ship to the parking lot, it is necessary to raise it on the wall or hang feed over the bone or above the gentle bank (in case of insignificant damage) and repair a damaged forming. Repair must be performed as follows. Fully domestic and outer informative Kingston solidaries. The surface of Kingston is carefully cleaned, as well as the bottom surface (from the inside and outside) in the area of \u200b\u200bdamage. Kingston is installed in place and relax. First, Kingston is informing from the inside. The first layer of diagnostic coal impregnated with epoxy compound is laid on Kingston and the bottom and carefully smoothed so that there are no air bubbles under it. Then the remaining layers of the typical square, impregnated with the usual resin, are placed.
After the polymerization of the internal diametic square, it is necessary to check it on impermeability. The inner at-molding carbon is cooled with soap solution, and the compressed air is supplied outside the hose with a pressure of 3-3.5 kg / cm 2 (if there is no compressed air lines or compressor, you can use a car cylinder).
If there are no temperatures of air, the outer diametic square is molded, after the polymerization of which the repair can be considered completed. In case of detection of air passage sites on the edges of the diagnostic coal, these places must be repaired again.
Only the main types of damage to fiberglass enclosures are considered. Repair of any other damage is similar to those listed above.
When repairing the vessel body of fiberglass, any reinforcing materials can be used - fiberglass, glass salas, glass-booster, etc., as well as resins of any brands. Temperature conditions for the polymerization of fiberglass (i.e., the temperature is not lower than 18-20 ° C), it is possible to create with either lighting lamps with a capacity of 300 or 500 W with white tin reflectors, or reflective furnaces of the "Neva" type.
Going to a long journey on a vessel with fiberglass case, it is necessary to take a small amount of resin (1-1.5 kg) with curable additives and fiberglass. Resin and cloth are necessary to eliminate damage to the housing that may appear when swimming on various water systems. If there is no possibility to bring resin and fiberglass with you, it is necessary to have epoxy compounds, which can also close minor damage to the case.
The ships of the sea fleet, according to the rules of the register, are not supplied with rigid plasters. In case of need for ship conditions, you can most easily and quickly, you can make a hard plaster in the form of a single or multi-layer wooden panel with soft pillows from a pacular or felt around the perimeter.
The location of the boards in the plaster depends on the shape and dimensions of the samples. The plaster with the aspect ratio is less than two is advisable to produce two-layer, with a mutually perpendicular location of the boards in the layers.
To close narrow and long spripes, it is more expedient to use single or two-layer plasters with a parallel location of the boards in the layers. Boards must be located across the slopes.
Hard plasters It is most advisable to use for the closure of the slopes located above the Waterlinnia or near it, as well as in cases where it is possible to expose the blades by damping and differentiate the vessel. This creates the most convenient conditions when setting the patcher and allows you to do without the help of divers.
With narrow samplers, the attachment of the patch is carried out using ordinary direct bolts missing through the plaster boards and metal strips, delivered from the inside of the vessel across the holes through its edges.
With wide breaks, the plaster is fixed on a platoon with hook bolts, taken from the inside - for the edges of the samples and missed also through the plaster. In addition to the center of the plaster (along the axis of the samples), several oaks or rye can be installed for fastening from the inside of the vessel stretch marks with tallrepa. 2.3. Grinding blades concreting
Concretion is the most reliable way of sealing damage in the vessel's housing. With the help of concreting, it seems possible not only to eliminate the waterproof of the case, but also partially restore its local durability in the area of \u200b\u200bdamage.
Concretion can be done both in dried and in flooded compartments. The latter is a more difficult operation, it is less reliable. In this regard, underwater concreting is applied only in cases where it is not possible to dry the compartment.
Composite parts of the concrete solution are:binding substance (cement), aggregate (sand), fresh or sea water. When concreting damage in the surface part of the case, in addition to the sand, as an inert filler, it may be added if there is gravel, crushed stone, etc. (Table 2.2).
Table 2.2.
Composition of concrete for sealing damage in the vessel case (volume proportions)
|
Type and composition of concrete |
Inert aggregates (gravel, crushed stone, etc.) |
Volumetric proportions |
Notes |
|
|
Body concrete |
||||
|
For concreting in the underwater part of the case. For concreting in the underwater and surface parts of the case. For concreting in the surface of the case |
||||
|
Skinny concrete |
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|
For the upper layers of concreting. |
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For the preparation of concrete solution An ordinary Portland cement, Pozzolana Portland cement, clamping (bauxite) cement, Cement Baydalina and cement of MAROD 400, 500, 600 * (cement marks, shows the tensile strength prepared from a solution of 1: 3, after 28 days after solidification).)
The greatest application received Portland cement as the most common. However, in some cases, it is advisable to use other cements. Thus, with underwater concreting, the Pozzolana Portland cement, resistant in an aqueous medium, is better to use.
To perform concreting at low temperatures, it is the best plain cement, since, first of all, the hardened concrete prepared from it is accompanied by an increase in temperature, secondly, in concrete, a rapid increase in strength immediately after graspting the solution.
Such quickly-crumbling is the cement of the ICC (waterproof, rapid frustrating), concrete from which in about 6 hours acquires half of its strength. An even more rapid cement is Cement Baydalina. However, a concrete cooked from it after 2-3 months begins to crack. This type of cement is beneficial to apply when performing concreting for a short time *.
The physicomechanical properties of certain types of concrete prepared from grade 400 cements with a ratio with 1: 3 filler are shown in Table. 2.3.
Table 2.3
Information about concrete
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Name |
Grapping time, h |
Mechanical strength (1x98066.6 PA) |
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not later |
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one . Portland cement-400 2. Potzolan portland cement-400 3. Glazy-grade cement-400. 4. Cement Baydalina |
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Note. In a numerator - when solidified in air, in the denominator - in water.
The acceleration of the hardening process of concrete can be achieved by adding special hardening accelerators to it, which can be used:
liquid glass, which is added to the water during the preparation of concrete in an amount of 10-12% of its volume;
calcium chloride, which is introduced directly into cement in the amount of 2 - 10% of its mass and thoroughly mixed with it;
soda technical in the amount of 5-6% of the mass of cement, which dissolves in water during the preparation of concrete;
technical hydrochloric acid added to water in an amount of 1.0 - 1.5% of the mass of cement.
These hardening accelerators accelerate the process of setting concrete approximately twice, but at the same time reduces its strength. The best of the above accelerators are technical sodes and technical hydrochloric acid.
For sealing small damage as a placeholder, one small sand is used. With large volumes of concreting, in addition to sand, gravel and crushed stone are used as fillers. If they are lacking, a fine brick can be used and, in extreme cases, slag, but not more than 25-30% of the total filler.
All fillers used for the preparation of concrete should be washed in pure water and not having fat impurities that disturb concrete strength. For the preparation of concrete, you can use both fresh and sea water. The use of seawater reduces concrete strength by about 10%. Water should be clean, not contaminated with oil, oils and fats.
Preparation of concrete solution is made on clean deck or in a special box, if possible, closer to the place of use, and includes the following sequence of operations:
on the deck or throughout the box of the drawer, a uniform layer is poured;
on top of the placeholder layer, a uniform cement layer is poured;
on top of the cement layer, the second layer of the aggregate is poured;
all three layers are thoroughly mixed, and then accelerated around, forming thickets;
a fresh or marine water is poured into the bowl in an amount equal to about half or slightly less than the volume of cement; Practically, the mixture of cement and sand water is added in small portions as they are mixed;
the resulting solution of concrete is mixed with shovels until a completely homogeneous mass is obtained and the solution will not take the type of dense dough.
A formwork is installed for concreting place, a formwork is installed, the so-called cement box with two open sides, which in the open side adjacent around the perimeter to the place of damage, it is filling its concrete through the second side.
To ensure the density of fitting, gaskets made from felt or resith pane can be used. With small sizes of damage (cracks, etc.), the box can directly fill with concrete.
With significant dimensions, it is necessary to pre-overlap the replenish the reinforcement made of steel tubes or rods located in the form of a grid with cells from 10 to 25 cm and tied in cross-cross. The valve is attached to the body, and after that the box is filled with concrete (Fig. 2.12).
For a dense connection of concrete It is necessary that it is needed in the place of concreting to be carefully cleaned from rust and dirt and washed with soap and caustic soda. Concrete to the placement location should be supplied continuously so that each subsequent layer of the solution is imposed on a non-hardened layer. If for any reason in the supply of concrete, a break will occur and the solution in the cement box hardens, then before further supply of fresh concrete, on top of the solidified layer, it is necessary to put a metal mesh or steel sheet or strip.
Fig. 2.12. Concreting Concept Blobble:
1 - concrete; 2 - cement box of sand bags; 3 - sand; 4 - sandbags, 5 - reinforcement steel grid; 6 - Grating
For fresh concrete protection From erosion of water, which can be seamless through the hole, in the cement box, install special tap tubes. The cross section of the tip should ensure the flow of filtration water without creating pressure.
The method of installation of the tube depends on the nature and location of the holes (Fig. 2.13). However, in all cases, it must go from the lower point of the holes - and its outer end (the surface of the water assurance) must be lower than the level of concrete.
After harming concrete The tube is muffled with a plug. Fixing a wooden shield or a rigid wooden plaster with soft sides on a platoon is carried out using hook bolts, for which special holes are drilled in the plastering (shield).
Fig. 2.13. Staging a cement box on board the vessel:
1 - soft plaster; 2 - internal formwork; 3 - concrete; 4 - outer formwork; 5 - struts; b - struts internal formwork; 7 - shield; 8 - a tanning tube; 9 -Signing; 10 - Stubborn bars
Seeling damage to the vessel body using concrete has significant advantages over other ways, as it is characterized by reliability, durability and tightness. With the help of concreting, you can not only eliminate the waterproof of the case, but also partially restore local durability in the area of \u200b\u200bthe damaged case. The sealing of the samples concrete is carried out for more reliable sealing of the vessel case after the temporary sealing of the pilors with the plaster, especially in hard-to-reach places (under the foundations of steam boilers, mechanisms, in the extremities and on the checcles of the vessel). In addition, the practice has shown that in most cases only concreting, it is possible to restore the tightness of the flooded compartments of the vessel sitting on the stones or the hard ground.
Disadvantages of concreting damage are that this is a very complex and time-consuming procedure. Concrete poorly tolerate vibration and has a small stretching resistance. Concretion must be carried out in a dry room, since underwater concreting is much more difficult and less reliable.
Concreting can be sealed with surface and underwater samples. The simplest is the sealing of the blades located above the active Waterlinia, if there is no possibility to brew these looseness using gas or electric welding. This seal is performed in the presence of small holes, cracks, which are pre-closed with pockets, corks, wedges; permanent; The hull of the vessel in the area of \u200b\u200bdamage is thoroughly cleaned, in hard-to-reach places it can be burned by a soldering lamp; Then installed formwork and poured concrete.
Figure 9. Staging a cement box on a hole. a - bottom; b - on-board; 1 - emphasis; 2 - formwork; 3 - water pipe; 4 - Hard plaster; 5 - wedges for stop; 6 - Wedge for samples.
Installation of a cement box
In general, the organization of the installation of a cement box on the hole located in the underwater part of the vessel case is carried out as follows (Fig. 9):
· If there is an opportunity to install a soft plaster on the hole with the outside of the body, it is advisable, excluding large water leaks into the emergency compartment;
· From the inside the emergency compartment to the hole must be installed and detected the hard plaster 4 in the form of a wooden with soft sides; If there is no patch on the vessel, it should be made;
· The board in the area is thoroughly cleaned;
· Purchased wooden inner formwork (drawer) around the holes (around a rigid plaster or plugs, yushnev), consisting of four walls and covers; The formwork is recommended tightly pressing the emergency board; The gaps in the box are carefully close (proof); If the situation allows, it is more expedient to use a metal box;
· At the bottom of the box, the hole is done and installed with a small slope drainage metal tube 3 (diameter tube 3 it is necessary to pick up in such a way that the water is fluently merged without pressure);
· Above the inner formwork, the second, the outer box (formwork) is set, consisting only of four walls (without the top cover); The distance between the walls of the outer and internal boxes and the excess above the lid should be at least 250 mm;
· The length of the drainage tube is selected with the calculation so that it goes beyond the exterior box (formwork);
· After fixing the formwork, the space between the walls of the boxes is filled with pre-cooked cement mortar;
· After the final transessment of the cement mortar, the hole in the drainage tube is clogged with a wooden cork.
Preparation of cement mortar
Cement mortar (concrete) must be manufactured near the place of work (if the sizes of the emergency compartment are allowed) on a special flooring with sides of tightly shot down boards.
Components of cement mortar and their ratio:
1. Quick-hardening cement (Portland cement, alumina, bideline cement or others) - 1 part;
2. Filler (sand, gravel, broken brick, in extreme cases Slag) - 2 parts;
3. Concrete hardening accelerator (liquid glass - 5--8% of the total composition of the mixture, caustic soda - 5--6%, calcium chloride - 8--10%, hydrochloric acid - 1--1.5%);
4. Water (fresh or intact, however, the preparation of concrete on seawater reduces its strength by 10%) - for the need.
Initially, the filler (sand) is poured onto the flooring, from above - cement, then the components of the cement are stirred, they work, as a rule, together, rake to the blades towards each other.
On the middle of the mixture, portions need to pour water and thoroughly mix until a homogeneous mass resembling thick dough.
To reduce the timing of the cement mortar, accelerators are added as a percentage relative to the total composition of the mixture indicated above.
The cooked solution immediately fill the space between the inner and outer formwork. Cement is seized in about 8--12 hours, and finally hardens after 3 days.
In concreting, significant spacing into the solution is advisable to install reinforcement (wire-connected steel rods), welded to the vessel body.
Various concreting options for damage are shown in Figures 2 - 7. Installation of the cement box (concreting) is a temporary measure. Therefore, when setting a vessel in the dock or on its arrival, the port damaged bonds is replaced or brewed holes. In the event that there is no possibility to put the ship into the dock, the concrete dressing on the vessel body is equipped, i.e. Contain a steel box weldable to the body. At the same time, if there is an opportunity, then the outside or from the inside is brewing the crack itself or the seam in the housing of the vessel. Sheets that form the wall of the box around the concrete seal or cement box are usually welded directly to the trim or a set of vessel. Then, the entire free space of the cement box is filled with a new solution and be prepared from above with overhead sheets.