How to install angular rafters on a holm roof. Construction of a holm roof - how to carry out the right calculation and installation

The hollow roof is one of the varieties of four-tight roofing structures. The complexity of the arrangement of the hip roofs are superior to classic and two-tie roofs, it is not very simple to place on the house of four slopes in the accuracy of the same angles. But with a great desire, even the most difficulty events become understandable and simple. Check out the manual and proceed.

The four-piece roofing system has a number of distinctive features. Thus, the hollow roof includes a couple of long slopes that have a pronounced trapezoidal shape, as well as a couple of short rods made in the form of inclined triangles.

The main difficulties in the arrangement of the traditional hip roof occur at the stage of the construction of a rafter design, consisting simultaneously from the covered, ordinary and narcent rafters.

Walm roofs are perfectly opposed by wind loads and, in general, have high performance. So that the finished roof serves as long as possible and efficiently, at the design stage it is necessary to solve a number of important issues, namely:

• select the optimal material for arranging roofing;
• determine the intensity of precipitation characteristic of the construction region;
• install the average and maximum indicators of wind loads.

Taking into account the above indicators you can calculate the optimal values \u200b\u200bof the angles of the slope and the height of the roofing structure.

You can contact a specialist to perform the calculations and preparation of the project to find a suitable project in one of the many open sources. In the presence of due skills with the mentioned events, you can cope with the personnel.

The roof under consideration, as already noted, has a very interesting design. And if large skates can be seen almost on all the roofs, then short slots make the system in question truly unique.

The design of the roofing system is such that the skates do not block the area of \u200b\u200bthe house along the length and the remaining free space is filled with two short valves.

With independent compilation of the circuit of the roofing design, you will need to use a marking rail and Pythagore tables.

It is important that the roof project is as accurate as possible - only so you can independently make the right cuts from the rafter elements and install all the components of the system personally.

What do you need to know before the start of work?

In order for the system to fully comply with all sets, remember the following recommendations:

• the intermediate components of the rafter system of the hollow roof are coolest, if you compare them with angular parts, therefore the board elements used for the arrangement should be of no less than 5x15 cm;
• the mounting of short elements is performed to the angular rafting components, and not to the skate board. Intermediate boards need to be fixed with the same slope as short bars;
• the skate system of the roof and the rafter elements should be made from the same material;
• intermediate rafting legs are fixed along the edges of the skateboard. They must simultaneously be shrinking with the top end of the strapping and with a skateboard;
• stropile elements and the skiing bar must be equivalent thickness. Only subject to this rule, you can count on the reliability and strength of the roofing system. If any rafters are thinner, through the time the roof frame is deformed and the integrity of the system will seriously break;
• walm roofing system can be almost any height. However, with the arrangement of too low roofs, additional supports must be used;
• to ensure the maximum long period of operation of the hip roof for its arrangement, it is necessary to use a thoroughly dried and high-quality brown of coniferous rocks. Before assembling design, all wooden components are subject to mandatory treatment with antiseptic impregnation.

Walm Roofing Guide

Start the roof arrangement. Start with creating a construction object markup.

Marking

Competently made markup, the correct drawing and the most reliable calculations are the three fundamental factor of successful construction. Perform markup in accordance with the drawings. Stick up the following sequence.

First step. Seam the axis on the highest strapping from the end side of the building;

The second step. Calculate 50% of the skate thickness and set the placement of the first element of the rafted system.

Third Step. Attach one edge of the measurement rack to the previously marked line. The second end is placed on the side wall line. So you set the point of placement of the intermediate lines.

Fourth step. Determine the length of the rafter sweep. To do this, place the bar with one edge on the outer corner of the wall, and then install it on the roofing Sve.

Fifth step. Calculate the next component of the central rafters. Move the rail to the edge of the side wall and take the place of attachment of the rafted. The element will be between the upper roofing strapping and the side wall.

Repeat the steps for the remaining three angles. So you will learn where in the future intermediate rafting legs and skate ends will be installed.

Payment

First step. Take a marking rail and determine the value of the horizontal projection of the intermediate lines. In accordance with standardized documentation, find the incorrect roofing and multiply defined values \u200b\u200bfor your situation.

The second step. Measure the length of the rafted. Do it from the sample on the ridge of the roof to the sample on the place of fixation of the support. Fat the bottom line.

Third step. Similarly, determine the length of the sink. To do this, multiply the value of the horizontal projection to the corresponding correction factor. You can use the position of the Pythagoree theorem known since school times: C2 \u003d A2 + B2. In the situation under consideration, A is a vertical projection, and b, respectively, a horizontal projection.

Fourth step. Go to the calculations of the angular components. On the one side of the rafter feet there are slaughtered sections, due to which reliable fixation of the elements to the roofing is ensured. Immediately, the skate has a grain with a special double bevel used to attach the angular components.

Corner rafal legs are calculated in the following order:

• from any corner of the house, the length of the rafter element is measured;
• a projection is established equal to the squares of the length of the projections of the central rafting legs used, multiplied by each other;
• the resulting value is multiplied by the correction coefficient, which makes it possible to determine the length of the angular rafter foot.

Installing timing

First step. Start the installation of vertical racks, which will be supported by the ski bar. Break the elements to the central beam with the help of the void system.

The second step. Install diagonal rafters. All items must have the same length. In the case of the oops of the roof, the indicator will vary from 500 to 700 mm. Pay special attention to the correctness of the buckle of the hip, diagonal rafting elements and the skate.

Third step. Set the savory rafters, and after - ordinary rafters in step of about 600 mm. Private rafters are attached to Mauerlat and the skate bruster according to the live method. To enhance fixation, use the battles and screeds.

It is important that ordinary rafters cannot be in contact with the studs, at the expense of the Mauelalat mount to the walls of the house.

Fourth step. Attach nigs to each side of the diagonal slats, at the expense of which the emerging rafters will contact Mauerlat.

Both ordinary rafting elements and these nurses must be mounted strictly perpendicular to the skate.

Strengthening the rafter design

When choosing a strengthening method, the rafter focus, first of all, on the size of the building. Among the most popular gain methods, you need to highlight the following options:

• at the corners of the roofing, Schprengels are recorded with a special rack that performs the functions of the support for the diagonal rafting element. Shprengele in this situation is a bar, which you need to throw between two corner shoulders of the support Mauerlat. In case the installation of Shprengel has to be performed at a high distance from said angle, professionals recommend installing a reliable shrgel farm;
• on reinforced concrete overlap or on the tightening racks are stuffed. They will perform the so-called function. "Shelves" supporting the rafting elements in the middle;
• if the diagonal rafting elements are too long, instead of one bar, double beams should be used.

Ventilation

For the device of the required ventilation level of the underpants, make a hole in the windproof film for air inlet. It must be placed on top, closer to the roofing skate.

If the wind pad is made of wood, just fasten the boards with a gap of 2-3 mm. In the event of the same if plastic products are used for the manufacture of the binder, the pre-elements must be perforated.

If the wind cover of the roof is already assembled, you can build ordinary ventilation grilles into it. The standard diameter of such lattices is 50 mm. Mesh product can have any color. Lattices Place over the entire length of the wind in step of about 800 mm.

In conclusion, it remains only to lay the insulation, to equip the waterproofing layer, fill the crate board and mount the selected finish coating.

Now you know the main features and order of independent arrangement of the hip roof. The job is unlikely to be called too easy, but using the knowledge gained in practice, you can cope with the fulfillment of all related events with your own hands.

Good job!

Video - Walm roof with your own hands

The hollow roof is often used in architectural solutions of country houses built in European style. Its design is not only reliable, but also very aesthetic. MoreoverBy taking as a basis even the easiest option, it is possible to diversify it with various elements that will become a kind of decoration and a sign of the refinement of the style.

The hip roof with your own hands the drawings of which you need to choose or prepare in advance, can be performed on your own, but one master with such a volume and complexity of work is clearly not cope.

What is a hip roof?

SAMI common A simple scheme of the roof of the roof consists of four slopes, two of which have a triangle shape - they are called "Valmami". They are located along the ends of the building and connect a bitch with a cornice. The two frontal planes in the form of a trapezium have a large area and a slope, which is also located from the skate and to the cornice.

Walm roof - top view

It should be noted that there are semi-haired roofs - they are still referring to Dutch. In this case, during the construction of the eaves of end rods, there are much higher than the frontal. The installation of such a roof is usually produced in cases where a residential premises arrange in its space.

Basics of the design of a hip roof

The traditional hip system consists of certain nodes and elements that are always the same in the same way and are the basis for more complex roofs of this species. This figure shows this design that includes the following details:

1 - an angular raftered or edge is always at a smaller angle than the same, but intermediate elements of the system. For such a roof design, both the side and intermediate rafters are suitable boards having a cross section of 50 × 150 mm.

2 - short rafting legs are fixed not at the skate, but on the angular rafter. They must have the same bias as intermediate rafters.

3 - Konk in this case is the same size in the section, as the rafter legs.

4 - rafters that converge and jerk at the corners of the skate from three sides are called central rafters.

5 - intermediate rafters are called legs connecting the lobby and the strapping, passing along the upper part of the structure, and forming the cornice.

In the following scheme, besides already mentioned, you can see the device of other structural elements.

• After the rafter, you can consider the rack that supports the horse and is installed on the connection of two beams. These elements are not always used, sometimes they are simply replaced by other retaining details, for example, in cases where the space under the roof should be free if it is planned to arrange a room.
• The tightening is a fastening raftered element. Most often it also serves the role of overlapping beams.
• The mare is mounted to the installed rafting legs to increase the oint of the roof, which will be protected against atmospheric precipitation for the gap under the roof and the top of the walls.
• The wind beam is attached to the rafted by an eye on the other side of the roof, which is considered windy. Sometimes it is installed on both trapezoid skate.
• Net pedigree or short rafter foot is used only in the holm design and is attached to the angular rafal.
• Maurylalat is present in any rafter system and is a bar, which is attached throughout the perimeter of the walls of the structure.
• Shprengel is another detail of the system that gives it rigidity and removing the load from the walls. It is installed diagonally, relative to the corners of the building and are fixed on Mauerlat.
• The pumps are installed at different angles to the rafter feet, depending on whether the attic will be involved to create an additional room.
• The edge, diagonal or side rafters can be installed, like with one end side of the roof or from two sides, depending on the intended design.
• Runs B. dann The case is called the distance between the attachment of the rafter to the skate beam - it will depend on the weight of the selected roof material and the alleged snow load in the area of \u200b\u200bthe construction.

Stages of work on the installation of a hip roof

If a hip design is chosen for the roof of the house, then you need to work on it in a strict sequence:

• Any project begins with the preparation of the scheme of the rafter system.

• The next step is to calculate all the parameters that will depend on the width of the distance between the walls of the house and the presence within the structure of capital partitions.
• Further, according to the calculations, the necessary materials are purchased and the necessary tools are prepared.
• Then follows the preparation for the strapping walls for installation of the raftersystems - Flooring waterproofing material.
• The wall markup is performed for the installation of the rafter system.
• The most important stage - Installation The entire system in accordance with the project.
• Complete stage - device Roof.

Preparation of the roof scheme

The roof circuit can be different - it will depend on the imagination and the capabilities of the owner of the house, as well as from the location of the walls of the building. When drafting the scheme, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the harder the roof design will be, the more the material is needed for it, and the installation of the system will last longer.

If the design is very complicated, then the best option will appeal for help to professionals that will help to correctly calculate the thickness and the number of elements necessary for the reliability. Of course, some time will take up such a project and certain financial resources will be spent, but it is better to take advantage of the development of specialists than to act at random and get an unreliable design.

Calculation of system parameters

If it is decided to rely on your own strength, then producing calculations, the following factors should be taken into account:

• The reliability of the bearing walls and the foundation of the structure over which the roof will be erected.
• Type of the rafter system (change or attached).
• The size of the cross section of rafters and bars for other system elements.
• The angle of slope and the distance between the rafter.
• The dimensions of the elements such as protrusions and openings for smoking pipes, ventilation, windows.

To calculate the exact proportions of the design, you can use the formulas specially designed for this that will make the roof reliable and durable. Designation of parameters in formulas:

S is the total area of \u200b\u200bthe roof rod;

h - the height of the system from overlap to the ceiling;

d - the length of the side or diagonal rafting legs;

e - length of intermediate rafters;

a - the distance between the rafters along the length of the building;

α - the angle of inclination of the skate;

b - the distance between rafters from the end hips side.

Formulas for calculating the device of a simple hip roof, look like this:

• Skate height:

• The length of the intermediate frontal rafters:

• The length of the end, hip rafters:

• Roof Shot Square:

Having calculated the main parameters of the system, it is possible, based on them, acquire materials for the construction.

Roof Materials

For the installation of the rafter system, not only well-dried high-quality wood, but also metal fasteners, as well as roofing nails, self-tapping screws and anchor bolts.

• From metal elements, you will need to purchase corners and fastening of various configurations that will help make the design more reliable and strong.

One of them is a sliding mount. It is installed at the bottom of the rafted, fastening them in this way to Mauerlat. Having established it, you can exclude the risk of deformation of the roof system during shrinkage of bearing walls.

Another long-applied fastening are brackets. They connect different parts of the system, for example, rafters and beams of overlapping or Mauerlat, if the roof is erected, for example, on a building that has long gave shrinkage.

• For the manufacture of wooden elements, you will need:

Special attention - Wood quality for system mounting

- For laying Mauerlat, a bar will be needed having a cross section of 100 × 150 mm;

- rafters and bruises are made from a bar with a cross section of 50 × 150 mm. Builders engaged in the construction of rafter systems, recommend installing the entire system from a bar or boards having the same section - this gives a guarantee of the strength and reliability of the construction;

- Top of the system rafters are hampered by a doomlet of boards, the cross section of which should be 25 × 150 mm.

Choosing wood for the rafters system, you can rely on the table made specifically for this. It shows the permissible length of the rafter (in meters) from coniferous wood (larch, spruce, cedar, pine), depending on its quality, cross-section of the bar and the average size of the snow load in this region.

Variety	Section	Distance between rafyles in mm
	mM.	300	400	600	300	400	600
1.0 Kl.			1.5 Kl.
Higher	38 × 89.	3.22	2.92	2.55	2.81	2.55	2.23
	38 × 140.	5.06	4.60	4.02	4.42	4.02	3.54
	38 × 184.	6.65	6.05	5.28	5.81	5.28	4.61
	38 × 235.	8.50	7.72	6.74	7.42	6.74	5.89
	38 × 286.	10.34	9.40	8.21	9.03	8.21	7.17
1 and 2.	38 × 89.	3.11	2.83	2.47	2.72	2.47	2.16
	38 × 140.	4.90	4.45	3.89	4.28	3.89	3.40
	38 × 184.	6.44	5.85	5.11	5.62	5.11	4.41
	38 × 235.	8.22	7.47	6.38	7.18	6.52	5.39
	38 × 286.	10.00	9.06	7.40	8.74	7.66	6.25
3	38 × 89.	3.06	2.78	2.31	2.67	2.39	1.95
	38 × 140.	4.67	4.04	3.30	3.95	3.42	2.79
	38 × 184.	5.68	4.92	4.02	4.80	4.16	3.40
	38 × 235.	6.95	6.02	4.91	5.87	5.08	4.15
	38 × 286.	8.06	6.98	6.70	6.81	5.90	4.82
2.0th			2.5 kra
Higher	38 × 89.	4.02	3.65	3.19	3.73	3.39	2.96
	38 × 140.	5.28	4.80	4.19	4.90	4.45	3.89
	38 × 184.	6.74	6.13	5.35	6.26	5.69	4.97
	38 × 235.	8.21	7.46	6.52	7.62	6.92	5.90
	38 × 286.	2.47	2.24	1.96	2.29	2.08	1.82
1 and 2.	38 × 89.	3.89	3.53	3.08	3.61	3.28	2.86
	38 × 140.	5.11	4.64	3.89	4.74	4.31	3.52
	38 × 184.	6.52	5.82	4.75	6.06	5.27	4.30
	38 × 235.	7.80	6.76	5.52	7.06	6.11	4.99
	38 × 286.	2.43	2.11	1.72	2.21	1.91	1.56
3	38 × 89.	3.48	3.01	2.46	3.15	2.73	2.23
	38 × 140.	4.23	3.67	2.99	3.83	3.32	2.71
	38 × 184.	5.18	4.48	3.66	4.68	4.06	3.31
	38 × 235.	6.01	5.20	4.25	5.43	4.71	3.84
	38 × 286.	6.52	5.82	4.75	6.06	5.27	4.30

• In addition, it will be necessary to buy roofing material, insulation and vapor barrier film, which is laid on rafters under the crate. As a roofing material, a soft coating is traditionally chosen for the roof of the roof of the roof - it is easier to fix it on the complex configuration of such a solo system. Under such roof it will be necessary to make flooring from plywood.
• You also need to purchase for wood processing before installing.
• It may take the steel wire with a diameter of 4 mm, to secure some elements in the bearing wall.

Prices for various types of timber

Tools for work

In advance, it is necessary to prepare not only all the necessary materials, but also tools, as they will not be able to work without them. To install the rafter system, you will need:

• Hammer, preferably with a nail-holder.
• Screwdriver on electrical charging.
• Kiyanka - rubber or wooden hammer. It is necessary for some operations to equalize and fit wooden elements.
• A wooden rail length of 1.5-1.7 m to eliminate individual nodes for one level.
• Marker or pencil for marks.
• Electrolzik, hacksaw and electric saw.
• Building level, plumb.
• Roulette and ruler.
• The chisel to give the grooves.
• The planer is better to have an ordinary, and electrical option, since it is more convenient to operate at an altitude to a conventional tool, and large planes can be processed at the bottom with the help of electrical.

Conducting installation work

The figure shows the simplified walm roof circuit on which you can navigate when installing the system.

The work is made in stages and without any hurry, with careful thinking of each step, as the design of the holm roof is quite complex.

The first step must be prepared to prepare wood, treating it with antiseptic solution and dryly dry. When the material is ready, you can proceed to the installation of the system.

• Installation of the system starts from installing and securing Maurolalat around the perimeter of bearing walls. It should be placed on a layer of waterproofing material.

• After installing Mauerlat, it makes a markup, according to previously produced calculations. In order for the markup to be the most accurate and noticeable, bright markers are used or beacons are driven in certain places.

It is very important that the distances marked on one wall were identical to the markup on the opposite wall, otherwise the beams of overlapping and the remaining elements will be laid unevenly.

Successful success - correct marking

• Next, the beams of overlapping are stacked. They can be mounted on the walls next to the Mauerlat or on the fixed timber below the wall surface.

• Then Maurylalat is fastened with drains, which contributes to the removal of the load from the bearing walls.

• After the ceiling beams are laid, experienced masters advise to cover them with a flooring from the boards, without fixing them to the beams. Similar flooring is needed for comfortable and safe work.

• The next step is to install racks. They are fixed on tightening or overlap beams.
• The racks are fasten from top to the skate beam, and the rapid central legs from the end honey sides of the roof are attached to it.
• Next, intermediate rafters from the front rods of the roof are placed and fastened.

• Then follow the diagonal rafters, which connect the lobby and the corners of the building. If necessary, additional racks are installed.

• On diagonal rafters, ninamers are fixed or short rafters. They are installed at the same distance between themselves, as well as intermediate.
• Depending on the design, other supporting or reinforcing elements can be built into it, for example, soil or shpregels, as well as wind beam.
• If the rafters are installed and end on Mauerlate, they are prolonged by additional elements - "lumps", they will create a canopy over the wall.

Roofing flooring

The structure of the roofing "cake" of a hip roof

• Before moving to the next step on the installation of the elements necessary for the roof, it is necessary to mark the location of the windows of windows, holes through which chimneal and ventilation pipes will be displayed, the entrance to the attic room is arranged or access to the balcony. They are framed by additional rails, stinging them around the perimeter of planned openings.
• Then the terminal system is made of roofing "cake". Work is made in such a sequence:
• Top of the rafter stretched and fixed the film of vaporizolation
• Next, on top of it on rafters, the slave rails are screwed.
• A insulation is laid between the rails, which is covered with windproof materials (for example, a dense polyethylene film).
• Then, the consolidation of the counterclaim.
• The next step will depend on which coating material will be selected. If, for example, a metal tile will be applied, then it can be screwed to the reikas. When choosing a soft roof under it, it is necessary to put plywood or OSB sheets.

Sophisticated hip roof systems

I would like to caution On the complex nodes of the rafter system, on the installation of which many questions always arise.

• Can be carried out by several types of rigid mounts:

- with the help of metal corners installed on both sides of the rafter foot;

- nails driven by an angle through rafter in Mauerlat;

- special brackets;

- sliding fasteners.

• The connection of the rafter feet at the skate timber can also be carried out in different ways:

- by overlaying them on each other above the timber and fixing between themselves with bolts;

- device on rafters of special recesses for rigidity when installing them on horseback;

- fitting rafters under the selected angle at the skate and bonding them with wooden or metal overlays from two sides.

• Another very complex node is the connection of the skating timber with rapid legs. These elements must have a reliable pairing and fastening, since the durability of the roof hip side depends on it.

- The ski bar is laid on the racks and fasten them on both sides with plates from the boards.

- diagonal is cut under the desired angle and fixed to the skate bruus and intermediate rafal. In the same way Mounted and second raftered, going to another corner of the house.

Prices for various types of fasteners for rafters

Fasteners for timing

Video: Secrets of the Walm Roof Design

If there is no experience in the construction of such a complex architectural element of the building, both to Row, then it is recommended to use the help of qualified specialists. Moreover, this moment concerns not only the roof hip structures, but also all the others, since in any form of this structure there are features with complex connecting nodes.

It must be remembered that the long-term service of the entire structure will depend on the reliability of the house of the house, so it must be taken to its construction with a maximum responsibility.

We have already spoken about the holm roof in one of the past articles on the site. There was described the design of the roof with the support of the rafted on Mauerlat. After the publication of the article, I received a lot of requests to show how to make a hollow roof with a resting rafter on the beams of overlapping, as well as answer the question if you can make a hollow roof with different angles of slope tilt.

Thus, I wanted to be one example of the two Zaitsev immediately. Now we will look at the design of the holm roof with the support of the rafted on the beams of overlapping and with different angles of inclination of the skates.

So, let's say we have a box of houses from heat cells (polyblons) 8.4x10.8 meters.

STEP 1: Install Mauerlat (see Fig. 1):

Picture 1

Step 2: Set the long beams of overlapping with a cross section of 100x200 cm in increments of 0.6 meters (see crusa.2). I will not stop on the calculation of the beams.

Figure 2.

The first to put the beams that pass strictly in the middle at home. On them we will focus, installing the skiing bar. Then we put the rest with a definite step. For example, we have a step of 0.6 meters, but we see that 0.9 meters left before the wall, and one more beam could fit, and it is not. Such a span is left specifically for "deposits". Its width should not be less than 80-100 cm.

Step 3: Install the removal. The step is determined when calculating the rafted, which is a little later (see Fig.3):

Figure 3.

So far we put only the removal corresponding to the length of the skate, which will be equal to 5 meters. The length of the skate is more difference between the length and width of the house, which is 2.4 meters. What does this lead to? It leads to the fact that the angular raftered will not be located at an angle of 45 ° in terms of (on top of the top), and the angle of inclination of the skates and the valves will be different. At the skates, the slope will be more flat.

Takeaway at Mauerlat is enough to fix nails. To the long beam of overlapping their secrets, for example, so (Fig.4):

Figure 4.

No jacks in this node do not need. Any washed to weaken the beam overlap. Here we use two metal rafting fastenings of type LK on the sides and one large nail (250 mm), scored through the beam in the end of the removal. The nail is scored the most latter when the removal is already fastened with Mauerlat.

Step 4: Install the skiing bar (see Fig. 5):

Figure 5.

All elements of this design besides the subposses are made of a bar 100x150 mm. Trucks from the board 50x150 mm. The angle between them and the overlap of at least 45 °. We see that under the extreme racks lie bars relying at once on five beams of overlapping. We do it for the load distribution. Also to reduce the load on the beams of overlapping and transmitting part of it on the carrier partition, soap is installed.

The height of the installation of the skate bar and its length we determine for your home yourself, making a preliminary sketch on paper.

Step 5: We make and install rafters.

First of all, we make a pattern of rafted rods. To do this, we take the right section on the length of the right section, we apply it, as shown in Figure 6 and make marking using a small level (blue line):

Figure 6.

The height of the bar, which we put on the removal for the markup of the lower washed, is equal to the depth of the upper heal. We made it 5 cm.

According to the resulting template, we make all the rafters of the skates, resting on the ski bar, and fix them (see Fig. 7):

Figure 7.

In such designs, where rafters are drawn not on the long beams of overlapping, but for short deposits, we always put small backups under the rafter over Mauerlat, forming a small triangle and unloading the deposit attachment assembly to the beam (see Fig. 8):

Figure 8.

To bring these backups further inside the roof and, even more so, put them on the shift of the removal with the beam. Most of them are transmitted by most of the load from the roof (this can be seen in the calculated program) and the beam of overlapping may simply not withstand.

Now a little about calculations. Choosing a cross section of a rafted for a given roof, we calculate only one rafter - it raftered the skate. It is the longest and the angle of inclination is less than the angle of inclination rafted Valm (explanation - we call the slope of the roof of the roof in the shape of the trapezoid, the hip - the rod of the roof in the form of a triangle) calculations we produce in the tab "" Example of results in Figure 9:

Figure 9.

Yes, I forgot to say. Who has already downloaded this calculation program from my site until December 1, 2013. There are the tabs "Stroop.3" no. To download the updated version of the program, go to the article on the link:

This article was also slightly adjusted thanks to the reviews of some readers, for which they thank you some.

Step 6: We add removal and secure wind boards (see Fig. 10). We add so much to the place to remain for mounting the corner removal. Wind boards on the corners are simply sewn among themselves, controlling their straightness. Check visually, did not resist corners. If yes, put temporary backups directly from the ground. After installing angular deposits, these backups are removed.

Figure 10.

Step 7: Location and install angular deposits.

To begin with, we need to pull the shoelace on the top of the ceiling beams, as shown in Fig.11

Figure 11.

Now we take the timing of the appropriate length (the cross section is the same as all take-offs) and put it on top of the corner so that the lace is in the middle of it. From the bottom on this bar with a pencil note the lines of the marbles. (See Fig.12):

Figure 12.

We remove the lace and install the timber paved on the marked lines (see Fig.13):

Figure 13.

Corner removal Breeping to Mauerlat with two roofing corners. To the beam of overlapping, its corner is 135 ° and a large nail (250-300 mm). Corner 135 °, if necessary, clamping the hammer.

Thus, we put all four angular deposants.

Step 8.: We make and install angular rafters.

The Walm Roof, which I described earlier, the corners of the slope and the valves were the same. Here these corners are different and therefore the angular raftered will have its own characteristics. We also make it from two boards of the same section as rafters. But these boards stitched with each other not quite usually. One will be just below the other (about 1 cm, depending on the difference in the inclination of the slopes and hip).

So, first of all, for each side of the roof, we stretch 3 laces. Two in the angular rafters, one along the average rainer of the Walm (see Fig.14):

We measure the angle between the cord and the corner removal - the bottom washed. Let's call it "α" (see Fig.15):

Figure 15.

Also celebrate the point "B"

Thip the angle of the upper washed β \u003d 90 ° - α

In our example α \u003d 22 ° and β \u003d 68 °.

Now we take a small trimmer of the board with a cross section of the rafter and staming on it one end at an angle β. Applying a blank we apply to the skate, combining one edge with a lace, as shown in Fig.16:

Figure 16.

On the workpiece carried a line parallel to the side plane of the adjacent rafter of the skate. According to it, we will make one more drink and we get the template of the top looting our corner rafter.

Also when we apply the workpiece, you need to mark the point "A" (see Fig.17) on the skate rafter:

Figure 17.

Now we make the first half of the corner rafter. To do this, take the board of a suitable length. If one board is missing, sew two boards. You can sew a temporary trimming of an inch about a meter long on a self-tapping screw. We do on the template of the top drink. We measure the distance between the points "A" and "B". We carry it on the raftered and we make the lower poisoned at the angle "α".

We set the resulting raftered and fix it (see Fig.18):

Figure 18.

Most likely because of its length, the first half of the angular rafter will be fed. It is necessary to approximately in the middle to put a temporary rack. In my drawings, it is not shown.

Now we make the second half of the corner rafter. To do this, measure the size between the points "C" and "D" (see Fig.19):

Figure 19.

We take the board of a suitable length, we make the upper washed at an angle β, measure the distance "S-D", we make the lower washed at an angle α. We establish the second half of the angular rafter and stitch it with the first nails (100 mm). Nails rush into the dispersion of about 40-50 cm. The result is shown in Fig.20:

Figure 20.

The upper end of the second half of the corner rafter should be stored again. We make it a chainsaw right at the place (Fig.21):

Figure 21.

In the same way, we make and install three remaining corner rafters.

Step 9: Install the racks for corner rafters. First of all, it is necessary to put the rack resting in the location of the corner removal with the ceiling beam (see Fig. 22):

Figure 22.

If the length of the span is overlapped with an angular rafter (its horizontal projection) is more than 7.5 meters, we put another rack at about the distance ¼ of the magnitude of the span from the top point of the angular rafter. If there is more than 9 meters, add a rack in the middle of the corner rafter. In our example, this span is 5.2 meters.

Step 10: We set two central rafters of the Valm. At the beginning of the 8th step, we have already pulled the laces to measure them.

We make rafters in this way - we measure the low angle of the lower the "Γ", we calculate the angle of the upper washed "Δ":

We measure the distance between the points of the "Kl" and we make a raftered on it. Ends are stirred by the corners we define. After that, the upper end must be stolen once again (to sharpen it), taking into account the angle "φ", which also measure the little ones (see Fig.23):

Figure 23.

Step 11: We add removal to the corners. The most extreme deposits that do not get to Mauerlat, we make facilitated, from the board 50x200 mm (see Fig.24):

Figure 24.

Step 12: We establish these aurities. How to produce nurses, I described in detail in the first article about the Walm Roof. Here the principle is absolutely the same, so I will not repeat (see Fig.25):

Figure 25.

To the corner rafter, these fakes with a metal corner of 135 °, if necessary, bend it.

After the installation of all these nurses, we still need to tailor the eaves from below and make a doom. We have already talked about it many times.

Construction of X-shaped (eight-screen) roofs.

Construction of the T-shaped roof of the house.

Installation of a M-shaped roof with the frontones of various widths.

M-shaped roof of the house with equal frontones.

Tent roof at home with their own hands.

See, so you can "slow down" your electric meter 2 times! ... perfectly legally! You need to take in the near melee ...

Country areas do not differ in large sizes. Therefore, many build houses of small square and increase residential space by creating additional residential premises in the attic. This is possible if the device is properly performed by the valve roof.

1 What is a hip roof?

Such a roof is performed in the form of four slopes. Two of them are classic lateral in the form of a trapezium, and two more triangular on the roof ends. Unlike the tent roof, where all four slides converge at one point, the Valmova has two vertices interconnected by the skate.

Four-skate hollow roof

It is the side triangular frontones that are performed with a slope and are called Valmami. The two-tight roof also has triangular ending frontones, but they are located strictly vertically, the holm roof these skates are tilted, which is a distinctive feature of this kind of roofs.

Double hip roof

The hollow roof is called if the end rods, starting from the skate, reach the outer wall, that is, to the eaves. But there are options when the skate is interrupted and in one place goes into a vertical plane. Then such a roof is called half-haul or Dutch.

2 knots and elements of the hip roof

According to the installation and use of various material, such roofs can be attributed to the category of complex structures. In general, the design of a holm roof consists of Mauerlat, a skate bar, rafted - angular, short and intermediate.

Maurylalat is a wooden bar, mounted throughout the perimeter of the house at the very top of the walls. It serves to properly transmit and distribute loads rendered by the wind, snow cover, the weight of the roof and the most rapid system on the bearing walls of the building. This element is a binding upper strapping for walls made of piece materials - bricks, concrete blocks.

Maurylalat Walm Roof

For walls from a log or timber, Mauerlat is not satisfied. His role is performed by the top crown of the church.

The skiing bar is the main element of the rafter system that connects all the roofs into a single design. It must be the same cross section with rapid legs. Otherwise, in the future there may be a skew of the entire rafter design and the roof as a whole.

Corner rafters, called otherwise, either diagonal rafters - basic power parts connecting the corners of the building box with a skate bar. For their manufacture, a board will be required, equal to the thickness of the skate bruus. One end she is attached to the skate, the second relies on Mauerlat. Depending on the roof project, a different number of such rafters is used, but at least four.

Corner rafters of a holmic roof

Short rafters can be different in length, but when assembling the construction of the roof, they are all output at one angle and are located in parallel intermediate rafters. When the required calculation of their quantity is made, first of all, take into account the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire roof. One end, short rafting legs are connected to the angular rafter, and the other is based on the outside wall of the building.

The central rafters are installed by the upper end on the ski bar, the bottom rests on the bearing walls of the house. As a rule, their calculation is as follows: three on one side of the roof and the same on the other, but when constructing the rafter systems for the houses of a large area, an increase in their number is allowed.

Central rafters of a holmic roof

Intermediate rafters are elements, one side mounted on a skate, and the second relying on Mauerlat. They are usually not used on the hollow rods, since the entire area is closed with short rafters. The calculation of the section and the number of intermediate elements is made on the basis of the bearing capacity of the rafter design and the type of roofing material.

With large building sizes, the installation of additional strengthening elements in the form of ducts and vertical racks that support the skiing timber, and shrgel structures to eliminate the sagging of the diagonal rafters are required.

3 Types of Walm Roofs

Slingers in these types of roofs are performed in various versions. For example, if the hollow scat does not reach the skate, as a result of which the vertical small frontone of the triangular shape is formed upstairs, then such a roof is called - Dutch.

Dutch hollow roof

Also allocated tent roofs. They have all four slides of the same form, and the side frontones in such structures simply not. Valves in this embodiment are triangular surfaces, the slope of which is made at one angle with other skates. As a rule, such systems are used for buildings that have a square in the form of a square in the projection. In the group of holm roofs there are semi-haul roofs, four-tight, forceps, multi-tape and dual-tight.

Tent roofing

In addition, there are broken roofs consisting of slopes of various sizes, the angle of inclination from which is different. Such structures are very complex in the device, it is also difficult to produce their calculation. Therefore, they are rarely found, but it should be noted that they have a very attractive look. You can estimate the effectiveness of the roofs with the broken design of the rafter system on the video where the features of their facilities are also described.

4 Calculation of hip structures - angle of inclination

The device of holmic rafting systems begins with the development of their project. The correct and competent project will allow you to assemble the roof in a short time. The optimal selection of the angle of slopes is determined depending on climatic conditions:

• In the region where windy weather prevails, the angle of inclination must be less, it will reduce the load from the wind to the roof.
• With more snowy winter, the angle of inclination of the slopes, on the contrary, increase the ice and snow to be accumulated on the roof.

Draft Walm Sropling System

When choosing an angle of inclination of rafters, respectively, the calculation of the required amount of material is also carried out. And if for the crate in almost all cases the calculation is made on the basis of the total roof area, the number and cross-section of angular and short rafters are calculated separately, depending on the chosen type of roof.

In addition to the climatic features of the region, when choosing an angle of inclination, the type of roofing material is taken into account:

• If a typical material is used, for example, slate or metal equipment, then not to increase the load on the rafter, the angle is better to do at least 22 °.
• When using rolled coatings, the number of layers is taken into account. What they are more, the less you can make the slope slope.
• The device of a larger angle of slope allows the use of roofing material - professional flooring, but the profile height is taken into account. The angle of inclination can vary in the range from 20 to 45 degrees.

Choosing an angle of inclination of the roof by material

The correct calculation of the angle of inclination of the roof begins with the definition of the end axis of the building on the upper strapping. After that, it is necessary to note the middle of the skate bar, at this point there will be a central rafting leg. Then it is necessary to determine the location of the next intermediate rafter, for which the distance corresponding to the calculation of the distribution of intermediate rafting legs is measured. In most cases, it does not exceed 70-90 cm.

The length of the rafter is determined so that their lower end spoke over the outer wall by 40-50 cm, and the upper rests in the ski bar.

A similar calculation is carried out on all four sides of the roof for calculating the location of intermediate rafting legs at the skating timber. An example of their correct location is shown in the photo.

5 assembly of the rafter system

When designing holm roofs, you can use two types of rafters - hanging and voted. Hanging is based only on the walls of the building, passing all the spacer loads by Mauerlat. If an attic device is assumed, then additionally requires the installation of metal or wood screeds, which are stacked on the bearing walls of the building and subsequently serve as the basis for the ceiling device. In the photo it can be seen how the attic holm roofs are arranged with a hanging rafter system.

Dersighted hip roof with hanging rafter system

Slot rafters are used if there is a support for them in the form of columns or internal bearing walls. When designing the system, alternation of two types of rafters is allowed. Where the inner walls perform the role of supports, the ulissious are attached, and in other places healing.

The attachment of the rafter is mainly carried out by the device of the jams (saddles). But their depth can not exceed the fourth part of the width of the rafting board. In order to be written to be the same on all legs, you need to make a template. In addition, the elements of the rafter system are attached with the use of metal corners, screws, nails. The mount can also be made by brackets, bolts and studs.

Fastening of the elements of the rafting bucket system

When installing Mauerlat, do not forget to pave the waterproofing layer at the top of the walls. If the walls are laid out of the brick, then mortgage parts are installed in the last rows of masonry for further mounting Mauerlat. Such mounts can be made in the form of vertical studs or bolts installed in no more than one and a half meters.

Walp roofs are complex structures, but it does not at all reduce their popularity. Despite the complexity of the construction, they make it possible to arrange additional residential premises in the attic space, and if you have a high-quality insulation of the attic, then it is possible to exploit it in winter.

Almost all country houses built in the European style decorate the hip roofs. Such structures are distinguished by reliability and aesthetic species. If you look closely, in structure they go to the tops of the houses, which from ancient times they will be ascended in Japan and China.

1 Simple and complex types of holmic roofs

The simplest hip roof is a four-page system, where the front slopes have the shape of the trapezoids, and the end is made in the form of triangles. The triangles are the names of the "Walm", they take their origin from the end cornice and stretch to the edges of the skate. During the construction of such a design, a system of considerable and accidental rafters is used - the techniques are borrowed from the diagrams for which two-tie and four-tight roofs are erected.

The design of the semi-haul roof is formed from two elements of the usual two-tie and two hips. Eaves of the latter, as a rule, are located much higher than the frontal. A distinctive feature of this type of construction is the absence of sharp protrusions. Such roofs were distributed in regions with strong winds. If the house is built in the area for which abundant snowfall is characteristic, then the races of the semi-evalued design are made more steep. Songs of the roof slopes are the optimal option for less snow regions.

Four sheet system - an example of the simplest hip roof

Walm roof can be like a tent or pyramid, in which case it is called tent or, respectively, pyramidal. Build similar designs of roofs on houses that carry the walls of which form a square or a correct rectangle. All sides of the tent roof have the shape of the triangles whose tops are mounted at one point.

The most complex hip design has a broken shape. It consists of such a luxurious roof from different in size and shaped shaped, while each of them has a break. A simple example of a broken roof is a two-skate, in which the front sides have in the upper part of the break. This approach can significantly increase the attic space in which the attic is usually equipped.

2 six main parts of the rafter system

The reliability and duration of the bucket of the holm roof provide certain nodes and elements of the rafter design. Without them, the installation of neither simple, neither the complex roofing of the Valm type is.

1. 1. Ribs (corner, diagonal rafters) - shape the joints of the hip and rods-trapezium. They are mounted at a smaller angle than intermediate rafylics. As a material for the manufacture of angular and intermediate rafters, a 50x150 mm board is used.
2. 2. Short rafters (narrings) - one side rests in the angular rafylics, the other is based on Mauerlat. The slope of nurses is the same as in intermediate rafaline.
3. 3. Horse (the upper horizontal roof edge) - is missing in the hollow tent construction. In the roofs of complex configurations, the number of skates can be increased to two or more. In cross section, the horse must have the same size as the rafter legs.
4. 4. Central rafyroids (ordinary) - on both sides of the skate bar are joined three ordinary rafyroids. The lower part of each rests in Mauerlat.
5. 5. Intermediate rafting legs - the upper part of the elements rests in the ski bar, the lower - in the base.
6. 6. Maurylalat - fixed around the perimeter of the structure, serves as a support for the rafter system.

Malelalat is served as a support for the rafter system around the perimeter

In order to be described in the points, the outer part of the rafalinking frame acquired the necessary strength, other important elements are used in the design. For example, the stability of the skate, in addition to the rafter elements, provide racks. These retaining details are mounted on the litter, they acquire stability due to the subproof, which also prevent the cutting of the rafter. If the attic is planned to arrange the attic floor, then the racks can be replaced by other retaining details.

Farmers are capable of extending the life of the construction. Elongated roof protrusions protect the walls and base of the house from wetting, the cause of which oblique rains become. In the summer period, the nearest abuse does not allow to penetrate the house with sunshine. But in order to increase it, the details called the lines are mounted.

The design of the holm roof acquires stability to wind loads due to the presence in the rapid wind beam system. This element reliably connects the lines of the roof slopes. The mounting board is performed at an angle, from the skate beam to Mauerlat, from the inside of the attic space. To remove the load from the walls in the design, the details such as Schprengel will use, they are mounted to the base at the corners of the construction.

3 Procedure for the construction of a holmic four-tank

The walm roof is beginning to build with the arrelate arrangement, which is mounted on the bearing walls around the perimeter of the construction, and the Lenzny installation. If the house is built of wood, then as a base, the upper crown of the cut is usually performed. For concrete and brick buildings, Mauerlat can be made of reinforced concrete or wooden beams, it all depends on the budget and the bearing ability of the walls of the house.

Lena and Maurylalat are made from a bar with a cross section of 100x150, 150x150 mm.

The bar is fixed with the use of anchor studs, they are inserted into the masonry at the stage of the construction of the walls. The litter is placed on the beams of overlapping or on the inner carrying partition of the house, it is necessary for the installation of support racks. The correct installation of the supports is controlled by a construction level or a plumb. The support elements are temporarily fixed with the help of supports and self-tapping screws, they are fixed with the use of metal linings and a corner. Racks are mounted in one row right under the skate bar with a distance of each other no more than two meters.

If a hip-tent is erected, then the supports are mounted in such a way that they can form a rectangle that would repeat the form of the perimeter of the construction. To do this, they are installed at the same distance from the corners of the house. As for the height of the support elements, it is determined by the roof project. If one horse is placed in the standard four-tight system, then in the tent construction, several runs are mounted on top of the supports, which form a rectangle.

As mentioned above, a simple hip roof is raised due to the sling filming of the utility type, which is used in bounce structures. The process occurs according to the following scheme:

1. 1. From the board, we make a template, applying it alternately to the skate and Mauerlat, on it are placed from below and on top of a drink and drink them. Once again, check the finished pattern, putting to the skit at the installation site of the side rafaline, if necessary, we perform the fitting of the item at the place. If the pattern is suitable, then it makes the required number of rafters. Then mounted to the skate and the base (distance 0.5-1.5 m) using metal brackets or corners and screws.
2. 2. At the next stage, by the template we make corner rafting elements, but since they will experience an increased load, then in order to harden them, we make it from two identical boards by splicing in thickness. Drinking in the angular elements are carried out at an angle of 45 degrees. The top of the edge is mounted on the support rack of the skate, the lower fixes on the corner of Maurolat.
3. 3. In the interval between the corner rafylics on the holmic roof, we establish these aiments. The board for them is not particularly chosen for them, since the specified elements will not bear a significant load. We carry out the first half of these people according to the template with a marking at the top, we make the second half of the products in a mirror reflection. We carry out the markup of the lower part of these nurses during the installation, at the end, cut the edges forming the soles, align them using a stretched cord.

The base for Mauerlat usually serves the upper crown of a church

At the bottom of the corner rafyrs, they necessarily put backups (Shpregeli), as it was on their lower part there will be a large load. Shpregels are mounted like reference racks on a reinforced base. In order to strengthen the side rafalines under them, the pumps are mounted, the upper part of which should be restarted into the rafter foot, and the lower in the litter.

4 How to split rafters in length

If a holmic roof of a complex configuration is constructed, then in the absence of a suitable boards, it has to perform a splice of a rafted in length. Of course, on the basis of building materials it is possible to choose the necessary bar, but the experienced builders know that simultaneously the thickness of the board also increases, whereas, as a result of the splicing, the rafter can achieve the necessary length of building elements, which does not disturb the ratio of geometric sizes.

In order for elongated parts to provide the desired degree of rigidity to the rapid system, it is necessary to determine which loads affect the various design areas. The joints can be located only in places with a minimum bending moment. Usually such a place is the area near the skate. Experienced roofers are familiar with several ways to eliminate rafters, because to use in construction practice any one method does not work. The reason for the fact that the following factors are becoming:

• step mounting Stropilin;
• limited supply of materials;
• those. Equipment of the construction site.

The most common way to build a rafter feet is called "Job" extension. The elements to be spliced \u200b\u200bare cut at an angle of 900. The slice must be accurate, which will eliminate the formation of the deflection at the place of the joint. Fix the rafyroids with the help of linings from wood or metal and nails, which, in order to avoid cracking of wood, drive in a checker order.

"Spit Obrub" - this method of interface of the elements perform by cutting the edge of the stringin at the place of the joint at an angle of 450. As a fastener, we use a bolts with a diameter from 12 to 14 mm, which are mounted in the center of the junction. If there is no time on trimming the material, then the rafter elements connect simply and quickly by the method of "Vansel", while the backstage can be up to 1000 mm. Nails in the bars rush along the entire length of the adhesion in a chess order, and bolts can also be used for their splicing, screw them in pre-drilled holes. The last method is called more reliable.

Four-sheet hip roof allows you to provide a house presentable appearance. Due to the inclusion in the projects, roofs of mansard and auditory windows can be revived and diversified designs. The main thing is that the calculation of the rafter system is performed exactly, then the house will have a lot of decades.

The most important design of the house affecting the entire structure as a whole is its roof. The main design features of the roof depend on many factors, such as the maximum permissible load on the walls, the type of construction, the type of roofing material, etc. The hip roof of the rafting system of which is not quite simple, is nevertheless a fairly popular construction in construction. Its main advantage is considered, excellent ability to self-cleaning, as well as good resistance to strong snow and wind load.

Walm roof - design features

Wide use in construction The hip roof has found due to its durable design features, durability and enough original design having a beautiful appearance. The roof design allows you to equip the spacious residential attic floor with magnificent mortise windows, and the streamlined form reduces the aerodynamic loads from strong winds.

The hollow roof of the rafting system consists of four slopes: two of which - side (having a trapezoid form), and two more - walm (in the form of triangles). Thus, the design obtains two vertices combined with a skate run.

Basic hip roof nodes

• Skown run - The main carrier axis in the upper part of the roof, which is the connection site of all four slopes. It is performed from the cutting board 50x200 mm.
• Diagonal (Sound rafters) - An important carrier element of the frame, connecting the corners of the house with a convection run. Performed from the same board as the ski run.
• Rafted side roof - Performed from the board 50x200 mm. Fastened to the skate run and the side walls of the structure or Mauerlat. Their main task is to evenly distribute the side load on the bearing walls.
• Cropped rafters (Net Porn) - The board is sleeined at a certain angle, which is attached to the diagonal rafters and the hip side of the house or Mauerlat. Thus, there is no compound between narters and the convection run.

Scheme of a holm roof

It is important to comply with the basic rules of the constructive nodes, the reliability and strength of the entire structure will depend on the quality of their bond. To do this, use only high-quality sawn timber and "horsery" nails.

Walt Roof Sling System - Connection Scheme of Basic Construction Nods

Types of holm roofs

The options for performing holmic roofs are quite a lot, in addition to the standard still exist: (half-haul Dutch and Danish, tent, as well as broken roofs).

• If, for example, the length of the hollow roof slope is less lateral, such a design is called half-haired (Dutch). Such a design with dignity withstands strong vyting loads, and thanks to sharp rods, the snow on it almost never long delayed. This type is more similar to the classic two-tie roof, but its characteristics significantly exceeds it.

Semi-Walled Roof (Dutch)

• The Danish semi-haul roof is a bit more complicated by execution. The difference between the design lies in the fact that the hollow part is already not below, and from above the vertical fronton, which can be replaced with a beautiful frame with glass.

Danish half-haired roof

• Buildings with walls are the same length (square), the tental roof is perfect. Unlike the Walmova, which has a skate run, the tent does not have such. The design looks as follows, four completely identical roofs, converge at one top point. Especially forming a pyramidal geometric shape.

Sample house with a tent roof

• Light roofs due to the complexity of the design are very rare. However, their look so fascinates that for a long time you can't take a look from her. It represents itself, a set of many slopes arranged at different angles relative to the walls. With her own hands, without having enough experience, such a roof is very problematic, so it's better to trust professional roofers.

Walm roof rafting system with your own hands

Correct calculations are the key to the reliability and durability of any roof. Having draws a design scheme correctly, you can easily collect it yourself, while having 2-3 partner in the subset. To resort to the help of the builders brigade will not be necessary, it is enough to do everything according to the plan and adhere to the specified calculations.

Hip roof tilt angle

When designing any roof, the angle of its inclination is chosen on the basis of climatic conditions, which in Russia differ greatly, depending on the region. If the structure is erected in the region with the prevailing winter with strong snow precipitates, then the angle of inclination is desirable to do large, so the snow will not be able to linger on the roof and constantly it will be crazy with it under its own weight.

In the southern regions where the sediments are quite rare, and only in the form of rain, but it is not uncommon to the strong gusts of the wind, the roofs are asked with a slight bias. The main task of which is the resistance to these wind loads.

Wind Load Map of Russia Regions

Also an important factor in calculating the slope is the type of roofing coating. The fact is that some of them have the recommended height limit of the angle, which should not be neglected. And so as not to make mistakes, see each of them:

• Slate - recommended slope angle 15º - 65 °. Failure to comply with these parameters can lead to moisture from the moisture to the sheets;
• Ceramic tile - the best sloping corner 35 ° - 65 °. The disregard of the appliance recommended by the manufacturer will lead to the possibility of condensate formation;

• Metal tile - the minimum bias for this material is 13 °, the maximum manufacturers are not installed;
• Soft tile - the optimal size of the slope is considered no less 15º. Installation of the roof can be carried out at any other value of the angle above the minimum;
• Ondulin - any angle of the slope no less 5 °From the size of the corner will directly depend on the shape of the crate.
• Metal folding roof - should be applied when the slopes are bold 25 ° Degree.

Right calculation of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Walm Roof

In order to correctly calculate the total area of \u200b\u200bthe surface of the holm roof, we first need to calculate the area of \u200b\u200beach slide separately, then the resulting numbers folded each other. As we remember the rods of a hip roof - these are geometric shapes of two trapezoids and triangles. Remembering the school curriculum, it is easy to calculate their total area.

Calculation of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Walm Roof

If you are still afraid to be mistaken, experts can correctly make it possible to purchase roofing material, or you can use any of the online calculator convenient for you, which are fully on the Internet.

Exactly specifying all the parameters of the future roof, they will help everyone to calculate with accuracy to a square meter.

Calculation of the rafting system of the hip roof

To accurately calculate the System System, it is necessary to use the table below the ratio between the length and their placement.

The ratio of the corner of the roof	Correction coefficient for corner rafters	Correction coefficient for intermediate rafters
3:12	1.016	1.031
4:12	1.027	1.054
5:12	1.043	1.083
6:12	1.061	1.118
7:12	1.082	1.158
8:1 2	1.106	1.202
9:1 2	1.131	1.250
10:12	1.161	1.302
11:12	1.192	1.357
12:12	1.225	1.414

Based on the above table, the length of the rafter leg is equal to its work of the coefficient and projection. The application of the table will help to make all the necessary calculations as accurately as possible.

The calculation itself is carried out in the following sequence:

• Using a regular rail, find the locking (horizontal projection) of the intermediate rafting leg. Find your slope coefficient in the table and multiply to the presented coefficient;
• From the skate run to the place of attachment of the lower part of the wall foot, measuring the length of the rafted;
• In the same way, multiplying the correction factor for the mint (horizontal projection), we find the length of the sink of the rafter. Or you can use the Pythagore theorem (see. GIS. 1).

• Now find the length of the angular rafters. It will be clear that it will be easier to take advantage of this in the picture below.

Hip roof rafter system

Installation of a rafted holm roof

• The process begins with the installation of vertical supports, which is stacked and firmly fixes the ski run. After their installation, measure the resulting horizontal, if the result is positive proceed to the next step.
• Installation of diagonal (savory rafters). The lower part of the rafter legs, in the place of the subsidement for the reference part, is connected to the strapping bar in the corner of the structure. The upper is mounted with each other and the skate bar. Their ends should have special angular sections, made in such a way that the maximum dense connection is obtained between them.
• The strokes exhibited are amplified by additional vertical supports. The top end of the support is washed at an angle equal to the corner of the rafted. Metal plates are used to fasten the supports and rafters.
• The next step will be the setting of the side roof, the installation step 600 mm., Such a step is preferable, since most standard insulation have such width. We act here in the same way. The lower part with the recess is attached to the strapping bruster, for fixing, you can use metal brackets or corners. The upper ends are connected above the skate run with the plates. To rafters the maximum firmly adjacent to the skate run, make a small wrist on it at right angles.
• The final stage is the installation of shortened rafters (naturines). The step of their installation is the same 600 mm. One of their side is based on the strapping bar, the second is connected to the diagonal (sailing rafter). Pay attention to the installation of a central nargin, which is located in the middle of the Walm Skate. The fact is that it will lay down immediately to both the legs of the corner rafters, so the end of its upper part must have a double bevel.

Installation of shortened rafters (nurses)

Strengthening carcass

In order to give the design greater stiffness, it must be strengthened with additional corner disconse and vertical racks. The amount of them is calculated based on the maximum load of the rafter system. The weight includes weight: roofing cake and coating, as well as the mass of snow and wind load.

After the hollow roof is a rapid system of strengthened, you can safely begin the installation of the crate. Its step and design depends on the type of roofing material you choose. For example, under a soft tile, it should have a solid carpet.

The type of holm roof is most often used for private houses or cottages. The complex is arranged in the form of a four-tie roof with two slots of trapezoidal shape. It is based on complex elements consisting of rafters and beams. In this article, we will tell you how to install a hip roof, and also we will analyze the device of the rafter complex.

Elements of the rafting system are ulissive and hanging. The rolling line is considered the most profitable. Such a complex is used for supporting structures or structures with a medium carrier wall. Hanging system is applied on walls with external openings. The disadvantage of the virus complex is its complexity of installation.

For information! Due to the presence of an additional reference design, it is possible to significantly increase the span area. Most often, such a device is used in a four-tight roof with an angle of inclination at 35 degrees.

The hollow roof has the following device of the rafter system:

• racks, soot;
• trapezoidal skate elements;
• nonocents;
• shpregel;
• rigel;
• the invoice elements that are fixed diagonally either in the direction of the angles of the opening.

The diagonal chamber element is fixed edge into the lower support of the entire rafter or in the beam. This design has large linear dimensions and is able to make a high power load. Nonocents are rafting elements that have a small length. They are attached to the covered system at one point of the support, and the second is fixed at the bottom of the support. To reduce linear size, racks and saws are used. Such a connection allows you to install a hip roof without additional spacer. It is worth noting, in the skate element of the holmic roof it is possible to use spacers to maintain the entire structure. Exclude the formation of the returor will help the installation of a horizontal level, which is used along with the bottom support:

• fxation on the beam, which is embedded into an additional bar and is located on the lower support;
• fixation on the bottom beam with a mandatory strapping of the High Crowns.

Specialists do not recommend fixing into the lower support, because Such an action significantly reduces the strength and reliability of the structure. Regardless of the chosen roof design and the rafter, the waterproofing should be given due attention. For example, when laying a lying on a brick layer, a cross-section of a rolled waterproofing should be 100x150 mm, but when laying a lying on the wall openings or overlapping, its height can be 10 cm less.

For information! The litter may be absent from the rafted a holmic roof only in the absence of a troops on the roof.

Runs perform the function of additional strengthening of the entire structure. They have, as a subeau for a distance of 4.5 m. Installation of shprengels is performed taking into account the linear magnitude of the spans, and its manufacture is performed from a bar either a log. Sound rafters increase the load and switch to Shprengel.

Mounting process of the rafter complex

The device of the rafter system for a holm roof consists of actions:

• Construction of Mauerlat around the perimeter of the walls. Fix it with a threaded spill, which are installed in the masonry and are firmly tightened with their nuts. In places of docking, Maurolalat find the landing plane and cut half the beams;
• The next stage requires a clear observance of the drawings of the project of the house. If the width of the house is up to 7.5 meters, the hanging rafters bind the rigle in the upper part. With a width of the house, less than 6 meters are performed by the lower tightening;
• After laying, Mauerlat is noted the central axis on the end wall, fix two extreme racks and put them on the beams of overlapping, fixing the temporary pink;

For information! If the roof design is covered with panels, the central beam should be installed on top, with the fixation of the lower ends of the extreme racks. If the structure is overlapped with beams, the racks are mounted on them and fasten with the help of self-samples.

• The skiing bar is laid on the racks, on the Mauerlat itself, perform the mark of the rafter feet and make them install. The fastener of the raftered to Mauerlat is performed by the method of wrinkle. To do this, make a special cutout on a rafter foot, due to which the opaled elements are tight and provide high strength;
• The covers and diagonal hip rafters are fixed on Mauerlat, and the second end to the site of docking the skate bar. The photo shows the element of the supported rafters on the holm roof.

Methods of fastening a narrower

Nonocents are made of solid material. To ensure the rigid attachment, the upper edge of the element in one area with the savory rafters is made. Setting the rafter is additionally enhanced with metal parts. Nonocents are mounted on the power frame of the roof, due to which it is based on the rafter, which significantly increases the reliability and safety of the roof. To increase the bearing capacity of the rafter system, the following method is used:

• Perform all sides of the lower plane of the rafter element with bars with a cross section of 50x50 mm. Installation of the rafter should be made of well-dried wood, previously treated with special antiseptics.
• If the installation of rafters on Mauerlat was completed, they are lengthened due to additional elements - the fake, which serve as a canopy over the wall.

Strengthening the rafter system

The device of the rafter elements should be seriously related to the docking nodes. It is possible to increase the carrier capacity of the Valma by installing a special rack, whose task is to connect slings and overlaps. Another important point is the crate device, which is made from boards or timber. The shadow step can be used any, however, when using soft tile, specialists recommend installing a solid crate, and in the other types of step is 20-50 cm. Comfortable accommodation in the house will provide a literate device for vapor insulation, waterproofing, ventilation and sound insulation. All building materials are stacked in the form of roofing cake.

For information! The roofing cake device will ensure normal ventilation of the room, and will also save the elements of the rafting system.

Installation of the rafter system of the holm design is a rather complex and long-term process that requires a clear compliance with the rules and norms. Each action in its device affects not only the appearance of the roof, but is also responsible for technical and operational characteristics. The competent calculation of all indicators and the correct structure of the roof will create comfortable living conditions in the house.

The hip roof is one of the types of a four-tie roof, its design includes two main trapezoidal and two end triangular skate, forming a closed surface with a shared skate run. If the side skates are located all over the area from the skate to the eaves, then the roof is called holmova, and if they do not reach the cornice - half-haul.

Types of rafting structures for holm roofing

If the rafter design relies only on the main walls of the building, it is called hanging, and if it has additional reference points due to the walls inside the house, then it has a name of the clock.

If the rafter system relies only on the external bearing walls of the building, it is called hanging

If the building has two main walls, then a tightening beam is laid in the upper part of the vertical racks, which enhances the rafted and distributes the load over the entire area of \u200b\u200bvertical support racks.

To create a holmic roof, the rifle system is most suitable, as it has a greater degree of strength and makes it possible to facilitate the design of the roof, evenly distributing its weight on the entire frame of the building.

The system of rafted a holmic roof may have several different ways to install structures, each of which assumes the presence of certain features when assembling.

1. Traditional rafter system. In this design, diagonal ribs are based on the main skate beam, and the sinks are at the same altitude. There is such a system of two inaccessible triangles and two trapezium.

   The rafter system of classical holmic roof consists of two triangles and two trapezium

2. Tent system. This design does not provide for the presence of a reference skate beam, because it is arranged over the square-shaped buildings and consists of four identical triangular shapes. All diagonal ribs converge in a common point, and short nigs are connected to them. Make a reliable skiing knot of the tent roof can only professionals.

   The tent rafter system consists of four triangular slopes converging with its upper parts in one point.

3. Semi-walled design. Such a system provides for the presence of vertical parts in the frontal skates in which standard windows can be installed.

   The half-walled roof has vertical areas of the frontones in which you can insert ordinary windows.

4. The broken roof (mansard). This is the most complex and time-consuming hip roof system, since all the skates have a different form and area and diverge from each other at different angles. Such a roof allows you to most effectively use the area under the roof and create additional residential premises on it.

   The lone of the roof or the roof design allows you to equip in the underfloor space. Full living spaces.

How to calculate the system of rafters for a hip roof

When calculating the design of the rafted holmic roof, the following factors must be taken into account.

1. The degree of wind regional load. Than it is more, the less should be the angle of the roof of the roof and the stronger system. The main support rafters must be made of a thick bar.
2. The amount of precipitation. The more precipitation falls annually, the coolest roofing rods should be in order to avoid large pressure on the construction of the rafter.
3. Material for covering the roof of the house. Depending on the type and weight of the roofing material used, the drying system is selected. This factor is taken into account at the stage of developing a project of the house.
4. Thermal insulation of the roof. The width of the insulation, the variety and thickness of the bar are taken into account when calculating the installation step of the rafter.
5. The angle of inclination of the roof. The roof slope affects the choice of the finishing material.

Each roofing material has its permissible range of roofing angles.

The magnitude of the roofing slope angle determines the position of all rafters. The installation site of intermediate rafters is calculated in this way:

1. An axial line is applied to the top wall beam.
2. The middle of the skate beam is determined in thickness and the line of the location of the first of the centered intermediate rafters is littered.
3. The end of the measurement plank is connected to the line of the location of the previously placed center support rafyl.
4. At the other end of the plank, the line of the inner contour of the end wall is fed.
5. The point that will turn out in the previous stage, and will be the installation site of the intermediate rafter.

The relationship between the size of the rafter and the length of their embezzlement (horizontal projection) is determined using the correction ratio, the value of which is directly proportional to the angle of the slope. If you multiply the size of the embezzlement on this coefficient, it is possible to determine the exact length of the rafted.

Table: correction coefficients to determine the length of the rafter

Bias roof skate	Coefficient for intermediate rafal	Coefficient for angular rafyla
3:12	1,031	1,016
4:12	1,054	1,027
5:12	1,083	1,043
6:12	1,118	1,061
7:12	1,158	1,082
8:12	1,202	1,106
9:12	1,25	1,131
10:12	1,302	1,161
11:12	1,357	1,192
12:12	1,414	1,225

Formulas for calculating construction

In the process of developing a project for any roof, it is necessary to determine the accurate angle of the slope of the skate, which is necessary for all subsequent calculations.

Calculation of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Walm Roof

The calculation of the roof area is made as follows:

1. We determine the height of the skate according to the formula H \u003d d / 2 · Tg α (where D is the width of the building, α is the angle of inclination of the skate, H is the height of the skate).
2. Calculate the magnitude of the side rafters by the formula C \u003d D / 2 · COS α.
3. We find the length of the diagonal rafters L \u003d √ (H 2 + D 2/4).
4. We consider the roof area, for which we fold the area of \u200b\u200ball elements of the structure (two trapezoids and two triangles):
   • the area of \u200b\u200bthe triangular slide S 1 \u003d 1/2 · d / 2 · c;
   • the area of \u200b\u200bthe trapezoidal skate S 2 \u003d 1/2 · (B + K) · E, where B is the length of the eaves, K is the length of the skate run, E is the height of the trapezoidal skate;
   • S \u003d 2 · (S 1 + S 2).

To determine the area of \u200b\u200bthe holmic roof it is necessary to use the formulas of the area of \u200b\u200bsimple geometric shapes: triangle and trapezium

Calculation of the distance between rafyles

Most of the rafter systems are created in a step between two rafters in 1000 mm. The minimum permissible step value is 600 mm.

1. Select the approximate distance between the rafters, guided by the standard dimensions (for example, we take this parameter to 0.8 m).
2. We measure or take from the project documentation the length of the skate. Suppose it is equal to 12 m.
3. The length of the skate is divided into the previously selected value of the rafter step, the result is rounded in a large side and add 1. Take 12 / 0.8 + 1 \u003d 16.
4. We divide the length of the skate for the number obtained in the third paragraph. The final step of the rafter will be 12/16 \u003d 0.75 m \u003d 75 cm. The resulting value will be equal to the distance between the central axes of the rafter lag.

Preparatory work

The drawing system of the rafter is a prerequisite in the construction of this type of roof, since there is no identical schemes that are ready for direct use without taking into account the specific type of building and its construction site.

The harder the roofing system, the more accurate the calculations, as they will affect not only the quality of the work carried out, but also for their cost.

The drawing of the main designations of the design should accurately indicate the dimensions of all elements of the rafter system, the location of the pixels of the diagonal racks to the drows of the skate and the attachment site of the rafted to Mauerlat.

Tools required for assembling design:

• construction level;
• hacksaw;
• big hammer;
• long roulette;
• construction cord;
• stapler;
• electric drill;
• row;
• metal spontaneous scissors;
• nails;
• measured bar.

Materials for work:

When device, a holm roofing on a house from a bar, which gives shrinkage, specialists recommend using special floating fasteners for rafters to compensate for the movement of the crowns.

When the device of the rafter system in a wooden house, it is recommended to use a sling sliding system that compensates for the deformation of the building during its shrinkage

Video: Ensuring the rigidity of the hip roof

Features of the rafter system of the holm roof

All types of rafter system of the holm roof have identical parts that create a framework frame:

Video: Collect rafters

Technology for creating a valves system rafters

Since a large load is placed on the rafter design of the roof, then all the nodes and connections must be made in accurately according to the technology, otherwise the roof will not fully fulfill its functions.

Installation of basic nodes

Installation of nodes is reduced to the following actions:

1. We prepare rafters. We determine the angle of inclination of the rafter, the length of the short supports and the axial rafters that carry a substantial load. In order to obtain all the elements of the desired length, we use the method of connecting splicing of the flasking boards. To do this, lay two boards on each other with a flystone in 1 m and fasten them with the help of nails located in a checker order. This is the easiest and strong way to splicing rafting legs.

   The most durable and reliable method of splicing of the rafter is the mount of the camist

2. Krepim Mauerlat. Mount the timber on the entire perimeter of the building walls at the top. The timber is combined with a large number of fastening places with the base of bearing walls. Connection nodes with metal brackets.

   Maurelala Bar is attached to the top end of the wall with anchor bolts

3. Between the wall and the bar, we take a layer of rubberoid to create a hydrober. In brick, aerated concrete, foam concrete and arbolic houses under Maurylalat, a reinforced concrete belt is poured with pre-fixed pins for installing a bar. The pin must have a diameter of at least 10 mm and perform about 30 mm beyond the belt. Step between pins - from 1 to 2 m.

   The rubberoid layer creates a hydrobarrier between Mauerlat and the wall of moisture-absorbing material

4. We establish a litter - the central beam between the two short sides of the Mauerlat to ensure additional strength under the rafters. Such a run is necessary to create a holmic roofing of a large area.
5. Mount the support racks. They perform the role of supports for the skate run.

   Support racks are mounted on a litter and serve support for the skate run

6. Mount the skate beam. When installing the ridge of the holmic roof, accurate measurements should be carried out, as the entire roof system will hold on it. The accuracy of its installation is checking the level in height.

   Conducting work on the device of the skate beam requires accurate measurements, as it is the highest load in the hip roof system

7. You feed the rafter legs. Mount the central rafters, and after them diagonal. During the installation, the bottom of the beams will be resting in Mauerlat. This can be done in two ways: with clipping or with support racks. In the first case, we cut the groove in Mauerlate, insert the rafters into it and fix their metal corners. In the second case, we simply put the rafter to Mauerlat and put the bar with a slant cut under it. They are also fixed with a metal corner.
   

   Stropile legs can be mounted to Mauerlat in two ways: with clippings and on the support bar

8. The device of the node at the skate beam we produce the method "in Polterev". To do this, cut the recess at the end of the rafter feet, which should be equal to half the thickness of the board. Then we connect these excavations with each other and fix it with nails or copper. It turns out a durable ski knot. For greater strength, all nodes fasten with steel corners.

   To create a durable skate assembly on the hollow roof, the Wagon method "in Polterev" is used

9. The diagonal rafters turn out to be a large pressure, so they are reinforcing them with the help of racks that mounted onto the overlap or install the soot under a certain angle. You can use a shprengel in the form of a T-shaped beam, deployed 180 °.

   Shprengel is one of the auxiliary elements to provide the necessary rigidity of the rafter system transmitting part of its load on Maurylalat

10. Mount the ordinary rafters is similar to the central, forming edges of the trapezoidal design. The bottom beams are based on and fastened to Mauerlat, and the top will be rest in the beam of the skate.
11. We establish these agencies that make a whole board. At the place of their attachment to a long rafter, we make special words or put the support beams and provide the necessary strength with metal fasteners. To simplify the work, these people can be installed.

    Netznols are fastened with the help of wrinkle in a truly beam and installed in a checker order.

All wooden parts of the rafter system before assembly are processed by special refractory and antiseptic means.

Video: Slinged Walm Roof System

Creating a holmic rafting structure is a long and complex process that requires attention to each specific part. But if you correctly and accurate all stages of work, then as a result you will get a beautiful, durable and reliable roof for your home.