Do not rush to throw away empty bottles that have accumulated after the holidays, you can do one spectacular experiment with them. You will need a container of water. Pour some water into the bottle itself. Then we put it in the microwave for one and a half two minutes to bring to a boil. After that, we carefully take it out, without lifting the neck up so that the steam does not escape.
We put it in a container with water. If you do everything quickly, you can observe the opposite process: steam condensation and filling the bottle with water. In the beginning, nothing worked. The condensation was somehow sluggish and uninteresting. The experimenter changed the heating time and the amount of water from the bottle, collected colder water, but this did not change the picture.
The critical parameter was the temperature of the glass of the bottle itself. The more it heats up, the slower the process of steam condensation. With a small bottle, everything was really bad ... Everything turned out only in the evening ...
This is certainly not a vacuum. But the rarefaction is quite decent. And most importantly, it is simple and clear for understanding.
discussion
Igor Beletsky
+ enikeys4ik Yes, it was the first time, I even put plastic on the bottom of the vase so that it would not break, but it sticks to the neck and prevents water from being absorbed. Not everything is as easy to do as it might seem in a short video.
Peolepol
+ mvandreymv the steam in the bottle displaced the air, when the bottle was lowered into the water, it sucked in water due to the formation of condensation (the steam turned into water), a certain void was formed. As the video said: “nature does not like emptiness. "
Das
+ peolepol, as I understand it, there is not a collection of water in the bottle, but a sharp puff, which turned out in the video 2 times. What is it, why is it happening and what is the catch - I also could not understand.
Airaleais
+ ker arkad steam evenly cools down in the bottle, and at a certain temperature it begins to condense, drawing in water accelerates the condensation process, water rushes into the container even faster, at a certain moment all steam simultaneously in all areas drops to the condensation temperature, which is why it sucks water so sharply.
kovalev lion
+ ker arkad water vapor has displaced the air. When the bottle was lowered into cold water by the throat, the steam began to condense, and there was almost no air in the bottle. Thus, the pressure in the bottle drops sharply, and the external atmospheric pressure pushes the water into the bottle.
maxim tepluk
the idea was to try to achieve a good vacuum in a sealed vessel through chemical reactions. For example, purge an evacuated vessel with oxygen, displacing air from it. Then seal. And the final step is to transfer the oxygen contained in a closed vessel into a solid substance of some kind of oxide, maybe a metal. For example, to burn with an electric current a wire spiral previously placed in a vessel.
Petr timchenko
but it is not so interesting to draw some water into a bottle, it will be much more interesting to attach a pressure gauge to the container and detect a “dry” vacuum when the container is cooled externally and vapors in the mixture are internally condensed.
Mrdeltik
hurray, it worked the first time! The truth is when the zilch happened. I took a bottle of quail vodka, 0.7L. I poured it so that it would not pour out when lying down. Heating time is 3 minutes at max power.
Mrdeltik
+ Igor Beletsky,
I am delighted. He already scared his wife. Recently I showed my son how to put an egg in a bottle - he is 7 years old, and I tried to explain the expansion / compressibility of gases. But this effect is much more spectacular (although it is not associated with compressibility, it can be deceiving). I am grateful to you - I have a like and a subscription has already been made.
Ivan Ivanovich
there will be no deep vacuum here, not even close! Mislead people. But the interest of the people is growing in such experiences.
This is already good.
Steppeez
Well, the water-steam vacuum of such a depth is not enough to even ignite a glowing electric discharge in it. And also in this video it is not visible that water (this is not even the finely dispersed dust of snow crystals) gushes into the volume of the bottle not through a nozzle that has been brought to perfection and without finely dispersed spraying of refrigerant in the volume of the bottle, i.e. not the way it works in workers chambers of vacuum vapor-breathing heat machines.
Pukan Pukanovic
sergey familiy
if you combine a steam engine with a vacuum engine in one structure and powered by a solar concentrator or even better from a catalytic combustion. I think it will be a very entertaining video.
Dmitry litovchenko
like! I am your subscriber! Igor, you and Creosan are my favorite experimenters! You are the coolest! Courage is your thing! Igor! Huge request! Add some safety instructions to the video! People are not immortal yet and injuries do not decorate us yet!
Think about the picture: polytraumatology or a burn department for subscribers of such channels! This could be real soon!
Real - 1995. Odessa hospital of eye diseases them. VP Filatov, children's burn department! Seven blind boys from 11 to 14 years old, putting their right hand on the shoulder in front of the one walking! The first one distinguishes between shadows and can navigate a little! Therefore, he is in charge! And in the evening, on a large and beautiful balcony, with a guitar he sang a song with the words “Dad, what are the clouds like? ”Nearby sat his mother with a stone face. The boys were from the Donetsk region, children of miners. Curiosity and ignorance forced an oxygen cylinder to be thrown into the fire. And the light went out. And the pans for life will have to be reviewed.
Safe Curiosity - Fast Progress!
An illiterate curiosity is a quick death at best!
Correctly they say: “it is not a fool that is terrible, but a fool with initiative!
Thank you very much for your understanding and quick response! An accident can happen at any moment. YouTube works around the clock! The author is asleep, and the children are jumping into the other world in a noisy crowd! Remember this! Please! This is not a joke! I know what I'm talking about! I am a disabled worker! And on the safety pages 2.5 liters of my blood!
Petr timchenko
an example of the action of Dalton's law: "the pressure of the mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituent components." Air-water vapor mixture. During condensation, the partial pressure of the vapor decreases, while the air remains constant. The mixture loses total pressure and vacuum occurs. A greater vacuum in a vessel can be achieved by condensing the air itself, and then there will be a real “supervacuum” (within the limits of physics). In principle, I did not watch the video in order to analyze the situation myself.
Anatoly parkhomenko
what does it mean when it rains - rarefaction? Or, in this case, the steam replaced the air and, falling into the condensate, dragged the liquid along with it? The steam has completely displaced the air and the steam pressure is less than that of the air, the pressure difference squeezes the water into the bottle! Cool!
Eugene E.
As soon as you start heating, it will immediately boil - i.e. Part of the water from the liquid will quickly turn into steam, the pressures will equalize and the “boiling” will stop until the next increase in temperature.
The explanation is simple - boiling begins when the pressure of saturated vapor becomes equal to the external pressure.
Eugene E.
That is, in the bottle, vapor and liquid will be in thermodynamic equilibrium - how many molecules fly away from liquid into vapor, the same amount will fly back. If the temperature is increased, the rate of evaporation will be greater than the rate of condensation.
If the temperature is raised slowly, then the bubbles may not be seen, since there is enough surface area to provide the desired evaporation rate. If you increase quickly, then bubbles will go - the very "boiling"
ivan88587
no, it’s not just air that doesn’t draw water, and it’s not steam, it doesn’t condense when cooled and doesn’t create a vacuum. Steam is heavier than air and displaces it in any boiling container, and then, if the container is closed, condensing into water, it forms a vacuum.
gustafa111
from this series: we take a 200l barrel (from a solvent, for example), pour water, boil, (you can immediately overtake steam there, it's easier) and let it cool (with the lid closed!), It is important not to touch it until it cools down) then we throw a stone at it and it collapses (tearing at the same time the fabric of the universe, forming a black hole, which will swallow the earth). By the way, very spectacular
Alik litvinov
I also invented different ways of obtaining vacuum, altered the bicycle pump, etc. And then I bought just such a thing http: // lavrplus. Prom. Ua / p52544665-vakuumnyj-nasos-2rs. Html
though it cost in 2013 1200 hryvnia, not 2700, as it is now. This pump creates a vacuum sufficient, for example, for experiments on boiling water at a temperature of only 2 - 3 degrees. And if you need a high vacuum, as in a picture tube, you also need a turbomolecular pump, unfortunately, its price is not affordable for a mere mortal, from about 20 thousand hryvnia.
High vacuum became available to people only some 120 - 150 years ago. It's hard to believe, such a simple and at the same time difficult to achieve substance.
Igor beletsky
+ max frost because there are no schoolchildren who often watch a lot. Post a link to this video on social networks, help me promote the channel and do cooler experiments, it's all in your hands!
Smdfb
Igor, you've probably seen a bunch of videos on the Internet about infinite energy (like they take a power filter and have a light bulb always on). How do you think these pranks are doing? All that comes to my mind is electro-magnetic induction. There must be a source somewhere nearby that creates an alternating electromagnetic field. Is it so?
Igor beletsky
+ den, but of course they will not show it and did not show it to anyone, because as they heat the bottle with water quickly without a microwave, this iron can can be heated, but then you will not see all the beauty of the process.
Id vlog
Igor, please help me solve the problem. In the socket electromechanical timer https: // youtu. Be / kgf51me3xms mechanism is driven by a roller-magnet rotating in a magnetic field created by a coil from 220 V. Is it possible to rewind the coil (and how?) So that it works with 2 AA batteries. And how to place permanent magnets on iron brackets so that they work only from magnets. The first question is more important. Thanks.
Igor beletsky
+ azpuka kusa is long and difficult to do, try to do at least something yourself, but while complex experiments are being done, it was necessary to lay out something so that people would not forget, is it really difficult to guess yourself.
Azpuka kusa
+ Igor Beletskiy (investigator) If you make a rather complex experiment, then the audience will be more attracted, and accordingly, everything will pay off. We are waiting for cool experiments from you
Igor Beletsky
+ azpuka kusa, I understand this perfectly well and now I am preparing two such experiments at once, but until you bring them to their normal form, it takes a lot of time, I haven't posted at least one video a week and that's it - don't expect the channel to grow.
Igor beletsky
+ hofrin rus Yes, this is school physics, but you do not want to say that you or any of us were shown this at school before, or even more so today.
Andrey Rybin
the effect is not well explained, that is, what causes a vacuum in the bottle? As a result of the fact that water heats up, and from contact with it heats up the air, then expands and is forced out of the bottle?
Petrogor
+ andrey rybin to understand, you need to pay attention to how water vapor differs from air. When the water boils, steam displaces all the air from the bottle and practically no air remains in the bottle. The bottle contains only gaseous water. When water passes from a gaseous state to a liquid, a rarefaction occurs.
Mikhail poluchankin
Why then I didn’t understand how it works, but if you heat the bottle in oil to 120 ″ and do the same? It will probably burst. I haven't woken up yet, but it seems to me that a hot dry surface is needed to generate steam. And in the video you are in a hurry to drain the water, while the bottle is moistened, the water rises smoothly, and when it comes to the dry surface, steam forms.
Aquadevice
now you can make a piston steam vacuum engine. The efficiency will be much higher than that of a conventional steam locomotive. And if the working fluid is not water, but a low-boiling one, then the natural temperature difference can be used.
Igor beletsky
+ scwobu if there is such an effect then there will always be a use. For example, the same suction cup (attach something quickly to a smooth surface), or a primitive pump to quickly pump something out, etc.
Igor vorob
+ Igor beletskiy (investigator) no offense, but you are not in the first commentary writing the preposition “so” separately, in the form of “whatever”. I understand semi-literate pupils who have not completed their studies, they do not know when it is written “to” and when “what” is written with a particle of the subjunctive mood “to”.
But you seem to consider yourself a popularizer of science. Would be more attentive to literacy, eh ?.
And thanks for the experience, clearly. Only for those who confuse “tsya” - “to be”, “so” and “whatever” - it would be nice for them to explain the essence of the phenomenon. Moreover, it is as accessible as possible.
Format128
and I
a nuclear power plant costs, for example, a billion. But if every day a couple of million people pays 2 rubles each, then it pays off. And what is the percentage of solar panels? So you won't be able to sell them cheaply.
trapwalker
you can make an efficient vacuum pump for pumping air in large volumes. It is necessary to lead a thin tube from the steam generator into a strong container, the coaxial valves block the steam supply pipe and switch the volume of the container to the pumped out circuit. After that, the tank must be cooled to condensation and the valves must be switched back. The installation can be easily scaled twice by installing a similar tank with valves in antiphase.
Nikolay Pshonnikov
+ trapwalker s https: // ru. Wikipedia. Org / wiki /% d0% 9f% d0% b0% d1% 80% d0% be% d0% b2% d0% b0% d1% 8f_% d0% bc% d0% b0% d1% 88% d0% b8% d0 % bd% d0% b0_% d0% 9d% d1% 8c% d1% 8e% d0% ba% d0% be% d0% bc% d0% b5% d0% bd% d0% b0
trapwalker
+ Nikolay Pshonnikov no piston is provided in my description. Piston, cylinder, O-rings - this is exactly what is very difficult to obtain in a domestic environment. But plastic pipes, fetings of any diameters and ball valves in any hardware store are sold very inexpensively and are easy to install without special skills.
Trapwalker
+ bang bang. I don’t understand something, if this is not a question, then. Why? Explain. If the question is, then. Xs. It's pretty useless. I love to generate ideas, this is my hobby, but these ideas do not go anywhere further than ideas (for the most part), because further is no longer my hobby (for the most part.
Jwserge
fucking
made discoveries for myself
THX.
Igor beletsky
+ jwserge I saw videos of aluminum cans and even large barrels collapsing in this way, but what would have flown in there before I saw, so I decided to try.
Alexei belousov
Even did not understand, there is still air while dipping the neck of the bottle into water. But where does he go then? Does it dissolve in water? It is not clear in general.
Glukmaker
18 grams of water in a gaseous state at atmospheric pressure occupies a volume of 22.4 liters
so it takes about 1/3 cc of water to fill a half liter bottle with steam. Therefore, if the steam displaced all the air from the bottle, and immediately clog it, then a decent vacuum will appear there.
Andrey sc
+ nradrus no. The maximum pressure that can be achieved in this way is equal to the pressure of saturated water vapor at the temperature of the experiment. Even at zero celsius, it is about 600 pascal, which is a lot for lamps.
Id13
+ andrey sem
, it is possible and something that is activated already above the boiling point of water at the existing pressure. TE First, clogging with 100% water vapor and a supply of reagents and a structure (for example, a radio tube), then calcining to activate the chemical that absorbs water.
The air density is not the same. Where it is smaller, the air is thinner. Let's find out what thin air means and what features it is characterized by.
Gas shell of the Earth
Air is an intangible but extremely important component of our planet. He participates in the process of energy exchange, supporting all vital functions of organisms. It promotes the transmission of sounds, prevents hypothermia of the Earth and protects it from excessive influence of solar radiation.
Air is the outer shell of the planet called the atmosphere. It consists of many gases: neon, argon, hydrogen, methane, helium, krypton, etc. The main share is oxygen and nitrogen, which make up from 98% to 99% of the air.
The ratio of gases and their quantity may vary. So, due to the exhaust of cars and emissions from factories, the city air is more saturated with carbon dioxide. In forests, in areas where there is no production, the amount of oxygen increases. But in the area of pastures, the proportion of methane, which is emitted by cows during digestion, is growing.
Air density
The density of the gas envelope is influenced by many factors; it differs in different parts of the planet and at different altitudes. Low density air is thin air (from the word "rare"). The less frequent it is, the farther its molecules are from each other.
Density shows how much air is in one cubic meter of volume. The standard for this value is 1.293 kilograms per cubic meter under normal conditions and dry air.
In physical science, it is customary to distinguish between specific and mass density. Specific determines in one cubic meter. It depends on the latitude and the energy from the rotation of the planet. Mass is determined based on barometric pressure, absolute temperature and specific gas constant.
The main patterns of occurrence and principles of rarefied air are described by the law of Gay-Lussac and Boyle-Mariotte. According to them, the higher the temperature and the lower the pressure, the more rare the air. At the same time, its humidity is also important: with its increase, the density decreases.
Thin air and height
The force of gravity of the Earth, like a magnet, attracts all bodies available to it to itself. Therefore, we walk, and do not hover chaotically in space. Therefore, more molecules of matter are collected at the bottom, which means that its density and pressure are also higher at the earth's surface. The farther from it, the less these indicators are.
Have you noticed that it becomes harder to breathe as you climb to great heights, for example in the mountains? All due to the fact that there is thin air. With altitude, the total oxygen content in one liter of air becomes less. It does not saturate the blood properly and we have difficulty breathing.
The heights of Mount Everest are 8488 meters. At its summit, the air density is one third of the standard density at sea level. A person can notice changes already at an altitude of 1500 to 2500 meters. Further, the change in density and pressure is felt more sharply and already represents a potential health risk.
The most rarefied air is typical for the exosphere - the outer layer of the atmosphere. It starts from an altitude of 500-1000 kilometers above It smoothly passes into open space, where space is close to the state of vacuum. Gas pressure and density in space are very low.
Helicopter and thin air
A lot depends on the density of the air. For example, it defines a "ceiling" for lifting above the earth's surface. For a human, it is ten thousand meters. But to climb that high takes a lot of preparation.
Aircraft also have their limits. For helicopters, it is about 6 thousand meters. Much less than aircraft. Everything is explained by the design features and operating principles of this "bird".
The helicopter gains lift with the help of propellers. They revolve, dividing the air into two streams: above and below them. In the upper part, the air moves in the direction of the screws, in the lower part - against. Thus, the density under the wing of the craft becomes greater than above it. The helicopter seems to lean on the air under it and take off.
Thin air does not allow creating the required pressure. In such conditions, it will be necessary to greatly increase the engine power and the speed of the propellers, which the materials themselves will not withstand. As a rule, helicopters fly in denser air at altitudes of 3-4 thousand meters. Only once did the pilot Jean Boulet raise his car 12.5 thousand meters, however, the engine caught fire.
The amount of oxygen and nitrogen decreases sharply with altitude. It's all about the pressure difference between the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere. The upper layers put a lot of pressure on the lower ones, so there is much more air in the latter and its pressure is lower. Climbers, climbing to great heights, experience some difficulties.
It all depends on the height at which the person is. If it does not exceed 1 km, the difference is almost imperceptible, and there will be no harm to the body. An altitude of 1 to 3 km also cannot harm a healthy person (the body can easily compensate for the lack of oxygen). Sick people, especially those with asthma, should not go on such a dangerous journey.
At an altitude of 5 to 6 km, the body of a healthy person mobilizes all systems and makes them work in an enhanced mode due to a lack of oxygen. A trained person can cope with such a height, which is why various research bases and observatories are often located here. Healthy sleep and proper nutrition help the body of scientists to cope with stressful situations.
Places located at an altitude of 7 km and above are unsuitable for human life. There is so little oxygen here that the blood cannot fully deliver it to all organs. They begin to experience oxygen starvation. The person feels fatigue, headache, the general condition worsens. At an altitude of 8 km and above, a person can spend no more than 3 days.
Life in the highlands
Mountain dwellers have much better health and live longer than plain dwellers. How can this be explained? Oxygen is by nature a strong oxidizing agent. Any oxidizing agent in the body, to a greater or lesser extent, causes its aging. But a person cannot live either. To improve health, you need a slightly lower oxygen content in the air than in the plains.
The optimum altitude for a comfortable life is about 1500 meters above sea level. The body experiences a slight oxygen starvation, which turns on all systems in an enhanced mode. Blood circulation and ventilation of the lungs improves, the level of hemoglobin in the blood rises.
American scientists have noticed that guttural sounds in speech are characteristic of people living in the mountains. At high altitudes, it is much easier to pronounce such sounds, since for this you need to squeeze the air in your throat. It is easiest to do this in the highlands, since the air is thinner here than on the plains.
Since the air pressure at altitude is less than at sea level, the air there is less dense and discharged. With each breath, there is less oxygen in your lungs, namely its molecules, than when breathing in a low place, closer to sea level. At the same time, the oxygen content (its percentage) in the air does not change.
This means that in such conditions, it is more difficult for the human body to assimilate the amount of oxygen it needs than when it is at sea level. When the body's need for oxygen exceeds the ability to absorb it from thin air (this can happen with significant physical exertion), hypoxia develops - oxygen deficiency. The reason for the appearance of hypoxia even before the descent from the mountain is often the heavy physical activity that the rider experiences during the ascent. Signs and symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue, dizziness, weakness, and complete exhaustion. It seems to you that the work you are doing is much more difficult than usual.
Fortunately, hypoxia is easy to avoid. Being high above sea level, you need to limit your physical activity and rest more often. Spend extra time collecting, do not take more than necessary and remember that in the mountains every kilogram is for three. Make sure that you do not get out of breath. If you live high above sea level, or spend a lot of time in the mountains, then your body, accustomed to thin air, is less susceptible to hypoxia.
The state of hypoxia can come unexpectedly, in the final phase of your exercise. In the lowlands, the pressure of the atmosphere affects your body to a greater extent than in the mountains, and your body easily receives the oxygen it needs. In the mountains, in a rarefied atmosphere, after heavy physical exertion, it is difficult to restore your breathing.
If you feel signs of hypoxia, immediately stop making any physical efforts, take a break and restore breathing. Resume activity only after breathing has returned to normal, and do everything at a slower pace. If you are a little tired while exercising, rest and regain your breath until the next climb.
The intensity of the development of altitude sickness, depending on the height:
1000-2500 Physically untrained people experience some lethargy, slight dizziness, rapid heartbeat. But there are no symptoms of altitude sickness yet.
2500-3000 Most physically healthy people will already feel the effects of altitude and thin air. A headache will appear, pain in muscles and joints is possible, a decrease in appetite, disturbances in the rhythm of breathing, and drowsiness are possible. But most likely there will be no pronounced symptoms of altitude sickness. But some untrained or weakened people may experience behavioral deviations. High spirits, excessive gesticulation and talkativeness, unreasonable fun and laughter. Very similar to a little alcoholic intoxication.
4000-5000 Perhaps here she will appear. Mountain sickness. In its most unpleasant symptoms. Acute and severe mountain sickness in some cases may occur. A sharp deterioration in breathing, disturbance of the rhythm of respiratory movements, complaints of suffocation. Frequent nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. The agitated state is replaced by apathy, indifference, low mood, melancholy. The pronounced symptoms of altitude sickness may not appear immediately, but after a while at this altitude.
5000-7000 Feeling of general fatigue, loss of strength, heaviness in the whole body. Pain in the temples. With sudden movements - dizziness. The lips take on a blue-purple hue, the body temperature rises. There may be bleeding from the nose and lungs. And sometimes stomach bleeding. Hallucinations occur.
Mountain sickness is best defeated by acclimatization. Until the onset of the disease itself. Acclimatize in advance. Eat more vitamins and carbohydrates. The most important condition here is a complete rejection of alcohol and nicotine consumption.
In case of an attack, first aid, as mentioned above, is the cessation of all physical exertion, in case of fainting - artificial respiration, rest.
Prevention of altitude sickness, we repeat - acclimatization. Take a break and rest. Let the body itself get used to this altitude, adapt to new conditions. But in very severe cases, an immediate descent into the valley is recommended. There, mountain sickness will go away on its own. Preventive agents are: caffeine - 0.1 g., Pyramidon - 0.3 g., Enhanced nutrition, vitamins, glucose with vitamin C.
Using Russian translation, Adventures in Diving PADI textbook and 1000 + 1 travel advice