Ocarina in ancient history.
According to scientists, as mentioned above, the first ocarina appeared about 7 thousand years ago. Ancient artifacts have been found in China and Japan. How musical instrument, ocarina independently developed in different parts of the world. Its geography is vast - South America, China, Korea. It is believed that the ocarina appeared in Europe after the Spanish adopted this instrument from the Aztecs. On the territory of Russia, the ocarina was distributed in the territory of Altai.
In ancient times, in different civilizations, the ocarina was an instrument of priests and shamans, it was used in ritual ceremonies, in order to communicate with the gods, cause rain and drive away evil spirits. which is made in the form of frightening masks. Contemporaries call these ocarins the whistles of death, because they emit such eerie sounds that it is impossible to describe - as if thousands of sinners are crying in hell. Of course, the whistle hole of such ocarinas is very different from the classic ocarinas - but it's better not to know how to make such an instrument. The priests used the whistles of death during the rite of sacrifice to the gods.
Until the nineteenth century in Russia, the Swistoplyaski holiday was celebrated in the spring. They always walked noisily and merrily at fairs - with treats, dances, the music of clay whistles and ocarinas - this was how they called spring back to their native land. With the loss of tradition, in Russia ocarina transformed from a magical musical instrument into a child's play.
Ocarina in Europe.
After the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez conquered Mexico in 1521, the riches of the Aztecs and Mayans were presented to the royal court, as well as outlandish things for Europeans, among which were musical instruments- flute and ocarina from baked clay.
Ocarina attracted the Europeans first of all, as an exotic little thing with an unusual shape and painting, for a long time it served more as an ornament than a musical instrument.
In the middle of the 19th century, an Italian inventor and musician Giuseppe Donati from the city of Budrio created a fundamentally new musical instrument based on the Aztec whistle flute, which was named ocarina... The word "ocarina" comes from the Italian "ucarina", which means "little goose" in Bolognese.
In 1853 Donati developed the design and established the technology for the production of a musical instrument with an excellent tuning and a range of slightly more than an octave. After some time, the young musician created an orchestra of five, and later - of seven ocarinas, which were not inferior to opera music in terms of sound range! This event becomes a turning point in the fate of the ocarina - from a child's play forgotten by all, it becomes a full-fledged musical instrument. Donati's orchestra, entitled "I Celebri Montanari degli Appennini" (the famous highlanders of the Apennines) has successfully toured all over Europe, gathering huge halls of fans. Inspired by beautiful instruments, Donati's followers set up workshops in Paris, London and Milan and other major cities.
The Donati Orchestra still exists today under the name "Gruppo Ocarinistico Budriese" (Group of Ocarinists from Budrio). Despite the fact that the group has changed not a single generation of musicians, the popularity of the Ocarinist collective is always high, and their melodies fall into European charts.
Donati's classical ocarina is the ancestor of the modern concert ocarina.
Ocarina is a modern instrument with new possibilities ...
It would not be an exaggeration to say that the authority of the ocarina in the modern musical world is enormous. This is especially noticeable in Europe, America, Japan, China and Korea.
The ocarina not only has a bright past - it is a modern instrument with new possibilities and sound. Musicians and composers of different styles are showing great interest in the instrument.
In 1998, Nintendo released the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. The game became so popular that in 2000 Japanese animator Himekawa Akira created an anime cartoon based on it.
Unfortunately, in Russia there is still a stereotype that the ocarina is nothing more than a child's play or an instrument for a folk orchestra.
Modeling ocarina from clay.
What master ceramist with the spirit of an explorer doesn't even try to make an ocarina on his own? So we in the Leonardo workshop did not miss this opportunity for experiments!
It is not difficult to mold the body of an ocarina, having the skills of artistic modeling. Coming up with a future shape, drawing a sketch of a musical instrument - an endless flight of imagination! Fortunately, the sound does not depend on the shape of the resonator. Sculpt what you want - a cat, a matryoshka, a potato! Naturally, the figurine must be hollow.
It is also possible to mold a model from plasticine for the future form, cast a plaster matrix on it and make an ocarina by plaster impression of two halves. This technique and much more, our students study on art ceramics courses v pottery workshop "Leonardo".
Difficulties appear when you start making a flipple mouthpiece (whistle device). Labium - the tongue dividing the air flow must be even, sharp and located strictly in the center of the inlet channel (the ocarina sectional drawing is shown above). If the whistle is done correctly, the ocarina will still sound raw. The first sounds of the ocarina that you made with your own hands is always a great joy!
Further, after the ocarina is dry, you need to select the scale by making the correct holes in the body of the musical instrument. To do this, you need a tuning fork, a tuned musical instrument, a computer program, or a friend with a good ear. As well as sharp stacks.
In the near future, wait ocarina making workshop!
The name "ocarina" applies both to the entire family of whistle flutes and to a specific variety invented in Italy. Giuseppe Donati in 1860 and used in classical music; it is also called the "classic ocarina". Folk ocarina are used all over the world - in Latin America, China, Africa, Eastern Europe and other places. In many cultures, the whistle is considered a child's toy; in Europe, it spread as such in the middle of the 19th century.
| Ocarina | |
|---|---|
| whistle | |
| Old Russian whistle-bird. Ryazan principality, XIII-XIV centuries |
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| Sound example | Recording the ocarina performance |
| Classification | Whistle flute |
| Media files at Wikimedia Commons | |
Form and technique of play
Most ocarina are near-spherical, while the classic ocarina is egg-shaped, but ocarins are known in a variety of shapes and with different numbers of finger holes. Ocarinas often have a mouthpiece-like protrusion that ends with an air injection hole. When playing the ocarina, air is directed at the relatively sharp edge of the hole, causing the air to vibrate and produce sound.
A feature of the ocarina is the dependence of the pitch solely on the area of the holes: due to the design of the instrument, the order of their opening is not important when playing, if they are of the same diameter. Two holes of equal size can produce three notes (both closed, one open, both open), if they have different sizes, then the number of notes increases to four. Multi-chamber ocarins can have more holes and produce multiple sounds at once. Usually, an ocarina cannot play the same sound several octaves later on the same combination of fingers as other musical instruments. Ocarina without holes or with one hole, used only for utilitarian purposes (hunting, signaling) are usually called whistles. Due to their small size, whistles are often hung on laces like medallions.
Story
Recording the game on the shun
The simplest whistle flutes were made from large seeds, nuts, shellfish, bones, and vegetables such as pumpkins. The oldest type of ocarina is a Chinese ceramic instrument xun, the earliest known syuni date back to the 4th millennium BC (however, it is very likely that earlier specimens simply did not survive), by the 18th century AD the number of holes in it reached six. In Africa, wooden, pumpkin and other vegetable rhomboid ocarins with 2-3 holes are widespread, in particular, shepherds play on them; in New Guinea, they are usually made of clay; in pre-Columbian Central America, the number of holes in ocarins varied more strongly, from 1 to 4 or more. In a dense tropical jungle, with the help of an ocarina, which is tied on a rope and spun next to them, travelers let those around them know about themselves.
The modern ocarina was invented by the Italian musical instrument maker Giuseppe Donati. Its 10-hole ceramic ocarina was tuned to the European scale. Donati called the tool a "goose" because of the similarity of shape to a goose beak. Donati toured Italy with an ensemble from his native Budrio who played the ocarinas. Some performers later returned to Budrio and established the tradition of making ocarins there in the 21st century.
Later, porcelain whistle flutes appeared in Germany, and metal was also used for the production of ocarinas in Europe. With the advent of plastic, they also began to use it in the manufacture of this tool. Ocarina Donati had two rows of 4 holes the same size and two large side thumb holes.
In addition to this ("Italian") variety, there is also an "English" ("John Taylor's Ocarina"), which has only 4 holes, but they have different the size . Taylor invented his four toe hole system in the 1960s; the holes in Taylor's ocarina themselves produce pentatonic notes, but their combinations allow for a full-fledged diatonic sound poison.
In the 1980s, the polyok educational plastic ocarina was created (English Poly-oc)
This is an ancient wind musical instrument, which is a clay whistle flute. It looks like a small egg-shaped chamber with holes for the fingers. The name of the instrument comes from the Italian word “ocarina”, which means “gosling”, as its shape is very bird-like.
Modern information about ocarine rather contradictory, but we will mention only those that are not in doubt and correspond to the truth. First, the most common form of the ocarina is the conical vessel. Secondly, there can be from four to thirteen holes for production of the range. Thirdly, the tool is used by both amateurs and professionals. The well-known ensemble “ Pesnyary". So these are the main distinguishing features of an ocarina.
Let's look at the history of its origin
The predecessors of this amazing instrument appeared in the period BC, and archaeologists find them in various countries - in Peru, China, the African continent and even in Russia, where the famous Dymkovo toys or Filimonov whistles became widespread. Let's say a few words about these figurines - the progenitors of the ocarina.
The Dymkovo toy is one of the Russian folk clay art crafts. It originated in the Dymkovo settlement beyond the river near the city of Vyatka (now in the territory of the city of Kirov). The Dymkovo toy is one of the oldest crafts in Russia; it has existed on the Vyatka land for more than four hundred years. Filimonovskaya whistle is a primordially Russian art craft, which was formed in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region. The toys got their name from the village of Filimonovo, where the last craftswomen lived in the sixties of the twentieth century, who revived the forgotten craft.
The bulk of the products of the Dymkovo and Filimonovo craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, riders, cows, bears, roosters, etc. A toy is a hand-made art. Each is the creation of one master. From modeling to painting, the process is creative, never repeating. There are no and cannot be two identical products. Each toy is unique and unique.
Ocarinated include ancient instruments- whistles, which had various colors and a special whistle device and three or four playing holes, giving different sound combinations. In ancient times, these primitive instruments accompanied various rituals and festivals.
Of course, they looked little like modern ocarina by range. Sometimes the ancient ocarina allowed to extract only one sound, but in its structure it differed little from those instruments that are now. By some estimates, instruments like the ocarina appeared about twelve thousand years ago. It is important to note that such instruments-vessels, made of burnt clay and resembling a bird in their shape, have been known since ancient times in Egypt, China, and some other peoples of Asia and Africa. They played an important role in the cultural life of the country.
The ocarina entered European culture in 1860, when the Italian Giuseppe Donati from the city of Budrio invented the modern form of this instrument. The shape of the ocarina is striking in its wide variety - birds, fish, turtles, beetles, frogs ... And this is not the whole list of those ocarins that clever craftsmen are ready to make. The ocarina can also be of any geometric shape, such as round, rectangular or carrot-shaped. The materials from which this instrument was made and is being made now are also very diverse. The ocarina is usually made in ceramics, but sometimes it is also made of plastic, wood, glass, or metal. In other words, anything that is easily processed or has a cavity is suitable, which is why one can find ocarina in the world not only from traditional materials, but even from bone or shell. In the USA and Europe, ocarina made of plastic - ABS or polycarbonate are now popular. The use of polymers and modern processing technologies makes it possible to make ocarina inexpensive and at the same time of very high quality, very well holding the musical system.
What is the main difference between ocarina and other instruments?
The main difference is that an ocarina is a kind of closed volume with a whistle. An interesting fact is that the usual whistle used by judges and coaches is designed in the same way as an ocarina, and is essentially an ocarina. If you want to quickly and relatively inexpensively make your own ocarina, here's a tip - you can take the ball out of the whistle, drill a couple of holes on the sides and get a four-note instrument.
In an ocarina, the whistle device is placed in a special transverse arm. Ten playing holes provide the necessary scale. Halftones are extracted by partially covering the playing holes with your fingers. Some types of ocarina are equipped with valves and a piston device that allows you to change the action of the instrument. There are even families of ocarins, which make up ensembles and orchestras.
Ocarina is widespread in the world much wider than it might seem at first glance. For example, the anime is played on the ocarina by the forest keeper Totoro in the famous anime "My Neighbor Totoro". Ocarina is present in some video games, in particular in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, released in 1998, and its sequel The Legend of Zelda: Majora "s Mask. In these games, the main character - Link (Link) must use The Ocarina of Time is a magical instrument that gives various possibilities when performing certain melodies.
Ocarina
Ocarina- an ancient wind musical instrument, a clay whistle flute. It is a small egg-shaped chamber with four to thirteen finger holes. Usually made in ceramics, but sometimes it is also made of plastic, wood, glass or metal.
By some estimates, instruments like the ocarina date back about 12,000 years. They played an important role in the culture of China and pre-Columbian America. The ocarina entered European culture in the 19th century, when the Italian Giuseppe Donati invented the modern form of this instrument. The name is taken from the Italian language, where it means gosling.
In the USA and Europe, ocarina made of plastic - ABS or polycarbonate are now popular. The use of polymers and modern processing technologies makes it possible to make ocarina inexpensive and at the same time of very high quality, very well holding the musical system.
Notes (edit)
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Synonyms:See what "Ocarina" is in other dictionaries:
ocarina- s, w. ocarina m, it. ocarina. An Italian clay or porcelain brass musical instrument with a sound reminiscent of a flute. MAS I. My monsieur Victor had a habit of playing the whistle, there is such a big-bellied whistle, it is called an ocarina, and ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms
An Italian clay wind instrument of the simplest device, one of the most ancient muses. tools. A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. Popov M., 1907. OKARINA musical wind instrument made of clay, in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Ocarina- Ocarina. OKARINA (from the Italian gosling ocarina), whistle flute. The name of the musical instrument constructed in 1860 by J. Donati (Italy) began to be used as a designation of the ancient type of flutes without a blow-out hole ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (from ital. ocarina lit. gosling), a genus of whistling vessel-shaped flute, mainly ceramic whistles. Ocarina-type instruments have been widespread since antiquity among different peoples, including European ones. In modern professional music ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Flute Dictionary of Russian synonyms. ocarina n., number of synonyms: 2 instrument (541) flute ... Synonym dictionary
OKARINA, ocarina, wives. (Italian ocarina). An Italian folk musical instrument, a clay or metal pipe, which sounds like a flute. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
S; f. [ital. ocarina] An Italian folk wind instrument (earthen or porcelain pipe) that sounds like a flute. * * * ocarina (from the Italian ocarina, literally a gosling), a kind of a whistling vessel-shaped flute, ceramic ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
ocarina- s, w. A small ceramic wind instrument, a kind of whistle flute. The sound of the ocarina. They cast the confusion of the former ocarinas somewhere in the quietly evening far away, and sirens, water ballerinas, started round dances on the river (Severyanin). Etymology: From ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
- (Italian ocarina, literally gosling) musical wind instrument with a whistle device. The genus of the flute (See Flute). O.'s body (earthenware or porcelain), ovoid or cigar-shaped, goes into a branch pipe with a muzzle and a whistle ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
A small earthenware hand tool, in the shape of a conical vessel, with a small sleeve for blowing in air and nine holes for extracting a scale. O. comes in various sizes. Recently, valves have begun to be applied to O. The sound of O. is similar to ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Books
- Knights of Sidonia. Volume 4, Tsutomu Nihei. From the very moment they met Gauna, people were only able to run and defend themselves. Now the situation looks more difficult than ever: "Sidonia" is threatened by the small ship-cluster "Ocarina" - and in three ...
Ocarina- an ancient wind musical instrument, a clay whistle flute. It is a small egg-shaped chamber with four to thirteen finger holes. Multi-chamber ocarins can have more holes (depending on the number of chambers). Usually made in ceramics, but sometimes it is also made of plastic, wood, glass or metal.
Structure and sound
It has an ovoid (spherical) shape. The whistle device is placed in a special transverse branch. 10 playing holes give a diatonic scale in the nona range. Halftones are extracted by partially covering the playing holes. Some types of ocarina are equipped with valves and a piston device that allows you to change the pitch of the instrument. There are families of ocarins (from soprano to bass) that make up ensembles and orchestras. Ocarina is common in many countries.
The most ancient instruments are the ocarinoid ones - clay whistles in the form of animals, birds, and fish. They had a variety of colors, a special whistle device and 3-4 play holes, giving different sound combinations.
The ocarina comes in various sizes. The main difference between an ocarina and other whistle instruments is that most flutes are open on both sides, while an ocarina is a closed volume with a whistle. It should be said that Ocarina can be made of a variety of materials: wood, bone, shell, plastic, glass or metal, but the classic (most common) option is clay.
Story
In ancient times, these primitive instruments accompanied pagan rituals and holidays.
By some estimates, instruments like the ocarina date back about 12,000 years. They played an important role in the culture of China and pre-Columbian America.
Ocarina was originally a folk instrument (in Peru, China, the African continent, and Russia (for example, the famous Dymkovo toys or Filimonov whistles), the instrument performed souvenir and decorative functions and had a rather limited range.
The ocarina entered European culture in the 19th century, when the Italian Giuseppe Donati invented the modern form of this instrument. The name is taken from the Italian language, where it means goose.