What stands in the middle of the earth is a mystery. What is at the center of the earth? Secrets of the formation of the earth's core

There are questions to which answers must be given, first thinking about the catch that is necessarily hidden in each of these questions. Here, for example, is the simplest of such questions: “How do day and night end the same way?”. All of you, probably, will think about some natural phenomenon - dawn, dawn and sunset, sunrise and sunset, etc. But in fact, it turns out that this riddle is just about words. About the word "day" and about the word "night". Now think about how they end the same way? That's right, at the end of each of these words a soft letter is written sign. And here are two more examples of similar questions related to the fact that when writing, the words in them are written separately from the prepositions, and this, of course, disappears in pronunciation. These questions are probably well known to adults from the school bench. The first question is: “What did the elephant do when he was on the field?”. The correct answer is "Chewed grass." But when pronouncing the words "he is on the field" are heard as a single word - Napoleon, therefore, everyone who is asked this riddle for the first time begins to wonder what kind of elephant from the time of 1812 they are talking about. The second question is similar to the first, since it is associated with the writing and pronunciation of prepositions: "Why did Chaliapin wear a hat?". The correct answer is "on the ground". But when pronouncing, the preposition “by” merges with the word “what”, so the first word sounds like “why?”, Giving unusualness to the whole phrase. Here and in other questions of this task there is a catch. Therefore, before answering them, figure out what exactly each riddle is talking about, because most of them are another exercise not ingenuity associated with the peculiarities of the words of the Russian language.

What is in the middle of the earth? (Letter "M".)
How does summer end and autumn begin? (Letter "O".)
You will see in the city, but never in the village. In the sea, lake, even in the swamp you will see, but never in the river. (Letter "O".)
What is at the beginning of the book? (Letter "K".)
What is the shortest month of the year? (To this questionthere are two answers. By the number of days - February, so it most often has 28 days. And according to the number of letters in the name - May.)
What do we hear at the end of the lesson? (letter "K")
What is behind the hare and what is in front of the heron? (Letter "C".)
Where does it all end? (Letter "E".)
What is in the middle of the cabbage? (Letter "U".)
What belongs only to you, but is used most often by others? (Your name.)
Which two months names end with the letter "T"? (March and August.)
How can you remove a wheel in one second? (Camera.)
What is lighter - a kilogram of cotton wool or a kilogram of iron? (The same - both in kilograms.)
When a horse is bought, what is it like? (Wet.)
What fabric can not be used to sew a shirt? (From the railway.)
What state can be worn on the head? (Panama.)
Which city is flying? (Eagle.)
What river can be cut with a knife? (Rod.)
What land never gets old? (New Earth.)
What stones are not found in the sea? (Dry.)
What disease on earth no one ever gets sick? (Nautical.)
When is a boy called by a woman's name? (When he sleeps for a long time - sleepyhead.)
When a person is seven years old, what will happen next? (The eighth will go.)
What dishes can not be eaten? (From empty.)
How many eggs can you eat on an empty stomach? (One thing, the rest will no longer be on an empty stomach.)
Which word always sounds wrong? ("Wrong".)
How many peas can fit into an ordinary glass? (None—peas can't walk.)
What tree does a bird always perch on during heavy rain? (To wet.)
Can an ostrich call itself a bird? (No, because he can't speak.)
When is a person in a room without a head? (When he sticks her out the window into the street.)
What clock shows the correct time only twice a day? (The ones that stopped.)
What can't you build a house without? (No corners.)
What can't you bake bread without? (Without crust.)
Before you put something into the pot, what is thrown into it? (Sight.)
At what time of the year can you carry water in a sieve? (In winter, freezing it.)
When is the easiest time for a black cat to get into a house? (When the door is open.)
Why water in a glass? (Behind the glass.)
What is the tongue in the mouth for? (Behind the teeth.)
The man went to bed at 9 pm and set the alarm clock to wake him up at 10 am. How many hours will he sleep? (One, since the alarm clock will ring in an hour.)
Which word is half a letter? (This word "shelf" is half of the letter "K".)
What girl's name will you get if you write thirty "I"? (Zoya.)
List the five days of the week without naming them. (The day before yesterday, yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow.)
In what case will the children and the dog, climbing under the umbrella, not get wet? (If it doesn't rain.)
What can only be held in the left hand? (Right hand.)
What question cannot be answered with "yes"? (Are you sleeping now?)
Six legs, two heads, one tail. What it is? (Rider on a horse.)
When we look at two and say fourteen? (When it's two o'clock.)
What was tomorrow and what will be yesterday? (Today.)
What doesn't exist but has a name? (Nothing.)
How can you bow your head without lowering it down? (In cases.)
How many giraffes swim in the Black Sea? (Giraffes don't swim.)
How many suns shine in the middle of the night? (The sun does not shine at night.)
How many nuts are in the empty glass? (No one.)
If you throw a red stone into the Black Sea, what will it become? (Wet.)
If a rooster lays an egg, who will get it? (Roosters don't lay eggs.)

Page 9 of 28

CHILDREN'S GAMES - HEALTH SCHOOL, pp. 24-25

1. Find a fun game for the little ones in the oral art of the peoples of your region. Write it down.

white-sided magpie
Where was? - Far!
The stove was stoked
cooked porridge,
She fed the kids.
I gave this, (bend the little finger)
I gave this, (bend the ring finger)
I gave this, (bend the middle finger)
She gave it. (bend index)
And this - did not! (touch thumb)
You didn't carry water
Didn't cut wood
I did not cook porridge -
There will be no porridge for you!

2. Come up with a tongue twister.

Mom washed Mila with soap.
Andrey was cutting celery.
A bucket was taken from Varya at the market.

3. Guess educational riddles. Write down the clues.

1. What stands in the middle of the Earth? (letter "m")
2. What happened on February 31st? (nothing, February 31 does not happen)
3. Can a rooster call itself a bird? (no, he can't, he can't speak)
4. Three cats are sitting. Against each cat - two cats. How many cats are there? (three, they sit in a circle).
5. Under what tree does the hare sit during the rain? (under wet)

4. Think up and write down educational riddles for any school subject (mathematics, reading, Russian language, music, fine arts).

small house, no roof, no windows in it (square)
what root does not grow in the ground? (root in word)
this salt cannot be eaten, but it can be sung (note "salt")
this lady is not easy: where there is snow, there will leave a trace (tassel)

6. Recall a sports-type game with the elders. Write down its rules, draw a diagram.

Game "Push out the line"

Two parallel lines are drawn at a distance of 1 m. On the line are the players of the two teams with their backs to each other. On a signal, they approach each other, and each player, leaning against the opponent with his shoulders and back, tries to push him beyond the border line. The team that pushes out the most players wins.

Man was able to get to all corners of our planet. He conquered lands, flew in the air and descended to the bottom of the oceans. He was even able to go into space and land on the moon. But not a single person could get to the core of our planet.

Mysteries of the planet

We couldn't even get close. The center of our planet is located at a distance of 6000 kilometers from its surface, and even the outer part of the core is located 3000 kilometers lower than a person lives. The deepest well that a man has ever managed to make is located on the territory of Russia, but it goes down some 12.3 kilometers.

All significant events on the planet also happen closer to the surface. The lava erupted by volcanoes comes into a liquid state at a depth of several hundred kilometers. Even diamonds, which require heat and pressure to form, are formed at a depth of 500 kilometers.

Everything below is shrouded in mystery. And it seems incomprehensible. Yet we know surprisingly much about the Earth's core. Scientists even have some ideas about how it was formed billions of years ago. And all this without a single physical sample. But how was it discovered?

Mass of the Earth

A good way is to think about the mass the Earth has. We can estimate the mass of our planet by observing the effect of its gravity on objects that are on the surface. It turns out that the mass of the Earth is 5.9 sextillion tons. This number is 59 followed by 20 zeros. And there is no sign that there is anything so massive on its surface.

The density of materials on the Earth's surface is much lower than the planet's average density. This means that there is something with a much greater density inside it.

In addition, most of the mass of the Earth should be located towards its center. Therefore, the next step is to find out which heavy metals form its core.

Composition of the Earth's core

Scientists suggest that the earth's core almost certainly consists of iron. It is believed that its amount reaches 80%, although the exact figure is still a topic of discussion.

The main evidence of this is the huge amount of iron in the universe. It is one of the ten most common elements in our galaxy and is often found in meteorites. Given its abundance, iron is much rarer on the Earth's surface than one would expect. Therefore, there is a theory that when the process of the formation of the Earth took place 4.5 billion years ago, most of the iron was in the core.

That is why the core makes up the bulk of the mass of our planet, and most of the iron is also in it. Iron is a relatively dense element in our natural environment, and under strong pressure at the center of the Earth, it has an even higher density. Therefore, all this mass that does not reach the surface will fall on the iron core. But a question arises. How did it happen that the bulk of the iron was concentrated in the core?

Secrets of the formation of the earth's core

The iron must somehow literally gravitate toward the center of the earth. And it is not immediately possible to understand how this happened.

Most of the rest of the Earth's mass is made up of rocks called silicates, and molten iron tries to move through them. In the same way that water can form droplets on a greasy surface, iron collects in small reservoirs from which it can no longer spread or be consumed.

In 2013, scientists at Stanford University in California (USA) discovered a possible solution. They were interested in what happens when both iron and silicates are subjected to intense pressure, as it was once at the center of the Earth. The scientists were able to force molten iron to pass through the silicate by pressurizing it with diamonds. In fact, high pressure changes the interaction of iron and silicates. At higher pressures, a molten network is formed. Thus, it can be assumed that over billions of years, iron was gradually forced down through the rocks until it reached the core.

Core dimensions

You are probably also surprised by how scientists know the size of the nucleus. What makes them think that it is located at a depth of 3000 kilometers from the surface. The answer lies in seismology.

In the event of an earthquake, shock waves spread throughout the planet. Seismologists record these vibrations. It's the same as if we hit one side of the planet with a giant hammer, and on the other side listened to the noise created.

A huge amount of data was obtained during the earthquake in Chile, which occurred in 1960. All seismological stations on Earth were able to record shocks from this earthquake. Depending on the direction these vibrations take, they travel through different parts of the Earth, and this affects how they "sound" elsewhere on the planet.

At the very beginning of the history of seismology, it became clear that some oscillations were lost. It was expected that the so-called S-waves would appear from the other side of the planet, but this never happened. The reason for this was simple. S-waves could only reflect through a solid material and could not do so through a liquid. Thus, they must have passed through something molten at the center of the Earth. Exploring the paths of S-waves, they found that solid rock turns into liquid at a distance of 3000 kilometers below. This suggested that the Earth's core has a liquid structure. But seismologists were in for another surprise.

The structure of the earth's core

In the 1930s, Danish seismologist Inge Lehman noticed that another kind of wave, called P-waves, could travel through the Earth's core and be found on the other side of the planet. So scientists came to the conclusion that the nucleus is divided into two layers. The inner core, which begins at a depth of about 5,000 kilometers from the surface, is actually solid matter. But the external is really in a liquid state. This idea was confirmed in 1970, when more sensitive seismographs found that P-waves could indeed pass through the core, and in some cases be deflected from it at an angle. Of course, they could still be heard on the other side of the planet.

There are questions to which answers must be given, first thinking about the catch that is necessarily hidden in each of these questions. Here, for example, is the simplest of such questions: “How do day and night end the same way?”. All of you, probably, will think about some natural phenomenon - dawn, dawn and sunset, sunrise and sunset, etc. But in fact, it turns out that this riddle is just about words. About the word "day" and about the word "night". Now think about how they end the same way? That's right, at the end of each of these words a soft letter is written sign.
And here are two more examples of similar questions related to the fact that when writing, the words in them are written separately from the prepositions, and naturally this disappears in pronunciation. These questions are probably well known to adults from the school bench.
The first question is: "What did the elephant do when he was on the field?". The correct answer is "Chewed grass." But when pronouncing the words "he is on the field" are heard as a single word - Napoleon, therefore, everyone who is asked this riddle for the first time begins to wonder what kind of elephant from the time of 1812 they are talking about.
The second question is similar to the first, since it is associated with the writing and pronunciation of prepositions: "Why did Chaliapin wear a hat?". The correct answer is "on the ground". But when pronouncing, the preposition “by” merges with the word “what”, so the first word sounds like “why?”, Giving unusualness to the whole phrase.
Here and in other questions of this task there is a catch. Therefore, before answering them, figure out what exactly each riddle is talking about, because most of them are another exercise not ingenuity associated with the peculiarities of the words of the Russian language.

What is in the middle of the earth? (Letter "M".)
How does summer end and autumn begin? (Letter "O".)
You will see in the city, but never in the village. In the sea, lake, even in the swamp you will see, but never in the river. (Letter "O".)
What is at the beginning of the book? (Letter "K".)
What is the shortest month of the year? (To this questionthere are two answers. By the number of days - February, so it most often has 28 days. And by the number of letters in the name - May.)
What do we hear at the end of the lesson? (letter "K")
What is behind the hare and what is in front of the heron? (Letter "C".)
Where does it all end? (Letter "E".)
What is in the middle of the cabbage? (Letter "U".)
What belongs only to you, but is used most often by others? (Your name.)
Which two months names end with the letter "T"? (March and August.)
How can you remove a wheel in one second? (Camera.)
What is lighter - a kilogram of cotton wool or a kilogram of iron? (The same - both in kilograms.)
When a horse is bought, what is it like? (Wet.)
What fabric can not be used to sew a shirt? (From the railway.)
What state can be worn on the head? (Panama.)
Which city is flying? (Eagle.)
What river can be cut with a knife? (Rod.)
What land never gets old? (New Earth.)
What stones are not found in the sea? (Dry.)
What disease on earth no one ever gets sick? (Nautical.)
When is a boy called by a woman's name? (When he sleeps for a long time - sleepyhead.)
When a person is seven years old, what will happen next? (The eighth will go.)
What dishes can not be eaten? (From empty.)
How many eggs can you eat on an empty stomach? (One thing, the rest will no longer be on an empty stomach.)
Which word always sounds wrong? ("Wrong".)
How many peas can fit into an ordinary glass? (None - peas can't walk.)
What tree does a bird always perch on during heavy rain? (To wet.)
Can an ostrich call itself a bird? (No, because he can't speak.)
When is a person in a room without a head? (When he sticks her out the window into the street.)
What clock shows the correct time only twice a day? (The ones that stopped.)
What can't you build a house without? (No corners.)
What can't you bake bread without? (Without crust.)
Before you put something into the pot, what is thrown into it? (Sight.)
At what time of the year can you carry water in a sieve? (In winter, freezing it.)
When is the easiest time for a black cat to get into a house? (When the door is open.)
Why water in a glass? (Behind the glass.)
What is the tongue in the mouth for? (Behind the teeth.)
The man went to bed at 9 pm and set the alarm clock to wake him up at 10 am. How many hours will he sleep? (One, since the alarm clock will ring in an hour.)
Which word is half a letter? (This word "shelf" is half of the letter "K".)
What girl's name will you get if you write thirty "I"? (Zoya.)
List the five days of the week without naming them. (The day before yesterday, yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow.)
In what case will the children and the dog, climbing under the umbrella, not get wet? (If it doesn't rain.)
What can only be held in the left hand? (Right hand.)
What question cannot be answered with "yes"? (Are you sleeping now?)
Six legs, two heads, one tail. What it is? (Rider on a horse.)
When we look at two and say fourteen? (When it's two o'clock.)
What was tomorrow and what will be yesterday? (Today.)
What doesn't exist but has a name? (Nothing.)
How can you bow your head without lowering it down? (In cases.)
How many giraffes swim in the Black Sea? (Giraffes don't swim.)
How many suns shine in the middle of the night? (The sun does not shine at night.)
How many nuts are in the empty glass? (No one.)
If you throw a red stone into the Black Sea, what will it become? (Wet.)
If a rooster lays an egg, who will get it? (Roosters don't lay eggs.)

All these questions for ingenuity are taken by me in different

Time on the World Wide Web. I share with you what I found...

INTELLIGENCE QUESTIONS

What state can be worn on the head?(Panama.)

Which city is flying?(Eagle.)

What river can be cut with a knife?(Rod.)

What land never gets old?(New Earth.)

What stones are not found in the sea?(Dry.)

What disease on earth no one ever gets sick?(Nautical.)

When is a boy called by a woman's name?(When he sleeps for a long time - sleepyhead.)

When a person is seven years old, what will happen next?(The eighth will go.)

What dishes can not be eaten?(From empty.)

What is in the middle of the earth?(Letter "M".)

What fabric can not be used to sew a shirt?(From the railway.)

How many eggs can you eat on an empty stomach?(One thing, the rest will no longer be on an empty stomach.)

Which word always sounds wrong?("Wrong".)

How many peas can fit into an ordinary glass?(None - peas can't walk.)

What tree does a bird always perch on during heavy rain?(To wet.)

Can an ostrich call itself a bird?(No, because he can't speak.)

When is a person in a room without a head?(When he sticks her out the window into the street.)

What clock shows the correct time only twice a day?(The ones that stopped.)

What can't you build a house without?(No corners.)

What can't you bake bread without?(Without crust.)

Before you put something into the pot, what is thrown into it?(Sight.)

At what time of the year can you carry water in a sieve?(In winter, freezing it.)

(Letter "O".)

You will see in the city, but never in the village. In the sea, lake, even in the swamp you will see, but never in the river.(Letter "O".)

What is at the beginning of the book?(Letter "K".)

What is the shortest month of the year?(There are two answers to this question. By the number of days - February, so it most often has 28 days. And by the number of letters in the name - May.)

How does summer end and autumn begin?(Letter "O".)

What do we hear at the end of the lesson?(letter "K")

What is behind the hare and what is in front of the heron?(Letter "C".)

Where does it all end?(Letter "E".)

What is in the middle of the cabbage?(Letter "U".)

What belongs only to you, but is used most often by others?(Your name.)

Which two months names end with the letter "T"?(March and August.)

How can you remove a wheel in one second?(Camera.)

What is lighter - a kilogram of cotton wool or a kilogram of iron?(The same - both in kilograms.)

When a horse is bought, what is it like?(Wet.)

When is the easiest time for a black cat to get into a house?(When the door is open.)

Why water in a glass?(Behind the glass.)

What is the tongue in the mouth for?(Behind the teeth.)

The man went to bed at 9 pm and set the alarm clock to wake him up at 10 am. How many hours will he sleep?(One, since the alarm clock will ring in an hour.)

Which word is half a letter?(This word "shelf" is half of the letter "K".)

What girl's name will you get if you write thirty "I"?(Zoya.)

List the five days of the week without naming them.(The day before yesterday, yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow.)

In what case will the children and the dog, climbing under the umbrella, not get wet?(If it doesn't rain.)

What can only be held in the left hand?(Right hand.)

What question cannot be answered with "yes"?(Are you sleeping now?)

Six legs, two heads, one tail. What it is?(Rider on a horse.)

When we look at two and say fourteen?(When it's two o'clock.)

What was tomorrow and what will be yesterday?(Today.)

What doesn't exist but has a name?(Nothing.)

How can you bow your head without lowering it down?(In cases.)

How many giraffes swim in the Black Sea?(Giraffes don't swim.)