Legumes is a huge family dichomotor plants (trees, lianas, shrubs, half-workers and herbs), belonging to the order of bobwood, the class of dysfotic, the flowering department, the kingdom of the plant, the domain of eukaryotes.
Some plants from this family man uses as food as decorative, and some to restore land.
What is "Bob"?
First of all, it is a fruit having an elongated shape and consisting of two thin sashs, between which seeds are located. The size of the fetus of legumes can be fitted in the palm, and can reach huge sizes.
Peas
Entada from the patrony of mimosov
The family of legumes includes 24505 species of plants and it is divided into three submenses: Caesalpiniye, moth and mimoth.
CaesalpinioEae (Caesalpinioideae)
1 Caesalpinium (Caesalpinioideae), which are mostly trees growing in the tropics, with the exception of the kind of cassia, which includes shrubs and herbs, is very important for medicine. They are divided into four tribes: Caesalpiniyev, Cassia, Bagryniki, detail.
a) Caesalpiniee (Caesalpinieae)
Caesalpinia (Caesalpínia) - named after the Italian doctor Andrea Cesalpino in 1703. Groans only in warm regions. This is a decorative plant with a height of up to 6 meters.
Saesalpinia-Pulcherrima.
Caesalpinia Pulcherrima.
Caesalpinia Bonducella (Caesalpinia Bonducella) - most often it is a liana, reaching up to 15 meters. Mostly grows in Asia, Africa, South America. Used B. folk medicineSince its seeds receive anti-cylinders.
Colvillea
Parkinsonia.
Peltophorum
Caesalpy Echinata (Caesalpinia Echinata) is growing only in the east of Brazil. Due to cutting into wildlife This type of wood can be found very rarely. On her trunk there are sharp growths. Therefore, it was called the Yoy.
Height grows up to 30 meters. Previously, the trunk of this tree was used to obtain dyes. Refers to valuable trees.
b) Cassieae - Cassiy
c) Bagryniki (Cercideae)
The bugger grows in China.
Bauginia (Bauhinia) is common throughout the light.
d) detail (Detarieae)
Brownea.
Motomy (Faboideae)
2 moths (Faboideae) that grow mainly in a temperate belt in the form of grassy plants, many of which we eat, such as peas, beans, soybeans, peanuts. In the tropics, these are riveted plants in the form of Lian.
Wisteria (Wistéria) - Curly tree-like subtropical plants - leafy lianas. Grow in Japan and China, as well as used as decorative plants all over the world.
Robinieae Robinia
Mimosoideae (Mimosoideae)
3 Mimosoideae (Mimosoideae), taking advantage of up to 1500 thousand species and growing in subtropical and tropical zones. These are mainly trees and shrubs that have drug importance, whose wood is very valuable for humans.
a) acacieae - acacia
Mostly grow in Mexico, Africa, Asia, Australia.
Acacia dealbata silver
Acacia Pycnantha Golden Acacia is a Australia's floral emblem
Acacia Linifolia.
Acacia_brachystachya
Acacia Cerebbing (Acacia Drepanolobium) grows in Africa. This is the only form of acacia on which ants live. They settled in bloated prickly pricks. The air, falling into them, makes a whistle and thereby scare away animals.
b) Inge (Ingeae)
Albizia.
Zygia.
Archidendron.
Calliandra
c) Mimose (Mimoseae)
Dichrostachys
Parkia.
Pentaclethra.
Elephantorrhiza.
Mimosa Pudica.
Plants of the family of legumes
Bean family play an important role in the life of people. Some types are serve decorative decoration And they give us the valuable breed of wood, others are indispensable in medicine, and the third are very tasty and nutritious food.
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bean wild red book
Bean are common very wide - from the Arctic to the Antarctic Islands. By latitude of distribution, representatives of the subfamily of legumes generally inferior only to cereals. In most countries of tropical, moderately warm and boreal climates, legumes constitute a significant part of the local flora. Only in the cold climate, the share of their participation is relatively small.
Ability to adapt to the most diverse natural conditions Because of the legumes. They easily penetrate into many plant communities and are often their edifice. It is believed that in the herbs of the forest and forest-steppe beans, 10-20% of the entire mass are 10-20% of the entire mass. Many legumes perfectly adapted to the moisture deficit on severe and non-flowing clay soils Or on movable sands. In wet tropics and subtropics, legumes are often part of the forest as major breeds.
Speaking about the tremendous prevalence of legumes, it should, however, indicate the communities and habitats, where the representatives of this family never enter. So, legumes are almost absent in freshwater communities.
Bean - trees (often very large, sometimes high up to 80 m), shrubs, shrubs, semi-stars and herbs (the latter mainly in the subfamores of legumes).
Extremely common curly forms, both grassy and woody. On the roots of most of the legumes (about 70% of species), parts of mimosu (10-15%), some of the Caesalpiniyev have nursing. They are very various shapes and arise as the growing of the parenchymal fabric root.
Nine types of legumes are listed in the Red Book Lipetsk region. These include: Astragal White-General Astragalus Albicaulis DC. ; Astragalus washers Dasyanthus Pall. ; Astragal Changeable (Astragalus Varius S. G. Gmel.); Karagana Shustex (Caragana Frutex); Austrian Lakatnik (Cytisus Austriacus L); Black china lathyrus niger; Polka dot Kashubi kashuba Borchagya Vicia Cassubica L.; Clover Litvinova.
Leaves of legume are diverse, but always complex. Highlights are always available, however, they often fall out, or sometimes grow strongly (peas). Leaves and individual leaflets are able to perform of different kind Circular movements or fold overnight.
Obroat flowers, often pretty large bright. At the moth and the Caesalpiniyev, they are zigomorphic, and in mimoshov, actinorphic. The perianth is always double. A cup consists of 5, less often out of 4 staggering cups, correct or incorrect. Petals 5 (all the subfamily of moth, part of the Caesalpiniye and Mimosov) or 4 (the remaining cesalpinium and mimbo). The wint of moths is characteristic. The top, outdoor in its position in the kidney and usually the largest petal received the name of the flag (sail). It contributes to the involvement of insects of pollinators. (Figure 1)
1 - flag (sail)
2 - Wings (oars)
3 - Boat
Side petals are called wings (oars) and used insects as a landing site. The most internal position in the kidney petals usually grow together along the bottom edge, forming a boat (keel). The boat is like a protective case, protects the stamens and a pestle and prevents the visits to flowers with small insects, which eat pollen or nectar, but are not effective pollinators. The Caesalpiniyevsky Corn is also more or less incorrect, but the top petal, the homologous flag, occupies an inner position in the kidney. Mimovas have all the petals are the same - free or threw (Fig. 2).
Androza in all legumes consists of 10 stamens and may be single and doubly. To determine the birth within the framework of the family under consideration, the structure of Androzia is important. At one childbirth androitsa is a multiple, when all 10 empty stamens (childbirth: sofa, thermopsis). Others are single, when all 10 stamens are growing, among themselves the stitching threads, forming the so-called stying tube inside which is located pestle (Lupine, etc.). Finally, the majority of childbirth has a two-minded Androchi: 9 the stamens are fighting with stamen threads into the tube, and one is free (childbirth: peas, alfalfa, Vika, rank). The shape of the sticky tube is also diverse. In some cases, it cuts off straight and the free ends of the stamen threads of the same length (rank), in other cases it cut off the space. The mimic stamens often split, and then Androz seems polymer. Motillas very often have hypanis (specific flower item, resulting from the captivity of the bases of cups, petals and stamens with tissues of the color). Ginetsey is almost always monocarpny, with an upper one-year, rarely cough rare.
Flowers are collected in simple inflorescences - brush, umbrella, head.
Formula Flower: Ch5L5P1T10
Flowers charts (Figure 2)
Mimisoideae Caesalpinioideae Faboideae.
Fruit - monocarpius: one-, two or multifermeed bob, open, unbroken or shaded. May be pubescent or not. Seeds are relatively large, with endosperm or without it, germ with well-developed seedlings, straight (in the cesalpinium and mimose) or bent (at moth).
Crossing pollination, most of the moths are carried out large insects - bumblebees and bees that are attracted by abundant reserves of nectar or pollen. There are self-polls, for example peas. Fruits apply under the action of their own severity, wind, water. Seeds of open beans are scattered by the power of spinning flaps.
In the bean seeds, they contain protein as a spare substance, as well as starch and oily oil, which determines their large food and stern value. A significant number of species found alkaloids, triterpene glycosides, anthracene derivatives, etc. as food products Seeds of soybeans (Glycine Max), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), pea (Pisum sativum), lentils (lens culinaris), peanuts, or earthworms (Arachis Hypogaea), and others are considered the best feed herbs (Medicato Sativa) , alfalfa sickle, or yellow (M / Falcata), and different types Clover. At the same time, the beans significantly improve soil fertility. Every year, types of legumes living in symbiosis with bacteria are returned to the soil at least 100--140 kg / ha nitrogen.
Examples of bean fruit:
1 - Typical fruit fruit
2 - Walking Bob Kopechnik
3 - Spirally twisted Bob Lucerne
4 - Single-Steady Bob Esparcet
5 - Winged single-double-free bob red sandalwood.
Many bean - valuable medicinal plants, for example, licorice Naked and Urals (C1USRHIZA Glabra and S. Uralensis), roots and rhizomes of which contain triterpene saponins and flavonoids. Cassia Ostroland and Non-Talted (Cassia Acutifolia and S. Angustifolia) give the so-called "Alexandrian Sheet" - a classic laxative. Many acacia and astragals allocate gum (polysaccharides) used in technology and medicine. Japanese Sofa (Styphnolobium Japonicum) - industrial source obtaining a routine flavonoid with p-vitamin activity. Many legumes are highly decorative and cultivated both in the tropics and in the countries of the moderate climate.
Bob family has two forms: herbaceous and rustic. Forms, in turn, are divided into three submenses in the structure of the flower: mimosov, cesalpinium and legumes.
Caesalpiniy and mimoslah plants - dwell only in warm climates, and legumes grow throughout the globe. These include well-known forage and vegetable crops: peas, beans, beans, soy, nut, peanuts, alfalfa and clover.
All representatives of legume crops have a distinctive structure of the fetus - the pod. When ripening, the pod is revealed by one or two seams. Beans are the most diverse in shape and size.
The leaves of most of the representatives of the legumes are complex: Curish or Packed, are located on pairs, from one to twenty pairs.
The peculiarity of the roots of the legumes, the presence of tubers, which are the colonies of nitrogen intimidating bacteria penetrating from the ground and causing the growing root system.
Nutritional value of legume crops
The role of legume plants in human life is very large. Since ancient times, food representatives of the legumes constitute an integral part of the diet of all peoples.
The nutritional value of leguminous plants is due to their various composition: proteins, large quantities, some have vegetable oil in fruits.
Peas contains up to 28% protein, lentils - 32%, soybean to 40% of the total mass. Such indicators make bean cultures a cheap substitute for meat food. Vegetable oil is obtained from soy and peanuts.
Bean plants are a source of group vitamins in: B1, B2, B6, which positively affect the work of the heart. The fiber in the composition of products has a beneficial effect on the opening of the intestine and causes saturation of the body.
Very important advantage of legume plants - they do not accumulate toxic substances.
The role of legume plants
Feed, medicinal, technical, honey, ornamental cultures, also play a very important role in human life. From feed crops, by volume of the area occupied, clover - in the first place, then various types of alfalfa and camel spin.
Drug plants are valuable: cassia (used as a laxative), licorice root (is a raw material for the medical industry).
Some tropical species serve as the source of the most valuable wood of red and dark brown. Many types of leguminous crops allocate gums that are used in the paint and textile industry.
Bean - a special type of vegetable crops, which differs from other grain elevated protein content. One of the most famous bob representatives is peas, however, this culture is characterized by much more variety.
Bean culture
Bean cultures are a valuable source of vegetable protein, which is widely used in food as people and animals. They refer to the daughter-owned family and are common in a variety of corners of the world, since they are able to grow in a variety of climatic, ranging from arid regions ending with mountainous terrain.Beans are also called germs due to the special form of their fruits, which usually have a rounded or oval shape resembling grain. At the same time, however, the fruits of legumes are usually larger than that of grain crops: as a rule, they constitute at least 3 centimeters and can reach 1.5 meters. Most legumes seeds are enclosed in a special shell, called the pod.
The nutritional value of legumes is that with a sufficiently low cost, they contain a significant amount of protein: on average, 100 grams of legume crops are from 22 to 25 grams of protein. This indicator is significantly higher than, for example, in grain, 100 grams of which contain 8-13 grams of protein. In addition, 60-70% of the weight of the legume culture falls on starch contained in it, and another 1-3% on fat.
Types of legume crops
Beans are one of the most diverse species of plants: their number is about 18 thousand species, and a significant part of them are edible. At the same time, one of the most common plants belonging to this culture is soy: it is consumed both independently and as a component in the production of comprehensive products in the dairy, meat and confectionery industry. At the same time, among other representatives of their type of sofa is a product with the highest protein content: 100 grams of this culture contain about 35 grams of this valuable substance.In Russia, the most famous leguminous crops are peas, beans and beans. They are accepted to harvest through drying and then use when cooking soups and second dishes. Also beans and beans are used to produce vegetable canned food. In addition, some species of these crops are also used as feed plants, and in this case, in the feed, the cattle is not only fruit, but also the other green parts of plants, including stem and leaves.
However, the diversity of legumes is not exhausted by this list. So, in recent years, products of this group began to appear in Russian stores, previously well-known in the market, for example, nuts, rank and lentils. In addition, peanuts belong to this category, which is considered to be nut.
Bean or Motomy (lat. Fabaceae \u003d Leguminosae \u003d Papilonaceae) - The family of dietary plants, many of which have a high nutritional value, and some are grown as decorative plants. Herbal representatives of this family are able to bind and hold atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. The family has about 24 and a half thousand species of annual and perennial plants, combined in more than 900 genera. The family is represented by three submersions - Caesalpiniyev, Mimoral and Actually bean, or Motalka. Representatives of the submersions are distinguished primarily by the structure of the flower.
Some legumes of humanity takes in food since the Stone Age, and in different countries, it was different to the same bean product. For example, in Greece, the peas was food of the poor, and in France it was included in the sophisticated menu of the king, in ancient Egypt, bread from lentils was a casual dish, and in ancient Rome, this plant was considered a medicinal.
Bean Family - Description
The latitude of the distribution of the range, legume crops are inferior only by cereal plants. In countries with moderate, boreal, subtropical and tropical climates, legume plants make up a significant part of the flora. One of the indisputable advantages of legume crops is the ability to adapt to a variety of natural conditions.
Leaves at the legumes are regular, usually complex - the treashed, filament or finish, with hilosettes, but there are plants and with simple leaves. Owned flowers are assembled into the stubborn or finite sound, creeps, half-blooded or blurred inflorescences. The upper large petal of leguminous plants is called sail, side petals - oars, and who have grown or merging lower petals - a boating. The fetus of legumes is usually dry, most often a multiform pod, or bob, with two drops drop down during ripening. Sometimes the ripened bob disintegrates on single-sided parts, but there are plants with a single-bedned bean, which even in the spine state itself is not disclosed. At the seeds of legumes, as a rule, large seedlies without endosperma.
Fruit bean plants
Peas
- The genus of grassy plants of the bean family. The peas is one of the oldest representatives of the family introduced into the culture of about 8,000 years ago in the area of \u200b\u200ba fertile crescent, which consisted of Mesopotamia, Levant, Prehistoric Syria and Palestine. From there, peas spread to the West to Europe and east to India. The peas and in ancient Greece were cultivated, and in ancient Rome - the mention of it was found in the writings of the theofora, Columnlah and Plinia. In the Middle Ages in Europe, the peas became one of the main food resources of the poor, since it could be stored for a long time. Preparing peas with pork lard. And the first recipe for green peas dishes was discovered in the book of Tirel Guillae, written in the XIII century. The use of green peas is used in the time of Louis XIV, and the peak of the popularity of this cult has come in France in the XIX century. In 1906, the work was released, which describes more than two hundred and pea varieties, and in 1926 the Society of Bondyel was formed, which organized the production of frozen green peas, which still holds the championship in the production of canned and frozen vegetables.
In America, peas appeared thanks to H. Columbus, who brought his seeds in Santo Domingo. It is known that the President of America Jefferson, famous for love for agronomy, gathered a collection of cultural samples, served as the basis for the removal grades of pea. In 1920, the American inventor Clarence Berdsai offered a way to freeze green peas, which quickly mastered Europeans, and in Minnesota, a monument to the pea is a giant statue of green.
Peas Sowing (Lat. Pisum Sativum) - Model type of pea, clinging annual, widely cultivated as a stern and food plant. Cutter leaves of peas are ending with branched mustache, which the plant clings to the support. There are large hollows in pea. Similar on moths Pea flowers painted in white, purple or pink colors. Seeds are slightly compressed spherical peas enclosed in a dense pod.
The sown pea varieties are divided into three groups:
- peas are brief, spherical peas of which have a smooth surface. Of the dry grains of long-term varieties prepare the second and first dishes. They contain a lot of starch and are used both in the food industry and for the manufacture of bioplasty;
- the peas of the brain name is so due to the fact that its peas in the spine can be wrinkled and made similar to the miniature brain. The seeds of brain varieties have a sweet taste, and they are often taken for the fruits of sugar peas. We use brain varieties predominantly for blanks - usually bright varieties can be preserved, and the dark frozen. For the preparation of cerebral peas is not suitable because it is not welded;
- sugar peas - these varieties have no parchment film in pods. When drying, the seeds of sugar grades are very frozen due to the high content of moisture in them.
Pea seeds are a source of carbohydrates and vegetable protein, but the main food of their value is the high concentration of mineral salts and trace elements - one pea includes almost the entire Mendeleev table. In addition, the seeds include fatty acids, natural sugars, dietary fiber and starch. In the seeds of the culture, the vitamins of the group B are contained, as well as vitamins A, H, K, E, PP.
Despite the cold-resistant culture, they grow it only at sunny sites. The soils for peas are needed wet, but not wet, neutral reactions and light - preferably sublibious or sandy. The best grows peas after pumpkin or pasty crops. In the fall, the plot under the peas is desirable to be preferably protected by a humor or compost at the calculation of half a variation on m² or deposit mineral fertilizers in the amount of 30-40 g of superphosphate and 20-30 g of potassium chloride on m², and in the spring, immediately before planting, it is necessary to feather the soil with ammonium nither at the rate of 20 -30 g per unit area.
Radial hezban, Tires, Alpha, Corvin, Zamira, Misty, Alpha, Corvin, Zamira, Misty, Alpha, Corvin, Zamika, Asana, Abador, Medium Ashton, Sherwood, Ashton, Matron, Nicholas, Twin and Love Village Depare, Cherwood, are considered the best long-lasting varieties of pea.
The sugar varieties have proven themselves as well as the ultra-abnormal peas of meteor, as well as Beham, Little Marvel, Radial Veshovik, Children's Sugar Sugar, Street Calddon, Onward, Ambrosia, Medium Sugar Oregon, Alederman, Middle-Large Zhegalov 112, Oscar and Late Veterior Inexhaustible 195.
From the brain varieties, the early peas of Vera, the middle debit and late beladonna 136 are popular.
Nut.
Turkish pea, or barium pea, or bubble or nakhat, or shish or nut (lat. CICER ARIETINUM) - Poland culture, especially popular in the Middle East. The nute is the basis for the preparation of many dishes of traditional Middle Eastern kitchens, including Falafel and Humus, because in this region the Nut has already cultivated seven and a half thousand years. The Nut fell into the territory of Rome and Greece in the bronze age, and then several varieties of chickpea were known. In Rome, it was believed that this pea stimulates menstruation, contributes to spermaging and lactation and has a diuretic effect.
At the beginning of the IX century, in Europe, the Nut was grown everywhere, and in the XVII century it was considered more nutritious and less gas-based than sowing, or vegetable peas. Today, the nuts grows in 30 countries of the world, but on an industrial scale it is grown mainly in the countries of North Africa, Turkey, Pakistan, India, China and Mexico.
The chick is a grassy self-polling one-teller with a reprehensive branched stem, reaching a height from 20 to 70 cm and a coated iron pile. Depending on the variety, the branch can begin at the base of the stem or in its middle part. The root system in the chickpea rod, the main root reaches a length of one hundred and more centimeters, but the bulk of the roots occurs at a depth of 20 cm. At the ends of the roots, tubers containing nitrogen intimating bacteria are formed. The leaves of the nute are also pubescent, complex, unparallers, consisting of 11-17 inversely-shaped or elliptic segments. The color of the leaves is also dependent on the variety can be green, yellow-green, sizo-green, and sometimes green with a purple tint. During flowering on one-boncellular blossoms, small white, blue, yellow-green, purple or pink five-aluminum flowers are revealed. The fruit is an oval, an oblong-oval or rhombic bob with a length of 1.5 to 3.5 cm with a parchment inner layer. Seeds in the amount of one or two can be painted in straw yellow, greenish or sizo-violet color. There is such a pattern: grades with white flowers give light seeds, and varieties with pink and purple - dark seeds. When ripening beans with seeds are not cracking. Chickpea grains can have a reminiscent head of a ram an angular shape, they can be rounded or angular rounded, similar to the head of Owl. In size, the fine-grained, mediterranean and large-sized varieties of chickpeas are distinguished.
In the seedlings of the chickpea, high-quality fats and proteins, a lot of calcium, potassium, magnesium, vitamins A and C, essential acid tryptophan and methionine. The composition of the grains includes protein, oil, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, PP, A and C.
In agriculture, the NUTA is an intermediate culture, which in arid conditions replaces steam - it is used as a precursor for grain crops. Nut is the most frost-resistant, heat-resistant and drought-resistant of leguminous crops. In addition, under the nuts it is not necessary to make nitrogen fertilizers, since it is in a position to obtain this element from the air and supply the soil. Nut does not require high quality soils, but it will be bad to grow on clogged or heavy clay soils. Choose well-lit sections with loose drained soil for nude.
Lentil
Food lentils, or ordinary or cultural (Lat. Lens Culinaris) - Herbaceous annual family of lentils of the bean family, one of the oldest crops, widely cultivated as a feed and food plant. This plant is known for a long time: still in the Old Testament it is mentioned that ISAV traded his birthright to a lental chowder. Lentils appeared from the south-east of Asia, but they grow it in all countries with a temperate and warm climate. AT South America And Australia Lentils is the basis of many national dishes, in India and China, it is considered the same national product, as well as rice, and in Germany, a traditional Christmas dish is prepared from it.
The root of lentils is thin, small and swept away. A reprehensive branched stem reaches a height from 15 to 75 cm. The next, short-flower pavery leaves ends with a mustache. Highlights from lentils Open-Running, half-eyed. Fatty flowers are crowned with axis. Small white, pink or purple flowers, collected in a cysterious inflorescence, are revealed in June-July. Rhombic beans are about 1 cm long and a width of up to 8 mm contain from 1 to 3 flattened seeds with almost sharp edge. Seed color depends on the variety.
The fruits of lentils contain a large amount of iron and vegetable protein, easily absorbed by the human body, however, the content of tryptophan and sulfur amino acids in Lentils are not so high as in other legume plants. And the fat in it is less than in the pea. In one portion of lentils containing 90% of the daily norm of folic acid. Lentils include soluble fiber, improving digestion, potassium, calcium, iron and phosphorus, as well as manganese, copper, zinc, iodine, cobalt, molybdenum and boron, fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6, vitamins C, A, PP and group B, as well as Isoflavones, overwhelming breast cancer.
Unpretentious to the conditions of growing lentils, nevertheless, has its own preferences. For example, she larger loose fertilous and thin soils of a neutral reaction. It grows in heavy soils, and even in scyed, but good harvest in such a soil it will not give. Enter into the clay soil sand, and in a sour - lime, and then you can sow lentils. The best predecessors for lentils are corn, potatoes or winter crops.
There are six varieties of lentils:
- brown, intended mainly for soups. It is quickly prepared, especially after pre-soaking, and has a nut aroma;
- green is an unworthy brown lentil, which is added to salads, meat and rice dishes;
- yellow - unworthy brown lentil without peel;
- red lentils are lential grains without shells, so the process of cooking puree or soup of them takes only 10-12 minutes;
- black lentils, or Beluga - very small, similar to the firing caviar of Lentil, after cooking, preserving and its color and shape;
- the French green lentil derived in the town of De Puy, which is considered the most delicious and exquisite. She has a soft aroma, an original marble pattern and soft skin. French lentils during cooking retains its shape, so it is used to prepare soups, salads, casserole, and also serve as a side dish for fish and meat.
Beans.
- The genus of the bean family, which unites almost a hundred species growing in a warm and temperate climate. The most popular kind of kind is the common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), the birthplace of Latin America. Ordinary beans are distinguished by a variety of shapes and coloring of leaves, colors and fruits. Food is used both seeds and pods of the beans of this ancient plant, which in America was cultivated yet by Aztec. After the second trip, Columbus Beans hit Europe, in which it first was grown as a decorative plant, and only from the end of the XVII century began to be cultivated as vegetable culture.
The height of the beans can reach from 50 cm to 3 m. Its strongwheel and sowed stem can be direct or curly. Leaves in the beans are three-grained, parsley and long-cohs. Motive flowers are white, purple and dark purple color, located on long flowering 2-6 pieces, are collected in the stubby brushes. Bean fruits are curved or straight, almost cylindrical or flattened hanging beans long from 5 to 20 and 1-1.5 cm wide. The color of the pod varies from pale yellow to dark purple. The beans is from two to eight elliptic seeds of white or dark purple, monochrome or cripples, spotted or mosaic.
Bean seeds contain proteins, carbohydrates, oily oil, carotene, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, indispensable amino acids, flavonoids, sterols, organic acids (malonic, lemon and apple), as well as vitamins - ascorbic and pantothenic acid, thiamine and pyridoxine. Raw beans, especially with red seeds, contains lectins that need to be neutralized by boiling for 30 minutes. Bean proteins in their composition close to meat proteins. Soups, side dishes are prepared from the beans. In some cases, the beans is a dietary product. Bean flaps are used to prepare an extract that reduces blood sugar content and increasing diuresis. In folk medicine, influence of beans beans were treated with rheumatism, hypertension and salt metabolism.
Grow beans in light drained soil, a fertilized compost or humus. In terms of composition, it can be loam or sac. The site is better to arrange on the southern or south-west slope protected from the wind. The beans are divided into three groups:
- with long, or grain beans - these varieties are distinguished by the presence of an inner dense parchment layer, so they grow, as a rule, on grain;
- with semi-chamber beans - these varieties are not so farmed by the parchment layer or appears at the late stage of the development of grains;
- with sugar, or sparky beans - these are the most valuable and delicious varieties, because in their pods there is no parchment layer.
Rannevel beans are represented by such varieties: flat long, dissing, sacca 615, caramel, chashin, gold nectar, white steel 361. Motolskaya White, Pation, Moscow White, Jubilee, Fire-Red, Winner, Violet, and from Late beans most often give preference to the varieties of blue Hilda, the Queen of Narcar and beautiful. If you decide to grow sparky beans, then the best varieties of this species are Indiana, Bergold, deer King, Gina asparagus, Panther, Olga, Paloma Scuba and Pennsyl under.
From the varieties of the curling beans, Violetta, Gerda, Turkana, Golden cervy, Mauritan, Lambad, Fatima, Winner and the Purple Queen, and the most famous oil king, caramel, indiana and royal purple pod are most often cultivated.
Soy.
It is an annual grassy plant, a view of the kind of soybean family of legumes. Soy cultural is grown in southern Europe, Asia, South and North America, South and Central Africa, Australia and on the Pacific Islands. Soybean as well as other legumes, is one of the most ancient cultivated plants - the history of its cultivation has at least five thousand years: the mention of this was found in Chinese literature relating to the third or fourth millennium BC. However, there is also such an opinion that soybeans as a cultivated plant formed even earlier - 6-7 thousand years ago. In the culture of Soyu introduced in China, and then she spread to Korea and Japan. To Europe, the plant penetrated in 1740 through France, and in 1790 he was brought to England, although the culture in Europe began to expand widely in 1885. In 1898, a lot of soybeans from Asia and Europe were delivered to the United States, and at the beginning of the thirties of the last century this culture was grown in America already on an area of \u200b\u200b1 million hectares. In the Russian Empire, the first Soy crops were produced in 1877 in the territory of modern Ukraine - in the Tavrichesky and Kherson provinces.
Currently, the gennomified soybean is part of many products. The world leader in the production of GM-soy is the American firm "Monsanto".
The popularity of the Food Soy deserves such characteristics as:
- high yield;
- high protein content;
- excellent results in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis;
- the presence of a plant grain of the most valuable substances - vitamins E, PP, A, Group B, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, iodine, linoleic and linolenic acid ;
- unique properties that allow producing useful products from soybean - soybean oil, milk, flour, meat, paste, tofu, sauce and others.
In addition, soybean is used as a useful and inexpensive meat and milk substitute, it is part of the food for young farm animals.
The root system at soybean rod, the main root is thick, but not very long, and the side roots can extend to the sides under the ground for two meters. Stems at soybeans are thin or thick, reprehension, peeling or curly, well-branched, height from 15 to 200 and more see side shoots depart from the stem at different angles, forming an empty, semi-scattered or compact bush. And stems, and the shoots of soybeans are covered with yellow, white or brown pile. When ripening, the soybean becomes a brown-yellow or red. The leaves of the soybeans are the next (except for the two first opposite), usually troops, with small horses. The shape of the leaves, depending on the variety, can be rhombic, broadly, oval, wedge-shaped with stupid or pointed tops. In most of the varieties, the leaves fall into the ripening of fruits, which greatly facilitates the harvest. Little white or purple Flowers of soybeans are collected in tinsel inflorescences - sometimes short and low-mounted, and sometimes multi-flowered and long. Soybeans are straight, mute, slightly curved or sickle beans, convex or flat, light, brown or brown, with reddishment, length from 3 to 7 and wide from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. Bobach is from 1 to 4 grains - oval, round, oval-elongated, flat, convex, large, medium or small, green, yellow, brown, black, with gray, light or dark brown.
Soybean-resistant, but if you want to get a good harvest, the soil in which it grows should be well moistened. It is better to grow soybeans in areas with fertile drum or sampling soil located on the open sun, but protected from wind.
Soy cultural view has six varieties:
- half-cultural;
- indian;
- chinese;
- korean;
- manchurskaya;
- slavic.
On the basis of these subspecies, soybeans was carried out, which as a result gave many varieties and hybrids. On the territory of the former CIS, the varieties of Manchurian and Slavic subspecies and their hybrids are common. The most popular varieties in the south of Russia and Ukraine can be considered amethyst, Altair, Ivanku, Vityaz 50, Bystritsa 2, Kiev 98, Chernivtsi 8, Romance, Teresinskaya 2, Dimos, Polesskaya 201, Ros, Veras, Yelland, Whae, Pripyat and Oresce . Under the conditions of the middle strip, varieties are bright, taway, oxal, azure, harmony, Sonata, Lydia, Yankan, Aktay, Niga 1, Magyev and others are growing more often.
Peanut
Peanut Cultural or peanut underground, or earthwood (Lat. Arachis Hypogaea) - an important agricultural plant grown on an industrial scale. Actually, calling peanuts nuts wrong, in fact it is a leggings of South America. Peanuts were well known to the Aborighen Peru before the Conquists. The Spaniards brought peanuts to Europe and the Philippines, and the Portuguese - to India and Macau, as well as in Africa, where he, along with black slaves, got into North America. First, in the states, peanuts were fed pigs, but during the civil war they were used to eat soldiers of both armies. At that time, the peanuts were food of the poor, but it was not grown massively as a food culture, and only in 1903 Agrochemistry George Washington Carver, studying peanuts, invented more than 300 products from it, including cosmetics, drinks, dyes, medicine, soap , Means from insects and even typographic paint. The scientist convinced the farmers to alternate on one field growing cotton and peanuts, and since then this culture has become in the southern states of America one of the main. On the territory of the former USSR, peanuts are grown in Central Asia, in some places in the Transcaucasia and Ukraine, as well as in the southern regions of Russia.
Peanut cultural - an annual plant with a height of 25 to 70 cm with a rod branched root system, reprehensible, inexpressively graves, sowed or naked stems, lying or directed up branches, branched shoots, the next incended pavery leaf leaves from 3 to 11 cm. Petroby And the leaves themselves consist of two pairs of pointed elliptic leaves and fragile large, elongated, all-stringed and also pointed strippers. White or yellow-red peanut flowers collected by 4-7 pieces into low-mounted brushes, dissolve in early June or early July. Fruits are unbroken oval and swollen beans with a length of 1.5 to 6 cm with a web pattern on a porous peel, which, ripening, is blocked to the ground, buried into it and are rushing there. Each Bob is located from 1 to 5 oblong grains of magnitude with beans covered with dark red, grayish yellow, cream or light pink skin. Ripen fruits in September or in October.
Peanut seeds are saturated with bold oil, which includes glycerides Stearinova, palmitic, oleinova, linoleic, laurine, tagged and other acids. In addition to oil, grains contain proteins, globulins, glutenines, starch, sugar, amino acids, vitamins E and group B, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and iron. Use peanuts in the food industry for the preparation of confectionery and second dishes, as well as the famous peanut butter. The drug properties of peanuts are well known, which is the strongest antioxidant.
Peanuts are grown on light loams, sphesis and sands. The plot should be sunny and protected from wind. There are four peanut varieties:
- Ranner - Vintage varieties that are grown mainly for oil processing, for example, Dixie Ranner, early Ranner, Bradford Ranner, Egyptian giant, Georgia Green, Rhodesian Spanish Bunch and others;
- Virginia - varieties with the largest grains from which salted and sweet nuts produce. These include a group of varieties of North Carolina (7, 9, 10C, 12C V11), Virginia varieties group (C92, 98R, 93B), as well as Vilson, Perry, Gregory, Gul, Shulp, and others;
- Spanish (Spanish) - Varieties with small grains covered with red-brown skin. These nuts are good in chocolate or sugar, they contain a lot of oil and are used as raw materials. Dixie Spanish, Argentinean, SPANTEX, SPANIS, STAR, COMET, FLORISPAN, SPANKROX, O "LIN, SPANKOKROX, ON" LIN, SPANKO AND OTHER;
- Valencia - Sweet nuts of this type are covered with bright red skin. They are most often selling fried. This variety includes the varieties of Tennessee White and Tennessee Red.
Feed bean plants
Vika
Sowing vika or polka dot (lat. Vicia) - the genus of flowering plants of the bean family, whose representatives grow in wet forests, steppes and shrubs, on the filler meadows, forest edges with temperate climates. Humanity grows some types of wiki and in ornamental purposes, but for the most part of the plant of this kind used on feed or as a sider.
The genus is represented by both annual and perennial plants with a fallen or renovative stem, paired leaves, ending the mustache or straight bristle, and almost seated flowers, single or collected in sneakers of 2-3 pieces. Wiki fruits are cylindrical flat-shaped multi-month or double-lita beans. Vika is a good honey.
Vika willingly eats cattle eagerly, and it affects the quality of milk, however, the plant can cause miscarriages in the cows. Hay from Vika serves excellent feed for adult cattle, however it is harmful to nursing mares, calves, foals and lambs. The wiki straw is nutritious, but difficult to digest, so it is added to another feed in small portions. Wigbed by boiling water Manyakina wiki - beautiful pigs for pigs.
On the green fertilizer, the Vica is grown as an intermediate culture, and it is of interest as a predecessor for seedlings of pepper, tomatoes and other garden plants as a seedrate. Sing the Vica on the eculty and moistened nutrient soils of the weakness reaction. Mars, acidic, salt and dry sandy soils are not suitable for its cultivation. The most famous varieties of wiki sowing are Nikolskaya, Lyudmila, Barnaulka, Lgovskaya 22 and Vera.
Clover
- genus of plants of the bean family. The most famous appearance of this kind is the red, or meadow clover (Lat. Trifolium Pratense) growing in nature in Europe, North Africa, Central and Western Asia.
Clover meadow - Sometimes a two-year-old, but more often a perennial herbaceous plant, reaching in height from 15 to 55 cm. Stems from him branchy, raising, the leaves are tremendous, what the species name says, with small-scale broad-shaped lobes from one-piece leaflets with cilias around the edges. The spherical inflorescences of the clover of red or white color are often placed in pairs and are usually covered with upper leaves. The fruit of the clover is one-bedned egg-shaped bob. Seeds are rounded or angular, yellow-red or purple. Flowers clover in June-September, and its fruits ripen in August-October.
Vitamin concentrates are obtained from clover leaves, and plant essential oil is used for aromatic baths and produced by homeopathic preparations. Clover meadow is one of the most valuable crops, which is used as a green feed and from which silage and shyden. The clovers straw also goes to the feed cattle. In folk medicine, the infusion and decoction of the clover was taken as a means for appetite, in the treatment of tuberculosis, cough, cough, bronchial asthma, migraine, malaria, uterine bleeding and painful menstruation. Fresh clover juice was washed inflamed from allergies of the eye, and purulent ulcers and wounds were treated with a compress from crushed leaves.
In the culture, the clover is unpretentious as in nature, but it is better to sow it in the sun into a weakly acidic or neutral soil in which cereals grew earlier. Before sowing, it is necessary to plow the plot deeply and remove weeds from it.
If you are interested in decorative qualities of the plant, then it is better to sow some variety of clover Czczuchny (Trifolium RepenS), for example, an atropyrury, good lacquer, purpleocens, Swedish pink hybrid clover (Trifolium Hybridum) or reddish clover (Trifolium Rubens).
Alfalfa
It is a herbaceous plant, a typical view of the genus Lucerne. In a wild form, it grows in the Balkans and in Malaya Asia in the steppes, the valleys of rivers, on dry meadows and grassy slopes, by edges, shrubs and pebbles, and in culture is grown worldwide as a feed plant.
Stems in alfalfa pubescent or naked, tetrahedral, highly branched at the top and reach 80 cm in height. They can be straight or lying. Rhizome in the plant is thick, powerful, deeply occurring. Leaves of sweet, solid, oblong-ovoid, with leaves 1-2 long and 0.3-1 width. On long glands, a thick-hearted multi-flower brush is formed with a length of 2-3 cm, consisting of blue-violet flowers. The fruit of alfalfa - bob with a diameter of up to 5 mm.
Lucerne just like clover and Vika, is a honeybeer - immediately after pumping, golden yellow alucerne honey is thickly to the state of home cream. Lucerne is a valuable agricultural culture, which is grown not only for food, but also on green fertilizer, as well as a ciderat for cotton, grain and vegetable crops. Some varieties of plants are used in food by adding to salads. As a feed plant, alfalfa has already grown six or seven thousand years: it spreads to the world with the armies of conquerors. For example, Persians brought alfalfa to Greece, Saracini to Spain, and Spaniards to South America and Mexico, and from there the plant fell into Texas and California. Now alfalfa is grown around the world.
Lucerne is growing on well-drained, highly solid medium divided soils with a weakly acidic or neutral reaction. It is not worth sowing it on sour, wetlands, saltwaters, clay or rocky soils or where groundwater is highlighted high. When growing on poor soils, fertilizers must be made, and saline soils require washing iris.
There are about 50 grades of alfalfa sowing, however, we are usually growing grades of caress, Rosinka, Lyuba, Northern Hybrid, Bride of the North, Marusinskaya 425, Bibinur, Fravent, Madalina, Camila and others.
In addition to alfalfa, wiki and clover, a pebble, an esparcet, feed beans, a yazennik and a pity, sometimes grow from legumes as feed plants, but these cultures are less popular.
Decorative bean plants
Lupine
- genus of plants of the bean family. Present the order of annual and perennial herbaceous plants, as well as half-workers and shrubs. The plant name is translated as "wolf", the people of the same Lupine are often called "wolf beans". In the wild, Lupine can be found in the Mediterranean, Africa, and in the Western Hemisphere it grows on the territory from Patagonia to Yukon and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. There are no more than 200 species of the plant, but the very first was introduced into a culture about 4,000 years ago, Lupine White - in ancient Greece, Egypt and Rome used as food, fertilizer and medicinal plant. And Lupine variable is grown in culture since the time of the Inca.
Interest in lupine is caused by a high content in its seeds of protein and oil, according to the indicators close to olive. Since ancient times, the seeds of Lupine and its green mass were used as feed for livestock. Grow the plant and as a sider. You can use Lupine and as a green fertilizer - it allows you to contain a plot in cleanliness and, growing environmentally friendly vegetables and cereals, saving expensive fertilizers. Lupine is also in demand in pharmacology and medicine. But in summer cottages, this culture is grown as a decorative flowering plant.
The root system in lupine rod, reaching 1-2 meters deep. On the roots there are nodule bacteria absorbing nitrogen and binding it. Herbaceous or rustic stems of lupine, designed to varying degrees depending on the species, reach a height of one and a half meters. Branches are a reprehension, peeling or hopping. Painty-complex regular leaves are connected to the stem with long stiffs. Other, half-or-mould the flowers are formed by a multi-flowered top brush with a length of up to 1 m. Sigomorphic lupine flowers are a sail oval or rounded, straightened in the midst. Flowers coloring can be cream, yellow, pink, red, lilac and different shades of purple color. Fruits are leathery, weakly bent or linear beans with an uneven surface of cream, brown or black. Seeds of different types and varieties of lupine differ in size, shape and color. The surface is finely or smooth.
Lupine is characterized by high drought resistance, prefers a moderate climate, although some species carry even very low temperatures. It is sowing a bean plant into samp or linyl soils of neutral, weakly alkaline or weakly acidic reaction. In culture, these types of Lupine are grown:
- blue (narrow-walled) - varieties of hope, knight, snow, crystal, rainbow, shift;
- yellow - Sorts Reliable, Narochansky, Prestige, Zhytomyr, fast-growing, academic 1, Demidovsky, Torch;
- white - varieties of gamma, Degas, Desnyansky;
- multi-sized (refers to perennials) - Albus varieties (white), Burg Froylane (boiling-white), shloss Frau (pale pink), abanthlut (dark red), Castellian (blue-purple), carmine (red), apricot ( Orange), Edelknaba (carmine), Roseus (pink), Kronlohter (bright yellow), rubynigenig (ruby-violet), Princess Juliana (white-pink).
Mimosa
- Herbaceous perennial from the genus Mimosa, which includes about 600 species. Mimosa occurs from the tropical regions of South America, but as a decorative plant is grown worldwide, including in room culture.
The height of Mimosa reaches 30-70 cm, but sometimes it can grow to one and a half meters. Stem in a spiny plant, leaves up to 30 cm long, two-way, having supersensitivity: at sunset, in cloudy weather, or from touch, they add up and lowered. Long blooms are formed small purple spherical inflorescences with a diameter of up to 2 cm. Mimosa fruit is open when ripening hooked curved bob with 2-8 seeds.
Those who decided to grow miming in the apartment, you should know that because of poisonousness you need to keep the plant away from children and pets. In addition, Mimosa does not carry tobacco smoke and in protest immediately resets the leaves.
Acacia
Acacia silver, or white (lat. acacia dealbata) - View of the trees of the genus Acacia family of legumes from the south-east coast of Australia and Tasmania Island. This appearance grows in the south of Europe, in South Africa, at Madagascar, the Azores and the US West. In everyday life, the acacia is usually called mimosa, although these cultures belong to different kinds.
Acacia silver - A fast-growing tree with a spreaded crown, growing up to 10-12 m, and its barrel can reach in diameter 60-70 cm. The bark at the plant is gray-brown or brown, fractured, from cracks often serves gum. Young branches of an olive green plant with a Sizem Rock, like the leaves, for which this acacia and received its species name. Twice half-dissected regular leaves 10-20 cm long consist of 8-24 pairs of small elongated first-order leaves. On each leaflet there is up to 50 pairs of second-order left leaves, the width of which does not exceed 1 cm. 20-30 fragrant, very small sisovato-yellow flowers are assembled in the heads with a diameter of 4 to 8 mm, which form creeps-shaped inflorescences, which are in turn belties . The fruits of acacia silver - extended lancing, oblong, flat beans of a light brown or purple-brown color with a length of 1.5 to 8 and a width of up to 1 cm. In some pods, very solid black or dark brown seeds of elliptical shape 3 -4 mm. Flowers a tree from the end of January to mid-April, and fruits at the end of summer or at the beginning of autumn. Acacia Silver is an excellent honey.
Acacia gum contains tubyl substances, flowers - oil, which includes hydrocarbons, aldehydes, acid esters, acids and alcohol with the smell of amber, and flavonoids are found in the pollen.
Acacia silver only grown in warm climate, because it does not withstand frosts below 10 degrees. It is necessary to plant it in the sun, protecting the wind from the impulses, into the fertile soil of the neutral reaction. Acacia drought resistant, but first time after landing needs constant irrigation.
Properties of legumes
All legume plants have a two-dimensional irregular flower flowers collected in the stool or top heads or brushes. The most characteristic form of flowers is moth, for which legumes received their second name. Although some believe that legume flowers are more reminded by a boat with a sail.
The characteristic feature is the roots of many legumes: they are formed by the growths in which the colonies of nitrogen intact bacteria are inhabited, absorbing this element from air and translating it into a more affordable form. This nitrogen is powered for the plant itself, accumulating in all its organs, and stands out in the ground. That is why leggile cultures are grown as green fertilizer and use as sitarats.
The nutritional qualities of the seeds of legume crops are difficult to overestimate, because at the expense of the protein contained in them they are inexpensive substitute for meat, which is especially important for vegetarians. In addition to protein, the fruits of legumes contain vitamins and tissue, as well as other substances very valuable for the human body. Another advantage of legumes is that they do not accumulate nitrates and toxins, so the feed of legume crops are so high.
A number of legume plants are medicinal, for example, Cassia, Japanese sofa, Naked and Ural licorice.
All legume crops are grown by sowing seeds into open soil, and a seaside method is used only for heat-loving plants, such as peanuts and beans. Preliminary soaking of the sowing material accelerates the emergence of germs, but in the water seeds should be not more than 12 hours, otherwise they may not exist.
Almost all representatives of the legumes family prefer sandy or drowned soils of a neutral reaction, however, a small shift in the acidic or alkaline side is possible.
Most of the legumes are in symbiosis with nodule bacteria that supply soil with nitrogen. But the ability to absorb nitrogen from the air appears in plants only after flowering, so at the very beginning of growth, complete mineral fertilizer must be made to the soil, including the nominic component. It is desirable to sow legumes after cultures, which caused a body, and in order for the roots of the plants, the nodules with bacteria were formed, special bacterial fertilizers need to be applied.
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