V.N. ZARITSKY, L.A. KHARKEVICH

♦ PUBLISHING HOUSE TSTU ♦

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

GOU VPO "Tambov State Technical University"

V.N. ZARITSKY, L.A. KHARKEVICH

Approved by the educational and methodological association of higher military educational institutions for education in the field of military management in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (SV) as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions of the Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation studying in the military specialty "Combat use of units and units of ground artillery "

Tambov Publishing house of TSTU

UDC 355.4 / 5 (075) BBK Ts2,8 (2) 5 y 73

R e c e n z e n t:

Head of the Department of Tactics and Combined Arms Disciplines of the Tambov Military Aviation Administration of the Russian Academy of Sciences (VI)

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Colonel

Yu.T. Zyryanov

Head of the Military Department, Voronezh State University, Colonel

A. Shcherbakov

Deputy Head of the Faculty of Military Education, Tambov State Technical University, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Colonel

M.Yu. Sergin

Zaritsky, V.N.

З-34 General tactics: study guide / V.N. Zaritsky, L.A. Kharkevich. - Tambov: Publishing house of Tamb. state tech. University, 2007 .-- 184 p. - 200 copies. - ISBN 5-8265-0556-7 (ISBN 978-5-8265-0556-4).

The theoretical foundations of the organization and conduct of combat operations by combined arms and artillery units are presented. The basic concepts and definitions defining the methodology of the subject "General tactics" are given. The methods of building marching and combat formations of subunits in conducting various types of combat, as well as the principles of countering the enemy are described. The organization of units of domestic and foreign armies, equipping them with weapons and the actual tactics of actions are presented. The presentation of the material is accompanied by illustrations, structural and tactical diagrams.

It is intended for students studying at the military training faculties of higher educational institutions with a specialization in "Ground artillery".

	UDC 355.4 / 5 (075)
	BBK Ts2,8 (2) 5th 73
ISBN 5-8265-0556-7	Zaritsky V.N., Kharkevich L.A., 2007
(ISBN 978-5-8265-0556-4)	GOU VPO "Tambov State
	Technical University "(TSTU), 2007

Educational edition

ZARITSKY Vladimir Nikolaevich, KHARKEVICH Lev Antonovich

GENERAL TACTICS

Tutorial

Editor M.A. Evseicheva Computer prototyping engineer T.A. Synkova

Signed for printing on December 29, 2006.

Format 60 × 84 / 16.10.0 conv. print l.

Circulation 200 copies. Order No. 884

Publishing and Printing Center of Tambov State Technical University,

392000, Tambov, Soviet 106, building 14

FOREWORD

In recent years, in the training of military specialists, issues related to the optimization of the structures of combat subunits, as well as the tactics of conducting modern offensive and defensive combat, have attracted considerable interest. These issues remain relevant in the light of the recent armed conflicts that took place both within our Fatherland and beyond its borders. The acquired combat experience is analyzed, generalized and applied to the actions of subunits in the current conditions. Particular attention, as always, is paid to improving the structure and tactics of the combat employment of units and subunits of the Ground Forces, including combined arms and artillery.

The developed textbook in its content is intended for teaching university students at military departments and consolidating the knowledge they have already acquired in the discipline "General tactics", and also aims to provide educational and methodological assistance to teachers in the preparation and conduct of classes in this subject. The proposed material of the textbook corresponds to the training program for university students at the military departments of civilian universities.

The textbook is distinguished by a harmonious, logical and structured form of presentation of the material and its military scientific presentation, visual display of specialized schemes, the content of a large amount of reference material and illustrations. This textbook has been tested in the educational process of the military training faculty of the Tambov State Technical University and has positive feedback from the teaching staff and trainees.

The main purpose of this tutorial is to outline the theoretical foundations of the organization and conduct of hostilities based on the provisions of the "General Tactics". We have made an attempt, to some extent, to fill the existing gap in the issue of publishing educational literature for the training of reserve officers. It should be emphasized that the presentation of the material is based on the many years of experience of the authors delivering a course of lectures on tactical training. Moreover, this book is a revised, supplemented edition of previous publications of the authors and adapted for students studying at military faculties (departments) of civilian universities.

We believe that this training manual can also be successfully used in the training of personnel specialists of the armed forces, since the issues discussed in the book cover a fairly wide range of tactical tasks in general. In addition, we hope that the proposed textbook will be very useful from a methodological point of view for faculty teaching in tactical disciplines. Finally, the book can serve as a guide for reserve officers during mobilization deployments.

We consider it necessary to point out that the manual is written in the aspect of the requirements for military training publications. However, not all factors can be taken into account, because the dynamics of modern life is so impetuous and changeable. Therefore, this book is not exhaustive.

I would like to thank the faculty of the Artillery Department of the Military Education Faculty of the Tambov State Technical University for helpful advice and friendly criticism. Remarks and wishes of readers will be accepted with gratitude.

INTRODUCTION

The art of war has three components:

1) strategy (theory and practice of preparing the country and the armed forces (Armed Forces) for war, planning and waging war

and strategic operations);

2) operational art (theory and practice of preparation and conduct of operations by large units of the armed forces);

3) tactics.

Tactics is the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat by subunits, units and formations of various types of the Armed Forces and combat arms. It is subdivided into tactics of the Armed Forces, combat arms and general tactics.

Armed Forces tactics, combat arms - develops specific issues of the combat employment of subunits, units and formations of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces in combined arms combat and independently.

General tactics investigates the patterns of combined arms combat and develops recommendations for its preparation and conduct by joint efforts of subunits, units and formations. The basis of the general tactics is the tactics of the ground forces.

ORGANIZATION OF THE STRUCTURAL MILITARY STRUCTURE AND THE PRINCIPLES OF CONDUCTING COMBAT

Chapter 1

ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1.1 STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF THE ARMED FORCES

V Our army has various formations, organizations, the tactics of some of them will be outlined in tactical training classes (Table 1.1.1).

1.1.1. Formations of the RF Armed Forces

Motorized rifle
(tank)	Artillery formations
formation
Subdivisions:	Subdivisions:
- department (crew);	- department (calculation);
- msv (tv);	- platoon (management, reconnaissance, communications,
- msr (tr);	fire);
- msb (tb)	- battery (artillery, mortar and
- msp (tp)	- division (artillery, jet,
Connections:	intelligence)
- mfd (td)
Associations:
- frame;	Connections:
	- hell (brigade)

The organizational structure of the Armed Forces is subordinated to the interests of the successful fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them.

Top management by all the Armed Forces belongs to the President of the country. Direct guidance carried out by the Ministry of Defense, headed by the Minister of Defense.

The Armed Forces consist of three types: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy. In addition, the Armed Forces include Strategic Rocket Forces, Space Forces, and the Rear of the Armed Forces (Fig. 1.1.1).

Defense Minister

Deputy Defense Ministers

General

Types of armed

Ground troops

Stationary

basing

Intelligence-

Frontline

Motorized rifle

Underwater

Mobile

basing

Tank

Surface

RV and artillery

Space

Air Defense Troops

transport

technical

Army

Coastal

Technical

securing

Armed

Anti-aircraft missiles

Engineering

Automobile-

troops

Signal Corps

Coastal

Radio engineering

Rear protection

ic troops

artillery

troops

Each branch of the armed forces consists of branches of the armed forces and special forces, which, depending on the nature of the tasks performed, have their own weapons, equipment and organization.

Ground troops. The decisive role in the final defeat of the enemy in the continental theater of operations and the capture of important land areas is assigned. In terms of their combat capabilities, they are capable, in cooperation with other types of armed forces, to conduct an offensive with the aim of routing enemy force groupings, seizing its territory, delivering fire strikes at great depths, and repelling an enemy invasion.

Air force strength. A strategic task of state importance is assigned - reliable protection of administrative-political, military-industrial centers, communication centers, forces and means of higher military and state administration, objects of the Unified Energy System and other important elements of the national economic infrastructure of Russia from attacks by an aggressor from the airspace.

The Navy is designed to maintain strategic stability, ensure Russia's national interests in the World Ocean and reliable security in sea and ocean areas. The combat missions of the Navy are nuclear deterrence, assistance to front forces in coastal areas, and defeat of enemy ship groupings.

Strategic Rocket Forces are designed to solve strategic problems. They are capable of destroying large military groupings, objects of the enemy's military-industrial potential, his nuclear attack weapons, arsenals and enterprises producing nuclear weapons in the shortest possible time, disorganizing state and military administration, and disrupting a nuclear attack.

Space Forces prepare and launch all launch vehicles without exception, control the vast majority of spacecraft in orbit, develop orders for space complexes and systems, coordinate the activities of almost all scientific and production cooperation on space issues, ensure compliance with international obligations on strategic offensive restrictions, in primarily nuclear weapons.

Rear Services of the Armed Forces designed to provide troops with all types of materiel and the maintenance of their stocks, training and operation of communications, providing military transport, repairing weapons and military equipment, providing medical assistance to the wounded and sick, carrying out sanitary and hygienic and veterinary measures and performing a number of other logistics support tasks ...

1.2 LAND FORCES, THEIR COMPOSITION AND PURPOSE

Ground troops- the most numerous type of the Armed Forces, specially designed to fight strikes and defeat the groups of the aggressor's troops and hold occupied territories, regions, and lines. They are armed with various types of military equipment, conventional and nuclear weapons and include:

a) branches of the armed forces: motorized rifle, tank, airborne, missile and artillery troops, air defense troops, army aviation, engineering troops, signal troops;

b) special troops reconnaissance, radiation, chemical, biological protection (RCBZ), electronic warfare (EW), technical support, nuclear-technical, automobile, rear protection.

Motorized rifle troops are intended for conducting combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the armed forces and special forces. They are capable of operating in conditions of the use of both conventional weapons and nuclear weapons. Possessing powerful fire, high mobility, maneuverability and resistance from the effects of weapons of mass destruction, motorized rifle troops can break through prepared and hastily occupied enemy defenses, develop an offensive at high rates and to great depths, together with other types of troops, destroy the enemy, consolidate and hold the captured terrain ...

Tank forces constitute the main striking force of the Ground Forces. They are designed to conduct combat operations independently and in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces and special forces. They are used mainly in the main directions to deliver powerful and deep blows to the enemy. Possessing great firepower, reliable protection, high mobility and maneuverability, tank forces are able to make the most of the results of nuclear and fire strikes and achieve the ultimate goals of combat and operations in a short time.

Rocket troops and artillery are the main firepower of the Ground Forces. They are designed to inflict effective fire damage on the enemy. In the course of hostilities, MFAs can perform very diverse fire missions: suppress and destroy manpower, fire weapons, artillery, missile launchers, tanks, self-propelled artillery installations, etc.; destroy various defensive structures; prohibit the enemy from maneuvering.

Air Defense Forces The ground forces are designed to cover groupings of troops and objects, their rear from enemy air strikes. They are capable, independently and in cooperation with the forces and means of the Air Force, to destroy aircraft and unmanned aerial attack vehicles, to fight enemy airborne assault forces on flight routes and during their drop, as well as to conduct radar reconnaissance and alert troops about an air enemy.

Army aviation designed to support the Ground Forces on the battlefield. It is entrusted with fire missions, tasks of combat and logistic support. The main fire missions are: striking enemy troops, destroying his airborne assault forces, raid, forward and outflanking detachments, landing and air support for his assault forces, fighting enemy helicopters, destroying his nuclear missile weapons, tanks and other armored equipment, control points, communication centers and infrastructure elements.

Airborne troops are intended for combat operations behind enemy lines. The main combat properties of the Airborne Forces: the ability to quickly reach remote areas of the theater of operations, deliver surprise attacks on the enemy, and successfully wage a combined-arms battle. The Airborne Forces can quickly capture and hold important areas deep behind enemy lines, disrupt its state and military control, seize islands, areas of the sea coast, naval and

air bases, to assist the advancing troops in crossing large water obstacles and quickly overcoming mountainous areas, to destroy important enemy targets.

Engineering troops are designed to support combat operations of all types of the Armed Forces and combat arms. Engineering troops must ensure a high rate of offensive, including the destruction of strong enemy strongholds covered with mine-explosive barriers, in a short time create insurmountable defensive lines, help protect people and equipment from all types of defeat. In peacetime, they carry out a number of specific tasks, which in terms of their importance and complexity are equated to combat ones.

Signal troops are designed to provide communications and command and control. The tasks of the signal troops are to establish and maintain stable and uninterrupted communications between headquarters, commanders and subordinates, interacting units and formations in any situation, to ensure the timely and accurate passage of signals related to command and control of troops.

1.3 PURPOSE, ORGANIZATIONAL DIVISION AND WEAPONS OF ARTILLERY

V modern combined arms combat, especially with the use of only conventional weapons, artillery fire in combination

with air strikes is one of the main means of destroying the enemy. This is due to the fact that artillery possesses powerful and accurate fire, a long firing range, the ability to maneuver extensively and quickly concentrate fire on the most important targets.

Artillery units designed to destroy nuclear and chemical attack weapons, elements of high-precision weapons systems, artillery, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, anti-tank and other fire weapons, manpower, helicopters on landing sites, air defense systems, command posts, destruction of enemy fortifications, remote mining of the terrain , lighting support, setting up aerosol (smoke) curtains.

Anti-tank artillery units are intended to destroy tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy.

Artillery reconnaissance units are intended for obtaining reconnaissance data about the terrain and the enemy in the interests of his defeat, as well as for servicing artillery firing.

Artillery division- the main fire and tactical artillery unit. He can fire several batteries at one target (group of targets) or battery at different targets.

Artillery battery- fire and tactical artillery unit. It can simultaneously hit one or two targets from a closed firing position or several targets with direct fire.

A fire platoon is an artillery fire unit. It performs fire missions as part of a battery or independently.

Artillery battalion control platoon(batteries) is designed to conduct reconnaissance, service artillery firing and provide communications.

In service with modern artillery there is a large number of artillery pieces of various types and types, which is explained by the variety of combat missions solved by artillery (Fig. 1.3.1).

A cannon is an artillery gun designed for flat firing at ground, sea and air targets. The gun is characterized by a high initial velocity of the projectile, and, consequently, a long barrel and a large mass of propellant charge.

A howitzer is an artillery gun that, as a rule, has a low muzzle velocity, a barrel no longer than 50 calibers and a small mass of propellant charge, and small vertical guidance angles of the barrel. It is mainly used for mounted shooting at targets located behind cover.

Artillery is subdivided

By combat properties

By way

By features

Towed

Rifled

Self-propelled

Smoothbore

Howitzer Cannons

Recoilless

Anti-tank

Casemate

Mining tools

By caliber

Organizational

accessories

Mortars

small (less than 76 mm)

military

Reactive

medium (76 - 152 mm)

artillery

reserve of the Supreme

large (more than 152 mm)

High Command

Howitzer cannon and howitzer cannon are weapons that can solve problems for both the howitzer and the cannon.

The mortar is a smooth-bore rigid system that does not have recoil devices, designed for hinged firing with feathered mines.

Rocket artillery - is used to fire multiple launch rocket launchers at relatively large targets with powerful fragmentation, high-explosive or other projectiles. Such systems have a rocket that does not rotate in flight, equipped with a tail unit, or a turbojet projectile that rotates in flight.

ATGM - horizontal anti-tank guided missiles. In service there are portable complexes, a self-propelled version on the chassis of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles and on fire support helicopters. Firing range from 85 to 400 m and more, armor penetration up to 500 mm.

CHAPTER 2 BASICS OF MODERN COMBAT COMBAT

2.1 HISTORY OF FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF COMBAT

The only means of achieving victory in an armed confrontation with the enemy is battle.

Before the advent of firearms, combat was a hand-to-hand combat of warriors armed with melee weapons on unequipped terrain.

With the development and improvement of firearms in the XIV - XVII centuries. fire gradually became the most important element of the battle. The battle began with the defeat of the enemy with fire and ended in hand-to-hand combat with the use of cold weapons. However, in the XVIII - XIX centuries. the battle took place in a still limited area, since the range, rate of fire and accuracy of shooting from smooth-bore weapons were insignificant.

Distribution in the middle of the XIX century. rifled weapons, and later rapid-fire long-range artillery and machine guns led to an increase in the spatial scope of the battle along the front and in depth.

The massive equipping of troops with machine guns and artillery, the use of tanks and aircraft in the First World War led

To the fact that success on the battlefield began to be achieved through the concerted efforts of all branches of the armed forces.

V During the Civil War, the maneuverability and interaction of the forces and assets involved in the battle improved, and the decisiveness of combat operations increased.

In the 1930s. new military equipment began to enter service with the Soviet army. With this in mind, the theory of deep combat was developed. The essence of this battle is the simultaneous defeat of the enemy to the full depth of his battle formation by a joint strike by infantry, tanks, artillery and aviation.

The theory of deep combat was further developed during the Second World War. The decisive role in achieving success in battle was the belonging to fire of various types of weapons. Infantry butt strike was used very rarely.

2.2 ESSENCE OF MODERN COMMUNITY COMBAT AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS. CONDITIONS FOR ACHIEVING SUCCESS IN BATTLE.

COMBAT TYPES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Modern combined arms battle- the main form of tactical actions of troops, is an organized

and strikes, fire and maneuvers of formations, units and subunits coordinated in purpose, place and time in order to destroy (defeat) the enemy, repel his strikes and perform other tasks in a limited area within a short time.

The purpose of the battle is the destruction or capture of the enemy's manpower, the destruction and capture of his weapons, military equipment

and suppression of the ability to further resist. It is achieved by powerful strikes of all types of weapons, the timely use of their results, and active and decisive actions of subunits.

The battle can be combined arms, anti-aircraft, air and sea.

Combined arms battle organized and conducted by the joint efforts of all the troops participating in it with the use of tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), artillery, air defense systems, aircraft, helicopters.

Characteristic features modern combined arms combat are:

determination;

high tension;

the transience and dynamism of hostilities;

ground-air the nature of the hostilities;

simultaneous powerful fire impact on the entire depth of the formation of the opposing sides;

the use of various methods of performing combat missions;

quick transition from one type of action to another;

complex electronic environment.

Success in battle largely depends on courage, resilience, courage, will to win, moral qualities and the level of training of people, weapons and military equipment. Modern combined arms combat requires from the troops participating in it continuous reconnaissance, skillful use of weapons, equipment, means of protection and camouflage, high mobility and organization. This is achieved through high combat training, conscious fulfillment of their military duty, perseverance, courage, courage and readiness of personnel to achieve complete victory over the enemy in any conditions.

Experience shows that success is always on the side of the one who is brave in battle, constantly shows creativity, reasonable initiative, applies new techniques and methods of action, dictates his will to the enemy. The reproach deserves not the one who, in an effort to destroy the enemy, did not achieve his goal, but the one who showed inactivity, indecision and did not use all the opportunities to complete the task.

Basic principles modern combined arms combat are:

constant high combat readiness of subunits;

high activity, decisiveness and continuity of combat;

Batyushkin SA Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Honored Military Specialist of the Russian Federation, Full Member of the Academy of Military Sciences;

Shishkin N.K. Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Full Member of the Academy of Military Sciences;

Moiseenko N.P. candidate of military sciences, professor, full member of the Academy of military sciences.

GENERAL TACTICS

intended for cadets, officers and teachers of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Recommended by the state educational institution of higher professional education - the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as a textbook for cadets of military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The art of war is the theory and practice of preparing and conducting military operations on land, at sea and in near-earth space. The theory of military art is part of military science.

The art of war includes three components: strategy, operational art and tactics, which are closely related and each of them has its own types, forms and methods of action when performing assigned tasks of various scales.

Strategy (from the Greek stratos - army and ago - leading) is an integral part of the art of war, its highest area, covering the theory and practice of preparing the country and the Armed Forces for war, planning and conducting strategic operations and war in general.

The theory of strategy studies the patterns and nature of war, methods of waging; develops the theoretical foundations of planning, preparation and conduct of strategic operations and war in general and various forms of strategic action. In solving practical problems, the strategy is guided by the provisions of the state's military doctrine. It is closely related to politics, derives from it and serves it. The economy has a decisive influence on the nature and content of the strategy. “Nothing depends so much on economic conditions,” wrote F. Engels, just like the army and the navy. Armament, composition, organization, tactics and strategy depend, first of all, on the stage of production reached at the moment and on the means of communication. " In turn, the strategy has the opposite effect on politics and the economy.

In relation to other components of the art of war, operational art and tactics, strategy plays a dominant role. It defines their tasks, methods of troop actions on an operational and tactical scale. At the same time, the strategy takes into account the capabilities of operational art and tactics and uses the tactical and operational successes achieved to solve strategic problems.

Operational art is an integral part of the art of war, encompassing the theory and practice of preparing and conducting military operations on an operational scale (operations, battles, hostilities, strikes) by formations of the services of the Armed Forces. It occupies an intermediate position between strategy and tactics, is subordinated to strategy and, in turn, determines the tasks and directions of development of tactics.

The main tasks of the theory of operational art are: the study of the patterns, content and nature of modern operations (combat actions) and other forms of operational use of large formations, the development of methods for their preparation and conduct, the use of formations and formations of the branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms (forces) and others.

In practical terms, operational art encompasses the activities of the command, headquarters and troops (forces) of formations in the preparation and conduct of operations (combat operations), command and control of troops (forces) and all-round support of operations. Operational art, like strategy, is constantly evolving. New areas of research are emerging, connected with the use of new types of weapons and military equipment, and with an increase in the intensity of armed struggle.

Tactics is the third component of the art of war, encompassing the theory and practice of preparing and waging combat and other tactical actions by subunits, units (ships) and formations of various types of armed forces, combat arms (forces) and special forces.

The theory of tactics explores the patterns, nature, content of combat and other tactical actions, develops the forms and methods of their preparation and conduct; studies combat and other properties and capabilities of subunits, units and formations. These provisions are reflected in regulations, manuals, textbooks, military theoretical works.

The practice of tactics covers the activities of commanders, staffs and troops (forces) in the preparation and conduct of combat and other tactical actions. It includes: constant updating of the situation data; making decisions and communicating tasks to subordinates, organizing the interaction of forces and means and comprehensive support of actions; planning and preparation of tactical actions of troops; conducting combat and other actions and managing subunits, units and formations.

At present, tactics are subdivided into general tactics, tactics of the branches of the armed forces, tactics of combat arms (forces), and tactics of special forces.

General tactics investigates the patterns of combat (other tactical actions) and develops recommendations for its (their) preparation and conduct by joint efforts of formations and units of various branches of the armed forces. These patterns are common to all types of armed forces, combat arms and special forces participating in the performance of the assigned task. The basis of general tactics is the tactics of the Ground Forces. It studies and develops methods of preparing and conducting combined arms combat, other tactical actions and includes the tactics of combined arms formations, units and subunits, as well as those included in the Ground Forces of the combat arms and special forces, determines the tasks of subunits, units and formations of the services of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces in a combined arms battle, the order and methods of their joint use, and thereby affects the development of their tactics.

The tactics of the services of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces develops specific issues of the combat employment of subunits, units and formations of the services of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces both in combined arms combat and independently. Changes in their tactics have an impact, in turn, on the development of general tactics, require appropriate clarifications of its provisions and the improvement of general recommendations.

Like other parts of the art of war, tactics are in constant development. Defining influence on

the state and development of tactics is provided by weapons and military equipment, the level of training of troops, the art of guiding them. F. Engels noted, “that the entire organization of armies and the method of waging battle used by them, and at the same time victories and defeats, turn out to be dependent on material, ie. economic, conditions: from human material and from weapons. " Because of this, the role of tactics in modern conditions is exceptionally great, as evidenced by the experience of the Great Patriotic War, local wars and armed conflicts. This is due to the fact that combined arms combat plays an important role in achieving victory over the enemy, and the fact that the tactical command at all levels now has great capabilities due to the sharply increased range and combat effectiveness of weapons.

Tactics got its name from the words of Greek origin tasso - the formation of troops and taktika - the art of building troops. Tactics in the meaning of "army formation" appeared in the slave states of Ancient Greece in the 8th-6th centuries. BC, and as the art of building troops - in the Greco-Persian wars (500-479 BC) and passed in its development for a long period of time. So it was in the battles and battles of Epaminondas, Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Caesar, Dmitry Donskoy, Peter I, Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, Napoleon, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, when, due to the original formation of troops before the battle and its rebuilding during the battle, these generals managed smash significantly superior enemy forces.

At the same time, the concept of "tactics" as the means of warfare developed, expanded and in connection with the participation in the battle of a large number of different combat assets with a wide variety of combat properties and capabilities, it outgrew its original interpretation (as the formation of troops) and took on a modern content, covering not only the formation of troops, but also the theory and practice of organizing and conducting combat and other tactical actions in general.

Tactics is the most dynamic area of ​​the art of war today. Changes in it occur as technical progress accelerates and weapons are improved.

wives struggle. With the advent of a new weapon, tactics immediately reveals the possible nature of its influence on the methods of conducting combat operations, determines what new features it can and should introduce into the content of combined arms combat (training, conduct, control). Accordingly, tactics examines the tasks, methods of defense against such weapons when used by the enemy. As various new combat assets appear and are used in battle, one of the tasks of tactics is to find the optimal combination of methods of application and the order of their interaction.

An important task of tactics is to study the development of the organizational and staff structure of subunits, units and formations, to identify trends in the correlation of various forces and assets in them, the proportion of formations of combat arms and special forces at one level or another.

In accordance with the improvement and appearance of new types of weapons and military equipment, the quality of training of personnel of the troops, tactics are continuously developing, which is the basis for its development.

Tactics originated with the emergence of armies initially as a practice of military affairs and, historically, has developed over a long period of time from strike tactics in the form of simple formations and frontal clashes to fire tactics in the form of combined arms combat.

This path was based on changes in weapons, military equipment and skill of personnel, which ultimately gave the nature of the battle (combat) one or another specificity and corresponding features. The most ancient theoretical sources on tactics (military art) include the works of Chinese commanders of the 5-6th centuries. BC. Sun Tzu and Wu Tzu. These works, due to their practical importance, were included in the 19th - early 20th centuries in the training programs for officers in China, Korea, Japan and were published in 1935, 1940 and 1943.

Their most important provisions, which have not lost their significance in modern conditions, are: “Any war is based on deception, which means, when you can attack, show the appearance that you are not in a position to attack; act-

in being, you must pretend to be inactive; when you are close to the enemy, make him think that you are far away; when you are far away from him, you have to make him think that you are close. If the enemy is stronger, then avoid him, if he is resting, do not give him rest. If his forces are combined, then divide them, attack him when he is not prepared; appear where you are not expected. "

“The science of the supreme commander consists in the ability to assess the enemy, organize victory, take into account the nature of the terrain and distance, if you know him (the enemy) and know yourself (your troops), fight at least a hundred times, there will be no danger; if you know yourself, but you don’t know him, you will win once, and the other time you will be defeated; if you do not know yourself or him, every time you fight, you will be defeated. Who - even before the battle - wins by preliminary calculation, that has a lot of chances; whoever does not win by calculation before the battle has little chance. Whoever has a lot of chances wins; those who have little chances do not win; all the more so the one who has no chance at all. "

Within the framework of strike tactics, the tactics of the phalanx were improved and developed first in such efforts as Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Macedonia, where it reached its perfection under the leadership of the greatest of the generals of that era, Alexander the Great, and then the manipulative and cohort tactics in Ancient Rome. ...

The development of phalanx tactics at this time went from the simplest forms of frontal collision to more complex forms of maneuvering troops during a battle, taking into account the interaction of heavy, light and medium infantry and cavalry, as well as units of a combat formation. From a uniform and linear formation, the troops gradually moved to an uneven distribution, creating a shock fist in a decisive direction.

So, in 371 BC. The Theban commander Epaminondas in the battle of Leuktarchus first applied the principle of uneven distribution of forces along the front and concentration of superior forces in the main direction, creating for this on his left flank of troops a cohort (embalon) of 50 ranks, while the flank in the center had only 8 rank As a result, it helped him to defeat the enemy in a short time. On this occasion, F. Engels wrote: "Epaminondas was the first to discover the great tactical principle, which up to the present day decides almost all regular battles ...".

In the era of feudalism, the content of tactics was determined by the combat properties of the knightly cavalry, which became the predominant branch of the army, which led to the decline of the infantry. The battle was practically reduced to the sum of the knights' duels.

The Russian army in the 1115th centuries. applied more flexible tactics based on the interaction and maneuver of the infantry, which did not lose its combat value and cavalry, and the use of reserves. Maneuver, surprise and deceit played an important role, as was the case, for example, in the battle of Alexander Nevsky in 1242 and Dmitry Donskoy in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.

With the advent of firearms in the XIV century, shock tactics, based on the muscular strength of a warrior and a frontal strike with cold weapons of closely-knit masses, gradually began, as it was improved and entered the troops in sufficient numbers, to turn into shock and fire tactics, which dominated the battlefields. about 500 years (almost until the end of the 19th century).

During this period, tactics in their development went from the Swiss battle, through linear tactics, the tactics of columns and loose formation to the tactics of rifle chains.

The battle was a huge square formation. Initially, it had 8-10 thousand infantrymen armed with pikes or halberds, which were built in 80-100 ranks of 100 people each. Subsequently, cavalry began to cover the battle from the flanks, and with the arrival of firearms, artillery and infantry equipped with arquebusses.

With the improvement of firearms and the increase in their number, the need for such cumbersome structures as battles has disappeared. In order to reduce losses, primarily from enemy artillery fire, the infantry battle formations began to disperse over the battlefield, and their depth decreased. This led in the XVI century. to dismemberment of the battle into several smaller square columns - thirds of 2-3 thousand pikemen each. A new type of infantry - musketeers, who were armed with muskets, covered the third from all sides. The artillery was positioned in front of the thirds of the first line or in the intervals between them. The cavalry covered the flanks.

Since the 17th century. firearms (hand and artillery) are becoming the main, main means of armed struggle. Its role on the battlefield begins to grow rapidly. The musketeers are transformed from an auxiliary part of the army, previously used only to cover the main forces and the outbreak of battle, into its main force. Cold strike weapons from the main turns into a secondary one and are gradually phasing out of service. When the entire infantry was armed with hand-held firearms, the need for deep and dense formations disappeared, the troops began to form in thin, elongated lines along the front.

This is how linear tactics was born, the main content of which was the even distribution of forces and equipment along the front. Its essence was to strive for the simultaneous deployment of the largest number of hand-held firearms and their effective use. For this, the troops were lined up for battle in 5-6 ranks with artillery and cavalry, and subsequently in 2-3 lines stretched along the front. Each line consisted of 3-4 ranks, and from the XVIII century. - 4-6 ranks. The distance between the lines was 150-200 steps. Infantry was in the center, and cavalry on the flanks. Regimental artillery was located in the intervals between battalions, and the rest of the field artillery was in front and on the flanks.

The second (third) line could not fire due to its remoteness, but it was ready to fill in the gaps in the first line, to reinforce weak points. The thinner it was

the first line, the more it needed to be reinforced by the second line. The third line constituted a reserve and was ready to repel enemy actions from the rear and flanks.

In addition to the positive (simultaneous use of the maximum number of hand-held firearms in battle and the conduct of organized volley fire), linear tactics also had a number of significant drawbacks: the battle formation was inactive (low-maneuverable), could not be used on rough terrain and was based on an elbow connection and an even distribution of forces along the front. During the battle (during the offensive), subunits and units had to advance slowly, observing alignment, and, firing volleys of battalions or plutongs (platoons), act as a whole, so as not to disrupt the formation of the army. After several such volleys, a bayonet attack was carried out by the entire mass of the troops.

In the course of the battle, it was impossible to change the combat formation, to allocate, if necessary, part of the forces for a flank attack, or to concentrate overwhelming forces to attack the enemy's weak point. In addition, the flanks were the weak point of such a formation, like the phalanxes, since the infantry battle lines carried out a frontal attack and could not withstand attacks from the flanks.

For the first time, elements of a linear battle order and linear tactics appeared in the Dutch army in the battle of Newport (1600), and in the Russian army - in the battle near Do-Brynichy (1605), where the Russian infantry, using a linear battle formation, volley fire from 10 -12 thousand rifles defeated the army of False Dmitry.

Linear tactics finally took hold during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), especially in its third Swedish period (1631-1648). This tactic was successfully used by the Russian army under the leadership of Peter I in battles with the Swedes in the Lesnaya area (1708) and near Poltava (1709), as well as Rumyantsev and Suvorov. Linear tactics survived almost until the end of the 18th century.

In the middle of the 18th century. in connection with the creation of massive armies and the further improvement of weapons in the Russian army, in addition to linear tactics, elements of new

howling tactics, expressed in the interaction of rangers and line infantry in columns (the capture of Kohlberg in 1761). In the 70s, P.A. Rumyantsev used a square with a loose formation of jaeger battalions (battle on the Larga river in 1770), and A.V. Suvorov was the first to use the tactics of columns in combination with a square (in the night search on Turtukui in 1773) and the tactics of columns during the assault on Izmail (1790). This was the birth of a new tactic, to which the name linear no longer fit. This is how the column tactics in combination with the loose formation of the rangers were born.

Suvorov's tactics were advanced for their time. However, it was not officially recognized, but regarded as "dangerous freethinking." Suvorov's experience was hushed up. Therefore, in the history of military art, the appearance of the tactics of columns and loose formation has long been associated with the name of Napoleon, although the French first used it in the West in the battle of Jemappa in 1792. And from the end of the 18th century. and the beginning of the XIX century. In almost all battles, the tactics of columns and loose formation began to be used, the most significant of which were the battles at Austerlitz (1805) and the Battle of Borodino (1812). The use of new battle formations increased maneuverability and their striking power, made it possible to conduct a battle on any terrain and gave it an extremely decisive character.

Great changes in tactics took place in the second half of the 19th century, when the armies of the industrially developed capitalist countries (England, France, Prussia, etc.) were armed with lightweight rifled guns with a long firing range (800-900 m versus 200 m smoothbore guns). high rate of fire (2-3 shots per minute versus 1 shot per 1.5 min) and combat accuracy. An offensive in columns under strong long-range small arms fire became impossible due to heavy losses. A new form of battle formation appeared - a rifle chain, which was later, up to the present day, called upon to become the main formation of the infantry. She was born in the battle on the river. Alme during the defense of Sevastopol in the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856, and established itself in the Russian-Turkish war (1 (877-1877).

The arrow chain allowed the most efficient use of

call new weapons, conduct stronger fire on the enemy, skillfully camouflage themselves on the ground, flow around the enemy from the flanks, placing him under crossfire. The blockages, which became widespread near Sevastopol, were the prototype of modern rifle cells, and the lodgements - rifle trenches. Here, the trench was also recognized as a continuous firing position for the infantry, and the appearance of communication trenches connecting several lines of trenches meant the birth of a system of trenches, which still represents an integral feature of positional defense.

The first period of the First World War showed that the chain, as the basis of the infantry's battle order, did not provide a strike with sufficient force. To increase the impact force, the transition to chain waves has been carried out since 1915. This order of battle increased its depth and penetrating power. But the "chest blow" in a dense chain of lines still led to heavy losses from machine gun fire and a straightforward maneuver. The bulkiness of the waves made them difficult to control.

In contrast to such a battle formation, the depth of defense began to increase in the offensive. The troops gradually moved from its focal formation to a positional one, which consisted of rifle trenches, machine-gun nests, dugouts, shelters and communication trenches, and then included continuous trenches connected by communication trenches. The defense became deeply echeloned, multi-position - 2-4 positions in the defense zone. This is how positional defense appeared. Thus, the transition in defense from the rifle chain to the trench system was carried out, as a result of which its tactical depth increased from 0.2-0.3 to 8-10 km.

The increased strength of defense and the need to reduce losses led to the emergence of a group battle formation, when the battle began to be fought in separate groups - squads and platoons. Its occurrence is associated with the use of light (light) machine guns, cannons, mortars, tanks and the desire to overcome the positional defense or repel the enemy's offensive. For this, rifle units were grouped near the tank, escort guns, and heavy machine guns.

The first elements of group tactics originated in the

rn the Russian army in 1915 on the Western Front, in the German! in 1916 - in the offensive by assault groups, in the French - in defense at Verdun, and in the British - in the attack at Cambrai (1917).

With the advent of the battlefield, in addition to the traditional rodos! troops (infantry, cavalry, artillery), aviation and tanks; also mortars, combined arms tactics began to emerge, which today forms the basis of tactical actions of troops.

Thus, the order of battle of the infantry in the First World War was constantly changing: from rifle chains making the transition to waves of chains, and then through assault groups to a group battle formation. However, with this! the basis of the battle formation was still the rifle chain.

During the Civil War (1918 - 1920), tactics developed further. Its features were that< она использовала опыт военного искусства русской армии годы первой мировой войны. В основе тактики этого перио да в наступлении были удары по наиболее слабым местам флангам и тылу противника, применение обходов и охвато: его группировок, ведение наступления по направлениям с со средоточением основных сил и средств на решающих участ ках, глубокое построение боевых порядков. Применялос создание ударных группировок, группировок для развитие успеха (конные корпуса, армии).

The defense was characterized by maneuverable actions and its focal conduct. Great importance was attached to the kont-trataks. Experience was gained in organizing the fight against tanks. A major contribution to the generalization of the combat experience of the Civil War, the development of tactics in the postwar period outside of MV Frunze. He believed that the tactics of our army should be closely related to the nature of a future war and the means of waging it, spoke about the growing role of tank and artillery aviation in combined arms combat, considered the influence of military equipment on the nature of the battle, taking into account not only its direct combat effect, but and morale action. In particular, he wrote: “... every extreme commander must firmly grasp that the most dangerous thing is! for us is routine, a hobby for some kind of

divided scheme and some specific method ... The skill of the commander is manifested in the ability to choose from the variety of means at his disposal those that will give the best results in a given situation and at a given time. "

In the pre-war period, before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the theory of deep combat was developed, which then found its confirmation during the Great Patriotic War, the essence of which was the simultaneous impact of aviation and artillery on the entire tactical depth of enemy defense, in the rapid transfer of efforts into depth.

During the Great Patriotic War, the theory of deep combat was further developed and formed the basis of the tactics of the ground forces. However, due to the incomplete rearmament of the army, not all the provisions of this theory were implemented, especially in the operational art.

Nevertheless, during the years of the last war, the tactics of defensive and offensive combat were constantly improved. In defense, insurmountability, anti-tank resistance increased, and activity grew. The concentration of efforts in decisive sectors became ever clearer, the depth of the formation of battle formations increased, the width of the defense front of units and subunits constantly narrowed, which made it possible to increase the density of forces and assets.

So, at the beginning of the war, the battle formation of the platoon had a group formation in two lines. The squads were dispersed at intervals of 150-250 m along the front and up to 200 m in depth. The rifle squad built the battle formation in a "flock" or in a chain. The "flock" was considered the predominant order of battle. At the same time, the squad arrows in position were located in single or double trenches behind the squad leader at a distance of 6-12 m from each other along the front and in depth. The order of battle "chain" of the squad arrows was adopted only when a trench was equipped for the squad, the length of which was 20-40 m. In this case, the arrows were placed in the trench at an interval of 1.5-3 m from each other.

However, significant losses in personnel, weapons and military equipment in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War (June - December 1941) required a revision of the organization of subunits, units and formations, which led to the abandonment of group tactics.

Starting from the second period of the war, focal defense develops into a trench defense with the creation of two strips in the tactical zone. On each strip, two or three positions were created with two or four continuous trenches.

The basis of each position was formed by battalion defense areas measuring 2-2.5 km along the front and 1.5-2 km in depth. In each area, a battalion defense unit was created, which consisted of company strongholds and a battalion reserve. The distance between the first and second trenches was 150-200 m, the third was torn off at a distance of 800-1000 m from the front edge. Bullet density from 1.2 to 1.6 per 1 running meter. m at the beginning of the war increased to 9-12 at the end. This made it possible to create continuous zones of small fire in front of the leading edge.

During the war, the anti-tank defense system changed significantly: from a linear, uniform distribution of anti-tank weapons (PTS) along the front, a transition was made to massing them in the most important tank-hazardous areas. Instead of unjustified anti-tank lines, they moved on to the creation of anti-tank strongpoints in companies, nodes in battalions, areas in regiments and divisions.

The development of offensive tactics was characterized by significant changes during the years of the Great Patriotic War. So, the basis of the battle formation of a rifle platoon in the offensive, according to pre-war views, was formed by squad groups located along the front and having intervals between themselves up to 50 m.With such a battle formation, the platoon advanced on the front up to 150 m, having a depth of up to 75 m, and acted in one or two lines of "stacks". The battle formation of the detachment in the offensive was a "flock" - fighters grouped around the machine gunner and the grenade launcher at intervals of 3-4 steps. The platoon and squad were assigned the target of the attack, which survived until the end of the war.

However, the experience of offensive battles (autumn-winter 1941 and 1942) required a review of the tasks and formation of the battle formation not only of the company and battalion, but also of the platoon and squad. These provisions were reflected in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 306 of October 8, 1942. It spoke of the need to switch to a new battle formation in the offensive: in the squad and platoon - to the chain. These provisions were reflected in the Combat Regulations of the Red Army Infantry, adopted in November 1942. The front of the platoon offensive was defined up to 100 m, the squad up to 25 m, the company 200-250 m, and the battalion up to 700 m. The intervals between squads were abolished, and the distance in the chain between the fighters reached 6-8 steps. This order of battle provided the best conditions for the use of small arms and the application of a simultaneous bayonet strike. By the end of the war, the front of the offensive decreased and amounted to: squads - 15-20 m, platoons - 60-70 m, companies - 200-250 m, battalion - 400-500 m.

The offensive received two methods of transition: from the position of direct contact with the enemy (directly from the first trench), and in the third period of the war - and on the move.

The experience gained during the Great Patriotic War was taken as the basis for the further development of tactics in the post-war period. Since the mid-50s, in connection with the emergence of nuclear weapons, missile technology, the development of electronics, the improvement of small arms, tanks, artillery, aviation, and in the 80s and high-precision weapons, the widespread introduction of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles and helicopters, combat capabilities troops increased significantly, their firepower, striking power, and maneuverability rose sharply. This led to an increase in the depth of the defeat, the pace and dynamism of actions.

The threat of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy predetermined the need to revise many issues of both theory and practice of tactics, especially organization, formation of battle formation and conduct of an offensive. The width of the offensive front doubled and began to amount to: squads - 50-70 m, platoons - 150-200 m, companies - up to 1000 m, battalion - up to 2000 m.In modern conditions, a detachment advances at the front up to 50 m, a platoon - up to 300 m, a company up to 1000 m and a battalion up to 2000 m.

With equipping the rifle troops with armored personnel carriers (APCs), and later with infantry fighting vehicles (BMP)

the main way to go on the offensive is to go on the move. With this in mind, the conditions, sequence and scope of work have changed not only for the platoon commander, but also for the squad. By the early 1980s, the front of the platoon's offensive had increased to 300 m, the squads - up to 50 m with intervals of up to 50 m. This approach has survived to this day. In modern conditions, a squad defends itself at a front up to 100 m, a platoon up to 400 m, a company up to 1500 m and a battalion up to 5000 m.

Changes in methods of action were particularly influenced by the widespread use of such new means as ATGMs and fire support helicopters.

ATGMs were first widely used in the Arab-Israeli war (1967), fire support helicopters in Vietnam. This led to a sharp increase in the range of the so-called close combat. An increase in the range and effectiveness of means of fire destruction led to the desire of the parties to conduct long-range fire combat, to hit the enemy at the maximum reach of fire means. The introduction of infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers allowed the infantry to interact more closely with tanks, the increase in the maneuverability of subunits in battle, the increase in the effectiveness of small tank and motorized infantry groups and helicopter assault forces, supported by rocket fire, helicopters and ground attack aircraft, became characteristic.

In the tactics of units on infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), a tendency has emerged to move from attacks on foot to attacks in combat vehicles. The presence in battle formation of a platoon, company and battalion of various weapon systems (tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, ATGMs, helicopters, anti-aircraft weapons, etc.) complicated the implementation of interaction between them, required new solutions in coordinating the actions of units, determining the nature of maneuver, choosing the methods of applying joint strikes, increased the role of a creative approach to solving combat missions, initiative in the event of a sudden emergence of a difficult combat situation. Measures to ensure the maintenance of continuous management acquire the most important role and significance in these conditions.

The appearance of high-precision weapons, effective reconnaissance and communications equipment, remote mining equipment, powerful ammunition made it possible to make its goals more decisive, including not only repelling the enemy's offensive, but also disrupting it, inflicting powerful fire strikes on the way and during deployment. It became possible to increase both the front of the defense (including due to the gaps between adjacent units) and the depth. Saturation of troops with high-performance engineering equipment allows you to quickly create a stable defense in depth with effective equipment of positions, capable of successfully resisting the offensive of a strong enemy.

With this in mind, commanders of all grades must view tactics as theory and practice in constant evolution, and therefore treat it as an art. This is due to the fact that the skillful use of weapons based on a solid knowledge of their properties and capabilities, the creative solution to the problem of using a particular method of action in a specific situation, the decisive and persistent implementation of the decision made are the main conditions for achieving success. Success is always on the side of those who are brave in battle, constantly showing reasonable initiative, applying new and unexpected techniques and methods of action and dictating their will to the enemy, who, on the basis of constant study of the situation, foresees the nature of its possible changes in advance.

Experience shows that the main thing in battle is the correct, creative application of the principles of tactics, courage and endurance, determination, and high professional skill. On this occasion, MV Frunze wrote: “We need to have such a commanding staff who would not get lost in any situation, who could quickly make an appropriate decision, bearing responsibility for all its consequences, and firmly implement it.”

In modern conditions, in order to achieve success, it is necessary to firmly know the enemy's tactics and, accordingly, oppose them with such techniques and methods of action that would not allow it to manifest itself effectively. It is important in the design to take into account not only the state of the enemy and the actions carried out by him, but also their probable changes, the possibility of the enemy's use of deceitful actions.

It should also be noted that in the conditions of the highly dynamic development of modern combat, the speed of the commanders' reaction to changes in the situation is of particular importance. In these conditions, it is important to constantly monitor the course of the battle and anticipate its possible changes in order to act with the necessary anticipation in relation to them. In this case, resourcefulness plays an important role, the ability to quickly understand a difficult situation, focusing on its decisive moments and facts. It is especially important in this case to comprehensively take into account and make fuller use of the combat properties of weapons and equipment, favorable conditions of the situation: position in relation to the enemy, terrain, weather, enemy weaknesses, successful actions of neighbors, high morale of personnel, and the time factor.

Introduction

The current stage in the development of elite sports is characterized, first of all, by an extremely high intensity of competitive struggle associated with the equalization of sports achievements of participants in major competitions. This phenomenon has significantly increased the requirements for the quality, stability and reliability of technical and tactical skill, moral-volitional readiness and psychological stability of athletes in the context of private and responsible international starts.

It should be noted that today "elite" athletes in many types of athletics have reached such a high level of special readiness that its further increase becomes a very difficult task. In this regard, the formulation of the tasks of finding the most effective forms of training organization, providing optimal conditions for the full implementation of the adaptive capabilities of the athlete's body on the basis of constructing rational schemes of competitive activity, is of significant scientific and practical interest.

The management of the training of a qualified athlete requires the involvement of a broader amount of knowledge about the specifics of the body's activity in extreme conditions of competition with an equal opponent, possible tendencies and ways to achieve the maximum result.

Such knowledge should be systematized, taking into account the totality of scientific concepts, highlighting the impact of various training factors on the personality and body of an athlete. Thus, the advancement and solution of the problems of improvement, both of individual sides of the existing system of sports training, and of it as a whole, requires, first of all, the accumulation of comprehensive and deep knowledge about the essence of the training process by specialists.

It should be noted that in the field of view of researchers of this phenomenon should be, along with general, global phenomena, particular laws of the course of certain specialized processes.

Tactics and its main provisions

General basics of tactics

The level of results in modern long jump and triple jump, throws is very high. Achieving high results requires continuous improvement of the system of sports training, including tactical training. One of the main tasks of this process is to develop the ability to make independent decisions.

A high-class athlete knows how to impose his will on an opponent, exerts constant mental pressure on him with a variety and efficiency of actions, endurance, will to win, confidence in success.

Knowledge of tactics is acquired throughout a sporting activity. With the growth of skill and the accumulation of experience, the volume of knowledge increases.

The whole complex of verbal and visual methods contributes to the mastery of knowledge on the theory of tactics. Sources of knowledge are specialized literature, lectures, conversations, explanations, watching competitions, films and videos, analysis and analysis. However, the accumulated knowledge, not supported by the personal experience of the athlete, cannot have a positive impact on sports results.

After all, they correctly say that sports tactics is the art of conducting a competition, including with an opponent. Its main task is the most expedient use of forces and capabilities to solve the assigned task. The main means for this are technical skill, physical and mental fitness, used in constant and changing environmental conditions, according to a predetermined plan and in accordance with emerging tasks and situations.

It should be recalled that the totality of forms, methods and means chosen by an athlete to conduct competitive wrestling, and, consequently, the nature of his tactical activity, which is reflected in the tactical (semantic) components of the applied motor actions for various sports, are extremely specific (Fig. 1 ).

Rice. 1.1 The main focus of tactical actions in sports

Depending on the qualifications and individual characteristics of the athlete, tactics can be of an algorithmic, probabilistic and heuristic nature:

b algorithmic, when in the course of a fight athletes expect active opposition from their rivals and plan their actions in advance;

l probabilistic, determined by actions in which a specific start is planned with subsequent options for continuation, depending on the reaction of the opponent and teammates.

ь heuristic - based on the reaction of the competitors, depending on the situation.

The choice of tactics is significantly influenced by the specificity of the sport, the individual characteristics of the athlete, as well as a number of psychological moments associated with the characteristics of specific competitions.

Tactical art is a powerful weapon for athletes and teams, allowing them to more rationally use their sports readiness. At present, the technical and physical fitness of the strongest athletes from different countries is usually at a high, approximately the same level. For the most part, athletes differ little in their volitional attitude.

That is why the tactical readiness of individual athletes and teams is based on:

ь possession of modern means, forms and types of tactics of this sport;

ь the correspondence of tactics to the level of development of a particular kind of sport with an optimal structure of competitive activity for it;

ь compliance of the tactical plan with the specifics of a particular competition (the state of the competition venues, the nature of refereeing, the behavior of fans, etc.);

linking tactics with the level of perfection of other aspects of preparedness - technical, psychological, physical.

And other things being equal, victory in major international competitions is very often determined, in the final analysis, by the maturity of tactical skill.

High tactical skill of an athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, mental fitness. The basis of sports and tactical mastery is made up of tactical knowledge, abilities, skills and the quality of tactical thinking.

Tactical knowledge is a set of ideas about the means, types and forms of sports tactics and the peculiarities of their application in training and competitive activities.

Tactical skills are a form of manifestation of an athlete's consciousness, reflecting his actions on the basis of tactical knowledge. Skills can be distinguished to unravel the opponent's intentions, to foresee the course of development of competitive struggle, to modify one's own tactics, etc.

Tactical skills are learned tactical actions, combinations of individual and collective actions. Tactical skills always appear in the form of a holistic, complete tactical action in a specific competitive or training situation.

Tactical thinking is the thinking of an athlete in the process of sports activity under conditions of time deficit and mental stress, and is directly aimed at solving specific tactical problems.

In terms of wrestling, the tactical concept is determined, the main tasks are ahead, its competition and in some cases several options for their implementation are outlined. It should provide for the basic actions and forms of the athlete's behavior before and during the competition (timely warm-up, finding rational ways of rest and its duration, restoring sports performance, keeping the body warm, etc.).

Six signs that testify to the tactical prowess of an athlete:

1. The ability to analyze information about their opponents and the ability to use it during the competition;

2. Availability of a personal arsenal of tactical actions;

3. Ability to quickly react to a changed situation and instantly change tactical techniques depending on the behavior of the opponent;

4. The need for competitive activity throughout the year and, especially, at the stage preceding the main competition;

5. Reaching the level of the highest results shortly before the main start of the year;

6. Ability to impose their tactics on the enemy.

Guidelines for teaching tactics

1. Tactical training consists of the acquisition of theoretical knowledge in the field of tactics and its practical mastery in relation to the requirements of their kind of sport. Special tactical training also includes the development of the most expedient methods and techniques for conducting a competition, drawing up plans, options, schedules, etc. taking into account a specific enemy.

2. Tasks of tactical training: a) study of the general provisions of tactics; b) studying the patterns of competitions in a specialized form; c) studying the tactics of the chosen sport; d) studying the tactical experience of the strongest athletes; e) study of the places of the upcoming competitions, equipment and other external conditions; f) training in the practical use of elements, techniques, tactics options in training sessions, assessments and competitions (tactical skills); g) teaching a conscious approach to the choice of actions, tactical thinking, collective coordination in a team; h) analysis of participation in the competition, the effectiveness of tactics and its constituent elements, options, etc. Accounting for mistakes and defeats.

3. The main means of teaching tactics is the repetition of exercises, actions, elements according to a given plan.

4. Tactical skill is closely related to the level of development of physical and volitional qualities. Lack of speed and endurance often hinder the improvement of tactical skill. If a new tactic that an athlete wants to apply in a decisive competition requires special physical and mental strength, then training should be conducted accordingly.

5. Particular attention should be paid to the performance of competitive exercises in training sessions as needed in the competition itself. Ultimately, this is the main goal of all tactics lessons and exercises.

6. The direct observation of an athlete who is not participating in a competition of athletes with whom they will meet in the future is very important and will serve as an excellent school in all respects, including for practical education.

7. The demonstration of videos of the most noteworthy in the academic sense of the competition with your analysis and re-screenings plays a large role for the students. This approach to teaching tactics is indispensable in any sport.

8. In addition to training sessions and training in natural conditions, it is desirable to play competitive actions of tactical decisions on mock-ups and simulators, on which a "battlefield" is created according to the type of sport. Multiple competitive playouts on mock-ups are interesting and instructive for athletes.

9. Solving various tasks of tactical training teaches an athlete not only to act independently, but also collectively, uniting the team with mutual understanding and teamwork.

Faculty of military training
Department of Signal Corps, Tactics and General Military Disciplines
General tactics
1

THEME # 1: INTRODUCTION

LESSON # 1:
Modern
combined arms battle
2

EDUCATIONAL QUESTIONS:

1. Tactics as an integral part
military
art.
Content
basic tactical concepts and
terms.
2. The basics of combined arms combat.
Modern means of armed
fight.
3

Study question number 1:

Tactics as an integral part
military art.
Contents of the main
tactical concepts and
terms.
4

MILITARY ART:

strategy,
operational art,
tactics.
5

Strategy is the highest field of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing the country and the Armed Forces for war, planning and waging war and

strategic operations.
6

Operational art is an integral part of the art of war, covering the theory and practice of training and conducting joint and independent

Operational art
part of the military
arts covering
theory and practice
preparation and maintenance
joint and
independent operations
(fighting)
associations of aircraft types.
7

- the nature of modern operations; - patterns, principles and methods of their preparation and maintenance; - the basics of the use of operational formations;

Operational art explores:
- the nature of modern operations;
- patterns, principles and methods of their preparation and maintenance;
- the basics of using operational
associations;
- issues of operational support;
- the basics of command and control in
operations and their logistic support.
8

Tactics theory and practice of preparation and conduct of combat by subunits, units and formations of various types of the Armed Forces, combat arms (forces) and special

Tactics
theory and practice
preparation and conduct of battle
divisions, units and
connections of various
types of the Armed Forces, combat arms (forces)
and special troops, with
by all means
armed struggle.
9

- general tactics; - tactics of the services of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces.

The tactics are divided into:
- general tactics;
- tactics of aircraft types, childbirth
troops and special
troops.
10

General tactics explore
patterns
combined arms combat and
makes recommendations for
its preparation and maintenance
with common effort
divisions, units and
compounds of various types
armed forces, combat arms
and special troops. The basis
general tactics is
tactics of the Ground Forces.
11

The tactics of the types of the Armed Forces, childbirth
troops and special troops -
an integral part of tactics,
covering issues
training and combat
application of connections,
parts and subdivisions of types
Armed Forces, combat arms and special
troops to provide
command and control of troops (forces)
in an operation (battle).
12

development and implementation
measures to ensure the constant combat readiness of subunits, units and formations;
development and improvement
methods of warfare in
the initial period of the war;
the study of the forces and means of the enemy, his views on their use in
battle, as well as the methods of conducting
various types of combat;
13

An important task of tactics is:
identification of the strengths and weaknesses of weapons and military equipment, the organization of troops and tactics
enemy actions;
studying management issues,
all-round support of the battle;
development of practical recommendations for their solution in various
conditions;
development of requirements for the organizational structure and level
combat training of troops.
14

Tactical actions - organized actions of subunits, units and formations in the performance of assigned tasks using various

Tactical actions -
organized actions
divisions, units and
connections when performing the assigned tasks with
application of various
types, forms and methods
action.
15

- offensive, - defense, - oncoming battle, - location on the spot, - march, - transportation, - exit from the battle, - withdrawal, - actions in the encirclement and exit from

Types of tactical actions:
-
offensive,
defense,
meeting engagement,
location on site,
march,
transportation,
exit from the battle,
retreat,
actions in and out of the environment,
change of divisions,
actions of TakVD and others.
16

The basis for the use of formations, units and subunits of ground forces is combat.

The fight can be
GENERAL
ANTI-AIR
AIR
NAUTICAL
17

Combat - agreed upon
purpose, place and time
blows, fire and maneuver
units for
destruction (defeat)
enemy, reflecting it
blows and other
tasks in limited
area for a short
time.
18

Impact - simultaneous
defeat of groupings of troops,
ground, air and
enemy naval targets
by powerful impact on
them nuclear, high-precision and
conventional weapons, weapons
(funds) on new
physical principles and
by means of electronic warfare or troops.
19

Troop strike is a combination
fire and tank movement,
motorized rifle
divisions and units,
airborne assault forces
development of success and completion
defeat the enemy and
mastering the designated
region (abroad, object).
20

The blows can be
on the weapon used -
nuclear and fire,
by means of delivery -
missile, artillery and
aviation,
by the number of participants
means and targets -
massive, group and
single.
21

Fire - defeat the enemy from various types of weapons.

Fire differs in:
- solved tactical tasks,
- types of weapons,
- ways of doing,
- tension,
- the direction of fire,
- methods of shooting,
- types of fire.
22

- destruction, - suppression, - exhaustion, - destruction, - smoke, etc.

According to the tactical tasks being solved
it runs on:
- destruction,
- suppression,
- fatigue,
- destruction,
- smoke, etc.
23

fire from small arms, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, tanks (tank guns and machine guns), infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), artillery

By type of weapon, he
subdivided into:
small arms fire,
grenade launchers, flamethrowers,
tanks (tank guns and
machine guns), combat vehicles
infantry (armored personnel carriers),
artillery, mortars,
anti-tank missile
complexes, anti-aircraft weapons
and other means.
24

By the methods of firing: - direct fire, - semi-direct fire, - from closed firing positions, etc.

25

By firing intensity: - single shots, - short or long bursts, - continuous, - dagger, - quick, - methodical, -

salvo, etc.
26

In the direction of fire: - frontal, - flank, - cross.

27

By shooting methods: - from a place, - from a stop (from a short stop), - on the move, - from a side, - with dispersion along the front or in depth, - along the area and

By shooting methods:
- from place,
- from a stop (with a short
stops),
- on the move,
- from board,
- with scattering along the front
or in depth,
- by area, etc.
28

By types: - fire on a separate target, - concentrated, - barrage, - multi-layered, - multi-tiered, etc.

29

Maneuver - an organized movement (movement) of subunits in full strength or a certain part of them during preparation and during action

Maneuver - Organized
movement (movement)
units in full
composition or certain
parts in preparation and during
actions in a new direction (line, area), as well as
transfer or retargeting
(concentration,
distribution) fire.
30

Maneuver by subunits is carried out in order to occupy an advantageous position in relation to the enemy and create the necessary grouping

Subunit maneuver
carried out in order
engaging in profitable
provisions in relation to
enemy and creatures
necessary grouping
forces and means, withdrawal
units from under
enemy strikes.
31

- coverage, - bypass, their combination, - change of area (positions).

Types of maneuvers
divisions:
- coverage,
- bypass, their combination,
- change of area (positions).
32

Coverage is a maneuver carried out in order to reach the enemy's flank (s). A detour is a maneuver made to enter the enemy's rear. Change p

Reach is a maneuver
carried out for the purpose
flanking (flanks)
to the enemy.
Bypass is a maneuver made
to go to the rear of the enemy.
Change of area (positions) -
maneuver carried out for
doing more profitable
provisions.
33

Fire maneuver - transfer of fire along the front and depth from one target (object) to another without changing firing positions.

34

Types of fire maneuvers:

Concentrating fire - firing
multiple fire weapons or
units one at a time
important goal.
Carrying fire - ceasefire one by one
goals and discoveries for another, taking into account
received range corrections and
directions without changing firing positions.
Distribution of fire - firing
every means of fire
(subdivision) according to its purpose. 35

Study question number 2:
Fundamentals of Combined Arms Combat.
Modern means
armed struggle
tactical link.
36

Combined Arms Combat Basics
37

Modern combat is
combined arms, since in it
divisions are involved,
parts and connections of all kinds
troops and special forces
Ground forces and aviation, and
when acting on seaside
direction - the ships of the Navy.
Combat types:
defense
offensive
38

Defense is the main type of combat
Defense objectives:
- repelling enemy attacks;
- defeating him;
- retention of important areas
(objects) in the area
responsibility (defense;
- strong point);
- creating conditions for
follow-up actions.
39

Defense tactical tasks:

- inflicting defeat on the enemy in the course of advancement, deployment and his transition to the attack;
- repelling the attack of enemy tanks and infantry and holding the occupied areas, positions and
strong points;
40

- prohibition of the enemy's breakthrough into the depth of the defense;
- the defeat of the wedged enemy and the restoration of defense in the most important areas;
- destruction of the landed
air
landing,
airmobile, sabotage and reconnaissance groups and illegal
armed formations;
- defeat of the bypassing, raiding
and forward detachments of the enemy.
41

DEFENSE
- intentional;
- forced;
- out of contact with the enemy;
- in conditions of direct contact with him;
- maneuverable;
- positional;
- their combination.
42

Agile defense -
the main type of defense.
Used to disrupt
enemy offensive,
inflicting losses on the enemy,
cover important areas
(objects), preserving their
forces by units
maneuverable and positional
action.
43

Positional defense
applied in those areas where the loss of the defended
territory is unacceptable, and
conducted to reflect
enemy offensive,
maximizing
defeat, retention of important
districts (objects) in the zone
responsibility (strip
defense) brigade.
44

Offensive - type of battle
The purpose of the offensive:
routing the enemy and
mastery of the appointed
overseas
(area, object).
45

Offensive tactical tasks:
- fight against low-flying helicopters and enemy UAVs;
- occupation of the initial area (position, position);
- advance and deployment
subunits in order of battle;
overcoming obstacles;
- destruction of the enemy defending the front line and
in the nearest depth;
46

- reflection of enemy counterattacks;
- defeat of the second echelons
(reserves) of the enemy;
-development of the offensive;
- mastering important enemy lines (targets);
- destruction of units
enemy left behind
advancing units.
47

CONDITIONS OF TRANSITION TO THE OFFENSIVE

EXTENDED FROM
DEPTHS
FROM THE POSITION
DIRECT
TOUCH WITH
Opponent
48

The attack - the most decisive stage of the offensive, consists in the swift, high-tempo and non-stop movement of tank and motorized vehicles.

The attack is the most decisive
stage of the offensive, consists in
impetuous, at a high pace
and non-stop traffic
tank and motorized rifle
units in battle formation
combined with intense fire
from tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), and as
rapprochement with the enemy and from
other types of weapons in order to
destruction.
49

The nature of a battle is a set of common features inherent in a given battle and determining its properties and characteristics.

50

Common combat features:
decisiveness of goals,
high dynamics and
maneuverability,
tension,
transience,
quick transition from one
actions towards others,
drastic changes
setting,
51

uneven development and
focal character of combat
actions,
application of various
ways of performing combat
tasks,
simultaneous powerful
fire impact on the whole
the depth of the construction of the sides,
complex electronic
situation.
52

PRINCIPLES OF MAINTENANCE:

53

PRINCIPLES OF MAINTENANCE:

54

Tactical level weapons:

1. Reconnaissance and shock
(fire) complexes.
2. Artillery.
3. Army aviation.
4. Armored vehicles.
5. Anti-tank weapons.
6. Small arms.
55

Reconnaissance and strike (fire) complexes

Intelligence
component
Funds
defeat
subdivisions
industrial
objects
Items
management
56

ARTILLERY

ACS MSTA-S
57

ARMY AVIATION

Combat helicopter MI-35M
58

ANTI-TANK DRUGS

ANTI-TANK GUN MT-12
59

60

WEAPON

61

MP-446
"Viking"
Yarygin pistol PYa
(MP-443 "Rook")
Pistol GSh-18
Underwater pistol
SPP-1M
62

AK-47

63

Bayonet knives for AK-47, AKM, AK-74

64

Kalashnikov light machine gun. PKK

65

AK-74: 5.45 mm caliber; weight with loaded magazine
3.8 kg; sighting range 1000 m; magazine capacity 30

40/100 rounds / min). range of reliable defeat
the enemy can reach: on ground targets 1500 m,
by air 1000 m.
RPK-74 is a motorized rifle automatic weapon
branches.
He
intended
for
destruction of enemy manpower and fire weapons
at a distance of up to 1000 m, and by airplanes, helicopters and
parachutists - at a distance of up to 500 m.
RPK-74: caliber 5.45 mm; weight with empty magazines 5 kg;
sighting range 1000 m; magazine capacity 45
cartridges; ammunition 450 rounds; rate of fire
66
150 rounds / min.

Automatic grenade launcher complex "Groza" OTs-
Special underwater assault rifle APS
73

Armored vehicles
74

BTR-60PB

75

BTR-80

76

The armored personnel carrier is a combat, wheeled, armored,
amphibious vehicle armed with a 14.5 mm large-caliber
machine gun KPVT, capable of hitting lightly armored
targets, and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun paired with it.
BTR-70:
combat weight 11.5 tons; troop compartment - 10 people;
ammunition KPVT 500 rounds; ammunition PKT 2000
cartridges; power reserve 400 km; two 115 hp engines;
maximum speed: on the highway 80 km / h; on a dirt road
37
km / h.
BTR-80:
weight 13.6 t, engine power 210 HP (turbocharged 260 her 7.62 mm machine gun,
-PU ATGM "Baby" / 30 mm automatic cannon,
coaxial with it 7.62 mm machine gun and PU ATGM "Fagot",
cannon firing range 1.3-1.6 / 2-4 km;
armor penetration 300/400 mm; sighting
firing range from a machine gun 1,500 m;
ammunition: shells for the gun 40/500; cartridges to
machine gun 2000/2000; ATGM 4/8; firing range
ATGM "Baby" / "Fagot" 0.5-3 / 0.07-2 km;
-speed: -on the highway 65 km / h;
- afloat 7 km / h;
82
- cruising range 550-600 km.

BMP 2D

83

BMP-3

84

The armament of motorized rifle units consists of:
PKM-61 machine gun: 7.62 mm caliber; weight with the machine 16 kg; weight without
machine with an empty magazine 9 kg; sighting range
1500 m; tape capacity 100, 200, and 250 rounds, ammunition
2000 rounds, rate of fire 250 rds / min.
KPVT: caliber 14.5 mm; ammunition 500 rounds; sighting
firing range at ground targets 2000 m, at air
1000 m.
The motorized rifle platoon is armed with a sniper
rifle capable of destroying important single targets
(officers, observers, snipers, firepower calculations,
low-flying enemy helicopters) at ranges up to 1300 m.
85

To combat tanks and other armored vehicles
adversary, in addition to arming BMPs, the units have
hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers RPG-7 and ATGM "Metis".
-RPG-7: sighting range 500 m; armor penetration up to 280 mm;
weight 6.3 kg; calculation of 2 people; ammunition 20 grenades.
- ATGM "Metis", armor penetration up to 270 mm; firing range
0.025-1 km.
-Rocket anti-tank grenades (4 grenades per MSO).
RPG-18: armor penetration up to 320 mm; grenade weight 2, 6 kg;
throwing range up to 200 m.
-RPG-22: armor penetration up to 450 mm; grenade weight 3.2 kg,
throwing range up to 250 m.
-Underbarrel grenade launcher GP-25, docked to the machine
AK-74. Caliber 40 mm; sighting range up to 400 m; type of
VOG-25 grenades, fragmentation; ammunition load of 20 grenades; grenade weight 1.5

The use of various methods of performing combat missions. As a result of a powerful simultaneous fire effect, gaps will be made in the troops' formations, and the maneuvering actions of tank and motorized rifle subunits, tactical airborne assault forces, forward, outflanking and raiding detachments will be widely used. To preempt the enemy in actions, various methods of dealing with him in battle should be widely used.

In the conditions of the dynamic development of the battle, the rapid change in the situation, the maneuver of forces, weapons and fire becomes a constant element of the actions of the troops used at all its stages in the defense and in the offensive, from the very beginning. The subunits will conduct stubborn defensive battles to hold the lines and positions with superior enemy forces, conduct decisive counterattacks, maneuver forces and means to threatened directions, quickly and covertly move, withdraw from the battle, withdraw and conduct active offensive actions, break through the defenses, force water obstacles on the move, reflect enemy counterattacks, conduct oncoming battles, quickly go over to the defense on advantageous lines.

Difficult operational and tactical situation. In modern combat, missions will be performed in challenging environments. This is due to the introduction of new, more advanced weapons of warfare, which will radically change the nature of modern combined arms combat.

Analysis of the characteristic features of combined arms combat shows that it requires high tactical, military-technical, moral and psychological training of troops, combat training and physical training of personnel.

Modern combined arms combat requires from subunits and units: continuous reconnaissance; skillful use of weapons, equipment, means of protection and camouflage; quick transition from one method of action to another; high mobility and organization; full exertion of all moral and physical strength; unyielding will to win; tough discipline and fighting cohesion.

Modern combined arms combat requires commanders and staffs to be able to predict the course of hostilities, preempt the enemy in action, and develop and apply new, more effective methods of waging combat.

4. Means and methods of conducting modern combined arms combat

Combined arms combat can be waged with the use of conventional weapons, nuclear weapons and other means of destruction.

Conventional weapons include all fire and strike weapons that are used by artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition, conventional missiles, incendiary ammunition and mixtures. The main means of engaging the enemy in combat using only conventional weapons is the fire of artillery, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), anti-aircraft weapons and small arms in combination with air strikes.

Precision weapons are the most effective conventional weapons. It includes reconnaissance and strike, reconnaissance and fire complexes and other complexes and weapons systems that use guided, corrected and homing missiles and ammunition capable of hitting targets, as a rule, from the first shot or launch.

Incendiary ammunition and mixtures are used to destroy enemy manpower and fire weapons located openly or located in long-term fire and other fortifications, as well as his weapons, equipment and other objects.

Conventional weapons can be used alone or in combination with nuclear weapons.

Nuclear weapons are the most powerful means of engaging an adversary, which include nuclear weapons and their means of delivering them to targets. Nuclear weapons make it possible to quickly destroy enemy groups of forces, destroy military and industrial facilities, create areas of massive destruction and zones of radioactive contamination, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on its personnel. Neutron weapons are a type of nuclear weapon.

In wartime conditions, the main goal of training combined arms subunits is to study the opposing enemy and master the most effective methods of defeating him in the current situation.

Combined arms combat methods are the procedure for using forces and equipment in the performance of the assigned task. They depend on the conditions of the situation and the types of weapons used.

With the use of only conventional weapons, the main method of combat is the successive defeat of enemy groupings. In this case, the following will be of importance: reliable fire engagement of the directly opposing enemy grouping with simultaneous impact on its reserves and important objects in depth; the timely concentration of forces and assets to hold important lines (areas, positions) and the build-up of troops' efforts to develop success in the main direction; constant readiness of troops for operations with the use of nuclear weapons.

With the use of nuclear weapons, the main method of combat is the simultaneous defeat of enemy troops and important targets to the full depth of their location, followed by the completion of its defeat by strikes of motorized rifle, tank and airborne units and subunits. In this case, of great importance will be: disruption of enemy nuclear strikes or their weakening, reliable nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy; decisive use by subunits of the results of nuclear and fire strikes to complete its defeat; preemption of the enemy in action by combat-ready subunits, restoration of the combat capability of our troops subjected to nuclear strikes, and in the organization of their subsequent actions.

Modern combined arms combat requires a quick transition from one method of action to another in the interests of the unconditional fulfillment of the assigned task.

In difficult conditions of the ground, air and electronic situation, combined arms subunits must be ready, especially at the beginning of a war, to conduct stubborn defensive battles to hold lines and positions with superior enemy forces. In addition, they must conduct decisive counterattacks, maneuver forces and means to threatened directions, quickly and covertly move, withdraw from the battle, withdraw and conduct active offensive actions, break through defenses, force water obstacles on the move, repel enemy counterattacks, and conduct counter-attacks. battles, quickly go over to the defense on advantageous lines.

The main role in achieving victory in a modern combined arms battle belongs to tank and motorized rifle subunits, since only they are able to complete the defeat of the enemy and seize his territory. Subdivisions of other combat arms only interact with them and fight in the interests of fulfilling these tasks.

Thus, an important role in achieving success in both defensive and offensive combined arms combat will belong to the skill of commanders and staffs in preparing a battle in a short time, delivering sudden and swift strikes against the enemy to the entire depth of his battle formation, and widespread use of maneuverable motorized rifle actions. and tank units, tactical airborne assault forces, forward, outflanking and raiding units.

5. Principles of combined arms combat

Principle (from Lat. Principium - beginning, foundation) - these are the basic, initial provisions of any teaching or basic ideas, rules, in accordance with which practical activities are carried out in a certain area. Already from the Latin term itself it follows that principles are the basic ideas that guide people in a particular area of ​​their practice.

The general principles of tactics include: maintaining high combat and mobilization readiness of troops; activity and decisiveness of actions; coordinated use of all troops and assets participating in a combined-arms battle, maintaining continuous interaction between them; decisive concentration of efforts at the decisive moment on the main directions and for the fulfillment of the most important tasks; the correspondence of the combat missions of subunits to their combat capabilities; the correspondence of the combat missions of subunits to their combat capabilities; secrecy and surprise of actions, the use of military cunning; bold maneuver by subunits, forces, means, strikes and fire; consolidation of the achieved success; all-round support for combat (combat operations); maintenance and timely restoration of combat effectiveness; constant accounting and skillful use of the moral and psychological factor; solid, sustainable and continuous management of the units; early creation of reserves, their skillful use and timely restoration; consolidation of the achieved success.

Maintaining high combat and mobilization readiness of troops lies in their ability at any time in an organized and timely manner to transfer from peacetime to wartime, engage in battle and successfully complete assigned tasks.

Constant combat readiness of troops is achieved: by the correct understanding by commanders, headquarters and services of their tasks, anticipation of possible changes in the situation and timely implementation of measures to plan and prepare for upcoming actions; manning and provision of troops with everything necessary for conducting a battle; high combat training of commanders, staffs and troops; constant readiness of weapons and military equipment for use, and of personnel to fulfill the tasks assigned to them; the deployment of troops taking into account their mission and their high mobilization readiness; continuous intelligence; clear organization and vigilant maintenance of combat duty and combat service; timely and organized bringing of troops to the highest degree of combat readiness; high moral and psychological state, discipline and vigilance of personnel; organization and maintenance of firm and continuous command and control of troops.

The activity and decisiveness of actions consists in a constant striving for the complete defeat of the enemy, imposing his will on the enemy, seizing and holding the initiative. The practical implementation of this principle is reflected in the constant impact on the enemy to the entire depth of his formation, in the continuous increase in efforts in the most important sectors, in anticipating the enemy in fire damage and maneuvering, the wider use of tactical airborne assault forces, raid detachments and other maneuver forces.

The commander's decision to crush the enemy must be firm and carried through to the end without hesitation. Success in battle belongs to the one who fights most energetically of all, who uses every pretext to strike at the enemy.

The coordinated use of all troops and assets participating in a combined-arms battle and the maintenance of continuous interaction between them are most capable of ensuring the success of combat operations. This principle reflects the combined-arms nature of the battle and ensures the successful achievement of the goal, since victory in a modern battle can be achieved only by the combined efforts of all combat arms and special forces participating in it. Without a clearly organized and constantly supported interaction of forces and means in modern combat, not a single task can be solved.

The actions of the participants in a combined-arms battle must be coordinated with the fire, electronic and nuclear destruction of the enemy in terms of missions, directions, lines, time and methods of combat in the interests of the successful fulfillment of combat missions by combined-arms subunits. Interaction must be continuous throughout the fight. If violated, it is immediately restored.

A decisive concentration of efforts at a decisive moment on the main directions and for the fulfillment of the most important tasks makes it possible to achieve superiority over the enemy, successfully resist his numerically superior forces, make the most effective use of troops, forces and means, and put the enemy in unfavorable conditions. It is necessary to concentrate efforts at the decisive moment because the advance deployment of large masses of troops in relatively narrow sectors of the front, as was the case in past wars, even under conditions of the use of conventional weapons, can lead to extremely grave consequences.

The main purpose of massing remains the same - to create the necessary superiority in forces and means in the main direction at the right time. In the new conditions, by concentrating fire of all types or by delivering powerful strikes by troops, one can very quickly change the balance of forces and means in their favor in a chosen direction or sector, creating favorable conditions for defeating an enemy that has wedged into the defense or opposed in the offensive.

The correspondence of the combat missions of subunits to their combat capabilities allows them to prepare for a battle in time, complete the task received on time and maintain their combat capability for further actions. This is achieved by knowing the fire, strike and maneuvering capabilities of subordinate units, making tactical calculations for making a decision, and comprehensively ensuring the fulfillment of the task.

The secrecy and surprise of actions, the use of military cunning (deception of the enemy) - the emergence of new means of struggle immeasurably expanded the capabilities of combined-arms formations to achieve surprise, the importance of which steadily increases with the development of means of struggle. Its role is especially great in short-term battles, where the time factor is of decisive importance.

Secrecy, suddenness of actions and the use of military cunning can catch the enemy by surprise, cause panic, paralyze his will to resist, drastically reduce combat effectiveness, disorganize troop control and create favorable conditions for achieving victory even over a superior enemy.

The ways and means of achieving surprise depend on the specific situation. It can be achieved by misleading the enemy about his intentions, covert preparation for battle and rapid actions of troops, extensive use of night and other conditions of limited visibility, unexpected for the enemy use of high-precision weapons and means of remote mining of terrain, raid and forward detachments, as well as maneuver , fire and blows. Moreover, the most original solutions and the use of unexpected methods of achieving surprise may not give the expected effect if their practical implementation is not properly ensured.

In modern conditions, in order to ensure surprise, the ability to conceal from enemy reconnaissance the presence of new weapons and equipment, the design of the battle, the location of elements of the battle formation and command posts, the time of commencement and the intended methods of action, is of decisive importance. Striving for surprise and deception of the enemy, it is necessary at the same time to take measures to exclude this from the enemy. This is achieved by continuous and active reconnaissance, vigilance and constant readiness of all personnel to repel sudden enemy actions.

A bold maneuver by subunits, forces, weapons, strikes and fire becomes one of the most important elements of combat, permeating all the activities of subunits and units on the battlefield and outside it. Skillful use of this principle makes it possible to seize and hold the initiative, thwart the enemy's plans, successfully fight in a changed situation, achieve the battle objective, and smash the superior enemy in parts in a shorter time and with less losses. The maneuver should be simple in design, carried out quickly, covertly and suddenly for the enemy.

The early creation of reserves, their skilful use and timely recovery allows us to respond in a timely manner to the evolving situation and build up efforts.

Consolidation of the achieved success allows you to retain tactical initiative and create conditions for further active actions.

Comprehensive support for combat (combat operations) is the organization and implementation of measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for troops to perform combat missions. It is carried out continuously both during preparation and during the battle and is subdivided into combat, moral and psychological, technical and rear services. It is organized on the basis of the commander's decision in all types of combat and is carried out by all types of troops and special forces.

Maintaining and timely restoration of combat effectiveness. The combat capability of troops must be constantly maintained up to a level that ensures the fulfillment of a combat mission. First of all, disturbed control is restored with subunits continuing to carry out a combat mission, and the degree of their combat effectiveness is revealed. Then the tasks are specified for the units that have retained their combat effectiveness. Subsequently, the combat capability of the subunits that suffered the least losses is restored and the subunits that have lost their combat capability are withdrawn to safe areas, their replenishment with personnel, military equipment and materiel is carried out.

Combat efficiency is ensured by: manning, weapons and military equipment; the availability of the necessary stocks of material resources; combat training and coherence of subunits and command and control bodies; organizational qualities of the command staff; solidarity, high moral and psychological state, organization and discipline of personnel; organization of sustainable and continuous management; the ability to quickly replenish losses and protect troops.

Defense of troops in battle is organized and carried out with the aim of weakening the impact of various types of enemy weapons and dangerous factors of a man-made and natural nature on troops and objects, preserving the combat effectiveness of units and subunits, control systems, and other objects and ensuring the fulfillment of their assigned tasks.

Constant accounting and skillful use of the moral and psychological factor in the interests of completing a combat mission. The high morale of the personnel greatly increases the combat capabilities of the troops, and gives a certain qualitative superiority over the enemy. In order to achieve victory over the enemy in a modern combined arms battle, commanders of all levels must know and take into account the moral and psychological state of the troops, carry out active work to strengthen it, actively oppose the enemy's propaganda and agitation.

Firm, stable and continuous command and control of subunits makes it possible to make the fullest use of their combat capabilities. The experience of past wars shows that success in battle has always depended on the quality of control. Skillful management contributed to the defeat of the enemy with fewer losses and the achievement of victory in a short time.

Solid and continuous management is achieved by: constant knowledge of the situation, timely decision-making and their implementation; the personal responsibility of commanders and chiefs of all levels for their decisions, the correct use of subordinate troops and the results of the fulfillment of assigned tasks; correct organization, timely relocation and maintenance of the survivability of command posts; the presence of a stable connection with the troops.

It is necessary to add to these principles that in each specific combat situation the commander must correctly determine the ultimate goal of actions. Here is what he said about this: "The goal of actions is not the lines and points, but the enemy's manpower and the sources of means for waging a war..." areas of the terrain.

Troops' actions according to the same scheme lead to unjustified losses. A creative approach to the execution of a task, in which something new is introduced each time into their actions, deprives the enemy of the opportunity to use effective countermeasures. Therefore, in battle, you should avoid a template in your actions, apply the alternation of at least two active tactics (lines) of your behavior.

6. Marching, pre-battle and battle formations: essence and requirements

When performing tasks in a combined arms battle, motorized rifle (tank) subunits can have different formations and operate in marching, pre-battle and combat formations. The corresponding order is created by the commander from the regular and attached subunits.

Marching order - the formation of units for movement in columns. It is used when moving troops on their own, with the successful development of the offensive and the absence of enemy resistance, during the pursuit, when making a maneuver, as well as the movement of second echelons and reserves. It must provide: high speed of movement and rapid deployment in the pre-battle and battle formations; the least vulnerability to weapons of mass destruction, precision weapons and enemy air strikes; maintaining a stable command and control of troops.

Pre-battle order is the formation of subunits in columns, dismembered along the front and in depth. It is used when going over to the offensive, when overcoming obstacles, zones of infection, areas of destruction, fires and floods.

The pre-battle order should ensure: rapid deployment of troops in battle order; high rates of promotion; the least vulnerability of troops to weapons of mass destruction of the enemy, the fire of his anti-tank weapons, artillery and air strikes.

Order of battle is the formation of units to conduct battle. It must meet the mission and intent of the battle and ensure: successful conduct of the battle with the use of conventional and nuclear weapons; the fullest use of the combat capabilities of subunits; timely concentration of efforts on the chosen direction (in the area); decisive defeat of the enemy to the full depth of the combat mission and repulsing his air strikes; rapid use of the results of nuclear and fire damage and favorable terrain conditions; stability and activity in defense; building up the force of the strike during the battle and the implementation of the maneuver; the least vulnerability of troops to attacks of all types of weapons; maintaining continuous interaction and ease of command and control.

The battle formation of a battalion (company) consists of: subunits of the first echelon; second echelon or reserve; fire resources and reinforcement subunits remaining directly under the command of the commander. In defense, the battle formation of a battalion (company) may also include an armored group and fire ambushes.

The order of battle of the regiment consists of: subunits of the first echelon; second echelon; combined arms reserve; artillery group; air defense units; anti-tank reserve; mobile detachment of obstacles. Depending on the situation, the order of battle of the regiment may include forward, special, outflanking, raid, assault detachments and tactical airborne assault forces, and in defense - an antiamphibious reserve. To ensure the actions of units and subunits, temporary formations are created.

With a view to greater independence in the conduct of combat, motorized rifle (tank) subunits are assigned or allocated to support subunits of other combat arms and special forces.

Attached subunits are fully subordinate to the combined-arms commander for the duration of the battle and carry out the tasks assigned to him.

Supporting units remain subordinate to the senior commander and carry out their assigned tasks. Also, during the battle, they can complete the tasks of the commander of the supported unit, but within the allocated resource.

Chapter four

TACTICS OF UNITS AND UNITS OF FOREIGN ARMY

In April 1999, the NATO leadership adopted the "New Coalition Military Strategy". For the first time, it contains a provision on the possibility of using NATO armed forces without the sanction of the UN Security Council anywhere in the world. This situation undoubtedly carries with it the potential threat of renewed large-scale confrontation in the world as a whole.

The Armed Forces of Russia must be ready to repel an attack and inflict defeat on the aggressor in any scenario of unleashing and waging wars and armed conflicts in conditions of massive use by the enemy of modern and promising combat weapons. In this regard, it is important to know what methods of preparation for aggression can be, how the unleashing and conduct of hostilities by a potential enemy in the initial period of the war will begin, the composition of his main subunits and their tactics in battle.

1. Methods of preparing and unleashing hostilities by a potential enemy in the initial period of the war

Preparations for an invasion of NATO countries can begin well in advance in the face of an aggravated international situation or in a threatened period. In the course of preparing troops for the upcoming military operations, they are transferred from other continents. Regrouping, concentration of troops in the chosen direction and their subsequent operational deployment are carried out under the guise of military exercises.

Military actions during the initial period of the war may be preceded by the formation of a negative opinion about Russia, the use of a wide range of disinformation measures, and the creation of a coalition of forces.

In the course of operational deployment, the following will be carried out: strengthening of intelligence activities; the deployment of covering troops and operational reserves; the creation of aviation groupings, the redeployment of aviation to alternate airfields and its dispersal; deployment of an air defense system, making it ready to repel enemy air strikes; the deployment of naval forces in areas of combat mission and the creation of a grouping for the conduct of forthcoming operations; deployment of a command and control system, operational rear, forces and means of material and technical support.

The outbreak of hostilities is preceded by the operational deployment of ground forces. In the course of deployment, formations and units move to the directions indicated by them, occupy areas and take up the appropriate formation, take cover safely and are made ready to conduct hostilities. To achieve a surprise start of hostilities, the NATO command can deploy troops without first occupying operational areas. In this case, the formation of battle formations will be carried out during the movement from the exercise areas.

The unleashing of hostilities can begin with sudden massive air strikes, cruise missiles and high-precision weapons of long-range land and sea-based weapons. The aim of the strikes is to gain air supremacy, disrupt the deployment of the armed forces and inflict irreparable losses on the country's economy. During this period, important military and military-industrial facilities (including the forces and means of nuclear attack, air defense, missile defense, and air forces) can be defeated. Fire strikes will be accompanied by constant radio-electronic influence of the enemy.

Subsequently, a grouping of troops of the NATO armed forces will be concentrated near the state border and their deployment will be carried out. At the same time, a special operation of sabotage and reconnaissance forces may begin in the depths of the territory of Russia to destroy and disable the most important objects (communication and aviation guidance stations, railway junctions, power plants, oil and gas pipelines, etc.).

Before the invasion, an air offensive operation is carried out (duration from 5 days or more) in order to create favorable conditions for the actions of ground forces. Fire damage is inflicted on important targets in the operational depth (airfields, bridges, military depots, troop deployment areas, command posts) and strategic reserves.

The offensive of the ground group begins with strikes of tactical missiles, ground attack aircraft and combat helicopters against the defending troops and command posts. In the rear, sabotage activities are intensifying.

The first to start fighting are the units of the armored cavalry regiments and the vanguards of the advancing brigades or divisions, which are part of the "covering troops". "Covering troops" together with reconnaissance units overcome the resistance of the border troops, then, in cooperation with airmobile units, smash the troops in the support zone. As the main forces of the defending troops reach the front edge, they seek to identify weaknesses and gaps in their formation. Having met the stubborn resistance of the defenders, they consolidate themselves on advantageous lines, ensure the advancement and deployment of their main forces.

The deployment of the main forces is supported by field artillery fire, attacks by combat helicopters and tactical aviation. With the approach of the forward subunits of the main forces to the range of actual fire, fire preparation begins, which is carried out until the advantage is 6: 1 and lasts 40-60 minutes. After that, the fire is transferred to the depths, and the brigades of the first echelon go over to the offensive.

Attacking subunits, using gaps in defensive lines, seize intermediate lines and positions on the move. To deliver surprise strikes from the front and flanks, outflanking detachments and sabotage and reconnaissance groups are widely used.

In areas where it was possible to penetrate the defenses, to develop success, reserves, which mainly include tank subunits and units, will be brought into battle. The reserves, brought into battle under the cover of attack aircraft and fire support helicopters, are rapidly advancing into the depths of the defense, seizing important objects and terrain lines, and completing the rout of the second echelons and reserves of the defending troops. To deliver strikes from the rear, capture important areas of the terrain or objects in the depths of the defending troops, airborne assault forces are landed. In the course of the battle, helicopter strikes are widely used, electronic suppression and remote mining of the terrain are constantly being carried out.

On the next day, to develop success in the identified areas, armored (tank) divisions are brought into battle. Separate centers of resistance are blocked by the attackers and subsequently destroyed together with aviation, artillery and special operations forces.

Thus, the combat employment of formations, units and subunits of NATO ground forces is envisaged in the course of an air-ground operation as the main method of conducting combat operations. The ground forces of the NATO army are based on mechanized and armored divisions of the United States and Germany.

2. Organization, mission, weapons and military equipment of the main divisions and units of the US Army

The US mechanized and armored divisions consist of: division control; brigade departments - 3; tank and motorized infantry battalions - 10 (according to the new organization - 9), respectively, in MD - 5 and 5 (4 and 5), in brtd - 6 and 4 (5 and 4); artillery of the division; anti-aircraft battalion; army aviation brigades; a reconnaissance and electronic warfare battalion; an engineering battalion; communications battalion; rear of the division; mouth - headquarters, ZOMP, military police. In reinforcement, a division can receive up to a field artillery brigade (1-2 divisions of 203.2-mm SG, 2-3 divisions of 155-mm SG), a missile battalion TR ("Lars" or "Atakms").

The US Motorized Infantry Battalion (MTB) is the primary tactical unit of the mechanized and armored divisions. In battle, he acts in the main or auxiliary direction as part of the first or second echelon (reserve) of the brigade, and can also perform the task independently.

Organizationally, the MPB consists (Fig. 4) of a headquarters (sections: personnel, intelligence, operational, logistical support), combat units (motorized infantry company - 4, anti-tank company), combat and logistical support units (headquarters and service company ). On the basis of the MPB, a battalion tactical group is created for the period of the battle. The main weapons and military equipment of the US MPB are presented in Table 7.

In the offensive, the MTB is intended to: inflict defeat on the enemy with all available means; by a decisive attack and a swift advance of subunits into the depths of the enemy's battle formations, to destroy and capture his manpower, fire weapons, weapons, military equipment; capture the designated areas (lines) of the terrain and important enemy targets.

Table 7

The main armament and military equipment of the US ipb

Funds

Headquarters company

ptr