Sanitary protection of populated areas is of great importance today. In the private sector, there is often a problem associated with wastewater disposal. Domestic waste water is often very polluted. Such water should not be discharged into the sewer network without preliminary treatment. Biological treatment means lowering the concentration of organic matter. It is often combined with mechanical, chemical cleaning and disinfection. Not everyone knows how to make a biological treatment station with their own hands, installation features.
Characteristic
Until recently, most houses had cesspools. Today there are less and less of them. They were replaced by biological treatment plants. This group also includes a septic tank. The essence of biological treatment is that various microorganisms (bacteria) and algae are used. They are bred specifically for wastewater treatment. This process is based on natural cleansing. To stimulate the activity of this microflora, additional aeration is carried out (air supply to the reservoir).
In addition, biological treatment plants provide mixing of effluents and settling of particles. In the latter case, we are also talking about mechanical water purification. Such autonomous systems allow the treated wastewater to be used for other purposes. Often, such water is used for technical or other needs. In more modern septic tanks, wastewater can be disinfected by UV or ultrasound. All treatment plants can be conditionally divided into simple and deep cleaning. The structure includes the following components:
- camera;
- filter;
- compartment for the mineralization of silt deposits;
- chamber for clarification.
Main steps
To organize water purification with your own hands, you need to know the main stages of work. First, you need to dig a hole. Its sizes may vary. It is preferable to make a pit 1.5 x 1.5 x 2 m. Its dimensions depend on the dimensions of the station itself. To strengthen the structure, formwork is made from wooden planks. There should be no gaps between the boards. The work must be carried out by two or three people. Secondly, a thick layer of sand is laid at the bottom of the dug hole. It is needed for better filtration. Thirdly, it will be necessary to install the station itself for biological treatment.
At the next stage, you will need to fill all sections of the station with water and fill up the voids around the structure. This is done with sand. The station must be level. Fourthly, it is necessary to organize a pipeline. Pipes are made with a diameter of 100-110 mm. The trench depth should be 0.2-0.7 m. The dug trench should be located at a slight incline towards the station. A sand pillow is laid at its bottom. Next, the installation of the pipeline is carried out. Do not forget about the thermal insulation of the pipes. The pipeline is connected to the septic tank using a pipe. It should come with the station.
A well-organized system of autonomous sewerage has become the key to comfortable living outside the city. Here, a septic tank replaced the centralized connection to utilities. The drawback of its design was the regular maintenance by the sewer workers. Today, most summer residents know how to make a septic tank without pumping out with their own hands. There is nothing complicated in its structure and principle of operation, it is enough to study the installation scheme, the nuances of placement and the main characteristics of the models.
Three-chamber septic tank scheme
Wastewater treatment plant design
The complexity of building a septic tank without pumping out depends on its performance, device and selected material. All models of the treatment plant work according to the same principle: the wastewater is mechanically separated into fractions, processed by anaerobic bacteria and sent for filtration and discharge.
High efficiency in wastewater treatment can be achieved using a compressor and aerator design. At the outlet of such a system, industrial water is obtained, suitable for household needs. The biological treatment station has a high performance, it does not need pumping out and is environmentally friendly. The main disadvantage of the device is the need to connect to the power supply, therefore, for the uninterrupted operation of the sewer system, it is better to choose a non-volatile option.
The septic tank provides accumulation and filtration of effluents. Their cleansing occurs under the action of microorganisms. In order for the bacteria to have time to properly disinfect the waste before seeping into the soil, it is not enough to install a single-chamber structure. The best option for an autonomous septic tank for a country house would be the construction of a two or three-chamber treatment plant.
Attention. It will not be possible to completely avoid pumping, but with the correct size of the septic tank, it is produced every 10 years.
The principle of operation of the "eternal" septic tank
The best option, ensuring the long-term operation of the structure without maintenance, is the installation of three tanks. Two of them have a sealed structure, and a layer of gravel and crushed stone is poured on the bottom of the third. Each tank is equipped with a service hatch and a vent pipe for evacuating gases. The process of processing organic matter is slow, so an unpleasant odor does not spread from the septic tank.
The drain from the house is connected to the first chamber; all parts are connected to each other by overflows located in the upper part of the structure. The container into which the drains fall has the largest size, it occupies 50% of the total volume. In the receiving chamber, sedimentation takes place, in which heavy fractions sink to the bottom under the influence of gravity. A greasy film and fine suspensions remain in the partially clarified water, which, after reaching the overflow level, is sent to the next chamber.
Advice. Bottom sediments are treated with anaerobic bacteria, microorganisms can be added from the outside by letting them down the drain.
The decomposition of organic matter into sludge and gas continues in the second chamber. When the level rises, water enters the last chamber, which is a filter well. Thanks to the crushed stone layer, the remains of solid fractions are removed from the liquid.
The need to pump out the septic tank may arise when bottom sediments fill the first chamber, but due to its size and the vital activity of bacteria, this process lasts for years.
Productivity and location of the treatment plant
The first thing they face when choosing a sump model is its size. For self-calculation, a simple formula is used: the standard of 200 liters is multiplied by the number of residents and tripled. For a family of four you will need: 200x4x3 = 2400 liters or 2.4 cubic meters. m. According to this scheme, it is easy to find out the optimal volume of the septic tank. When calculating, it is worth adding 20% for the reserve, because over time, bottom sediments will increase and take away useful area.
Attention. An incorrect calculation of productivity with an extra volume turns into the death of bacteria, with an insufficient size - flooding of the site.
When choosing a site for a treatment plant, take into account:
- sanitary standards;
- ground water level;
- the depth of freezing in the region.
According to sanitary rules and documents, the safe distance from the septic tank to water bodies and buildings is:
- residential building - 5m;
- well - 20-50 m;
- reservoir - 30 m;
- water pipes - 10 m;
- neighboring plot - 2m.
A septic tank without pumping and odor, when installed with your own hands, is buried to a depth below freezing. It should be separated from the aquifer at least 1 meter.
What materials is a reliable septic tank built of?
In the manufacture of a sewage treatment plant, they try to use improvised building materials on their own, but not all of them are able to ensure tightness and durability of operation. The most common design options are:
- construction of plastic containers (euro cubes);
- concrete rings with a bottom and a filter layer;
- septic tank from car tires;
- monolithic concrete structure.
To understand the strengths and weaknesses of the listed materials, we will consider each structure in detail.
Construction from eurocubes
For a septic tank device, you will need two or three containers. One of them is cut out the bottom to create a filtration layer. Plastic tanks must be placed in a metal frame welded from a profile, this will protect the structure from the effects of soil. Before installation, the inlet and outlet pipes are inserted into the tanks and the holes for the ventilation pipe are cut out. All joints are treated with silicone.
The pit for the tanks is dug with a slope, the second container should be located 20 cm lower than the first. To fix lightweight Euro cubes, a concrete slab is poured at the bottom of the pit, to which the tanks are attached. This will prevent the septic tank from rising by groundwater.
Septic tank from eurocubes with ventilation pipes
Advantages:
- tightness of containers;
- easy installation;
- durability.
Disadvantages:
- the need to secure.
Construction of tires
Car tires are sometimes used when they are installed without electricity. The design is designed for a small volume of drains. Two holes are dug under the tires, according to the estimated performance. The tires are connected with clamps, and the joints are treated with a sealant. The bottom of the first chamber is lined with polyethylene or roofing felt, with better installation - concreted. For a large family, tires of an increased diameter are used.
Tire connection for sewage treatment plant
Advantages:
- material availability;
- simple installation.
Disadvantages:
- freezing in winter;
- rapid loss of shape and tightness;
- short service life.
Reinforced concrete rings
You can quickly assemble a septic tank without pumping out and electricity from factory concrete rings. They are offered as a complete set, with a bottom and an overlap. The robust construction, bonded at the joints with cement mortar and treated with waterproofing, ensures high tightness and safety against flooding. Tanks from rings are obtained of the same size, they are connected with plastic pipes with a diameter of 110 mm.
Under such a septic tank, laborious earthwork will be required, including the digging of two or three pits and a trench for a sewer pipe. The depth of the wells made of rings is 3-4 meters. Tees are installed at the ends of the inlet and outlet pipes to avoid clogging. For access to the elements and cleaning, use hatches or ventilation holes made directly above the tee. All chambers are covered with slabs with hatches and sealed. When filling the wells, a clay castle is made.
Advice. For the equipment of a drainage well, you can buy a special ring with perforation over the entire surface.
Advantages:
- strength and durability;
- the material is not afraid of soil pressure;
- the structure does not freeze in winter.
Disadvantages:
- labor intensity of installation;
- the need for thorough waterproofing;
- use of a crane.
Monolithic concrete treatment plant
One of the most successful designs of a non-volatile septic tank for a summer residence without pumping is made of concrete. For a non-permanent residence, you can make a structure in two sections, and for a country house it is better to increase its size to three. This option is not inferior in strength to a septic tank made of concrete rings, but it is carried out independently, without the involvement of special equipment.
When digging a pit, it should be borne in mind that the internal size of the sections will be smaller due to the thickness of the walls. It will take longer to build such a structure than other options. The pouring of concrete walls occurs in stages, with interruptions for solidification. The septic tank is a rectangular sealed tank, divided into sections. The walls and bottom of the chambers must be reinforced before the concrete is poured. Edged boards are used as formwork and spacers. Overflow plastic pipes are inserted into the partitions at an angle, the drain from the house is supplied to the first chamber. Here the effluent will be separated and fed to the second section, where decomposition by microorganisms will continue. The last section is performed without a bottom, sand is poured instead of it, and then a layer of rubble. Through a natural filter, the effluent will go into the soil.
Two-chamber septic tank made of monolithic concrete
Advice. In the manufacture of concrete, Portland cement of the M400 brand is used.
After the construction of the septic tank, the floor slab is poured. A hatch and space for a ventilation pipe are left in it.
Advantages:
- tightness and reliability;
- durability;
- high performance;
- autonomy.
Disadvantages:
- laborious and time consuming construction process.
Bath septic tank
The bathhouse is one of the attributes of suburban life, its use presupposes household wastewater that needs to be disposed of. Depending on the device or the absence of a toilet in the room, a sump with one or two chambers can be made.
Single chamber construction
A tank without a bottom can be built to clean up "gray waste" consisting of soapy water and small amounts of organic matter. In it, water is purified by passing through a filtration layer of crushed stone and gravel. The depth of the well must be at least 1 meter. The material for its construction is:
- plastic container with holes;
- a barrel without a bottom;
- concrete rings;
- brick.
Two-chamber cleaning
If fecal matter is present in the effluent, more thorough cleaning is necessary. In this case, a septic tank for a bath without pumping out requires the equipment of two chambers. In the first, settling of effluents and separation into fractions will take place. The clarified water will overflow into the drainage well, which is the second chamber, and seep into the soil.
A septic tank without pumping, made by hand, is not inferior in efficiency to factory models, but it will cost much less.
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The degree and quality of wastewater treatment depend on the structures and methods used. One of the most effective is biological. For this, a special station is being installed at the dacha. It cleans up all waste water. Details and reviews - below.
Station for biological treatment: description, principle of operation
Most often, the issue related to the disposal of contaminated water and waste worries residents of the private sector, summer residents, owners of country cottages, recreation centers, campgrounds. After all, where, if not far from cities with an established sewerage system, you have to think about what to do and how to filter the drains. This is where biological wastewater treatment plants come to the rescue. Working from the mains, they clean sewage waste and take it to any place equipped for this: a ditch, filtration fields, etc.
Connecting a biological treatment station to the sewerage system of the house
The principle of operation of the station is based on the vital activity of microorganisms that are initially in the wastewater. They have the ability to reproduce in special devices under favorable conditions. For bacteria to work, air is needed, which is specially pumped into the purification system for this. Under its action, microorganisms decompose sewage waste, resulting in the formation of brown flakes - activated sludge. It is considered a good fertilizer, so it is very appropriate to use the station at a summer cottage.
Advice. It is not necessary to introduce additional bacteria into the biological treatment plant. Useless here will be special "leavens", which are used to treat cesspools, dry closets. Be aware that the composition of the microorganisms contained in such preparations and in wastewater differ from each other.
Facilities and methods for biological wastewater treatment
According to the types of microorganisms that are involved in the purification of wastewater, there are 2 methods:
- With the help of aerobic bacteria, which require oxygen to function. With this method of cleaning, biofilters and aeration tanks are used, which are more effective. It is as a result of their use that activated sludge is formed, which is used to fertilize vegetable gardens.
- With the help of anaerobic microbes that live without oxygen. They start the fermentation process and convert organic waste into methane and carbon dioxide. For this, metatenki are used. The anaerobic method requires less investment, because additionally no aeration occurs (air saturation).
Attention! For the greatest efficiency, experts recommend using installations in which both types of microorganisms are involved.
Methods for purifying polluted waters using aerobic microorganisms are divided according to the type of container where waste waste is oxidized:
- biopond;
- filtering field;
- biofilter.
Station with aeration tank
The use of the first two structures has features:
- seasonality - they work only during the warm season;
- relatively low productivity;
- the need to use large tracts of land.
Biological treatment stages. Station installation
The biostation is a container that is divided into several compartments. In the first of them there is a mechanical purification of water from solid household waste and the accumulation of sediment. It needs to be removed periodically. Further, depending on the design features, already slightly purified water is poured either into a secondary sedimentation tank (metatenk or anaerobic chamber) or into the biological treatment compartment. In it, the further process takes place with the help of a biofilter or aeration tank.
Attention! The degree of water purification in an aeration tank is better than in a device with a biofilter. In addition, such a station does not require additional insulation. But the biofilter is more convenient to use, in particular, it is autonomous in terms of electricity.
The station fits into the design of almost any summer cottage, because it can be:
- install underground;
- deepen by half (if groundwater passes close to the surface)
- put on a land plot (relevant for devices that do not work all year round, but only in warm weather).
Station setup diagram
It is better to trust the assembly of the station to professionals, since the cost of an error during installation can be very significant. For example, a properly installed structure is not a source of an unpleasant odor, since it is absolutely hermetically sealed. In addition, due to improper installation, expensive parts gradually fail.
Pros and cons of a biological treatment plant. Owner reviews
Station advantages:
- high environmental friendliness;
- ease of use;
- durability, since there are no metal parts;
- versatility - suitable for any soil;
- compactness;
- high performance;
- the need for maintenance is rare.
Disadvantages of biological treatment devices:
- the high price of the system itself, as well as expensive service costs;
- restrictions on use - it is not recommended to drain substances containing chlorine;
- the need to constantly use the station, since during long breaks, microorganisms die.
True, the latter drawback loses its relevance if you choose a device, for example, with a self-oxidation system of activated sludge.
Feedback from the owners indicates that with proper installation and operation of the station, there are no problems: filters do not clog, the seam on the body does not diverge, parts do not break. In addition, one should take into account such observations of those who managed to test the devices on their site:
It is very important to carry out the installation correctly.
- Despite the lack of recommendations from manufacturers, it is still better to insulate some biological stations.
- Waste of some vegetables, for example, mushrooms or tomatoes, it is better not to dump into the sewer: they are not recycled.
- The drains of the bath or shower stall, as well as sinks, should be equipped with special nets that trap hair, otherwise the filters will quickly clog.
- The drain from the washing machine and dishwasher must be equipped separately, as aggressive detergents can kill microorganisms.
Advice. The highest efficiency - the degree of purification up to 98% - is provided by a three- or four-stage processing system. This indicator is typical only for stations. Simpler devices, with filters, have a rate of 65%. Keep this in mind when deciding to equip a bio-sewage system on the site.
Biological treatment station: video
Biological treatment station: photo
From this article, you will learn about the most common ways of arranging a wastewater treatment system for a private house, the pros and cons, operating features, and the cost of each of the options for these systems.
Competent arrangement of the drainage system can be considered one of the most difficult and responsible tasks in the design of an individual house. The most common ways of arranging a local sewerage system are:
- cesspools
- septic tanks of various types
- biological treatment systems
All wastewater treatment systems work with the participation of microorganisms, which in the course of their life absorb contaminants, which are an excellent breeding ground for them. The number and species composition of these bacteria determine the type and quality of the final purification. The organization of the process is fundamentally possible only in three ways:
- Using putrefactive bacteria, without creating additional favorable conditions for them. Wastewater purification is minimal. This type is typical for various wastewater storage tanks.
- The use of anaerobic microorganisms living in an oxygen-free environment. The degree of wastewater treatment is about 50% on average. This option is used in the work of various types of septic tanks. Advanced bio-feed devices involve the intermittent supply of cultured microorganisms.
- The use of aerobic bacteria, which require a constant supply of oxygen. The wastewater treatment process is similar to the natural decomposition of waste, but much faster. At the outlet - 98% purified industrial water. It is used in bioremediation systems with aeration tanks.
Thus, it is possible to equip a local sewage system in various ways and at different costs, but the effect will not be the same. The choice of the system remains with the owner of the home, and in order to facilitate it, we will consider the main ways of arranging an autonomous sewage system.
Cesspools
Devices are the simplest storage devices designed to collect sewage. The effluent enters the tank through a pipeline, which must be laid below the freezing level of the soil or additionally insulated. As the pit fills up, it is cleared out using a sewer truck. The structure must necessarily be sealed, this is the guarantee of its safety. Variants of pits without a bottom or with a filtering layer of sand and gravel equipped at the bottom poison the soil and, accordingly, groundwater, which makes them a serious source of pollution.
An autonomous sewerage system with a cesspool has certain advantages:
- Extreme simplicity of design.
- Cheapness of manufacture and installation. In case the capacity of industrial production is purchased, the costs will be slightly higher.
- The device requires no maintenance, except for pumping down. It does not depend on the power supply and does not need the arrangement of additional cleaning zones, such as filtration wells or fields.
There are also disadvantages of the system:
- The need for regular pumping of sewage, which requires certain costs to pay for the services of sewers.
- A fairly high probability of depressurization of the container and the ingress of effluents into the soil and groundwater. This is especially true for metal structures that are prone to corrosion.
- Bad smell.
- The location on the site is limited by sanitary standards, while taking into account the possibility of free access to the pumping facility.
- Impossibility of arrangement in the event of a high groundwater level.
There are many options for arranging cesspools. The simplest, but also the most expensive, is the purchase of a ready-made tank. Most often these are plastic containers of various shapes and volumes. They are not subject to corrosion and retain their tightness throughout the entire service life. There are many varieties of these drives. These are "Tank", "Triton", "Leader", "Topas" in various modifications. The cost of devices starts at 9,000 rubles.
Many people prefer to equip cesspools with their own hands. Such structures are made of bricks, concrete, cinder blocks or tires. Another common option is to use a ready-made metal container or make one according to the required dimensions. In any case, choosing a cesspool as an autonomous sewage system, one should assess the intensity of its future pumping. Very often, the costs of cleaning are high and nullify the perceived benefit of arranging the cheapest option.
Septic tanks
A septic tank is a technologically connected system of tanks in which mechanical treatment of household waste takes place with the participation of anaerobic bacteria. Contaminated liquid flows from one container to another. In each of them, solid fractions settle, which are subsequently decomposed by bacteria. The accumulated sediment must be periodically removed from the system. Septic tanks purify wastewater up to a maximum of 60-70%. All solid insoluble contaminants remain inside the system, and light fractions continue to be present in the water. It needs to be further cleaned. For these purposes, special structures are used, the choice of which is due to the type of soil.
Most often these are filtration fields. They are spray pipes placed in trenches from a filter element with a minimum thickness of 1 m, under which a drain is laid to drain clean water. Such fields should be equipped at a certain distance from sources of drinking water and fruit plants. In addition, the depth of their placement must be greater than the level of soil freezing, otherwise the system will not be able to work in the cold season. Once every five to seven years, it is necessary to dig out the structure, completely flush or replace the filter layer. In any case, such fields are a very expensive and environmentally unsafe device.
A water purification system for a private house - using a septic tank has undeniable advantages:
- Complete non-volatility.
- The relative cheapness of the arrangement and installation.
Its disadvantages include:
- Low level of household wastewater treatment.
- The need to equip an additional cleaning system such as filtration wells, fields, etc.
- Regular, although not as frequent as for cesspools, sludge pumping from the system.
You can arrange a septic tank yourself. For this, several containers are made, connected to each other. They can be made of concrete, brick, tires. Eurocubes are also used for these purposes. Homemade systems will cost their owner less than industrial septic tanks. However, the latter are distinguished by high reliability and a variety of models, which allows you to choose the option that is optimal for specific conditions.
The main criteria for choosing a septic tank are:
- The capacity or amount of effluent processed by the device. Measured in cube. m / day.
- The quality of the material of the containers.
- The maximum value of the salvo discharge, that is, the volume of wastewater simultaneously entering the device chamber in cubic meters.
- The degree of purification that the facility carries out.
- Limit value of short-term loads. For some models, it is permissible to exceed the passport loads for a short time, which must be indicated in the device documents.
- Possibility of installing the structure in conditions of high groundwater levels.
As practice shows, it is best to purchase a septic tank from companies specializing in the sale and installation of devices. In this case, you can be sure of the correct selection and installation of the system, which will save you from problems and additional costs for correcting mistakes. In addition, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the certificate, hygiene certificate and guarantees. These documents must be present.
Comparative characteristics of the most common models are shown in the table:
| Volume options | Purification degree | Material | Additional benefits | Price | |
| Tank | From models designed for 1-3 people. up to options for 7-9 people. | Up to 70%, the use of the infiltration system offered by the manufacturer allows you to get up to 98% purified water | Durable plastic up to 17 mm thick, seamless body | Block-modular design makes it possible to assemble systems of the required volume, | From 27,000 |
| Triton | From devices for 1-2 residents to systems for 38-40 people | 60%, further post-treatment required | High-strength polyethylene from 14 to 40 mm thick | Low cost of the device, ease of installation | From 20,000 |
| Cleansing | From models designed for 2 people. up to devices for 18 residents | For systems with a biofilter - up to 80%, additional cleaning is required | Polypropylene, fiberglass with a thickness of 10 to 14 mm | Built-in biofilter, additional resistance to large volley discharges, adapted to Russian climatic conditions | From 24,000 |
| Sprout | From options for 1-2 people. up to systems for 8 people | For devices with biofilter - up to 80% | Polypropylene, 10 mm thick, seamless body | Protection against salvo discharge, a special shape that prevents the device from floating, maintenance is required once every 1-2 years | From 25,000 |
Deep biological treatment stations
Deep biological wastewater treatment - can only be carried out with the help of aeration stations. These are devices that use the principle of natural biological purification, which is ubiquitous in nature. Mechanical treatment in combination with the action of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria makes it possible to obtain at the outlet 98% purified industrial water and sludge, which can be used as fertilizer.
The principle of operation of the systems is quite simple. The effluent enters the receiving chamber, where large impurities are crushed and the liquid is saturated with oxygen. The wastewater prepared in this way, having passed a coarse filter, is directed to the biological treatment chamber with the help of an airlift. Biomass forms active suspended sludge, on the flakes of which purification processes take place. With the help of airlifts, the waste sludge is transferred to the activated sludge stabilizer.
Treated effluents are freed from suspended particles dissolved in them and discharged into water bodies or to the relief. In addition, such water can be used for technical needs, for example, for irrigation. On average, once a month, the waste sludge is pumped out of the device using a standard pump. It is an excellent source of biofuel and high quality fertilizer.
The advantages of using such a system are obvious:
- High degree of wastewater treatment, reaching 99%, which allows you to freely discharge the received industrial water or use it for household needs.
- Compact dimensions of the units, allowing to minimize the work on the arrangement of an autonomous sewage system.
- Extreme ease of maintenance.
- Lack of unpleasant odors.
- Ease of installation of the device, which does not require special equipment.
- Can be installed in any type of soil.
Environmental pollution is in the first place today, the solution of this issue concerns absolutely all spheres of human life. One major step towards solving the sanitary and hygienic problem has already been taken - numerous sewage treatment plants for private use have been developed. Since it is the private use of water resources that causes most of the trouble, special standards have been adopted, thanks to which the risk of contamination is significantly reduced.
The standards for various treatment facilities are in the SNiP collections, on the basis of which the design part of the sewerage systems is drawn up, based on the characteristics of the territory where construction work will be carried out.
Types used and their characteristics
The tanks used have a lot of distinctive features that can be indispensable in certain natural conditions, but they can be too demanding to maintain, or the initial cost will only increase over time. Consider the existing types of containers used today:
- cesspools and storage tanks, a very old type of tank, is gradually losing its popularity due to the increase in cost, each call of the sewer increases the initial cost of the product;
- septic tanks are a relatively new type of treatment structure that allows you to dispose of clean water into the ground, subject to reaching a certain percentage described in state standards;
- biological treatment plants - a new engineering structure, a fully automated process, the degree of treatment reaches stunning results.
Three main types can be purchased from the manufacturer or made independently. Individual production requires serious preparation, collection of information, a detailed elaborated project.
The plant biological treatment stations are designed at the level of local urban wastewater treatment systems, they have certain sensors and a special panel, using which you can receive and send signals.
The effluents entering the station are cleaned by several types of procedures, we are talking about both mechanical and biological cleaning. The degree of purity reaches 97-100%, which makes it possible to reuse the resource for technical purposes.
Progress goes forward without looking back, gradually improving the existing developments, factory models of stations can disinfect water with ultrasound, other devices, the price accordingly becomes higher. There are many different options, but the main cleaning is done by microorganisms, due to which this level of cleanliness is achieved.
Stations are divided into two types:
- simple stations;
- deep wastewater treatment stations.
Products consist of the following parts:
- several cleaning chambers, often the number three, maybe more, each chamber has its own purpose;
- filters for final cleaning;
- special ventilation devices, air ducts or compressor;
- emergency sensors and other types of special equipment.
Biological cleaning
The biological cleaning station gets its name from the bacteria used as a recycling substance, organic waste is completely decomposed to a state of harmless sludge, which can then be used to create compost.
Stations are divided into types precisely based on the selected bacteria, which in turn can be:
- aerobic;
- anaerobic representatives.
Each species has features, for example, anaerobic microbes can live only in an environment where oxygen is present, for this the station needs devices that exchange gases inside the section where microorganisms are located. Anaerobic bacteria are used in sealed sections and do well without oxygen.
Different sections can have different equipment, which will allow the use of both types of biological mixtures to obtain the best result.
Organization of the site for the installation of the station
You need to choose a place in accordance with the regulated norms. The station is located in a place that meets the following standards:
- after analyzing the terrain and relief, inclusive, a place is selected in the lowland of the site, which helps to facilitate land work to comply with the angle of inclination, thus ensuring the gravity of sewage through the pipeline;
- the treatment plant is at least 30 meters away from drinking water sources;
- from the main building on the site, the distance is 15-20 meters;
- minor buildings are located within 10-15 meters;
- natural bodies of water must be removed at least 35 meters.
Having picked up the right place, they proceed to the design of a self-assembly structure.
The first thing to do is to calculate the volume of the future station. The daily consumption rate for one person is 200 liters of water, you can resort to savings and consume 150 liters per person. The number of liters is multiplied by the number of people permanently living in the house. The resulting figure is increased by the amount of water consumed by household appliances. The average number of days on which the cleaning takes place is 3 days, we multiply by the obtained figure of the consumed water resource.
The formula looks like this:
V = 200 l * 3 people + 300 l (household appliances) * 3 days / 1000
We get 2.7 m³, this volume is quite enough for a family of 3 people, but as experts advise, you need to make some reserve in case of receiving guests, growth in the number of the family.
The resulting figure is divided by the number of sections, the first section or receiver has the largest volume, the remaining capacities can be equal to each other.
Choosing the material for the sections
Self-production of a biological cleaning station, as a rule, from the following materials:
- concrete rings;
- polymer tanks;
- stainless steel tanks.
The cheapest option is polymer products, they are resistant to aggressive media, light weight, no special transport is required, there is no need for additional waterproofing, and a long service life.
The other two options are more expensive, concrete rings need to be treated with waterproofing agents, heavy products need special devices for moving in space, lifting mechanisms during installation.
Each material has advantages and disadvantages, you need to choose the most suitable for the natural conditions of the site.
The design takes into account all possible options, including the placement of additional equipment (air compressor, other). Dependence on electricity may be inappropriate in areas with frequent interruptions, an additional source must be provided, or a mechanical method of air exchange must be used.
Installation of external communications
Work begins with marking the territory, digging a foundation pit, trenches. It is very important to observe the slope of the trenches, the angle of inclination depends on the diameter of the pipe. The pit is prepared in this way:
- burial depth below the soil freezing line;
- the bottom is made stepped, each next tank is lowered 20 cm lower than the previous one, providing overflow between the station compartments;
- the bottom is cemented, if necessary, clamps are made for the container;
- the walls line up.
After the bottom has dried, concrete rings are lowered onto the cement base, fixing with cement mortar, other containers used to create a biological station.
While the concrete hardens, a preliminary layout of the pipes is made. An embankment is made in the trenches of sand and gravel, on which the building insulating fabric is laid. Pipes are laid, the joint is processed with hermetically sealed plumbing mastic.
Concrete rings are treated with a bituminous waterproofing solution outside and inside, three layers are applied, each next only after the previous one has completely dried.
The pipeline is brought to the receiving tank, connected, sealed.
The second tank is equipped with an air duct, for this, a pipe is cut in, which rises at the level of the ground cover by 70 cm, an umbrella is installed from above as protection against atmospheric moisture entering the system.
Connecting pipes are installed between the sections, the gaps between the tank wall and the pipe are sealed. The last tank also has a pipe for liquid disposal. It is directed at an angle into the post-treatment well, another device with a special embankment in layers (sand, sand and gravel, clean gravel).
A test run is carried out with clean water, in the absence of a leak, warm water is poured into the tanks by a quarter, after which biological agents are poured for processing, the containers are covered with lids. Reverse winding of pipes and backfill is carried out.
The biological wastewater treatment plant is ready for use.