(1804-1814, 1815) against anti-French coalitions of European states and individual countries of the world with the goal of us-ta-no-vit its military-po-lytic and eco-no-mic domination in Europe, joining France new ter-ri-to-rii and li-sew Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-niyu sta-tu-sa mi-ro-vo-go-li-de-ra.
At the beginning of this stage Napoleonic Wars how-so-st-in-va-whether the rise of the national-os-in-bo-difference movement in the European countries, on-ho-diving-shih-sya under yoke- the volume of the Holy Roman Empire, the overthrow of the monarchic regimes, the for-mi-ro-va-niyu of self-stand- ing national go-su- gifts One-on-a-re, soon, Na-po-le-he I himself for-captured and sub-chi-nil a whole number of countries, on-ro-dy someone’s eyes were under oppression of foreign for-voe-va-te-lei. The Napoleonic wars became-whether for-grip-no-che-ski-mi, turned into a source-to-ho-yes for on-a-le-o-new France .
By the time of coming to power Na-po-le-o-na Bo-na-par-ta France was in a state of war with the 2nd an-ti-French koa-li-qi-ey (created-da-na in 1798-1799) in the co-hundred-ve We-li-ko-bri-ta-nii, Ko-ro- the lion-st-va of both their Si-qi-liy, the Holy Roman, Russian and Os-man-im-periy. As a result of unsuccessful military actions, France, by the autumn of 1799, found itself in a difficult situation. Continued Egypt-pet-ex-pe-di-tion Na-po-le-o-na Bo-na-par-ta, from-re-zan-naya from the metro-ro-po- lii ex-peditionary army on-ho-di-las in a critical position. Ge-ge-mon-tion of France in Italy would-la ut-ra-che-na in re-zul-ta-te Italy-yan-sko-go-ho-yes of 1799. The Austrian army on the upper Rei-wouldn’t-la-la go-it-va to invade the pre-de-ly of France. French ports would you b-ki-ro-va-ny by the British fleet.
As a result of the state re-in-ro-ta on November 9, 1799 (see In-sem-on-dtsa-toe bru-me-ra) Na-po-le-on Bo-na- the party became the first con-su-lom of the 1st French Republic-pub-li-ki and fak-ti-che-ski the whole half-but-that power co-medium-do-that-chil in its own their hands. In the aspiration-le-nii you-weigh France from that-pi-ka Na-po-le-he made a decision in the first place whether to sew Ve-li-ko -bri-ta-nia of its main union in Europe - the Holy Roman (since 1804 Austrian) im-pe-rii. For this, hidden but sform-mi-ro-vav army near the southeastern borders, Na-po-le-on Bo-na-part in May 1800 moved to Italy Leah and June 14th in the battle at Ma-ren-go Bo-na-part raz-gro-mil the imperial troops-ska, which is pre-d-opre-de-li-lo is - the course of the entire campaign. In December 1800, the French army attacked the new in-par-the-same-tion of the imperial troops in Germany near Go-gen-lin-de-n, in re -zul-ta-te someone-ro-go was for-klu-chen Lu-ne-vil-sky world of 1801. In October 1801, Na-po-le-on Bo-na-part made peace do-go-vo-ry with Os-mansky and the Russian Empire. We-whether-co-bri-ta-nia, after-the-ryav-their co-yuz-ni-kov, would-la you-well-well-dena make a key with France Am -en-sky world-ny to-go-thief of 1802, someone-ry-ry-shil-pad dis-pad of the 2nd an-ti-french-tsuz-coa-li-tion. France and its so-uz-ni-ki ver-well-li for-hwa-chen-nye We-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-her co-lo-nii (except for the islands of Ceylon and Tri-ni-dad), having promised, in turn, to free Rome, Neapolis and the island of Elba. On-stu-pee-la non-long-lived peace re-breathe. One-to-do-go-thief in Am-e-didn’t set-ra-nil pro-ti-vo-re-chi me-zh-du go-su-dar-st-va-mi, and 22.5 .1803 Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-niya ob-i-vi-la war-nu of France.
On-on-le-on Bo-on-part on May 18, 1804, he began to co-medium-do-to-chi-vat si-ly on the se-ve-re of France (in Bou-lon-sky la-ge-re) for org-ha-ni-za-tion for-si -ro-va-niya of the English Channel and you-gardens of the ex-peditionary army in Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nii. Obes-en-en-ing these, ang-li-cha-more than once-ver-well-whether active diplomatic activity to create but- howling coalition against Na-po-le-o-na I. Russian empire for-key-chi-la with We-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-she Pe-ter -burg-sky so-yuz-ny before-go-thief of 1805, in-lo-living-shiy on-cha-lo 3rd an-ti-french coa-li-tion (We-li -co-bri-ta-nia, Russian-si-sky, Holy Roman-sky and Os-man-sky im-pe-rii; ho-tya Sweden, Ko-ro-left-both -their Si-qi-liy and Dania for-mal-but will not join the coal-li-tion, but in the si-lu for-the-key-chen-nyh in 1804 before-go-in- ditch with the Russian im-pe-ri-her fak-ti-che-ski became her teaching-st-nick-mi). In the Tra-fal-gar-battle of 1805, the total French-Spanish fleet suffered a devastating attack from the British es -cad-ry under the command of Admiral G. Nel-so-on. This is a de-build-lo French plans for the second in We-li-ko-bri-ta-ny. France lost its own military fleet and pre-kra-ti-la struggle for dominance on the sea.
The coalition forces are significant-chi-tel-but pre-vos-ho-di-li si-ly on-on-le-o-nov-sky army. In any case, this, Na-po-le-he I decided in the na-chav-shey-sya Russian-av-st-ro-French war of 1805 comp-pen- si-ro-vat pre-sun-move-st-in the forces of the coalition-li-tion with swift actions of the French troops with the goal of breaking up against-against-no-ka for an hour -tyam. In October, Na-po-le-he I ok-ru-lived and defeated the Austrian army in the Ulm battle of 1805. The Russian troops, who had gone up, looked one on one with the pre-eminent French army. Commander of the Russian troops, Infantry General M.I. Ku-tu-zo-vu managed to escape from ok-ru-zhe-niya, in the Krems battle, beat the French cor-pus mar-sha-la E. Mor-tier and connect with the os-tat-ka-mi of the Austrian army. But in the Au-ster-face-com-s-s-s-s-ne-nii of 1805, the Russian-Austrian troops are ter-pe-whether in-ra-same-nie.
- 1769, August 15 Napoleon Bonaparte, the future Emperor of France, was born great commander and political activist.
- 1779 Went to Autun College.
- 1780 – 1784 Studying at the Brienne Military Academy.
- 1784 – 1785 Napoleon was assigned to Paris - to an elite military school, after which he received his first rank (junior lieutenant of artillery).
- 1792 Napoleon is a member of the Jacobin Club.
- 1793 Napoleon's family leaves Corsica, where an uprising against France has broken out. In the same year, Napoleon received a promotion and became a brigadier general.
- 1795 Napoleon is arrested for his similarity of views with Robespierre, but he is released very quickly.
- October 17955 Barass, with the help of Napoleon, puts down the royalist uprising.
- 1796 March 9 Napoleon and Josephine officially marry. It is known that when drawing up the marriage contract, Bonaparte attributed to himself a year and a half, and Josephine reduced her age by 4 years.
- 1796 – 1797 Bonaparte - commander in chief of the Italian army.
- 1797 Treaty of Napoleon with the Pope, according to which the church recognizes Napoleon as Emperor of France.
- 1797 Treaty of Campoformia between Napoleon and Austria.
- 1798 – 1799 Napoleon's unsuccessful Egyptian campaign. Ended in absolute failure
- 1799, November 9 - 10 Napoleon overthrows the Directory and gains power over France. He then receives the title of consul for life of the French Republic in 1802.
- 1800 II Italian campaign, under the leadership of Bonaparte, completely conquered the northern part of Italy.
- 1800-1801 An attempt at rapprochement with Russia, but the assassination of Paul I interferes.
- 1801 Papal support.
- 1801 – 1802 Peace treaties of Napoleon with Russia, Austria, Prussia and England.
- 1803 War with England.
- 1804 Declaring Napoleon as Emperor of France.
- 1805 Coronation of Napoleon I in Paris.
- 1805 December 2 Battle of Austerlitz. Napoleon defeated the troops of the first anti-French coalition.
- 1806 Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine.
- 1806 – 1807 The troops of the new second anti-French coalition were defeated, as a result of this, Russia withdraws from the war, concluding the peace of Tilsit, shameful for itself.
- 1809 Minor war with the Austrian Empire. It all ended with the Schönbrunn Peace.
- 1810 May 4 Napoleon's son Alexander is born, but not from Josephine, but from Maria Walewska.
- 1810 Divorce of Napoleon and Josephine. Marriage to the Austrian Princess Marie Louise.
- 1811 The legitimate heir to the throne, Francois Charles Joseph Bonaparte, or simply Napoleon II, is born.
- 1812 Patriotic War Russian people with foreign aggression. Complete defeat of the Napoleonic army.
- 1813 The Battle of Leipzig, often referred to as the "Battle of the Nations", in which Napoleon was defeated.
- 1813 – 1814 Napoleon is offered a series of peace agreements, but he rejects them one by one, and continues desperate attempts at resistance.
- 1814 The reign of Napoleon is officially interrupted by the decision of the Senate. The new king of France is the representative of the Bourbon dynasty, Louis XVIII.
- 1814 April 6 Napoleon abdicates the French throne. He is sent to Fr. Elba, where he waits in the wings.
- 1815, March 1 landing of Napoleon in France.
- 1815, March 20 - June 22 Napoleon's Hundred Days. During this period, Bonaparte returned to France, and immediately began to raise an army in order to deal with his main opponents in turn, but the allies connected mobilely in order to destroy the existing threat. A huge Allied army enters the battlefield at Waterloo against a much smaller number of French. Bonaparte lost the battle. After that, he surrenders himself and is sent to Saint Helena.
- 1815 – 1821 Bonaparte lives on about. Helena and writes his famous memoirs.
- 1821 May 5 Napoleon Bonaparte died in captivity. The cause of Napoleon's death has not yet been clarified. He was either poisoned or died of cancer.
- 1830 A nine-volume memoir of Napoleon has been published.
- 1840 The remains of Napoleon were reburied in Les Invalides, Paris.
Napoleon said: "Victory will give me the opportunity, as a master, to accomplish whatever I want"
Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815- fought by France and its allies during the years of the Consulate (1799-1804) and the Empire of Napoleon I (1804-1815) against coalitions of European states.
The nature of wars:
1) aggressive
2) revolutionary (undermining the feudal order, the development of capitalist relations in Europe, the spread of revolutionary ideas)
3) bourgeois (were conducted in the interests of the French bourgeoisie, who sought to consolidate their military-political and commercial and industrial dominance on the continent, pushing the British bourgeoisie into the background)
Main opponents: England, Russia, Austria
Wars:
1) fight with 2 anti-French coalition
2 anti-French coalition was formed in 1798-99 .participants: England, Russia, Austria, Turkey and the Kingdom of Naples
Brumaire 18 (November 9), 1799 - the establishment of the military dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte, who became the first consul - the conditional date for the start of the Napoleonic wars
May 1800 - Napoleon at the head of an army moved across the Alps to Italy and defeated the Austrian troops at the Battle of Marengo (June 14, 1800).
Outcome: 1) France received Belgium, the left bank of the Rhine and control over all of Northern Italy, where the Italian Republic was created (Treaty of Luneville)
2) the 2nd anti-French coalition actually ceased to exist,
Russia withdrew from it because of disagreements; Only Great Britain continued the war.
After the resignation of W. Pitt the Younger (1801), the new English government entered into negotiations with France
Outcome of negotiations:
1802 - signing Treaty of Amiens. France withdrew its troops from Rome, Naples and Egypt, and England - from the island of Malta.
BUT 1803 - the resumption of war between France and Great Britain.
1805 - Battle of Trafalgar. The English fleet under the command of Admiral G. Nelson defeated and destroyed the combined Franco-Spanish fleet. This defeat thwarted the strategic plan of Napoleon I to organize the landing of the French expeditionary army in Great Britain, concentrated in the Boulogne camp.
1805 - creation 3 anti-French coalition(Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden).
Military operations - along the Danube. Within three weeks, Napoleon defeated the 100,000-strong Austrian army in Bavaria, forcing the surrender of the main Austrian forces on October 20 at Ulm.
December 2, 1805 - the battle of Austerlitz, in which Napoleon inflicted a crushing defeat on the Russian and Austrian troops.
December 26, 1805 - Peace of Pressburg. Austria pays an indemnity, she has lost a huge part of the land. From the South German states, Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine and appointed himself its head. In turn, the Russian Emperor Alexander I did not accept defeat and did not sign peace with Napoleon.
September 1806 - between Russia and Prussia was concluded new anti-French alliance joined by England and Sweden
October 14, 1806 in two battles at Jena and Auerstadt, the French defeated the Prussian army, thirteen days later Napoleon's army entered Berlin.
Outcome:
capitulation of Prussia, all possessions west of the Elbe - with Napoleon, where he formed the kingdom of Westphalia
The Duchy of Warsaw was created on the territory of Poland
A 100 million indemnity was imposed on Prussia, until the payment of which she was occupied by French troops.
2 battles with the Russian army:
French troops pushed back the Russian army and approached the Neman. Both Napoleon, who by this time had conquered all of Europe, and Alexander I, who had lost all allies, considered the further continuation of the war pointless.
July 7, 1807 - Peace of Tilsit. On a specially placed raft in the middle of the Neman River, a meeting of two emperors took place. Outcome:
Russia recognized all the conquests of the French Empire
Russia received freedom of action against Sweden and Turkey.
Under the secret clause of the agreement, Alexander promised to stop trading with England, that is, to join the continental blockade, announced shortly before by Napoleon.
May 1808 - popular uprisings in Madrid, Cartagena, Zaragoza, Murcia, Asturias, Grenada, Balajos, Valencia.
A series of heavy defeats of the French. Portugal revolted, on whose territory the British troops landed. The defeat of the Napoleonic troops in Spain undermined the international position of France.
Napoleon sought support in Russia.
Napoleon succeeded in obtaining an extension Franco-Russian Union, but only at the cost of recognizing Russia's rights to Moldavia, Wallachia and Finland, which then still belonged to Sweden. However, in the most important issue for Napoleon about Russia's attitude to Austria, Alexander I showed stubbornness. He was well aware of Napoleon's predicaments and was not at all disposed to help him pacify Austria. The discussion on the Austrian problem proceeded in a tense atmosphere. Unable to achieve concessions, Napoleon screamed, threw his cocked hat on the floor, and began to trample it with his feet. Alexander I, keeping calm, told him: "You are a hot person, but I'm stubborn: anger does not work on me. Let's talk, reason, otherwise I'll leave" - and headed for the exit. Napoleon had to hold him back and calm down. The discussion resumed in a more moderate, even friendly tone.
Outcome: October 12, 1808 signing union convention, but no real strengthening of the Franco-Russian alliance occurred.
The conclusion of a new convention with Russia allowed Napoleon to throw his forces against Spain and take control of Madrid again.
April 1809 - Austria began hostilities on the Upper Danube with the support of England, which formed the 5th coalition against France.
heavy defeat of the Austrians, after which Franz I was forced to start peace negotiations.1
Napoleon annexed almost all of Western Galicia to the Duchy of Warsaw
Russia left the Tarnopol district.
Austria was deprived of Western Galicia, the provinces of Salzburg, parts of Upper Austria and Carniola, Carinthia, Croatia, as well as lands on the coast Adriatic Sea(Trieste, Fiume, etc., which became the Illyrian departments of the French Empire). The Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809 is the biggest success of Napoleon's diplomacy.
Russian-French relations began to deteriorate rapidly due to:
the conclusion of the Treaty of Schonbrunn and a significant expansion of the Duchy of Warsaw at the expense of Western Galicia
Napoleon's unwillingness to delimit spheres of influence in the Middle East. He tried with all his might to subjugate the Balkan Peninsula to his influence.
July 1810 - The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to France
December 1810 - Swiss territory of Vallis off France
February 1811 - the Duchy of Oldenburg, parts of the Duchy of Berg and the Kingdom of Hanover were ceded to France.
Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck also belong to France, which was becoming a Baltic power
Napoleon's unsuccessful attempt to marry Alexander 1's sister Anna Pavlovna (of course, this is not the main thing)
Napoleon's support for the Poles' desire for independence, which did not suit Russia
Napoleon's failure to fulfill his promise to support Russia against Turkey
Russia's violation of the Continental Blockade Agreement.
This was the cause of the War of 1812.
Both countries violated the terms of the Peace of Tilsit. War was being prepared. Napoleon sought, above all, to tie Prussia and Austria more firmly to France.
February 24, 1812 - Friedrich Wilhelm III concluded a secret convention with France, according to which Prussia undertook to field a 20,000-strong corps to participate in the war against Russia.
March 14, 1812 - Austria also pledged to take part in the war against Russia, putting up a 30,000-strong corps for operations in Ukraine. But both of these agreements were signed under brute pressure from French diplomats.
Napoleon demanded that Russia comply with the conditions of the Tilsit peace.
On April 27, Kurakin, on behalf of the tsar, informed Napoleon that the precondition for this could be:
withdrawal of French troops from Prussia across the Elbe
liberation of Swedish Pomerania and Danzig
consent to Russian trade with neutral countries.
Napoleon refused. He deployed armed forces in Prussia and in the Duchy of Warsaw, right at the very borders of Russia.
representative of Alexander 1, Balashov, tried to convince Napoleon to stop the invasion. The latter answered the royal envoy with a rude and arrogant refusal. After Balashov's departure from Vilna, diplomatic relations between the Russian and French governments ceased.
The first failures of Napoleon, who failed to defeat the troops of General Barclay de Tolly in border battles, forced him to seek an honorable peace.
August 4-5 - Smolensk battle. Retreat of Russian troops. After Smolensk, Bonaparte for the first time tried to start negotiations with the Russian government, but the negotiations did not take place.
November 14-16 - Battle of the Berezina. The retreat towards the Berezina and Vilna led Napoleon's army to almost complete destruction. The already catastrophic situation of the French troops was further aggravated by the transition of the Prussian troops to the side of Russia. Thus, a new, 6th coalition against France was created. In addition to England and Russia, Napoleon was now opposed by Prussia, and then Sweden.
On August 10, Austria joined the 6th coalition at a time when a huge army consisting of Russian, Prussian, Swedish and English contingents was concentrating in Germany against Napoleon.
October 16-19, 1813 - "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig. The defeated armies of Napoleon were forced to retreat beyond the Rhine, and soon hostilities were transferred to the territory of France itself.
March 31 - Alexander I and Friedrich Wilhelm III, at the head of their troops, solemnly entered the streets of the French capital. Located in Fontainebleau, 90 kilometers from Paris, Napoleon was forced to abandon the continuation of the struggle
April 6 - Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son. later he dutifully proceeded to the south of France, in order to proceed further by sea to the island of Elba, granted to him by the allies for life possession.
May 30, 1814 - Treaty of Paris between France and the Sixth Coalition (Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia), which was later joined by Spain, Portugal and Sweden.:
the restoration of the independence of Holland, Switzerland, the German principalities (which were united in a union) and the Italian states (except for the lands that were ceded to Austria).
Freedom of navigation on the Rhine and Scheldt was declared.
France was returning most of colonial possessions she lost during the Napoleonic Wars
September 1814 - June 1815 - Congress of Vienna. Convened under the terms of the Paris Treaty. Representatives of all European states participated (except Turkey)
Tasks:
liquidation of political changes and transformations that took place in Europe as a result of the French bourgeois revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
the principle of "legitimism", i.e., the restoration of the "legitimate" rights of former monarchs who have lost their possessions. In reality, the principle of "legitimism" was only a cover for the arbitrariness of the reaction
creation of guarantees against the return to power of Napoleon and the resumption of French wars of conquest
repartition of Europe in the interests of the victorious powers
Solutions:
France is deprived of all conquests, its borders remain the same as in 1792.
Transfer of Malta and the Ionian Islands to England
Austrian authority over northern Italy and some Balkan provinces
Division of the Duchy of Warsaw between Austria, Russia and Prussia. The lands that became part of the Russian Empire were called the Kingdom of Poland, and the Russian Emperor Alexander I became the Polish king.
incorporation of the territory of the Austrian Netherlands into the new Kingdom of the Netherlands
Prussia got part of Saxony, a significant territory of Westphalia and the Rhineland
Formation of the German Confederation
Significance of Congress:
determined the new balance of power in Europe, which had developed by the end of the Napoleonic Wars, for a long time denoting the leading role of the victorious countries - Russia, Austria and Great Britain - in international relations.
the Vienna system of international relations
the creation of the Holy Alliance of European States, which had the goal of ensuring the inviolability of European monarchies.
« 100 days» Napoleon - March-June 1815
Return of Napoleon to power
June 18, 1815 - Battle of Waterloo. Defeat of the French army. Napoleon's exile to Saint Helena.
Na-po-leo-nov wars are commonly called wars, which were waged by France against European countries in the period of the reign of Na-po-leo-on Bo- on-par-ta, that is, in 1799-1815. European countries created anti-Napoleonic coalitions, but their forces were insufficient to break the power of the Napoleonic army. Napoleon won victory after victory. But the invasion of Russia in 1812 changed the situation. Napoleon was expelled from Russia, and the Russian army launched a foreign campaign against him, which ended with the Russian invasion of Paris and Napoleon's loss of the title of emperor.
Rice. 2. British Admiral Horatio Nelson ()
Rice. 3. Battle of Ulm ()
On December 2, 1805, Napoleon won a brilliant victory at Austerlitz.(Fig. 4). In addition to Napoleon, the emperor of Austria personally participated in this battle and Russian emperor Alexander I. The defeat of the anti-Napoleonic coalition in central Europe allowed Napoleon to withdraw Austria from the war and focus on other regions of Europe. So, in 1806, he conducted an active campaign to capture the Kingdom of Naples, which was an ally of Russia and England against Napoleon. Napoleon wanted to put his brother on the throne of Naples Jerome(Fig. 5), and in 1806 he made another of his brothers King of the Netherlands, LouisIBonaparte(Fig. 6).
Rice. 4. Battle of Austerlitz ()
Rice. 5. Jerome Bonaparte ()
Rice. 6. Louis I Bonaparte ()
In 1806, Napoleon managed to radically solve the German problem. He liquidated a state that had existed for almost 1000 years - Holy Roman Empire. Of the 16 German states, an association was created, called Confederation of the Rhine. Napoleon himself became the protector (defender) of this Confederation of the Rhine. In fact, these territories were also placed under his control.
feature these wars, which in history have been called Napoleonic Wars, was that the composition of the opponents of France changed all the time. By the end of 1806, the anti-Napoleonic coalition included completely different states: Russia, England, Prussia and Sweden. Austria and the Kingdom of Naples were no longer in this coalition. In October 1806, the coalition was almost completely defeated. In just two battles, under Auerstedt and Jena, Napoleon managed to deal with the Allied troops and force them to sign a peace treaty. Near Auerstedt and Jena, Napoleon defeated the Prussian troops. Now nothing prevented him from moving further north. Napoleonic troops soon occupied Berlin. Thus, another important rival of Napoleon in Europe was taken out of the game.
November 21, 1806 Napoleon signed the most important for the history of France continental blockade decree(a ban on all countries subject to him to trade and in general to conduct any business with England). It was England that Napoleon considered his main enemy. In response, England blockaded French ports. However, France could not actively resist England's trade with other territories.
Russia was the rival. At the beginning of 1807, Napoleon managed to defeat the Russian troops in two battles on the territory East Prussia.
July 8, 1807 Napoleon and AlexanderIsigned the Treaty of Tilsit(Fig. 7). This agreement, concluded on the border of Russia and French-controlled territories, proclaimed good neighborly relations between Russia and France. Russia pledged to join the continental blockade. However, this treaty meant only a temporary softening, but in no way overcoming the contradictions between France and Russia.
Rice. 7. Peace of Tilsit 1807 ()
Napoleon had a difficult relationship with Pope PiusVII(Fig. 8). Napoleon and the Pope had an agreement on the division of powers, but their relationship began to deteriorate. Napoleon considered church property to belong to France. The Pope did not tolerate this and after the coronation of Napoleon in 1805 he returned to Rome. In 1808, Napoleon brought his troops to Rome and deprived the pope of secular power. In 1809, Pius VII issued a special decree in which he cursed the robbers of church property. However, he did not mention Napoleon in this decree. This epic ended with the fact that the Pope was almost forcibly transported to France and forced to live in the Fontainebleau Palace.
Rice. 8. Pope Pius VII ()
As a result of these campaigns of conquest and the diplomatic efforts of Napoleon, by 1812, a huge part of Europe was under his control. Through relatives, military leaders or military conquests, Napoleon subjugated almost all the states of Europe. Only England, Russia, Sweden, Portugal and Ottoman Empire as well as Sicily and Sardinia.
June 24, 1812 Napoleon's army invaded Russia. The beginning of this campaign for Napoleon was successful. He managed to cover a significant part of the territory Russian Empire and even capture Moscow. He could not hold the city. At the end of 1812, the Napoleonic army fled from Russia and again fell into the territory of Poland and the German states. The Russian command decided to continue the pursuit of Napoleon outside the territory of the Russian Empire. It went down in history as Foreign campaign of the Russian army. He was very successful. Even before the beginning of the spring of 1813, Russian troops managed to take Berlin.
From October 16 to October 19, 1813, near Leipzig, biggest battle in the history of the Napoleonic Wars, known as "Battle of the Nations"(Fig. 9). The name of the battle was due to the fact that almost half a million people took part in it. Napoleon at the same time had 190 thousand soldiers. His rivals, led by the British and Russians, had about 300,000 soldiers. The numerical superiority was very important. In addition, Napoleon's troops did not have the readiness in which they were in 1805 or 1809. A significant part of the old guard was destroyed, and therefore Napoleon had to take into his army people who did not have a serious military training. This battle ended unsuccessfully for Napoleon.
Rice. 9. Battle of Leipzig 1813 ()
The allies made Napoleon an advantageous offer: they offered him to keep his imperial throne if he agreed to cut France to the borders of 1792, that is, he had to give up all conquests. Napoleon indignantly refused this offer.
March 1, 1814 members of the anti-Napoleonic coalition - England, Russia, Austria and Prussia - signed Chaumont treatise. It prescribed the actions of the parties to eliminate the Napoleonic regime. The parties to the treaty pledged to field 150,000 soldiers in order to resolve the French question once and for all.
Despite the fact that the Chaumont Treaty was only one in a series of European treaties of the 19th century, it was assigned special place in the history of mankind. The Chaumont Treaty was one of the first treaties aimed not at joint campaigns of conquest (it was not aggressive), but at joint defense. The signatories of the Treaty of Chaumont insisted that the wars that shook Europe for 15 years should finally end and the era of the Napoleonic wars should end.
Almost a month after the signing of this agreement, March 31, 1814, Russian troops entered Paris(Fig. 10). This ended the period of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the island of Elba, which was given to him for life. It seemed that his story was over, but Napoleon tried to return to power in France. You will learn about this in the next lesson.
Rice. 10. Russian troops enter Paris ()
Bibliography
1. Jomini. Political and military life Napoleon. A book covering Napoleon's military campaigns up to 1812
2. Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. - M.: Thought, 1989.
3. Noskov V.V., Andreevskaya T.P. General history. 8th grade. - M., 2013.
4. Tarle E.V. "Napoleon". - 1994.
5. Tolstoy L.N. "War and Peace"
6. Chandler D. Napoleon's military campaigns. - M., 1997.
7. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of the New Age, 1800-1900, Grade 8. - M., 2012.
Homework
1. Name the main opponents of Napoleon during 1805-1814.
2. Which battles from the series of Napoleonic wars left the greatest mark on history? Why are they interesting?
3. Tell us about Russia's participation in the Napoleonic Wars.
4. What was the significance of the Treaty of Chaumont for European states?
Historical heritage Napoleonic era retained its significance for many decades, and the memory of it still lives on. The era of the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon also coincided with a revolution in the cultural history of mankind, which gave rise to the most important areas of philosophical and social thought, literature and art.
Third Anti-French Coalition (1805)
At the beginning of 1805, a third anti-French coalition was formed, which included Great Britain, Russia, Austria and other states of Europe. In response, Napoleon proclaimed himself King of Italy, laying the foundation for a system of kingdoms and other monarchical possessions dependent on France, which took the place of the former "subsidiary republics".
In August 1805, the Austrian troops, without waiting for the approach of the Russian army, launched an offensive in southern Germany, but were defeated. The further course of the war was marked by two greatest battles that completely changed the balance of power in the international arena.
On October 21, 1805, the British squadron defeated the combined fleet of France and Spain in the famous battle at the Cape Trafalgar in the Mediterranean. Having suffered a catastrophic defeat at sea, Napoleon defeated his opponents on land. The French occupied Vienna, and on December 2, 1805, the Austrian and Russian troops were defeated near the Moravian town Austerlitz in a battle known as the "Battle of the Three Emperors". Russian troops returned to their homeland, and Austria signed a peace treaty, under the terms of which it recognized all the seizures and transformations made by Napoleon in Europe. Soon the emperor's brothers occupied the Neapolitan and Dutch thrones.
In the summer of 1806, Napoleon created Confederation of the Rhine, which included 16 German states. All of them left the Holy Roman Empire German nation, so its existence was meaningless. On August 6, 1806, Franz II renounced the title that had lost its meaning, and the thousand-year-old empire ended its history. The radical transformation of Germany, undertaken by Napoleon, created a mortal threat to Prussia, which took the place of Austria in the anti-French coalition. But soon after the start new war, October 14, 1806, the Prussian troops were utterly defeated.
Beginning of the continental blockade
After Trafalgar, the British fleet had no more rivals at sea, which allowed the British to establish a de facto blockade of Europe, regardless of the interests of other peoples and with the norms international law. In response, Napoleon decided to organize a blockade of the British Isles with the aim of "destroying Great Britain in its trade." The Berlin Decree, signed by the emperor in November 1806, marked the beginning of the so-called "continental system", in which states dependent on Napoleon or allied with him were involved one after another.
In April 1807, Russia and Prussia entered into an agreement to continue the war with Napoleon, calling on other states to support them. However, this call was not heeded. In June 1807, Russian troops were defeated in East Prussia. The results of this war forced both sides to completely reconsider the principles of their foreign policy.
S. M. Solovyov:"Napoleon did not want war with England: apart from losses, certain naval defeats, this war could not promise him anything."
Peace of Tilsit
Napoleon had long sought an agreement with Russia, believing that peace with the Austrian emperor was "nothing against an alliance with the tsar." Alexander I, for his part, became more and more convinced that the main enemy of Russia was not France, but Great Britain, which built its well-being on suppression economic development other countries. In the summer of 1807, during a meeting of the two emperors in the city of Tilsit, not only a peace treaty was signed, but also an agreement on an alliance. In Tilsit, the fate of Prussia was also decided, which was losing almost half of its territory. In the words of a French historian, "the Prussian eagle had both wings cut off." The peace agreements provided for the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in those territories that Prussia seized as a result of the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century.
On the site of the Rhine possessions of Prussia, the Kingdom of Westphalia was created, the king of which was Napoleon's brother. According to the Tilsit agreements, Russia and Prussia joined the continental blockade of England.
Continental blockade in 1807-1809
In an effort to undermine foreign trade In continental Europe, the British tightened their measures against neutral shipping, and in September 1807 they again struck at the capital of Denmark. With this attack, they set "an example of an unheard-of violation of international law", and their "mode of action was such a horrific combination of duplicity, shamelessness and violence that Europe was shocked." In response, Denmark allied itself with France and joined the continental blockade. Great Britain declared war on her, and Russia, outraged by the massacre of Denmark, declared war on Great Britain. In 1808, Russia also started a war against Sweden, which supported the British. The Russo-Swedish War ended in 1809 with the accession of Finland to Russia, and Sweden entered the continental system. The entire Baltic was henceforth closed to British trade. material from the site
Beginning of the Pyrenean Wars (1807-1808)
For his part, Napoleon attempted to close another gap in the continental system by striking in 1807 at Portugal, which remained the largest trading partner of the British in Europe. Unable to resist the French army, the royal court of Portugal moved its residence across the ocean, to the capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, the largest European colony in the Western Hemisphere, was open to British trade. Thus, while strengthening the continental system in Europe, Napoleon at the same time contributed to the fact that vast American markets began to open up for the British. British troops landed in Portugal itself, starting with the support of local population debilitating for France "War on the Peninsula".
The logic of the new war demanded the strengthening of French control over Spain, so in May 1808 Napoleon forced the Spanish Bourbons to renounce power in favor of his brother. The consequences of this step were even more dramatic. In Spain began guerrilla war(Guerrilla) - the first people's war against Napoleonic domination, and numerous Spanish colonies in America rose to fight for