The system is one of the most important and expensive engineering communications of a private residential building. The efficiency of functioning, the complexity of installation, the number and cost of elements of this system depend on the development of the project. The graphic part of the project documentation, in accordance with which the sewerage system is installed in a private house with your own hands - the layout of plumbing devices, connections and revisions. This article provides information on regulatory requirements and the main problems of drawing up layout diagrams, criteria for choosing sewer equipment and the features of its installation.
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Rules for drawing up a sewerage scheme with your own hands in a private house
When drawing up a sewerage scheme, it is necessary to take into account regulatory requirements, both sanitary and construction:
- TCP 45-4.01-51-2007"Water supply and sewerage systems of manor houses";
- SanPiN 42-128-4690-88"Sanitary rules for the maintenance of territories of populated areas";
- SanPiN 4630"Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution";
- SNiP 30-02-97"Planning and development of territories of horticultural associations of citizens, buildings and structures."
When determining the volume and capacity of sewer pipelines, it is necessary to focus on the average water consumption per person. Sumps and cesspools should not be located closer than 4 m to the border of the neighboring plot and 15 m to drinking water.
The scheme should describe the mechanism for connecting the internal and external sewage, the type and structure of the septic tank, what products and equipment will be used, its technical parameters. Based on the list of materials used, the cost is calculated. The graphic part should be linked to the plan of the house and the backyard, where the places for laying pipelines and installing plumbing products will be indicated.
Key Factors Affecting Layout and Design
In addition to calculating the average daily water consumption, the following factors influence the design of the sewerage scheme:
- The magnitude of the volley discharge- peak load on the sewerage system (as a rule, falls on the morning and evening hours), which depends on the number of plumbing fixtures installed in the house;
- Performance of treatment facilities. Depending on this indicator, one of three options for the disposal of treated wastewater is selected:
- up to 5 m 3 / day - discharge into the soil. Provided that the soil filtration coefficient has comparable indicators, and the discharge point is 1 m above the groundwater level;
- up to 0.3 m 3 / day - periodic removal by a special vehicle is allowed;
- The discharge of wastewater into a reservoir is regulated not only by their quantity, but also by the degree of treatment in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 4630.
- M material for the manufacture of sewage treatment plants:, fiberglass, metal, various polymers (, polyethylene). The design of the structure, the method of installation, further maintenance and operation depend on the technical characteristics of the material;
- Power supply. Modern highly efficient treatment facilities are equipped with various types of compressors and aerators. They are based on electronic control units to which temperature and liquid level detectors are connected;
- Building site topology- terrain, slope direction, proximity to water bodies and the presence of potential places for discharge of treated sewage water;
- Geodesy of the construction site- the type and structure of the soil, the depth of its freezing, as well as the depth of groundwater are determined. The complexity and cost of installation work, the need for additional or the purchase of a sealed septic tank with a closed cleaning cycle depend on these factors.
Varieties of sewer facilities and features of their functioning
In accordance with TKP 45-4.01-51-2007, the following types of treatment facilities are allowed for the arrangement and laying of sewers in a private house:
- septic tank;
- filter well;
- underground filtration field;
- filter trench;
Important! In most cases, the listed facilities should be used in conjunction with a septic tank, which performs primary rough cleaning.
septic tank
The most common, when arranging a sewer for a private house with your own hands, are two types of septic tanks:
Cumulative - are sealed plastic containers. They are affordable, do not require connection to the power supply network, and can be installed in close proximity to sources / wells of drinking water. A significant disadvantage is the need for constant pumping of wastewater, therefore, constant payment for sewage services.
With soil cleaning. Primary treatment of sewage water is carried out in sealed containers, where large fecal fractions settle to the bottom and are exposed to anaerobic bacteria. “Clarified” wastewater, the degree of purification of which does not exceed 40%, is pumped forcibly or falls by gravity into the filtration facilities, from which, after the final stage of cleaning, they seep into the ground.
Filter well
Effluent entering the tank passes through a gravel filter and seeps through it to the bottom and perforated walls, and from there into the ground.
- pipe;
- Plate chipper;
- Pipe for the flow of waste.
For arrangement, solid or perforated reinforced concrete rings with a height of 0.9 m, an internal diameter of at least 1.0 m and a wall thickness of 8 cm are used. excessive soil pollution. As a material for making walls, it is often used (with holes in the masonry), large-diameter plastic or car tires. Such options are much cheaper, but significantly reduce the life of the structure.
Underground filtration field
On the site lay with perforated walls. Through them, runoff is distributed over a large drainage area and soaked into the soil, passing more evenly and in small quantities through the gravel pack. This method is associated with a significant amount of earthwork. When determining the depth of the pit, it is necessary to take into account:
- Gravel filter thickness - 20÷50 cm;
- Diameter of perforated pipes - 20÷50 cm;
- The distance from the soil surface to the upper edge of the filtration pipeline is 50 cm.
In addition, when forming the bottom of the pit, it is necessary to provide for a slope from the septic tank along the flow direction of 2 cm per linear meter. The distance between the pipes depends on the type of soil. For sand with a filtration coefficient of 5 ÷ 25 m/day - 2.5 m. For coarse sand filler with a filtration coefficient of 25 ÷ 100 m/day and a gravel filter with a filtration coefficient of 75 ÷ 300 m/day - a distance reduction of up to 2 m is allowed.
At the ends of filtration pipelines, it is mandatory to install a 100 mm diameter, at least 70 cm high above the soil surface.
filter trench
The filter trench performs the same functions as the underground filtration field, collecting wastewater after a septic tank, their additional treatment and discharge into the ground. A significant difference is the vertical arrangement of the pipes. This method is no less effective and can be implemented on a much smaller area. Allowed only in areas with a deep water table, since the trench must also have a significant depth.
The total length of the pipeline and the number of pipes and the depth of the trench is calculated according to the same methodology used for underground filtration fields. The width of the trench is taken according to the standard of 0.5 m, the distance between the upper and lower pipes is 0.8 ÷ 1 m, the maximum length of the pipeline is 30 m. If it is necessary to arrange from 2 or more trenches, the distance between them must be at least 3 m.
STP scheme components
The most effective for a private house are sewer systems related to deep biological treatment plants. They are sealed containers, divided into several functional compartments. As a rule, they have a vertical orientation, can be installed by hand and do not take up much space. The principle of operation of such installations is the interaction of fecal matter and organic pollutants with anaerobic bacteria in an environment saturated with air using aeration installations.
Important! Biological treatment plants require some maintenance. First of all, it is necessary to maintain an optimal population of anaerobic bacteria by periodically adding a special concentrate to the appropriate compartment. In everyday life, do not use overly aggressive chemicals that can destroy bacteria. The unit must be connected to the power supply.
The cleaning process is carried out in stages:
- In the first section, which occupies the largest volume, the pollutants are separated into fractions. Heavy and insoluble substances sink to the bottom. This chamber must be periodically cleaned with a car vacuum cleaner;
- In the second section (aerotank), wastewater is enriched with atmospheric oxygen by aeration. This is where the active phase of cleaning takes place by biodegradation by bacteria;
- In the third section - a sump, activated sludge is settled;
- From the fourth section, where water enters with the help of a jet pump from the secondary clarifier, completely purified water is discharged from the treatment device through an overflow pipe or a drainage pump.
Internal sewerage device in a private house - diagram and recommendations
The composition of the internal sewerage includes the following elements;
- Plumbing fixtures:,;
- Sewer riser and ventilation pipe attached to it;
- Branch lines;
- Check valve.
Horizontal pipelines are installed with a slope. When laying sewers in a private house, the normative indicators of the slope are often neglected, making it “by eye”, significantly exceeding the recommended coefficient. As a result, sewage solids do not have time to be washed out of the pipes along with water, they accumulate inside, creating traffic jams.
Table of dependence of the slope on the diameter of sewer pipes for a private house of pipes
| Diameter, mm | Optimal slope | Minimum allowable slope |
| 50 | 0,035 | 0,025 |
| 100 | 0,02 | 0,012 |
| 150 | 0,01 | 0,007 |
| 200 | 0,008 | 0,003 |
Connection to the riser of branch pipelines is carried out using oblique tees and crosses. Installation of sewer pipes, utility and technical rooms is allowed to be carried out in an open way. Fastening is carried out with special couplings with dowels, or pipes are located on supports. In residential premises, as a rule, hidden installation is performed. Sewer pipelines are located in technical niches and shafts, ducts, under the floor. For maintenance - periodic cleaning, the main riser and drainage sewer lines are equipped with revisions in accordance with the standards:
- Sewer riser on the lower and upper floors of a private house;
- Branch lines to which three or more plumbing fixtures are connected;
- At the bends of the pipeline (this is where solid insoluble waste residues most often accumulate);
- On leprous horizontal areas every 8 m.
Video of arranging a sewer in a private house with your own hands, the correct laying of pipes with a slope:
Which pipes to choose
The optimal material for pipes for sewerage of a private house are polymers. Products made from them are lightweight and can be installed by hand without the involvement of assistants. The industry produces a large number of adapters, tees, crosses and couplings across the entire range of diameters used. Installation is carried out without the use of specialized equipment and does not require long-term training and special skills. The exemplary material is not subject to corrosion and aggressive effects of household chemicals, it has a long service life. For the sewerage of a private house, the following polymers are most often used:
- PVP (high density polyethylene)- Affordable, but sensitive to temperature changes. The maximum operating temperature should not exceed +40°С;
- PP()– has good performance, maximum operating temperature +100°C, withstands aggressive chemicals and significant mechanical stress, has a rather high cost;
- PVC (polyvinyl chloride)- material with the best combination of cost and quality. It can be used for both external and internal sewerage. Resistant to ultraviolet radiation, mechanical impacts of medium intensity, temperatures up to +70°C. However, during long-term operation, plaque may appear on the walls, which leads to clogging.
Pipe connection
The most common way to install a plastic pipeline is a socket connection. It is performed if the pipe or fitting has a corresponding structural element - a socket. The connection process is as follows:
- The bell and the smooth end are cleared of pollution;
- A rubber seal is inserted into a special recess inside the socket, ensuring the tightness of the joints;
- Lubricate the smooth end of the other pipe with silicone grease or ordinary liquid soap, after which it can be easily inserted into the socket until it stops;
Important! It is necessary to provide for the possibility of thermal expansion. To do this, a marker is made on the smooth part of the pipe, after which it is pulled 1 cm out of the socket.
Do-it-yourself stages of work on sewerage in a private house
The sequence of arranging the sewer system of a private house can be divided into several stages:
- Determination of the amount of wastewater, the volume and performance of the septic tank;
- Determination of the location of the septic tank on the plot in accordance with sanitary standards;
- The device of the internal sewer network;
- Installation of external treatment facilities;
- Laying of the pipeline and connections of external treatment facilities and internal sewerage.
Calculation of the volume of a septic tank
Table of water consumption standards for a private residential building.
| Type of housing and type of life | Consumption, l / day for 1 person | |
| Residential building equipped with plumbing and sewerage system without bath | 125÷160 | |
| A residential building equipped with a water supply and sewerage system with a bathroom and a local one looks like this: V = n × Q × 3 / 1000 , where V - the volume of the septic tank in m 3; n – number of permanent residents; Q - average water consumption per person in m 3; 3 - the number of days of the complete cleaning cycle (according to SNiP). For example, with an average consumption of 0.2 m 3 / person / day, taking into account a three-day reservation, a family of 4 will need a septic tank with a volume of 2.4 m 3. To facilitate calculations, we have developed a handy calculator especially for our readers. Calculator for calculating the required volume of a septic tank based on the number of residents |
||
| For year-round operation of a private residential building | During seasonal operation of a country house | |
| gravel, crushed stone | 0.15÷0.20 | 0.18÷0.24 |
| coarse sand | 0.10÷0.15 | 0.12÷0.18 |
| 0.05÷0.10 | 0.06÷0.12 |
Table of the volume of domestic wastewater per 1 linear meter of the pipeline of the underground filtration field:
| Composition of the filtrate | The maximum volume of treated sewage, m 3 / day per 1 m linear drainage pipeline | ||
| Up to 500 | 500÷600 | Over 600 | |
| Gravel, crushed stone, coarse sand | 0.012÷0.025 | 0.0096÷0.0225 | 0.0084÷0.02 |
| Fine sand, sandy loam | 0.006÷0.020 | 0.0048÷0.18 | 0.0042÷0.016 |
Table of the volume of domestic wastewater per 1 linear meter of the filtration trench pipeline.
Do-it-yourself internal sewerage wiring in a private house
The efficiency of the sewer system of a private house, as well as the ease of arranging it with your own hands, depends on the layout of the entire structure. It is considered optimal if the kitchen and bathroom are located as close as possible to each other, this minimizes the length of the sewer pipeline and allows you to connect all plumbing fixtures to one riser. When installing the internal sewerage system of a private house with your own hands, the following factors must be considered:
- it is necessary to connect directly to the main riser of the sewer system at the minimum possible distance from the pipe, this will reduce the likelihood of blockage of the plumbing fixture;
- It is recommended that other plumbing fixtures be connected to the sewer network above the toilet connection level, this will exclude the possibility of fecal masses entering the outlet lines;
- Piping must be rotated using several angled bends. For example, two 45° or three 30°, this will provide a smoother turn and avoid clogging;
- The sewer riser is necessarily displayed on the roof, where a fan hood is mounted on it, providing a sewer inside; Ways to connect the toilet to the sewer riser
Installation and equipment of the sewage tank
For the installation of a septic tank, regardless of its model, a pit breaks out with dimensions slightly larger than the dimensions of the tank. At the bottom of the pit, a sand cushion about 10 cm thick is arranged. It is compacted and leveled as much as possible. To install septic tanks in the pit, it is recommended to use lifting construction equipment, since some models have a rather significant weight. In most cases, fasteners are provided on the case. After installation, the container must be leveled. Neck extensions may be required depending on the design.
Article
Any private house without connection to the central water supply and sanitation does not allow you to enjoy such benefits of civilization as a bath, shower, kitchen sink, washing machine and much more.
Sewerage in a private house can be equipped in different ways. This will be discussed in this article.
Owners of private houses without sewerage are forced to lay it on their own. If the system was originally incorporated into the project, then there will be no problems.
It is much more difficult to include a circuit in a finished house.
The easiest option is if the sink and shower are in the house, and the toilet is in the adjacent area. In this case, you only need to bring the pipes to the drain pit.
When the toilet is located inside, the technology should be observed. Even a slight violation of it can lead to contamination of the site and water. Septic tanks are required in this option.
Make utility rooms nearby (bathroom, toilet, kitchen). It will greatly facilitate the organization of sewerage.
How to choose a sewerage scheme
To create a diagram, you need to answer a few questions.
- Permanent or temporary residence?
- At what level is the groundwater?
- How many people live in the house?
- The amount of water consumed?
- Climate?
- Land area?
- Soil features?
- SNiP (building norms and rules)?
Sewers are divided into two types:
- accumulative;
- cleansing.
The cesspool is rarely used in construction. It is used for houses with temporary residence, where there is no large flow of water.
Groundwater should lie no higher than a meter from the bottom of the pit. Otherwise, pollution is guaranteed.
The storage system is used in private homes with a high level of groundwater. Due to the tightness of the structure, there is no risk of contamination of the site and water.
disadvantages of this system. Calling vacuum trucks and you will have to allocate a place for the entrance of equipment to the site.
Types of sewerage in a private house. Features of septic tanks
Single chamber septic tanks functionally similar to a cesspool.
This option is well suited where groundwater is not high.
If the house is permanently inhabited and a lot of water is used, it is not recommended to install a single-chamber septic tank.
In order for a two-chamber septic tank to function properly, it is necessary to change the natural filter (crushed stone and sand) every 5 years.
In houses with permanent residence, septic tanks with biological filters are considered the best sewage system. They use microorganisms that contribute to the processing of waste products. Usually, these organisms are simply poured into the toilet.
The type of this sewer requires connection to the electrical network.
Biological and soil cleaning is carried out septic tanks with filtration field. Such a sewerage system can only be installed if the groundwater is deeper than three meters.
Installation will require a lot of space. The distance to the nearest water source is at least 30 meters.
Systems with forced air supply (aerotanks) have significant advantages and fully justify the costs.
After installation, it is necessary to connect to the mains and constant supervision of a person.
How to make a sewer with your own hands
Construction must take place according to the approved project. The project must have a scheme of internal and external sewerage wiring.
The internal sewerage system consists of risers, a line and a plumbing connection area (bath, sink, toilet, shower).
This system ends at the level of the foundation in the form of an outlet pipe.
Do-it-yourself outdoor sewage arrangement implies a plot diagram with an external pipeline, storage or purification equipment.
After the approval of the project, you should proceed to the acquisition of the necessary equipment and select a sewer.
During construction, rely on SNiP - this will help to avoid mistakes and properly sewer into a private house.
Location selection
An important issue in the construction of sewerage is the choice of a place for a septic tank. Its location depends on:
The soil with a large amount of sand is loose, easily passes moisture, and there is a high probability of contamination of groundwater.
When installing septic tanks, it is necessary to comply with the norms.
- Distance from home from 5 meters
- Distance from the water source from 30 meters
- Distance from green spaces from 3 meters.
It is necessary to leave an entrance for sewage equipment.
Internal sewerage
On the internal sewerage scheme, it is necessary to select all points of the system.
If 90-degree turns are inevitable, build it from two 45-degree corners.
Preparing for installation
Installation of external sewerage
The sump should be cleaned every 2-3 years.
How to lay pipes correctly
From the sewer pipe that comes out of the foundation to the septic tank, a highway is laid. The installation of the pipeline is done under a mandatory slope, which will ensure the gravity flow of the liquid. The standard angle is 2 degrees.
The wider the pipe in diameter, the smaller the angle of inclination.
The depth of sewerage installation in a private house is determined by the soil freezing index. The average is 1 meter. In colder regions, the depth should be increased to 1.5m. The bottom of the trench before installation is filled with sand and it is well tamped. This will help protect the line from destruction when the soil shifts.
The ideal option is a direct pipeline from the house to the collector. For external sewage, pipes made of cast iron or plastic with a diameter of 110 mm are suitable.
Joints must be sealed. The trench with the pipeline is covered with sand, and then with soil.
Sewerage without pumping
Usually this system consists of three sections. Two of which are completely sealed (the first and second sections). In the first section, heavy waste is deposited. In the second, light particles settle. In the third, the water is completely purified and enters the drainage well.
Such a system needs to be pumped out, but much less frequently than a conventional septic tank. Cleaning is carried out with a special pump for sewage.
When the sludge reaches the overflow point, cleaning is required.
In order to optimally choose the volume of a septic tank without pumping out, the formula is applied:
Multiply 200l by the number of people, add 20% to the result.
It is difficult for us to live without amenities, even being in a private house. We strive to provide maximum convenience, creating an optimal standard of living for our family. For this, it is very important to think over the issue of construction in advance.
When building a sewer with your own hands in a private country cottage, you can save money, but you need to carry out these works in accordance with construction and installation requirements.
Sewerage in the house involves the arrangement of external and internal sewerage.
Internal is piping, installation of a fan pipe and a riser.
The outer one includes a set of pipes running from the house to a septic tank or a deep cleaning station.
Scheme of internal sewerage
You need to choose a scheme based on the layout of each house. Ideally, when all plumbing equipment is tied to one collector, through which water will flow.
In a large house, with several bathrooms, it is more correct to prefer such a scheme, in which there will be at least two cesspools or septic tanks. And in a two-story house, risers must be installed.
How to draw up a sewerage scheme for a private house:
- make a house plan;
- determine the location of the risers;
- mark the locations of plumbing fixtures and determine how to connect them;
- depict the pipes going from the fittings and the riser to the plumbing, and all the elements of the connection;
- do this for each floor;
- determine the dimensions of the fan pipe and riser;
- sum the length of all inner pipes;
- at the final stage, draw up an external sewerage scheme.
How to choose sewer pipes
For external and internal sewage, different ones are used.
For laying pipes inside, PVC and gray are used. For sunbeds and risers, pipes with a diameter of 110 mm are used, and for drains - 40 and 50 mm. Turns are made with two plastic knees bent at a right angle.
Often, pipes for external sewerage are orange, 110 mm in diameter and have the necessary rigidity. Two-layer corrugated pipes can also be used.
Pipe properties
Cast iron:
- durable and strong, designed for heavy loads.
- expensive, heavy and brittle, corrosion of the interior can contribute to blockages.
Polypropylene:
- light and flexible, well withstand high water temperatures.
- there are no shortcomings.
PVC:
- inexpensive and lightweight, used for outdoor sewage.
- Fragile, do not tolerate high water temperatures well.
Pipe laying
The most serious process in the construction of sewerage in the house is the wiring and laying of pipes. At the end of the work, check the tightness of the system, and only then, proceed to its operation.
Pipe connection
Today, many types of revisions, tees, elbows and plastic pipes are sold that are easy to connect. Connection points can be processed. And in places where the pipe passes through the foundation, it is recommended to install a sleeve.
It is also important to remember about the slope of the pipes, which depends on its diameter, and is 2 - 3 cm per 1 m.
Sewer outlet
In order not to encounter a discrepancy between the internal and external sewers, start the installation of the sewer from the outlet,
It is mounted through the foundation deeper than the frost level. When setting the outlet higher, it will be necessary to insulate the pipe.
If you didn't think about it at the time, you will need to punch a hole in it, sufficient to install a drain pipe with a sleeve. A sleeve is a small piece of pipe with a diameter of 130-160 mm. It should protrude 15 cm from both sides of the foundation.
The diameter of the outlet must not be less than the diameter of the riser. A sleeve is needed to create a pipe slope.
Dilution of pipes and installation of a riser
It is ideal to place the riser in the toilet. It is mounted openly or hidden.
To connect sewer pipes with a riser, oblique tees are used, and at the joints of pipes that are different in diameter, adapters are used. At the intersection of pipes, it is necessary to install a collector having a diameter of 100-110 mm. Also install water seals that will protect you from unpleasant odors.
Installation of a special tee (revision) on each riser is required. With its help, it will be possible to clean the blockage. You can set the cleaning after each bend.
The riser is best located in the toilet of a private house Exhaust pipe outlet
Fan pipe functions:
- maintains atmospheric pressure inside the system;
- increases the durability of the sewer system;
- ventilates the entire sewerage system.
A fan pipe is called a continuation of the riser. This is a pipe leading to the roof. Before connecting the fan pipe and riser, it is important to install a revision. After that, the pipe is displayed at a convenient angle to the attic.
Do not combine a fan pipe with a chimney or ventilation at home. The outlet of the fan pipe must be located at a distance of 4 meters from windows and balconies. The height of the retreat from the roof should be 70 cm. It is also important to place sewer, house and chimney ventilation at different levels.
External sewerage at home
There are many ways to equip your home with sewerage, but it is very important to choose the right system that meets your needs.
It is necessary to choose an external sewage scheme taking into account the following:
- temporarily or permanently you live in the house;
- the number of people living;
- daily water consumption per person;
- ground water level;
- plot size;
- soil type and structure;
- climate.
For more detailed information, you should read the relevant chapters of SNiP and SanPin.
All external sewage systems are divided into two types:
- storage (cesspool, sealed container);
- wastewater treatment structures (single-chamber septic tank, septic tank with two overflowing wells, aeration tank, septic tank with biofilter, septic tank with several chambers and a filtration field).
Cesspool without a bottom
This is a very old sewerage method, which is now used exclusively as a country house.
In the cesspool, walls are made of rings of concrete or bricks, and the earth remains as the bottom. In the pit, relatively clean water seeps into the ground, and organic waste settles to the bottom.
When completely filled with waste, it needs to be cleaned.
It is possible to make such a cesspool if the house is not permanently inhabited and does not consume a lot of water. At the same time, groundwater must pass at least 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise it will lead to soil water pollution.
Adding microorganisms to the pit will slightly reduce the unpleasant odor and speed up the process of water purification.
Sealed storage tank
This option involves the installation of a sealed container into which water will drain. You can purchase a ready-made container made of metal or plastic, or you can make your own from concrete rings. The lid is made of metal, and the bottom is made of concrete. Important in the construction of the storage tank is its complete tightness and insulated cover.
When filling the tank, it must be cleaned using a special sewage machine. The volume of the tank and the frequency of its cleaning depends on the water consumption.
This system can be used when groundwater is high, so you secure water sources and soil. But its disadvantage is that you will need to call the sewer truck quite often.
Single chamber septic tank
This is a well, the bottom of which is sprinkled with a layer of rubble and coarse sand. Water seeping through them is purified by 50%. Along with mechanical cleaning, there are processes of biological cleaning.
It is not necessary to build such a sewer in a private house if people live in it permanently. This option can only be used when the groundwater level is low. It should be noted that gravel and sand need to be changed periodically.
With your own hands, a septic tank can be made of polypropylene, reinforced concrete rings, bricks or a bay of its walls and floor. At the same time, it is necessary to determine whether the post-treatment of wastewater will take place in the well field or in the filtration field. You also need to equip the system and carry out its hydro and thermal insulation.
Two-chamber septic tank
The most popular way of arranging in a country house, it is economical and can be built independently.
It consists of two wells. The first one has a sealed bottom, and the second one does not, but is covered with rubble and sand, which will need to be replaced about once every five years.
The first well plays the role of a sump, and the second - a filter well. Periodically, the first well is filled with waste and to clean it you need to call a sewage truck about 2 times a year.
It is worth installing such a sewage system in the house, even if during the flood the groundwater level is below 1 m from the bottom of the second well. 
Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field
This type of septic tank is made in the form of a container, divided into sections connected by pipes.
The first container is needed for settling wastewater. The clarified water goes to the second section, where organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. After the water goes to the filtration fields.
This is a vast underground area where soil sewage treatment takes place. If the soil in your area is sandy, then this is ideal. After that, the water is sent through pipelines to a well or drainage ditch.
Sometimes it is necessary to replace sand and gravel in the filtration field.
Natural treatment station - septic tank with biofilter
With its help, you can sewer at any level of groundwater.
Such a station is a container divided into 3-4 sections.
In the first, water is settled, in the second, organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms. In the third, water is separated, and in the fourth, organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria that live only under the condition of a constant air supply. To do this, a pipe rising above the ground is installed above the chamber. In the pipe leading from the third chamber to the fourth, there is a filter with aerobic bacteria. Purified water can be used for technical purposes. From the fourth chamber there is a pipe leading to a drainage ditch, or storage tank.
For a country house with permanent residence, a septic tank with a biofilter is the best solution. The disadvantage is that with a changeable residence, the bacteria will simply die.
Artificial cleaning station - septic tank with forced air supply
This is a fast cleaning installation, in which natural processes are artificially caused. The device of sewerage with the help of an aerotank is impossible without leading to it
The phrase “conveniences on the street” can be heard less and less in the private sectors. This is not surprising - after all, everyone strives for comfort. However, it is out of the question if on a frosty night, waking up, you have to dress and run through the snow to a booth, standing 15 m from the dwelling. So home craftsmen equip latrines directly in the house. But in order for them to function normally, it is necessary to properly mount the sewage disposal system in a septic tank located on the street. Today we will consider how the sewerage system is installed in a private house with our own hands. We will also consider the scheme of its device, and along the way we will find out the cost of such work when performed by specialists.
Read in the article:
How to draw up a diagram of a sewerage device in a private house with your own hands
Starting to draw up a sewerage scheme for a private house, you need to decide on the number of drain points. It should be understood that if there are two floors in a residential building, the scheme of each is mounted, as planned, separately, with subsequent output to a common riser overlooking the septic tank.
The presence of only one riser is unacceptable only in the case of installing a pool or sauna - for them it will be necessary to mount a separate drain.
Important! From the completeness and correctness of the compiled sewerage scheme for a private house with your own hands, its performance and ease of installation will depend. The plan must indicate the length of all pipes - this will help to correctly calculate the amount of material.
Problems that may be encountered in design
The main difficulty in drawing up a project can be the introduction of a sewer pipe into the house. To do this, you will have to break through the foundation or install special pumps. Their installation will also be necessary when installing a bathroom in the basement or basement. At the same time, a special installation capable of grinding organic matter will not interfere. The sewage pump, together with the assembled knives, is called a multi-lift.
Expert opinion
Water supply and sewerage design engineer, LLC "ASP North-West"
Ask a specialist“If the house is under construction, then regardless of whether the toilet is planned inside the house or not, it is worth building a sewer pipe into the foundation. For starters, you can just turn it off. If you need to install a sewer, it will be very useful.”
When designing, the number of residents must be taken into account. This indicator will directly affect both the volume of the septic tank and the diameter of the sewer pipes that will be used during the installation of the system. Do not forget about the depth of soil freezing - the system must be in the ground below this mark.
What types of sewers exist
The main types can be called:
- Dry closets. This format is not very common in private homes. It is more suitable for giving, where there is no need for a constantly functioning sewer.
- Cesspool- the easiest to install and cost-effective option. Its inconvenience is that it requires periodic pumping using special equipment, and this is not a cheap pleasure.
- septic tank- the most common type of sewerage system. Waste products are processed using live bacteria and microorganisms, or by adding chemicals to the container that decompose organic waste.
The septic tank device cannot be called cheap, but it allows you to do without pumping for a long time. The main task is to add the necessary substances in time. As for the sewerage system itself for a private house, it will be the same for both the cesspool and the septic tank.
Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house: a diagram and its main components
When drawing up a project for laying sewers in a private house, it should be noted on the diagram the location of plumbing devices, such as a sink or. All pipes are also taken into account (their length and diameter are prescribed in the plan), connections, corners and branches. Data are entered on the location of the riser and its output to the septic tank.
If you describe in detail all the parameters, you can mount the entire system much faster and better. The plan, after the installation of the sewer, must be saved. It can help with blockages or other emergency situations.
When drawing up a sewerage scheme for a private one-story house (as well as buildings with several floors), it is important to consider the installation sites for cleaning - special branches with plugs that will help get rid of blockages. Do not forget about the calculation of the slope of the highway. With a weak slope, the drain will be ineffective, and if it is excessive, grease and dirt will settle on the walls, which will eventually lead to an emergency. Let's try to figure out how to properly draw up a diagram of the sewer system.
Drawing up a scheme of the sewer system
The first thing to do is to draw a floor plan of all the premises of the building. It is more convenient if such schemes are available - quite often such schemes are drawn up during construction. In this case, it can be copied, and sewerage routes can already be “laid” along it. Having indicated the installation points of plumbing devices, we begin measurements. Every millimeter can play a role here.
Important! When installing thinner pipes (for example, from a sink), if they are longer than necessary, there is a danger of their curvature. In this case, the water will stagnate, which will lead to a build-up of grease and dirt and blockage.
If possible, it is better to place all plumbing devices in the immediate vicinity of the riser - this will allow sewerage to be performed with the greatest efficiency. All tie-ins in the riser are indicated. A prerequisite is the connection of the toilet drain directly to the main pipe, without additional connections. The drain of the bathroom and the sink can be combined - this will save material and get rid of extra pipes and tie-ins to the main riser.
What diameter should the pipes be
The diameter of the pipe is selected based on the number of residents and the planned intensity of use of the system. However, there are also generally accepted norms. So the diameter of the main riser directly to the septic tank is usually 100-110 mm. The same diameter as the toilet drain. But from the sinks and the bathroom there are thinner pipes. Most often, for such purposes, a diameter of 50 mm is used. This thickness will be enough.
All connections and tie-ins must be made at an angle of 450. If the angle of the sewer pipe is even, it is this point that will periodically become clogged.
When installing a sewer system, it should be understood that the riser must go to the roof, from where air will be supplied. Consider what happens if there is no air access, and the upper part of the riser is muffled, using the example of a two-story house. Everyone knows that the toilet has a hydraulic lock that prevents the smell from the system from entering the room. In the absence of free access to air, flush the water in the toilet on the first floor. Due to the rarefaction, water is “drawn out” from the plumbing device on the second floor. The hydraulic lock is open, all the smell from the sewer system rushes into the living quarters.
How can sewer efficiency be improved?
It is possible to improve the quality of autonomous sewerage both by installing additional equipment and purely by installation parameters. To do this, you just need to correctly distribute the slope of the highways. The most effective is a slope of 3 cm / m. But for greater efficiency of the sewer system, this parameter can be increased to 4-5 cm / m. This will be quite enough for the efficient operation of the system and not enough for the rapid formation of grease or dirt deposits on the inner walls of the pipes.
Modern tools are very effective in fighting deposits on the walls. But do not expect a miracle from them when a thorough blockage occurs. Advertisements may claim that the tool can easily cope with any of them, but this is not entirely true. In fact, such funds are good for periodic prevention. If the pipe is already thoroughly clogged, then there is nothing better than the good old cable.
Speaking of additional equipment, one cannot fail to note the benefit in preventing blockages of such equipment as a household waste shredder under the sink. It does not allow large cleanings and other debris to enter the sewer pipe. Everything that is sent to the drain after grinding, in consistency resembles a liquid porridge that is not capable of clogging the line.
How to make a sewer in a private house: stages of work
All work on the arrangement of the sewer system of a private house is carried out in several stages. There is no need to perform them without interruption, which means that installation can be carried out in your free time for a long time. However, according to professionals, such work is rarely delayed - as soon as the arrangement has begun, the home master tries to complete everything as soon as possible. Consider step by step the steps that need to be performed. The algorithm of actions should be like this:
- calculate the required volume of the septic tank;
- install and equip the tank;
- we lay the highway from the septic tank to the house;
- we make internal wiring of sewer pipes and connect them to the system;
- connect plumbing fixtures.
By following this procedure and simple rules for the production of work, you can be sure that the system will work flawlessly. Let's analyze each step in more detail.
How to calculate the required volume of a septic tank for a private house
The calculation can be made empirically: for this you need to sum up the entire water consumption of the family living in the house. However, if the sewerage system is installed at the stage of construction of the dwelling, this method is unacceptable. Then you can take the average values recommended by SanPiN. However, it is much easier to use the specially designed calculator below:
The arrangement of the sewer system requires the most scrupulous attitude to all stages of the process, including depth, slope, and reliability of connections. Each of these factors has a great influence on the quality of the entire system. Negligence is unacceptable here, if there is no self-confidence, it is better to turn to professionals.
Laying depth of the sewer system
Modern sewer systems significantly improve the standard of living in a private house. If in previous years a toilet on the street was perceived as an unpleasant necessity, inseparable from a private house, today it is a sign of laziness of the owners or their extremely low income. Moreover, in the first case, you can get out of the situation by hiring professionals who will perform absolutely all the work.
The depth of the pipeline depends on the depth of the septic tank.
Advice! The pipe laid between the building and the septic tank must be straight. Knees, turns will provoke the appearance of blockages.
Before arranging the sewer system, you should find out what is the average freezing depth in your area. Pipes need to be laid a little lower than these figures. Usually, the depth at which sewer pipes are located in a private house in the south is more than 50 cm. In the central part of the country, where the climate is harsher, the depth of sewerage in a private house is at least 70 cm. These figures are especially significant if sewer pipes are located under the platforms or under the paths, which are freed from snow in winter.
Features of laying sewer pipes
Laying sewer pipes must be carried out in accordance with the following rules:
- pipes of the required diameter must be used;
- it is necessary to observe the standard slope rate (about 0.03 m per 1 linear meter of pipe);
- it is permissible to use pipes from different materials, but in one pipeline the pipes must match in material.
The depth of the pipeline can be determined based on the following points:
- the nature of the site (its relief, soil features);
- the exit point of the sewer pipe from the house.
The angle of inclination is needed so that the wastewater flows by gravity, in this case it is not necessary to install a pump, excess dirt will not accumulate inside the pipe, which can cause blockages. For the same purpose, the outer part of the system is performed without turns. Here, indoors, the sewerage laying scheme in a private house allows pipe turns, this will not become a serious obstacle to the functionality of the system. If you allow the outer part of the sewer system to turn, then you will definitely have to tear off these pipes,. Consequently, neglect of these rules can create very serious problems that are not always really quickly solved.
Advice! If it is impossible to lay a sewer pipe without turns, a well must be made at the place of the turn, into which it will always be possible to penetrate and eliminate the blockage in this area. This technique allows you to lay a sewer pipeline in any area.
Why is laying depth important?
The main reason for the need for too careful attention to the depth of pipe laying is the possibility of freezing. If this happens in the middle of winter, the residents of the house will be left without the opportunity to use the sewer until warm days, when the icing melts. Even minimal ice buildup inside the pipes will lead to blockages and a decrease or complete cessation of patency. This is a natural result of the narrowing of the lumen of the pipe. Wells contribute to getting rid of emerging blockages at the places where pipes turn in the external system.
Such a convenient device allows you to control the operation of the sewage system, in time to eliminate emerging problems. It is not very difficult to make it, but it brings a lot of comfort to the operation process.
Accounting for the depth of soil freezing is a fundamental requirement. In order not to spend money on arranging deeper trenches than necessary, you need to have a clear idea of the depth of soil freezing in a given area. Below is a table to help guide you in this matter.
How to properly equip thermal insulation?
In cold regions, it is recommended to supplement the sewer pipeline with thermal insulation. This technique allows you to extend the service life, eliminate the possibility of freezing at very low temperatures. Most often, polyurethane foam is taken for this purpose. If the pipe is wrapped with polyurethane foam, and a polyethylene sheath is made on top, the pipe will not be afraid of frost.
If pipes are laid below the possible freezing point, then the pipes will never freeze. In this case, additional protection is made in case of extreme cold. When performing thermal insulation, special attention is paid to joints and turning points. It is these zones that tolerate the effects of cold quite poorly. So warming the turning points is a must.
In Europe, a more technologically advanced method is used. An electric cable is launched near the pipeline; if necessary, it acts as a heater for the pipe. For many residents of our country, this method is too expensive, because paying for energy is not the smallest item of expenditure. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the depth of pipe laying. In the central regions, it is better to choose a depth of 1m. And in the northern regions, it is desirable to dig deeper trenches and carry out high-quality thermal insulation. To do this, you can either fiberglass. If the pipes are located above the ground, they are also insulated with similar materials. Since they can fill with water, .
Video - Installation of external sewerage and insulation
The interior of the sewer system of a private house
For uninterrupted operation of the sewer, the requirements for the diameter of the pipes must be observed:
- toilet, shower, bath, pool - 10 - 11 cm;
- sink - 5 cm;
- riser - 10 - 11 cm.
Video - Proper installation of sewer pipes
The external part of the sewer system of a private house
The main requirement is to ensure proper bias. The only correct drain is gravity. Too low a speed will cause blockages. Too fast movement of effluents - to accelerate the destruction of pipes.
The sewerage laying scheme in a private house includes a characteristic of the features of the pipe exit from the room. The rules for removing a pipe from a house depend on the type of foundation. With a strip foundation, the output is arranged on the side. With slab - the pipe is laid from top to bottom, for this a pipe section and a 45 ° elbow are used. To equip the sewer, a pipe-sleeve is laid in advance in the foundation, through which the main pipeline is then removed. Such a base is needed to protect the pipeline from excessive pressure and potential destruction.
In the photo - The standard depth of laying the sewer pipe.
In order not to be mistaken in the depth of laying the pipe, you need to find out how things are with the neighbors who have already equipped their own drain. If they have problems with pipe freezing, you need to dig your pipe deeper. No matter how deep the pipe lies, in any case, a slope is needed. Usually they make 2 - 3 cm per linear meter.
- First, you should make a detailed layout of the piping inside the house. This will reduce time and financial costs by providing all the best options.
- Pipes are carried out towards the riser or to the septic tank, sharp corners are excluded.
- The riser on each floor must be equipped with a tee designed to service the sewer system for quick cleaning.