What is made at a metallurgical plant? Metallurgical industry

The metallurgical complex is of great importance for the Russian economy. He ranks third in the structure industrial production after fuel and energy and mechanical engineering. It includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Russia ranks third in the world in the production of cast iron, fourth in the production of steel and finished rolled ferrous metals, and fifth in the extraction of iron ore. The metallurgical complex is in second place in terms of the importance of products in the country's exports after fuel resources, and provides a significant portion (about 20%) of foreign exchange earnings. The industries are competitive on the world market - 60% of ferrous and 80% of non-ferrous metallurgy products are exported. Exports of metals and precious stones amounted to more than $38.6 billion in 2009, specific gravity in the country's exports - 12.8%, and this is the second position after mineral products.

Many large metallurgical enterprises are the basis for supporting the economy of entire regions of Russia. More than 70% of the complex's enterprises are city-forming. They form an important part of regional and local budgets, determine the level and quality of life of the population in their regions, and have a stabilizing effect on employment.

The metallurgical complex is the largest consumer of products from such industries as fuel, electric power, transport, and mechanical engineering, providing 35% of the country's freight turnover, consuming 14% of fuel, 16% of electricity. Thus, the metallurgical complex stimulates the development of these industries, supports them in times of crisis, providing them with effective demand.

Ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most dynamically developing industries Russian industry. This is all the more valuable since the industry is complex from a technological and marketing point of view and has strong competitors on the world market - Japan, Ukraine and Brazil. However, our manufacturers manage to maintain the main thing competitive advantage- low production costs. To maintain its leading position in the world in the industry, strategic plans are being developed to concentrate production, improve crisis management, and work with distressed assets.

The industry's raw material base is represented by iron ores (the potential is estimated at 206.1 billion tons), coking coal, ferrous scrap, non-metallic materials and refractories. 70% of explored and 80% of predicted iron ore reserves are located in European part Russia.

Ferrous metallurgy includes: mining and beneficiation of ores, their agglomeration, coke production, extraction of auxiliary materials (fluxing limestone, magnesite), production of refractories; production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, production of blast furnace ferroalloys, electroferroalloys; secondary processing of ferrous metals; release metal products industrial purposes - hardware (steel tape, metal cord, wire, mesh, etc.), as well as collection and preparation for melting of scrap metal. In this complex, the core role is played by the actual metallurgical process of cast iron - steel - rolled products, the rest of the production is auxiliary, adjacent, and accompanying.

IN Lately The dynamics of industry development indicate crisis phenomena and accumulated problems (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1. Production of main types of metallurgical products, million tons

The global financial crisis affected the indicators, but also high depreciation of fixed assets, depletion of the raw material base, low quality of the bulk of products, lack of investment and working capital, limited effective demand in the domestic market also affects the overall situation.

In the structure of ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy stands out full cycle , producing cast iron - steel - rolled products. In the placement of full-cycle metallurgy enterprises, raw materials and fuel play a particularly important role, which account for up to 90% of all costs for iron smelting, of which approximately 50% are for coke, 40% for iron ore. For 1 ton of cast iron, 1.2-1.5 tons of coal, at least 1.5 tons of iron ore, over 0.5 tons of fluxing limestone and up to 30 m 3 of recycled water are consumed. All this indicates the importance of the relative location of raw materials and fuel resources, water supply, and auxiliary materials. The role of iron ores and coking coals is especially important. Ferrous metallurgy with a full technological cycle gravitates to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), to fuel bases (Kuzbass) or to points in between (Cherepovets).

Enterprises incomplete cycle produce cast iron or steel or rolled products. Enterprises that produce steel without cast iron are called redistribution . This group also includes pipe rolling plants. Particle metallurgy focuses mainly on sources of secondary raw materials (waste from metallurgical production, waste from consumed rolled products, depreciation scrap) and on the consumer of finished products, i.e. for mechanical engineering. In this case, both the source of raw materials and the consumer are represented in one person, because greatest number metal scrap accumulates in areas of developed mechanical engineering.

A special group according to technical and economic characteristics consists of enterprises producing ferroalloys And Elektrostal. Ferroalloys are alloys of iron with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon, etc.). Their main types are ferrosilicon and ferrochrome. Without ferroalloys, the development of high-quality metallurgy is unthinkable. They are produced in blast furnaces or electrometallurgically. In the first case, the production of ferroalloys is carried out at full-cycle metallurgical plants, as well as with two (cast iron - steel) or one (cast iron) processing (Chusovoy), in the second - their production is represented by specialized plants. Electrometallurgy of ferroalloys due to high electricity consumption (up to 9 thousand kWh per I ton of products) optimal conditions found in areas where cheap energy is combined with alloying metal resources (Chelyabinsk). The production of electric steel is developed in areas that have the necessary sources of energy and scrap metal.

Metallurgical plants low power- mini-factories - are becoming increasingly important due to the huge resources of scrap metal available in the country and the needs of modern mechanical engineering for certain and high-quality metal different brands, but in small batches. Such plants can provide rapid metal smelting the right brand and in sufficiently limited quantities for machine-building enterprises. They are able to quickly respond to changes in market conditions and best satisfy consumer needs. High quality steel produced at mini-mills is provided by the most advanced electric arc melting method.

Small metallurgy - metallurgical workshops as part of machine-building plants. They are naturally consumer-oriented, as they are integral part machine-building enterprise.

The location of the industry is associated with the formation of metallurgical bases. Metallurgical base - a group of metallurgical enterprises that use common ore and fuel resources and meet the main needs of the country's economy in metal.

In Russia there is one old metallurgical base - the Ural and emerging - Siberian and Central. Outside the main metallurgical bases there is a large center of ferrous metallurgy with a full cycle of production "Severstal" - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, which uses iron ore from the Kola-Karelian deposits (Kovdorsky, Olenegorsky, Kostomuksha GOKs) and coking coals from the Pechora basin. Severstal occupies an honorable 12th place in the ranking of Russia's largest enterprises, and first among metallurgical enterprises. Outside the bases there are also ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the conversion type, for example in the Volga region (Volgograd), in the North Caucasus (Taganrog), etc.

Ural metallurgical base - the oldest and largest in the country (the first plant began operating in 1631). It accounts for about 38% of steel production in Russia. In terms of steel production, it is almost twice as large as Central and three times as large as Siberian. Now the Ural metallurgical base uses coal

Kuzbass, mainly imported ore from the KMA, Kola Peninsula. Strengthening our own raw material base is associated with the development of the Kachkanar and Bakal fields. Many iron ores of the Urals are complex and contain valuable alloying components. There are reserves of manganese ores - the Polunochnoe deposit. Over 15 million tons of iron ore are imported annually. The main role here is played by full-cycle enterprises; the level of concentration of production is very high.

The leading giant enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base include:

• o OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK);
• o JSC "Mechel" Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant;
• o OJSC Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant (NTMK);
• o JSC "Nosta" - Orsko-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Plant.

At the same time, many small factories have survived in the Urals. Very tall quality profile Ural metallurgy, which largely depends on the specifics of raw materials. The volume of ferroalloy production in Russia is growing. The main alloy, ferrosilicon, has exceeded the pre-crisis level and is being exported. The pipe rolling complex is strategically important for Russia. It has four large plants: Sinarsky (production volume - over 500 thousand tons), which produces all oil pipes, Seversky, Pervouralsky (production volume - over 600 thousand tons), which, in addition steel pipes Chelyabinsk also produces aluminum for the automotive industry and refrigerators (over 600 thousand tons). The pipe market is complex, saturated, and extremely fiercely competitive. Export destinations: Hungary, Israel, Iran, Türkiye. The Vyksa Metallurgical Plant also produces more than 600 thousand tons of rubles.

Central metallurgical base works on KMA iron ores, scrap metal accumulations, imported metal and imported coal from Donbass and the Pechora basin. The center is one of the main metallurgical bases of the country. More than 12 million tons of steel are produced here. The largest enterprise is OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (NLMK). OJSC Tulachermet is also one of the leading enterprises of Russian metallurgy, the country's largest exporter of commercial cast iron, which, according to various sources, accounts for 60 to 85% of sales of domestic cast iron on the world market. OJSC Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (OEMK) produces metal that is significantly superior in quality to ordinary metal and is supplied through special technical specifications. The main consumers of the plant's metal products on the domestic and foreign markets are enterprises in the fuel and energy complex, heavy and automotive engineering, the construction industry, and bearing factories. The production of cold-rolled strip was created at the Oryol Steel Rolling Plant. The Volzhsky and Seversky plants merged into the Pipe Metallurgical Company.

Siberian metallurgical base (together with the Far East) operates on coal from Kuzbass and iron ores from the Angara region, Mountain Shoria, and Gorny Altai. This base is in the process of being formed. Modern production is represented by two powerful enterprises with a full cycle - the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (both located in Novokuznetsk), as well as a number of processing plants in Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. OJSC "West Siberian Metallurgical Plant" produces construction and machine-building metal profiles. It produces 8% of rolled steel in Russia, and in the production of construction rolled products the plant is a leader in Russia, as it provides 44% general production fittings, 45% of wire production. The plant exports its products to 30 countries. The West Siberian and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, together with Nizhny Tagil, formed Evrazholding.

The largest enterprise in Russia for the smelting of ferroalloys - ferrosilicon - the Kuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant is located in the Siberian base.

On Far East prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy are associated with the creation of a full-cycle enterprise. There are several options for its placement. It is believed that better conditions located in South Yakutia. There is already an energy base here - the Neryungrinskaya State District Power Plant, its own construction industry is emerging, there are established working teams capable of solving major problems. There are coking coals and large deposits of iron ore. Both are being mined or will be mined by open-pit mining. In addition to the Aldan iron ore deposit, or rather a whole group of deposits, there is the Charo-Tokkinsky basin, which lies along the BAM route.

And non-ferrous metals industry] - an industry that covers the processes of obtaining metals from ores or other materials, as well as those associated with the change chemical composition, structure and properties of metal alloys. TO metallurgical industry The following main productions include: preliminary ores extracted from the bowels of the earth; obtaining and and alloys; giving them a certain shape, structure and properties. Metallurgy is the basic industry of Russia, which largely determines the viability of the economy as a whole. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals consume about 14% of fuel, 16% of electricity, 40% of raw materials and mineral resources of total consumption in the country. Almost 30% of cargo transported in the country by rail meets the needs of the metallurgy industry. and alloys - the main structural material (> 90% of total use), determine technical progress
in most sectors of the national economy.
The metallurgical industry is divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The World Cup covers the production of cast iron, steel and ferroalloys. CM includes the production of most other metals and alloys based on them (See also, Ferrous metallurgy,).
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See also:. Encyclopedic dictionary of metallurgy. - M.: Intermet Engineering Chief Editor. 2000 .

N.P. Lyakishev

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Such a branch of economic activity as metallurgy includes two areas: . Therefore, our review of the largest Russian metallurgical enterprises will be divided into two parts: Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises and Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.

Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises

Ferrous metallurgy includes the following sub-sectors:

1. Extraction of nonmetallic raw materials (refractory clays, flux raw materials, etc.) for ferrous metallurgy.
2. Production of ferrous metals (ferrous metals include: steel, cast iron, rolled metal, metal powders of ferrous metals, blast furnace ferroalloys).
3. Pipe production (production of steel and cast iron pipes).
4.Coke and chemical production (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.).
5.Secondary processing of ferrous metals (secondary processing includes cutting scrap and waste ferrous metals).

Products manufactured by Russian companies are sold to engineering and construction organizations, and are also exported abroad.

There are several types of ferrous metallurgy enterprises:

1. Full-cycle metallurgical enterprises (engaged in the production of cast iron, steel and rolled products).
2. Pipe metallurgy enterprises (enterprises without iron smelting).
3. Small metallurgy enterprises (machine-building plants producing steel and rolled products).

The smallest metallurgical enterprises are factories; larger ones are factories. Both mills and factories can be united into holdings.

The location of Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends, first of all, on proximity to deposits of iron ores and other minerals. So, for example, metallurgical plants producing iron and steel are located in areas where, firstly, iron ore deposits are nearby, and, secondly, there are a lot of forests (since charcoal is needed to reduce iron). When constructing metallurgical enterprises, the availability of electricity, natural gas and water is also taken into account.

Today there are 3 metallurgical bases in Russia:

1.Ural metallurgical base.
2. Central metallurgical base.
3. Siberian metallurgical base.

The Ural metallurgical base is engaged in production based on iron ore mined in the following deposits:

1. Kachkanar deposits (Russia).
2.Kursk magnetic anomaly (Russia).
3.Kustanay deposits (Kazakhstan).

The largest processing metallurgy enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base are: (the city of Yekaterinburg; what remains of the Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant), IzhStal (the city of Izhevsk; part of Mechel OJSC), (part of the ChTPZ holding), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant (the largest in Russia in the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant (part of the holding), Ural Pipe Plant (city of Pervouralsk), .

The Central Metallurgical Base is engaged in production based on iron ore mined in the following deposits:

1.Kursk magnetic anomaly (Russia).
2. Deposits of the Kola Peninsula (Russia).

The largest full-cycle metallurgical enterprises of the Central Metallurgical Base are: (part of the group of companies), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (city of Tula), (city of Stary Oskol).

The largest processing metallurgy enterprises of the Central Metallurgical Base are: Cherepovets Steel-Rolling Plant (part of the Severstal OJSC group of companies), Oryol Steel-Rolling Plant, Electrostal Metallurgical Plant (Elektrostal city), Serp and Molot Metallurgical Plant (Moscow city), Izhora pipe plant (city; owned by the Severstal company), (city of Vyksa,).

The Siberian Metallurgical Base is engaged in production based on iron ore mined in the following deposits:

1.Gornaya Shoria deposits (Russia).
2.Abakan deposits (Russia).
3. Angaro-Ilim fields (Russia).

The largest full-cycle metallurgical enterprises of the Siberian metallurgical base are: , (city of Novokuznetsk), Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant.

The largest processing metallurgy enterprises of the Siberian metallurgical base are: Sibelektrostal Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk), (part of the ITF Group holding), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.

Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the following production processes:

1. Mining and beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores.
2. Smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys (there are two types of non-ferrous metals: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium)).

The location depends on factors such as the raw material factor (proximity to raw material sources; this is the most important factor), natural factor, fuel and energy factor and economic factor. Enterprises for the production of heavy non-ferrous metals are located in close proximity to areas where raw materials are extracted (since this production does not require a large amount of energy). Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals require large amounts of electricity, so they are located near sources of cheap energy.

The following types of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Russia:

1. Enterprises of the copper sub-industry.
2. Enterprises of the lead-zinc sub-industry.
3. Enterprises of the nickel-cobalt sub-industry.
4. Enterprises of the tin sub-industry.
5. Enterprises of the aluminum sub-industry.
6. Enterprises of the tungsten-molybdenum sub-industry.
7. Enterprises of the titanium-magnesium sub-industry.
8. Enterprises of the rare metal sub-industry.

The largest Russian enterprises in the copper sub-industry are: Buribaevsky GOK, Gaisky GOK (part of the UMMC holding), Karabashmed, Krasnouralsk copper smelting plant, Kirovgrad copper smelting plant, Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant (part of the UMMC holding), Ormet (owned by RAO Gazprom"), Polymetal production (part of the UMMC holding), Safyanovskaya copper (part of the UMMC holding), (part of the UMMC holding), (part of the UMMC holding), (part of the UMMC holding ").

The largest Russian enterprises in the lead-zinc sub-industry are: Bshkir copper-sulfur plant, Belovsky zinc plant, Gorevsky GOK, Dalpolimetal, Ryaztsvetmet, Sadonsky lead-zinc plant, Uchalinsky GOK, Chelyabinsk electrolyte-zinc plant, .

The largest Russian enterprises in the nickel-cobalt sub-industry are: MMC Norilsk Nickel (owned by Interros), Rezhnikel PA (owned by RAO Gazprom), Ufaleynickel, Yuzhuralnickel.

The largest Russian enterprises in the tin sub-industry are: Far Eastern Mining Company, Dalolovo (owned by the NOK company), Deputatskolovo, Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khingan Tin (owned by the NOK company).

The largest Russian enterprises in the aluminum sub-industry are: Achinsk Alumina Refinery (part of the holding), Boguslav Aluminum Smelter (part of the SUAL holding), Belokalitvinsk Metallurgical Production Association (part of the RusAL holding), , Sayan Aluminum Smelter (part of the RusAL holding), Stupino Metallurgical Company (owned by RAO Gazprom), Ural Aluminum Smelter (part of the SUAL holding), Foil Rolling Plant.

The largest Russian enterprises in the tungsten-molybdenum sub-industry are: Hydrometallurg, Zhirekensky GOK, Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant, Lermontov Mining Company, Primorsky GOK, Sorsk GOK.

The largest Russian enterprises in the titanium-magnesium sub-industry are: AVISMA, VSMPO, Solikamsk Magnesium Plant.

The largest Russian enterprises in the rare metal sub-industry are: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (owned by ZAO FTK).

From ores or other materials, as well as processes associated with changes in the chemical composition, structure, and therefore the properties of metal alloys.

Metallurgy is the foundation of mechanical engineering and the basis of industry. This is a basic branch of the national economy, with very large investments of capital and materials. In fact, the metallurgical industry determines the level of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy. The importance of metallurgy at this stage of technical development is difficult to overestimate. Its products are used, if not by all spheres of human production activity, then, perhaps, by most of them.

Metals are ferrous and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals are used in mechanical engineering and construction. Non-ferrous metals are actively used in all industries. Satisfying human needs for metals is the task of such an industry as metallurgy. Accordingly, the metallurgical complex is divided into two large areas: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and covers all stages technological processes: prey metallurgical raw materials, metallurgical processing, alloy production, waste disposal and manufacturing of products from them.

The term "metallurgy" comes from the Greek. metallurgéo - mine ore, process metals, from métallon - mine, metal and érgon - work). In its original, narrow meaning, metallurgy is the art of extracting metals from ores. In the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus F.A. and Efron I.A. The following definition of metallurgy is given: “ Metallurgy - a technology department engaged in the extraction of metals in industrial quantities from their natural compounds (ores). Metallurgical operations are of two types: firstly, mechanical processing of ore and bringing it into a form convenient for work and, secondly, chemical or electrochemical processing».

Historically, metallurgy has been divided into ferrous and non-ferrous.

Another interdisciplinary science, metallurgy, studies the composition, structure and properties of metals and alloys, as well as the patterns of their changes under thermal, mechanical, physicochemical and other types of influence.

According to the technologies used, there are pyrometallurgy And hydrometallurgy. Modern metallurgy as a set of basic technological operations for the production of metals and alloys includes:

1. Preparation of ores for metal extraction (including beneficiation);
2. Metal extraction and refining processes: pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, electrolytic;
3. Processes for obtaining products from metal powders by sintering;
4. Crystal physical methods for refining metals and alloys;
5. Processes of casting metals and alloys (to produce ingots or castings);
6. Thermal, thermomechanical, chemical-thermal and other types of metal processing to impart appropriate properties to them;
7. Processes for applying protective coatings.

As of the beginning of 2008, there were 58 scientific, technical and design organizations operating in the Russian metallurgical industry with a total workforce of more than 10 thousand people (including more than 120 doctors and over 600 candidates of science). The scientific and technical potential of the industry is represented by 46 scientific organizations (institutes), including 11 organizations with state ownership, the rest are joint-stock companies open type. Three leading scientific organizations have the status of state scientific centers (SSC):

1. FSUE "TsNIIchermet im. I.P. Bardina",
   
2. FSUE "Gintsvetmet" And
3. FSUE "Giredmet".

The industry's design potential is represented by 12 design organizations, 18 design departments of integrated research and design institutes, and 3 design bureaus. All design organizations are joint stock companies, while most of them are part of large industrial holdings and companies. State Research Centers in the metallurgical industry and other industries related to the development of structural materials and metallurgical equipment perform the functions of leading organizations in the following most important areas of development of science, technology and engineering.

The academic degree of candidate or doctor of science in the group of specialties metallurgy and materials science in Russia is awarded in accordance with the nomenclature of specialties of scientific workers of the Higher Attestation Commission, in the following specialties:

In accordance with the competition classifier Russian Fund basic research(RFBR, RFBR provides grants for research in the field of metal technology in the following main areas:

1. Fundamentals of creating new metal, ceramic and composite materials
2. Development of new structural materials and coatings

Education in the field of metallurgy can be obtained in accordance with the All-Russian Classification of Specialties in Education (OKSO), which determines the state standard for higher and secondary professional education in Russia. Metallurgical education is included in the enlarged group of specialties METALLURGY, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING. The group of metallurgical specialties includes:

Complete and current list educational institutions Russia, providing education in the listed specialties is given on federal portal "Russian Education". You can search for the desired educational institution in Russia in the section “ Advanced university search» using filters by the name of the university, city, name or code of specialty according to OKSO, form of study, etc.

Recommended reading

1. Strategy for the development of the metallurgical industry of Russia for the period until 2020. Approved by Order of the Ministry of Food and Trade of the Russian Federation dated March 18, 2009 No. 150.

2. B.N. Arzamasov, I.I. Sidorin, G.F. Kosolapov and others. Materials Science: Textbook for Higher Technical Educational Institutions. under general ed. B.N. Arzamasova. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1986, 384 p. Part 1. Part 2.

3. B.N. Arzamasov, V.A. Brostrem, N.A. Bushe and others. Construction materials: Directory. under general ed. B.N. Arzamasova. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1990, 688 p. Part 1. Part 2. Part 3.

4. Linchevsky B.V., Sobolevsky A.L., Kalmenev A.A. Metallurgy of ferrous metals. Textbook for technical schools. - M.: Maninostroenie, 1986, 360 p.

5. Nikiforov V.M. Metal technology. M., Mashgiz, 1953.

6. Slavyanov N.G. Works and inventions. (Perm: Book publishing house, 1988)

7. Ed. A.S. Zubchenko. Brand of steels and alloys. M., Mechanical Engineering, 2001

8. Metal science and heat treatment of steel. Directory, 2nd ed., M., 1961-62;

9. Rolling production. Directory, vol. 1-2, M., 1962;

10. Blast furnace production. Directory, vol. 1-2, M., 1963;

11. Steel production. Directory, vol. 1-2, M., 1964;

12. Aitchison L., A history of metals, v. 1-2, L., 1960.

13. Belyaev A.I., Metallurgy of light metals, 6th ed., M., 1970

14. Savitsky E. M., Klyachko V. S., Metals of the Space Age, M.. 1972

15. Zelikman A.N., Meerson G.A., Metallurgy of rare metals, M., 1973.

16. Esin O. A., Geld P. V., Physical chemistry of pyrometallurgical processes, 2nd ed., parts 1-2, Sverdlovsk, 1962-1966;

17. Volsky A.N., Sergievskaya E.M., Theory of metallurgical processes, M., 1968;

18. Zelikman A.N., Meyerson G.A., Metallurgy of rare metals, M., 1973;

19. Vanyukov A.V., Zaitsev V.Ya., Theory of pyrometallurgical processes, M., 1973.

20. M. S. Aronovich, R. M. Golubchik. Technology of metals, M., 1974.

21. Bochvar A. A., Metallurgy, 5th ed., M., 1956.

22. Kurdyumov G.V., Phenomena of hardening and tempering of steel, M., 1960.

23. Livshits B. G., Metallography, M., 1963.

Metallurgical industry - a branch of heavy industry that produces a variety of metals. It includes two industries: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy- one of the main basic industries. Its significance is determined primarily by the fact that rolled steel is the main structural material. Ferrous metallurgy- a branch of heavy industry that produces various ferrous metals. It covers the mining of iron ore and the production of ferrous metals - cast iron - steel - rolled products. Cast iron and steel are used in mechanical engineering, rolled steel in construction (beams, roofing iron, pipes) and transport (rails). The military-industrial complex is a major consumer of rolled steel. Russia fully meets its needs for ferrous metallurgy products and exports them.

Steel consumption per unit of production in mechanical engineering in Russia exceeds this figure in other countries. developed countries. With economical use of metal, Russia could increase the size of its exports.

Cast iron is smelted in blast furnaces– huge and expensive buildings made of fire bricks. The raw materials for the production of cast iron are manganese, iron ore, refractories (limestone). Coke is used as fuel and natural gas. 95% of coke is produced by metallurgical plants.

Steel is smelted in open hearth furnaces, converters and electric furnaces. The raw materials for steel production are cast iron and scrap metal. The quality of steel increases with the addition of non-ferrous metals (tungsten, molybdenum). Rolled steel is produced on rolling machines.

The structure of the ferrous metallurgy stimulated the development of intra- and inter-industry plants.
Combination– unification at one enterprise (plant) of several technologically and economically related industries of various industries. Most metallurgical plants in Russia are plants that include three stages of metal production:
cast iron - steel - rolled products (+ coke plant, + thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, + production of building materials, + hardware plant).

For each ton of cast iron it is spent:
-4 tons of iron ore,
-1.5 tons of coke,
-1 ton of limestone,
-a large number of gas,
i.e. ferrous metallurgy is a material-intensive production that is associated with raw material bases or fuel sources (coke).
Placement factors:
-raw material
-fuel
- labor resources
-water factor.

Prospects countries are associated with technical re-equipment And the latest technologies. It's about on the modernization of existing enterprises. It is planned to replace open-hearth steel production with new production methods - oxygen-converter and electric steelmaking at factories in the Urals and Kuzbass. Steel production using the converter method is increasing up to 50%.

Types of enterprises:

*The plant – full cycle – cast iron – steel – rolled products.
*Pipe metallurgy enterprises – steel – rolled products. Such enterprises smelt steel from scrap metal and are located in large mechanical engineering centers.
*Blast furnace enterprises (production of cast iron only).
There are few of them. These are mainly factories in the Urals.
*Small metallurgy with the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants.
*Pipe factories.
*Production of ferroalloys – iron alloys with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon).
Because of high costs electricity - 9000 kW/h per 1 ton of products, ferrous metallurgy enterprises gravitate towards cheap sources of electricity, combined with the resources of alloying metals, without which the development of high-quality metallurgy is impossible (Chelyabinsk, Serov - Ural).

Russia has 40% of the world's iron ore reserves. 80% of iron ore is mined by open pit mining. Russia exports 20% of its ore.

Geography of iron ore deposits:

In the Urals– Kachkanar group of deposits.
There are large reserves of iron ore, but it is poor in iron (17%), although it can be easily enriched.

Eastern Siberia– Angaro-Ilimsky basin (near Irkutsk), Abakan region.

Western Siberia– Mountain Shoria (south of Kemerovo region).

Northern region– Kola Peninsula – Kovdorskoye and Olenegorskoye deposits; Karelia - Kostomuksha.

There are ores in the Far East.

Ferrous metallurgy bases:
1. Ural – produces 46% of metal. Imported coke from Kuzbass and Karaganda is used.
Iron ore – Kachkanar group of deposits (north of the Sverdlovsk region) + Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoe deposit (Kustanai region) + KMA.
Manganese - from the Polunochnoe deposit (north of the Sverdlovsk region).
Western slopes of the Urals – pigment metallurgy.
The eastern slopes are plants created in Soviet times.
Combines:
– Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region),
-Chelyabinsk,
-Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region),
-Novotroitsk (Orsko-Khalilovsky plant).
They use their own alloying metals.
Particle metallurgy:
–Ekaterinburg (Verkhne-Isetsky plant),
-Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region),
-Chusovoy (Perm region),
-Izhevsk.
Scrap metal is used.
Pipe factories:
– Chelyabinsk,
-Pervouralsk (Sverdlovsk region).
Ferroalloys:
– Chelyabinsk,
-Chusovoy (Perm region).

2. Center– produces 20% metal. Central region + Central Black Earth region + Northern region. In the future it will become one of the main metallurgical bases. Coke is imported from the eastern wing of Donbass, the Pechora basin, and Kuzbass. Iron ore is from KMA, manganese is from Nikopol (Ukraine). Scrap metal is used. Full cycle– Novotulsky, Novolipetsk plants. Within the KMA, the production of metallized pellets arose together with Germany. On their basis, blast-free electrometallurgy was created. Stary Oskol - Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant. Conversion plants - Moscow ("Hammer and Sickle", "Electrostal"). IN last years production of cold-rolled strip was created (steel rolling plants). Northern economic region– Cherepovets plant, located between the iron ore of Karelia (Kostomuksha) and the Kola Peninsula (Olenegorsky, Kovdorsky) and the coke-Pechora basin. It supplies products mainly to St. Petersburg.

3. Siberia and Far East – 13% production of ferrous metals. Combines – Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant), 20 km from Novokuznetsk (West Siberian Metallurgical Plant). Both enterprises use Kuzbass coke; iron ore from Mountainous Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim basin; manganese from the Usinsk deposit. Particle metallurgy – Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky (Chita region), Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Ferroalloys – Novokuzensk. In the future, it is planned to create ferrous metallurgy plants on the small BAM in Taishet.

Pipe metallurgy enterprises are located outside the small BAM.

Northern Caucasus – Krasny Sulim, Taganrog (Rostov region).

Volga region - Volgograd.

Volga-Vyatka region - Vyksa River, Kulebaki (Nizhny Novgorod region).

Far East – Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Non-ferrous metallurgy- in terms of production size it is approximately 20 times inferior to black. It is also one of the old industries, and with the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution it experienced a great renewal, primarily in the structure of production. Thus, if before the Second World War the smelting of heavy non-ferrous metals prevailed - copper, lead, zinc, tin, then in the 60-70s aluminum came into first place, and the production of “metals of the 20th century” began to expand - cobalt, titanium, lithium, beryllium, etc. Currently, non-ferrous metallurgy meets the needs of approximately 70 various metals.

The top 10 countries for refined copper smelting are the USA, Chile, Japan, Canada, Zambia, Germany, Belgium, Australia, Peru, and the Republic of Korea.

Unlike heavy ones, ores of light non-ferrous metals, primarily aluminum, are similar in content of useful components to iron ore and are quite transportable, so it is quite cost-effective to transport them over long distances. 1/3 of the bauxite mined in the world is exported, and the average distance of their sea transportation exceeds 7 thousand km. This is explained by the fact that about 85% of the world's bauxite reserves are associated with their origin from weathering crust widespread in the tropics and subtropics.

The leaders in aluminum smelting are the USA, Japan, Russia, Germany, Canada, Norway, France, Italy, Great Britain, and Australia.