The multiplicity of the unmeasured length is indicated. Pipes

Employees for less than a year, regardless of their cost, as well as items worth up to 100 times the minimum monthly wage per unit, regardless of their service life, and in budgetary organizations - up to 50 times its size).

Moreover, this entry is made at the actual cost, and the collection is made at retail prices, and sometimes in several times the amount. The difference between the cost of materials at collection prices and their actual cost is recorded on a special off-balance sheet account. As the amounts are collected, the difference is credited to the state budget revenue.

Taking into account the established opinion that the main distorting effect on the dynamics of production volume indicators is exerted by different material consumption of products, it could be assumed that the highest deviations of private efficiency indicators for types of products from the general level of efficiency for the enterprise as a whole will be observed for all indicators of material efficiency, and especially in terms of indicators calculated on the basis of the volume of products sold. In fact, in almost all analyzed plants, the deviation of private efficiency indicators from the general level for the plant as a whole in the use of materials turned out to be, as a rule, less than in the efficiency of using fixed assets and even labor force. The difference in return (efficiency) is 1000 rubles. the cost of materials in the production of various types of products rarely reaches 2-3 times, and in terms of the cost of production assets 4-6 times the size.

Machine-building plants have special procurement shops where materials are cut. If there are no such shops or their organization is inexpedient, then a cutting department is allocated in the processing shops. When cutting materials, the correct use of multiple, measured and standard sizes of materials is of great importance, the maximum reduction in the amount of returnable and irrecoverable waste, the possible use of waste by making smaller parts out of them, avoiding the consumption of full-size materials for cutting blanks that can be produced from incomplete materials, elimination of marriage when cutting.

The increase in K.r.m., and, consequently, the reduction of waste materials is facilitated by the ordering of measured and multiple sizes. When cutting parts and products of various sizes and complex configurations in order to increase K, r.m. use EMM and computer technology.

The most important requirements, to-rym must be guided in the preparation of the Z.-s. and checking their correctness are the following a) strict compliance of the ordered quantity of products for the expanded range of dedicated supply funds and concluded supply contracts for each item of the group nomenclature b) full compliance of the ordered range with current standards, technical. conditions, catalogs, as well as concluded supply agreements, while it is important to expand the use of the most progressive varieties of products, materials of measured and multiple sizes, etc. c) compliance with established order standards and correct accounting of transit delivery rates d) uniform distribution of ordered products by time deliveries with its regular consumption or ensuring the timeliness of delivery with the necessary advance in relation to the terms of use (in a single penetration or construction) e) the availability and correctness of all the necessary data about the consignee and the payer for this order, as well as an accurate indication of prices and the amount of the order, taking into account surcharges for special conditions of its execution.

PERFORMANCE AND MULTIPLICITY OF ORDERED MATERIALS - conformity of the sizes of materials (in length and width) to the sizes of blanks, to-rye must be obtained from these materials. The order of measured and multiple materials is done in strict accordance with the measured - with the estimated dimensions of a single workpiece, and multiple - with a certain integer number of workpieces of the corresponding part or product. Measured materials free the consumer plant from their preliminary cutting (cutting), due to which waste and labor costs for cutting are completely eliminated. Multiple materials when cutting them into blanks can be cut without end waste (or with minimal waste), which results in corresponding savings in materials.

When individually cutting into blanks of the same size, the consumption rate of sheet materials or sheets cut from a roll with dimensions that are multiples of the length and width of the dimensions of the blanks is determined as the quotient of dividing the weight of the sheet by an integer number of blanks cut from the sheet.

Table data. 4 indicate a significant differentiation in the provision of industries with funds for economic incentives for workers. According to the material incentive fund in 1980, the difference was 5-fold, and by 1985 it decreased, despite the regulation of prices as a result of their revision from January 1, 1982, only to 3-fold. In terms of the fund for social and cultural events and housing construction, the ratio between the minimum and maximum values ​​of these funds was in 1980 per 1 ruble. wages 1 4.6, and per 1 employed - 1 5.0. In 1985, similar indicators were 1 3.4 and 1 4.1, respectively. It should be noted that in such industries as the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, as well as in the building materials industry, the size of the material incentive fund was below the "sensitivity limit" of bonus payments, which, according to estimates available in the literature based on specific research, is 10 - 15% in relation to wages.

Let the coordinates of the 1st post (xj7 y, where 1 coordinate system considers p posts and (m - p) sources. We divide the circle centered at the point (xj y () into k equal sectors so that the angular size of the sector v = 360 / k was a multiple of the discreteness of measurements of the wind direction at the high-altitude meteorological stations of the Ostankino television tower, published in the yearbooks "Materials of high-altitude meteorological observations. Part 1." We will count the sectors clockwise from the upper (northern) point of the circle. , y) falls into the 1st sector 1

Supply plans developed at enterprises reflect measures aimed at saving materials, using waste and secondary resources, receiving products of multiple and measured sizes, required profiles, and a number of other activities (involving excess and unused stocks, decentralized procurement, etc. .).

Measured and multiple materials are widely used in the organization of supplies of rolled ferrous metals for machine-building, factories. The use of measured and multiple rolled products allows you to save from 5 to 15% of the weight of the metal in comparison with rolled products of ordinary commercial sizes. In transport engineering, this saving is even greater and varies from 10 to 25% at different plants.

When determining the feasibility of ordering materials of multiple and measured lengths, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of using end waste from cutting rods or strips of normal sizes to obtain blanks for other small parts by joint (combined) cutting of the original material. In this way, it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the utilization rate of rolled metal without surcharges for dimension or multiplicity.

The current price lists (1967) for profile rolled products, pipes, strips, etc. materials provide for the cheapest supply of materials of mixed length (with length fluctuations within certain limits), more expensive supply of precise-measured standard lengths, and finally, the most expensive supply of non-standard measured (or multiples of a given size) lengths. The rise in prices varies by type of materials, but the general trend is the same. In addition to increasing the cost of material and complicating the work of manufacturing plants, specialization of the order entails an increase in the nomenclature and the number of individual delivery lots, which sharply complicates the supply and increases the size of stocks.

This item of expenditure includes almost all supplies, spare parts for repairing equipment, building materials, materials and items for current economic activities, fire extinguishers, first aid kits, consumables for office equipment and computers, stationery, household chemicals, furniture, etc. e. These include items worth less than 50 times the minimum wage (at the time of making the application - 5,000 rubles) or a service life of less than 1 year, regardless of the cost of the item.

THE PROBLEM OF CUTTING (ut problem) is a special case of problems on the complex use of raw materials, usually solved by linear programming or integer programming. Solution 3 о р helps to use blanks with minimum production waste when cutting them. Statement 3 о р in general form can be formulated as it is required to find the minimum of a linear shape, expressing the number of sheets of material (bars, etc.) consumed for all methods of cutting them See also Multiple sizes of materials

DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS (pre ut materials) - materials, the dimensions of which correspond to the dimensions of parts and workpieces obtained from them.The efficiency of the M m order consists in the complete elimination of production waste during cutting by eliminating operations for cutting workpieces For the supply of M m, the supplier charges a surcharge See also Multiples sizes of materials

Cutting (materials) (materials utting) - the process of obtaining parts and blanks from sheet materials (glass, plywood, metal, etc.) P is made taking into account the most rational use of the sheet area and minimization of production waste See also Cutting problem, Multiple sizes of materials

See pages where the term is mentioned Multiple sizes of materials

Information about steel pipes used for sanitary installations is given in table 4-9.

Table 4. DIMENSIONS, mm, AND WEIGHT (WITHOUT COUPLING), kg, WATER AND GAS PIPELINES IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOST 3262-75

Notes: 1.
By agreement with the consumer, light pipes with rolled thread. If the thread is made by knurling, then it is allowed to reduce the inner diameter of the pipe by up to 10% along the entire length of the thread.
2. At the request of the consumer, pipes with a nominal bore of more than 10 mm can be manufactured with a cylindrical long or short thread at both ends and couplings with the same thread at the rate of one coupling for each pipe.
3. Pipes are supplied with unmeasured, measured and multiple measured lengths:
a) unmeasured length - from 4 to 12 m;
b) measured or multiple measured length - from 4 to 8 m (by agreement of the
waiting for the manufacturer and the consumer and from 8 to 12 m) with an allowance for each
a cut of 5 mm and a maximum deviation for the entire length of +10 mm.

Table 5. DIMENSIONS, mm, AND WEIGHT, kg, WATER-GAS PIPELINES SMOOTH-CUT STEEL PIPES

Notes:
1. Smooth-cut pipes, manufactured according to the customer's order, are intended for thread rolling.
2. Upon agreement with the consumer, smooth-edged
pipes with wall thickness less than indicated in the table.
3. See note. 3 to table. 4.

Table 6. DIMENSIONS, mm, AND WEIGHT, kg, ELECTRIC WELDED STEEL PIPES ACCORDING TO GOST 10704-76 (INCOMPLETE GRADE)

Notes:
1. Pipes are made with an outer diameter of 8 to 1420 mm with a wall thickness of up to 1 to 16 mm.

a) unmeasured length:

b) measured length:

pipes with a diameter of more than 426 mm are made only of unmeasured length

Limit deviations along the length of the measured pipe length of the pipe, m up to 6 more than 6 deviations in length, mm, for pipes of the class:
I +10 +15
II +50 +70
c) a multiple of the measured length of any multiplicity not exceeding the lower limit established for measuring pipes; at
however, the total length of multiple pipes should not exceed the upper limit of the measuring pipes.

Maximum deviations along the total length of multiple pipes
pipe accuracy class - I, II
length deviation, mm - +15, +100
3. The curvature of pipes should not exceed 1.5 mm and 1 m of their length.

Table 7. DIMENSIONS, mm, AND WEIGHT, kg, OF SEAMLESS COLD-FORMED STEEL PIPES ACCORDING TO GOST 8734-75 (INCOMPLETE GRADE)

Notes:
1. Pipes are made with an outer diameter of 5 to 250 mm with a wall thickness of 0.3 to 24 mm.
2. Pipes are supplied with unmeasured, measured and multiple measured lengths:
a) off-gauge length - from 1.5 to 11.5 m;
b) measured length - from 4.5 to 9 m with a maximum length deviation of + 10 mm;
c) multiple gauge length - from 1.5 to 9 m with an allowance for each cut of 5 mm.
3. The curvature on any section of the pipe D n more than 10 mm should not exceed 1.5 mm per 1 m of length.
4. Depending on the value of the ratio of the outer diameter Dн to the wall thickness S, pipes are divided into extra-thin-walled (at DH / S more than 40), thin-walled (at Dн / S from 12.5 to 40), thick-walled (at Dн / S from 6 to 12.5) and especially thick-walled (with Dн / S less than 6).

Table 8. DIMENSIONS, mm, AND WEIGHT, kg, OF SEAMLESS HOT-DEFORMED STEEL PIPES ACCORDING TO GOST 8732-78 (INCOMPLETE GRADE)

Notes: 1, Pipes are made with a diameter of 14 to 1620 mm with a wall thickness of 1.6 to 20 mm.
2. Pipes are supplied with unmeasured, measured and multiple measured lengths:
a) off-gauge length - from 4 to 12.5 m;
b) measured length - from 4 to 12.5 m;
c) multiple gauge length - from 4 to 12.5 m with an allowance for each cut of 5 mm.
Limit deviations along the length of measured and multiple pipes:

length, m up to 6 - deviation, mm +10
more than 6, or Dн more than 152 mm - deviation, mm +15

Table 9. DIMENSIONS, mm, AND WEIGHT, kg, STEEL PIPES OF GENERAL PURPOSE WITH A SPIRAL JOINT IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOST 8696-74 (INCOMPLETE GRADE)

Notes:
1. Pipes on GOST 8696-74 not used for main gas pipelines and oil pipelines.
2. Pipes are supplied in lengths from 10 to 12 m, diameters from 159 to 1420 mm and wall thickness from 3.5 to 14 mm.
Water and gas pipes are made of two types: non-galvanized (black) and galvanized. Galvanized pipes are used for the installation of drinking water supply systems. They are 3% heavier than non-galvanized ones.
Before threading, welded pipes must withstand the following test hydraulic pressure: 1.5 MPa (15 kgf / cm²) - ordinary and light; 3.2 MPa (32 kgf / cm²) -reinforced. At the request of the consumer, pipes are tested at a pressure of 4.9 MPa (49 kgf / cm²).
With a cylindrical thread, threads with a torn or incomplete thread are allowed if their total length does not exceed 10% of the required thread length.

Examples of pipe designation according to GOST 3262-75

For reinforced pipes after the word "pipe" write the letter U;
for light pipes - the letter L.
For light knurled pipes after the word "pipe" write the letter N.

In fact, not a single industry can do without pipes. Along with cement or sand, pipes are an invariable attribute of any construction site. They are used in medicine, in the manufacture of furniture, in aircraft, ship, automobile and car building. Pipes are irreplaceable when transporting liquid or gaseous substances. In each of these areas, pipes of various parameters are used, including lengths.

Types of pipes

Pipes are divided into three large groups: seamless, welded and shaped. Let's talk about the distinctive features of each of them.

Seamless pipes

They are distinguished by the integrity of the structure. For this reason, the pipes can withstand high loads. Seamless pipes, in turn, are divided into two types: cold-rolled and hot-rolled.

Cold rolled... They can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 5–250 mm, 0.3–24 mm and 1.5–11.5 m, respectively. They are characterized by high surface cleanliness and precise geometrical parameters. Cold-rolled pipes are used in aviation, astronautics, medicine, in the manufacture of internal combustion engines, fuel equipment, steam boilers of nuclear and power plants, furniture.

Hot rolled... They can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 28–530 mm, 2.5–75 mm and 4–12.5 m. They are distinguished by a rough surface and low accuracy. They are tougher than their cold rolled counterparts. Hot-rolled pipes are used in the chemical and mining industries, in the manufacture of boiler plants and the installation of domestic water pipes.

Electrowelded pipes

A distinctive feature of pipes of this type is the presence of a welded seam in the structure. They are divided into: straight and spiral seam.

Straight seam pipes can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 10–1420 mm, 1–32 mm and 2–12 m, respectively. Most often they are used when installing pipelines with moderate pressure.

Spiral pipes They are produced with an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 159–2520 mm, 3.5–25 mm and 10–12 m. They are used for the construction of heating mains and water pipelines. They are used for operation under high pressure - no more than 210 atmospheres.

Profile pipes

Profile pipes are seamless and electric-welded and have a cross-section in the form of a square, rectangle or oval. The outer dimensions of square pipes are from 10 to 180 mm, the wall thickness is 1–14 mm and the length is 1.5–12.5 m. Products with a rectangular section are produced with dimensions from 10 × 15 to 150 × 180 mm, wall thickness from 1 up to 12 mm and lengths from 1.5 to 12.5 m. Both types of pipes are used for the construction of building structures: frames, columns, racks, trusses, stairs and floors. Products with an oval section are more used for decorative purposes: the manufacture of handrails, fireplace grates, household and office furniture. They can have dimensions from 3 × 6 to 22 × 72 mm, wall thickness from 0.5 to 2.5 mm and lengths from 1.5 to 12.5 m.

Pipe length

The standards for all of the listed types of pipes indicate three options for their manufacture:

1. Measured length - all pipe of the same size.
2. The length is a multiple of the measured one - each pipe can be cut into a certain number of parts of the required size: a 5 mm allowance is given for each cut.
3. Off-gauge length - pipes of different lengths, but within the specified range or not less than the specified value.

An upper and lower limit is specified for each of the parameters in the standards. Manufacturers adhere to these requirements during manufacture.

Sometimes there are formulations “measured length with remainder” or “length multiple of measured length with remainder”. This means that some pipes are longer than required. Manufacturers always stipulate what part of the products (as a percentage) of the total shipped batch will be with such deviations.

The video shows how the pipe cutting operation is performed:

Conclusion

Length is one of the key parameters of pipes. Knowing the differences between measured, unmeasured and multiple measured values ​​will allow you to formulate your order more accurately and avoid unnecessary costs.

One of the products of the metal rolling industry is a wide range of pipes. Modern construction in Russia is not complete without the use of this unique material. Steel products have high strength characteristics, they are durable and reliable.

The most significant application of steel pipes is the design of transportation systems: oil, water and gas. In addition to the actual pipeline work, a metal pipe is used to isolate communications.

Metal pipes should be purchased only on the basis of data on the temperature and humidity conditions in which it will be used.

As for the cross-sectional shape, the most common of them is round. When fulfilling your order, we work with specific parameters and can produce rolled pipes with the required diameter. We are also ready to supply pipes of square, rectangular and other cross-sections. It all depends on the specific production needs.

Steel pipes are made of various grades of steel: 10, 20, 35, 45, 09G2S, 10G2, 20X, 40X, 30HGSA, 20X2N4A, etc.

Steel pipes are divided by type into:

• Electric-welded steel pipes - Non-galvanized and galvanized steel welded pipes used for water supply, gas pipelines, heating systems and structural parts.
• Seamless steel pipes - Steel pipes that do not have a weld or other connection. They are made by rolling, forging, pressing or drawing.

Steel pipes are divided by class into:

• Water and gas pipes (VGP): GOST 3262 and Galvanized water and gas pipes - GOST 3262
• Electric-welded pipes: GOST 10705, 10704 and Electric-welded galvanized pipes GOST 10705, 10704
• Large diameter pipes: Trunk pipes GOST 20295 and Electric pipes GOST 10706
• Seamless pipes: Hot-deformed GOST 8731, 8732 and Cold-deformed GOST 8731, 8734

STEEL WATER AND GAS PIPES

The length of the pipe is made from 4 to 12 m:

a) measured or multiple measured lengths with an allowance for each cut of 5 mm and a longitudinal deviation for the entire length plus 10 mm;

b) unmeasured length.

By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, in a batch of off-gauge pipes, up to 5% of pipes with a length of 1.5 to 4 m are allowed.

The length of the pipe is made from 4 to 12 m

Dimensions, mm