A small state in the western part of Africa, the world has long known as the Land of the Slaves, the Land of the Grain and the place of the Golden Embankments. The material will acquaint with the country, the name of which is translated as Ivory Coast. Tourists are interested in what kind of people live in this country, what kind of nature there is, what kind of capital. Thousands of guests annually come to Cote d'Ivoire for this attraction. The fact is that this city was built by the French, and the local architecture is very close to architecture, but at the same time has its own flavor.
Country of coffee
The territories of the modern republic began to populate at the beginning of the Stone Age. The first inhabitants were pygmies. But they led a nomadic life. Therefore, soon other tribes came to these lands, those that still live in the state. With the development of the colonial conquest, the migration of peoples stopped.
Since the end of the 15th century, Europe has been exporting gold, timber and coffee beans from these regions. 1893 the land was declared
The tribes constantly fought for independence. The maximum uprisings occurred during the recruitment of the army in connection with the First World War.
In 1934, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire was proclaimed. Abidjan became it. Soon, in 1945, the first party was founded, which until then was a union of local farmers. Felix Houfouet-Boigny created and headed the organization.
In 1957, the country received autonomy status. And on August 7, 1960 it became an independent state. The leader of the aforementioned party was elected president. By 1979, the state had grown economically. It ranked first in the export of coffee beans. The following years were characterized by drought. This led to a decline in development.
City of cut leaves
Abidjan is the first official capital. Cote d'Ivoire is a unique land where each settlement has its own legend. This city was no exception. The myth says that when the first European military men intended to build a port on these shores and left the ships, they met the local population. The peasants carried baskets with cut leaves and branches on their heads.
One of the men asked the Africans about the name of this village. But the poor did not understand French, in which people from distant lands spoke to them. Moreover, they perceived the unknown words as a threat. One man thought that the newcomers were dissatisfied with their work. Then the daredevil shouted back to them: "Abidjan", which meant "these are cut branches." The Europeans marked the place on the map.
The temporary capital has a long history. Cote d'Ivoire is an old country, but it began to grow only at the end of the 19th century. Abidjan was founded in 1896 by French settlers. It is located on the coast and consists of four peninsulas within the Ebrieu lagoon.
Unspoken center
The population of the city, whose name still sounds like "cut leaves" in the Ebriya dialect, is about 4 million people (and another million, taking into account the suburbs). Almost everyone speaks French, which is why the city is called African Paris. It is the second largest number of French-speaking people in the world (the city of the Eiffel Tower holds the first place).
Despite the fact that the new capital of the Ivory Coast is Yamoussoukro, Abidjan remains the leader. It is the center political life... This is the permanent place of work of the president and ministers.
Construction is actively developing here, so another unofficial name is New York Africa. This is the territory of museums, stadiums and theaters. It has an airport and two ports.
Also Abidjan is a city of football players, more than twenty of whom were finalists
Homeland of the head of state
President Felix Houfouet-Boigny has done a lot for his country. It was under him that the republic flourished and developed. In 1983, a new capital was formed. Cote d'Ivoire was headed by Yamoussoukro. This city is the birthplace of the first ruler. This is the reason for the transfer of the center of the state.
The settlement dates back to the end of the 19th century. It was founded by the French colonialists. It was the first center of Côte d'Ivoire until 1934, when Abidjan took its place.
The area is located two hundred kilometers from Atlantic Ocean... The latter fact has become the reason for the long road to economic recovery. The fact is that the Europeans preferred to invest in points that lie on the coastal zone. This is how Abidjan grew up. That is why the current capital of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire remained invisible for a long time.
The new history of the city began after the declaration of independence. With the reforms of Felix Houfouet-Boigny, the Ivory Coast began to rise.
Provincial capital
There is an airport in the center of the country (only three cities receive airplanes). Agriculture is actively developing beyond its borders. Yams, bananas, cocoa beans are actively grown. Livestock is represented by goats and sheep. Although most industrial facilities are concentrated in Abidjan, Yamoussoukro has food and wood processing companies on its territory.
Despite the fact that the center was moved, the seat of the central government and foreign ministries remained in Abidjan. Because of this, few foreigners knew that Yamoussoukro was the capital. Côte d'Ivoire developed excellently and quickly, and in 1960-1980s enormous funds were invested in the city. But already in the 1980s, a noticeable crisis began. The decline in prices for export goods had a negative impact on development.
General information
The climate in the country changes from tropical to equatorial. The whole year is characterized by high humidity and significant rainfall. Most of the rain falls in April-July and October-November. Average temperature readings +30.
In 2010, the population of the city was almost 250,000. Most (more than 60%) are from the Bakongo and Bate-ke tribes. Despite the fact that the state language is French, many communicate in their native dialect.
The capital does not have a single high-quality higher education institution. Cote d'Ivoire today has a big problem with the education system. The center of student life is Abidjan. Every teenager dreams of going to study abroad.
In terms of religious composition, more than 50% are Christians, although in general in the country almost 40% are Muslims. This number of Muslims is due to the fact that a large proportion of them are illegal immigrants and foreign workers.
The heart of the capital
Tourism is actively developing now. Golden beaches and exotic lands are attracting more and more travelers. Not only the nature of the country is unique, but also its architecture. Proponents of this art can look at the national clay houses, covered with palm leaves, or give preference to modern creations.
The pride of Yamoussoukro is the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix. Anyone who enjoys religious architecture knows where to go. They know what kind of country it is, what kind of capital. Cote d'Ivoire has long called the building its business card. It was built on the model of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. Height - 158 meters. The number of parishioners that the church can accommodate is 11,000. It was decorated with marble from Italy and French colored glass.
Cote d'Ivoire, Republic of Cote d'Ivoire (République de Cote d'Ivoire).
Since the second half of the 20th century, the country's population has increased more than fivefold (3.9 million people in 1960; 20.8 million people in 2008); the average annual rate of natural population growth is declining (2.2% in 2008; 4.4% in 1973-82). The birth rate (32.7 per 1000 inhabitants; 2008) significantly exceeds the mortality rate (11.2 per 1000 inhabitants). The fertility rate is 4.2 children per woman; infant mortality 69.8 per 1000 live births. The age structure is dominated by the working-age population (15-64 years old) - 56.3%, the share of children under 14 years old is 40.9%, people 65 years and older - 2.8%. Average age population 19 years old (2008). Average life expectancy is 54.6 years (men - 53.9, women - 55.4 years). The ratio of men and women is approximately equal. The balance of external migration is positive, most of the labor migrants come from neighboring countries (mainly from Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea). The average population density is 64.5 people / km 2 (2008; one of the highest in Tropical Africa). The most densely populated is the south of the country (up to 384 people / km 2 in the Abidjan region, 106.2 people / km 2 in the Fromage region). In the northern, economically less developed regions, the average population density is much lower (14.6 people / km 2 in the Dengele region). The share of the urban population is rapidly increasing due to the constant influx of rural residents and immigrants (24% in 1965; 42% in 1985; over 50% in 2008). Large cities (thousand people, 2008): Abidjan (3900), Bouake (624.5), Daloa (234.7), Yamoussoukro (227), Korhogo (200.2), San Pedro (160.2). The economy employs 6.9 million people, of which about 68% in agriculture (2007). Unemployment rate 40% (estimate). 42% of the country's population lives below the poverty line (2006).
3. I. Tokareva.
Religion
About 40% of the population (2006, estimate) of Côte d'Ivoire is Sunni Muslim, about 28% are Christians (including about 19% are Catholics, about 6% are Protestants), about 30% are adherents of traditional cults. There are also adherents of Afro-Christian syncretic cults (Harism, etc.), Buddhists, Hindus, Baha'is, etc.
There are 4 metropolises and 11 dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church. The largest Protestant organization is the United Methodist Church of Cote d'Ivoire (founded in 1924, independent status since 1985). Orthodox parishes are under the jurisdiction of the Alexandrian Orthodox Church.
Historical sketch
Côte d'Ivoire before independence. Archaeological finds (the so-called Neolithic workshops along the river banks) testify to the settlement of the Ivory Coast in the Stone Age. In the 3rd-2nd millennia BC, in the savannah zone, and then in the forest zone, the development of agriculture began; in the 1st millennium AD, iron-making, pottery, weaving, and gold mining became widespread. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium, the Senufo peoples who came from the northwest settled here; the city of Kong, founded by them, became one of the largest centers of caravan trade in West Africa. In the 15-16th centuries, the Senufos were pushed to the northwest by the Mandean-speaking peoples (Malinke, Gyula, etc.), who at the beginning of the 18th century created a state formation centered in Kong. In the 15th century, in the interfluve of the rivers Kamoe and Black Volta, the state of the Abron - Bono people was formed; to the west of the Bandama River - the early state formation of Anya and Baule.
The northern part of the territory of Côte d'Ivoire was included in the sphere of influence of the states of Western Sudan - Ghana, Mali and Sotai.
At the end of the 15th century, Europeans, mainly the Portuguese, began to penetrate the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, exporting ivory from here (the name of the country - Côte d'Ivoire in French means Ivory Coast, BSC), gold and slaves. Colonization of Cote d'Ivoire began in 1637 by French missionaries. In the 1840s, the French established a foothold on the coast of Cote d'Ivoire, and in the 1880s they began to advance inland. Between 1887 and 1889, France imposed a series of so-called allied treaties on the rulers of African states and tribal leaders. In 1892, according to the Franco-Liberian convention, the boundaries of the French possessions and Liberia were determined (subsequently, the decisions of the convention were repeatedly revised in favor of France), in 1893, according to the Franco-British convention, the borders with the British colony of the Gold Coast.
In 1893, the BSC was declared a colony of France (before that, the territories occupied by the French were administratively part of the colony of Senegal), and in 1895 it was incorporated into French West Africa. The main branch of the colonial economy of the BSC was the mining industry (mining of gold, diamonds, manganese ore), as well as the development of forest resources; the plantation economy was developed, export crops were cultivated - cocoa, coffee, bananas.
In the late 1930s, trade unions and public organizations of Africans arose in the BSK, demanding the provision of political rights to them. In October 1946, the BSC received the status of an overseas territory of France (within the framework of the French Community); part of the BSK population began to participate in the elections of representatives to the French parliament, as well as to the general council of the territory, endowed with advisory functions (in 1952 it was transformed into a territorial representative assembly, in 1958 - into a constituent assembly). In 1946, the first party of the African population, the Democratic Party (DP; territorial section of the African Democratic Union), was created, headed by D.F. Houfouet-Boigny. According to the 1956 law, in the development of which Houfouet-Boigny took part, universal suffrage was introduced, the division of voters into two curiae (African and European) was abolished, and the rights of the territorial legislative assembly were expanded. According to the results of the referendum held on September 28, 1958, the BSC received the status of a member state of the French Community. A government was formed, and Houfue-Boigny became its chairman.
Cote d'Ivoire since 1960. The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire was proclaimed on August 7, 1960. It seceded from the French Community, but retained close ties with the former metropolis (in 1961, the government of Côte d'Ivoire signed a number of agreements on economic and military cooperation with France). In November 1960, the country's constitution was adopted. Formally, it did not prohibit the activities of opposition political parties, however, in fact, the DP was recognized as the only party in Côte d'Ivoire, under whose control all trade union and public organizations were placed. In November 1960, the PD won the elections to the National Assembly, at the same time D. F. Houfouet-Boigny was elected president of the republic. Subsequent presidential and parliamentary elections were also held on an uncontested basis. The government pursued a liberal economic policy; a course was taken to attract foreign capital, the development of private entrepreneurship. In the 1960s and 1980s, the rates of economic growth were very high (due to the use of funds received from the export of coffee and cocoa beans), which largely contributed to the maintenance of internal political stability in the republic.
In the 1980s, as a result of falling world prices for coffee and cocoa beans, the country's economy entered a protracted crisis. Inflation, mass unemployment and a sharp drop in the standard of living of the population have led to an increase in anti-government sentiment. In May 1990, D. F. Houfouet-Boigny legalized the activities of opposition political parties and organizations. In the presidential elections on October 28, 1990, he defeated the opposition candidate L.K. Gbagbo.
On the eve of the 1995 presidential elections, the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire adopted an amendment to the constitution, according to which only those who had Ivorian parents (one or both) could run for the presidency. This amendment deprived the leader of the opposition Union of Republicans (founded in 1994 as a result of a split in the Democratic Party) A.D. On October 22, 1995, a representative of the Democratic Party, E. A. K. Bedier, was elected president (other candidates boycotted the elections).
The period of Bedier's presidency was marked by further destabilization of the internal political situation, caused, among other things, by the discriminatory policy of the government towards immigrants (about a quarter of the population of Côte d'Ivoire are immigrants from other countries, mainly from Burkina Faso, Benin, Ghana, Guinea). In 1999, on the eve of new presidential elections in the capital and other cities of the country, there were massive demonstrations in support of A.D. Ouattara. Taking advantage of the situation, the military, led by retired General R. Guei, staged a coup d'état. The suspension of the constitution, the removal of the president, and the dissolution of the government and parliament were announced. Power passed to the National Committee for Public Safety. In January 2000, a transitional government was formed, in which Guei took over as president of the republic and minister of defense.
On 23 July 2000, the new Constitution of Côte d'Ivoire was approved in a referendum (entered into force on 1.8.2000); the article on the requirements for a presidential candidate remained unchanged. The presidential elections on 10/22/2000 ended with the victory of the leader of the Ivorian Popular Front (INF; created in 1983 in France) L.K. Gbagbo. According to the results of the parliamentary elections (10.12.2000 - 14.1.2001), the INF and the DP received approximately the same number of seats. The elections did not lead to a normalization of the situation in the country. On September 19, 2002, the military seized power in the cities of Abidjan, Bouake and Korhogo. The mutiny was suppressed, but the rebel groups took control of all the northern, as well as part of the central and western regions. Clashes began on ethnic grounds (between Ivorians and immigrants, as well as between representatives of various peoples).
In March 2003, a coalition government of national reconciliation was formed, which included members of the INF, DP, rebel organizations and the Union of Republicans. However, a year later, ministers representing the opposition announced a boycott of the government's work in connection with the dispersal of demonstrations by the security forces of Côte d'Ivoire (over 100 people were killed). In early April 2004, UN military units were dispatched to assist the government in resolving the conflict in the country.
In the summer of 2004, in the city of Accra (Ghana), a summit of the heads of 13 African states was held, at which an agreement was reached between the government of Côte d'Ivoire and the rebels to resolve the internal conflict. However, the situation remained unstable as the opposing sides refused to disarm. Under these conditions, L.K. Gbagbo decided to postpone the presidential elections, which were originally planned to be held in 2005 (later they were postponed several times). In early March 2007, in the capital of Burkina Faso, the city of Ouagadougou, negotiations between Gbagbo and the leader of the Ivorian opposition forces GK Soro ended. The parties signed an agreement providing for the creation of a new transitional government of the country headed by Soro (formed on 7.4.2007). The government of Côte d'Ivoire is tasked with disarming rebel groups, rebuilding destroyed infrastructure, resolving ethnic conflicts, and ensuring the holding of presidential and parliamentary elections.
Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Côte d'Ivoire were established in 1967 (interrupted by the government of Côte d'Ivoire in 1969, restored in 1986). The trade turnover between the two countries is 153.2 million US dollars (2004). The Russian Federation has consistently advocated a political settlement of the conflict in Côte d'Ivoire.
Lit .: Blokhin L.F. Ivory Coast. M., 1967; Tokareva Z. M. Republic of Cote d'Ivoire. Directory. M., 1990; Encyclopedia of African peoples. N. Y. 2000; Coulibaly A. A. Le système politigue ivoirien: de la colonie a la Pe République. R., 2002; Countries and regions of the world. 3rd ed. M., 2009.
Farm
The economy of Côte d'Ivoire is based on agriculture. Since the early 2000s, the economic situation has worsened due to internal political instability. Since 2004, the World Bank stopped lending to Côte d'Ivoire. The country's development prospects are associated with diversifying the economy, increasing the role of the private sector, attracting foreign investment, and overcoming poverty.
The volume of GDP is 33.1 billion dollars (at purchasing power parity; 2007); per capita 1.7 thousand dollars. Human Development Index 0.432 (2005; 166th place among 177 countries of the world). Real GDP growth of 1.6% (2007; 11% in the 1960s, 6% in the 1970s - early 1980s, 5% in the late 1990s). In the structure of GDP, the service sector accounts for 50%, agriculture - 28%, industry - 22%.
Industry... An important role is played by hydrocarbon production in the eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea shelf. The total volume of oil production (started in 1980) is 52 thousand barrels / day (2007; 15 thousand barrels / day in 2002). The largest fields (2007): Espuar (28.1 thousand barrels / day), Baobab (21.1 thousand barrels / day), Lyon (1.9 thousand barrels / day). Production is mainly controlled state company Société Nationale d'Operations Рétroliéres de la Сôte d'Ivoire (Petroci). About 60% of oil is exported, of which 2/3 - to the countries of Western Europe (mainly to Germany) and Canada.
Natural gas has been produced since the early 1990s (16 billion cubic meters in 2002; 22 billion cubic meters in 2006). Leading companies: Foxtrot International, Petroci, Energy de Сôte d'Ivoire, etc. All gas is used domestically (the main consumer is the power industry).
Electricity needs are fully covered by their own fuel resources. The installed capacity of power plants is 1.1 thousand MW (2005). Electricity production 5.3 billion kWh, exports 1.1 billion kWh (2006). Most of the generated energy is produced at thermal power plants (they run on natural gas). The largest TPP is Azito in the Abidjan region (1999; installed capacity 288 MW, over 1/3 of the generated electricity). About 1/5 of electricity is produced at hydroelectric power plants; the most important are Ayame I and Ayame II on the Biot River, Kossou and Taabo on the Bandama River, Viuo on the Sasandra River.
The country's only refinery of the Société Ivoirienne de Raffinage (SIR) company is located in Abidjan (capacity 65 thousand barrels / day; 47.3% of the shares are owned by the state). A second refinery is under construction (since 2008, commissioning in 2011) in the Abidjan region (capacity 60 thousand barrels / day). Export of petroleum products to Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger.
Gold is mined (1.3 tons in 2006, 3.6 tons in 2002; Iti and Subre deposits; the largest companies are the French La Mancha Resources Inc. and the state-owned Société pour le Développement Minier en Cote d'Ivoire), diamonds (300 thousand carats in 2006; Tortia and Seguela regions in the north and west of the country).
There are small metallurgical and metalworking enterprises (production of steel sheets from imported billets, metal roofing materials, fittings, pipes, wire, etc. in Abidjan), factories for the assembly of cars, motorcycles, bicycles and household electrical products (Abidjan), numerous chemical enterprises ( production paints and varnishes and plastics, perfumery and cosmetic products, household chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.), a cellulose plant (San Pedro; about 200 thousand tons of cellulose per year), two textile mills (Bouake and Dimbokro; mainly cotton fabrics from local cotton and a small amount - synthetic fabrics from imported raw materials). There are several small leather and shoe factories, a match factory (60-100 million boxes per year), shipbuilding and ship repair yards (in Abidjan). The logging and woodworking industries are developing rapidly (about 600 thousand m 3 of sawn timber per year); most of the enterprises are concentrated in the southern regions of the country. The production of building materials plays a significant role in the economy. Extraction of sand, gravel, limestone and other construction materials is carried out. There is a ceramic factory in Abidjan. The food industry is of great importance. The main products of numerous small businesses are palm oil, cocoa butter, instant coffee, canned pineapples and fruit juices, and canned fish. Large flour and bakery factories are located in Abidjan and San Pedro.
Agriculture... The leading industry is crop production. Along with modern agrotechnical methods (especially in plantation farms), a system of shift farming is practiced. 10% of the country's territory is processed (constantly about 4%), of which about 1/2 falls on the planting of cocoa. Cocoa d'Ivoire ranks 1st in the world for the production of cocoa beans (over 1 million tons in 2005; an average of about 46% of world production; 15% of the value of GDP). Also of export importance are coffee (collection of 130.8 thousand tons of green beans in 2005; 11th place in the world, mainly robusta variety, about 5% - Arabica), peanuts (72.5 thousand tons); cashew nuts (59 thousand tons; 7th place in the world), bananas (36.1 thousand tons), pineapples (34.8 thousand tons; 18th place in the world), sugar cane (22.8 thousand tons), coconuts, avocado, mango, cotton. Significant areas are occupied by oil palm plantations (cultivated for the production of palm oil), under the plantations of hevea. Cote d'Ivoire is Africa's largest producer of natural rubber (72.4 thousand tons in 2005; 8th place in the world). Major food crops (collection, thousand tons; 2005); yam 605, plantain 299, rice 245, cassava 108, corn 106. Livestock raising is developed mainly in the northern regions, in the central and southern regions it is focal. The livestock (thousand heads; 2005) is dominated by goats and sheep - 2,700; cattle 1500, pigs 333.
One of the promising industries is fishing. The annual catch is about 70 thousand tons (mainly tuna and sardines).
Transport... Cote d'Ivoire has an extensive road network, its density is especially high in the southern regions. The length of highways is 80 thousand km, including 6.5 thousand km with hard surface (2006). Road transport ensures the delivery of almost all export products to the points of export on the coast and the transportation of imported goods to various regions of the country. Cote d'Ivoire is connected with Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon and Nigeria by roads along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The length of the only railway (Abidjan - border with Burkina Faso) is 660 km; the volume of passenger and cargo transportation is decreasing due to the increasing competition with road transportation. The seaports are Abidjan (cargo turnover of about 19 million tons per year, the largest in West Africa; provides over 90% of foreign trade traffic) and San Pedro (mainly export of timber and lumber). 7 airports have paved runways (2007). International airports are in Abidjan, Yamoussoukro and Bouaké.
International trade... The value of merchandise exports is $ 18.5 billion, imports - $ 6.1 billion (2007). In the commodity structure of exports, agricultural products dominate: cocoa beans (about 30% of the value) and cocoa products, coffee, cotton, rubber, palm oil, fruits; about 25% of the export value is provided by oil and oil products. Other goods include timber and lumber, canned fish. Major buyers (2006): Germany (9.7% of value), Nigeria (9.1%), Netherlands (8.4%), France (7.3%), USA (7%), Burkina Faso (4 ,4%). Côte d'Ivoire imports oil and oil products (over 33% of the cost), machinery and equipment, vehicles, food. The main suppliers of goods are Nigeria (30.5% of the cost), France (16.4%), China (6.7%).
Lit .: Pasco Bakayolo M. Сôte d'Ivoire: démocratie en peine, rien ne va plus en Afrique. R., 2005; Koffi Koffi P. La défi du développement en Сôte d'Ivoire. R., 2008.
3. I. Tokareva.
Armedstrength
The Armed Forces (BC) of Côte d'Ivoire consists of the Ground Forces (Land Forces), the Air Force, the Navy, the Presidential Guard and the Gendarmerie (over 17.1 thousand people; 2007), and there are also paramilitaries - the police (1.5 thousand people ; 2007). Annual military budget $ 300 million (2007).
The supreme commander in chief is the president, who directs the BC through the Department of Defense and the BC headquarters. The ground forces (6.5 thousand people) include 4 military areas, 1 tank and 3 infantry battalions, a separate artillery battalion, an airborne group, an engineering company and an anti-aircraft artillery battery. In service with 15 tanks (including 5 light), 31 armored personnel carriers, 25 armored personnel carriers, 4105-mm howitzers, 16 120-mm mortars, anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons. The Air Force (700 people) includes a fighter, transport, communications and helicopter squadron (several aircraft and helicopters, including 4 combat aircraft). The Navy (950 people) includes several landing and patrol boats. The number of the presidential guard is 1.4 thousand people, the gendarmerie is 7.6 thousand people. Weapons and military equipment are mainly of French production.
BC recruitment on the basis of universal compulsory military service for males at the age of 18, as well as selectively under contract. The training of officers and non-commissioned officers is carried out mainly in France. Some junior officers are trained at the national military school and at the flight school in Bouaké. Mobilization resources 4 million people, including 2.1 million fit for military service. In 1961, France and Côte d'Ivoire signed an agreement on joint defense (French troops are deployed - about 3.8 thousand people).
V.D. Nesterkin.
Health care
In Côte d'Ivoire, there are 12 doctors, 60 nurses, 2 dentists, 6 pharmacists per 100 thousand inhabitants (2004). Total expenditures on health care account for 3.9% of GDP (2005) (budget financing - 27.6%, private sector - 72.4%) (2003). The legal regulation of the health care system is carried out by the Law on the Protection of Public Health and the Environment from the Action of Industrial and Radioactive Wastes (1988). The health care system includes urban private medical and dental institutions. In rural areas, medical care is limited in volume and quality due to the lack of personnel. The most common infections are bacterial dysentery, hepatitis A, malaria, yellow fever, schistosomiasis (2008). Leading causes of adult death: AIDS, malaria, lower respiratory tract, tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases, trauma, cancer (2004). Seaside climatic resort Gran-Basam.
V.S. Nechaev.
Sport
The National Olympic Committee was founded in 1962, recognized by the IOC in 1963. Athletes from Côte d'Ivoire have taken part in the Olympic Games since 1964 (excluding 1980); the only award was won by the athlete G. Tyakokh, who took 2nd place in the 400 m race (Los Angeles, 1984). The Ministry of Youth and Sports was established in 1960. In the 1960s, the first sports federations were created in the country and a number of national championships were held.
The most popular sports are judo, boxing, football, handball, athletics, kayaking and canoeing. The national football team of Côte d'Ivoire plays successfully in international competitions - winner (1992) and finalist (2006) of the African Cup, participant in the final part of the World Cup in Germany (2006). The strongest footballers of the country play in the leading European clubs: D. Drogba - in the London Chelsea champion of England (2005, 2006); A.K. Keita - Champion of France with Lyon (2008); K. H. Touré - at Arsenal (London, since 2002); his brother J. Touré - in Barcelona (since 2007); B. Sanogo - in Werder Bremen (Bremen, since 2007) and others. Goalkeeper A. Guamene participated in 7 African Cup competitions.
V. I. Linder.
Education. Institutions of science and culture
Educational institutions are managed by the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research. Net preschool institutions poorly developed, they mainly function in large cities. The education system includes (2008) compulsory free 6-year primary education for children from 6 years of age, 7-year secondary (4-year incomplete and 3-year full) education in state and non-state educational institutions (colleges and lyceums), vocational -technical education (on the basis of primary and incomplete high school) in apprenticeship centers and technical lyceums, higher professional education. Preschool education covers 3% of children, primary education - 71%, secondary education - 32%. The literacy rate of the population over the age of 15 is 62.1% (2006). To the system of higher vocational education Includes: University of Cocody; University of d'Abobo-Ajame (both in Abidjan); University of Bouaké - all universities spun off in 1995 from the National University (founded 1958 as the Center for Higher Education in Abidjan), the National Polytechnic Institute (1996) in Yamoussoukro, the National School of Management (1960), the National Graduate School of Fine Arts (1963) - both in Abidjan; National School of Engineering (1963), Graduate School of Agronomy (1996) - both in Yamoussoukro. The main museums, libraries, scientific institutions are located in Abidjan, Bouaké, Korhogo.
Mass media
Leading periodicals: daily government newspapers Fraternité Matin (published since 1964, circulation 25 thousand copies), Ivoir 'Soir (since 1987, 10 thousand copies); the monthly government gazette "Journal Officiel de la République de Cote d'Ivoire" (since 1958, 25 thousand copies); independent daily newspapers Le Jour (since 1994), Le Patriote (since 1991), La Nouvelle République, Notre Voie; the monthly magazine "Eburnea" (since 1967) (all - in the city of Abidjan, in French), etc. Radio broadcasting since 1949 (since 1951 regularly), television since 1963. Television and radio broadcasts (in French and local languages) are carried out public service "Radiodiffusion-Тélévision Ivoirienne" and others. National news agency - Agence Ivoirienne de Presse (AIP; created in 1961).
Literature
The literature of Côte d'Ivoire is developed in French. In the 1930s, national drama was born. In 1938, the "Native Theater" was created, where plays were staged everyday, historical, and also raising the topic of colonial exploitation (works of BB Dadier, F. Zh. Amon d'Abi, and others). In 1952, the People's Academy of Literature and Poetry was established, and in 1962, the national Association of French Writers. The flowering of drama began after gaining independence. In the 1960s and 70s, a heroic-historical drama appeared. The influence of French classicism marked E. Dervin's dilogy: the drama Saran, or the Criminal Queen, in which the image of a wise African ruler, politician and commander was created, and Language and Scorpio (both 1968). Sh. Nokan in the play "Woe Chaco" (1968) posed the problem of the ruler and the people; The socio-utopian play "Abraa Poku, or the Great African Woman" (1970) was based on the legend about the origin of the Baul people. The struggle of the African peoples against the colonialists was reflected in the plots of the epic dramas Beatrice of the Congo (1970) and The Isle of the Storm (1973) by Dadier, whose work is also associated with the emergence of satirical comedy (Mr. Togo-Nyini, 1970; Mua-Sel ", 1979). The heroization of the historical past is at the heart of the play "Sofa" by B. Zadi Zauru (1975).
Poetry and prose began to flourish in the 1950s. A vivid example of revolutionary anti-colonial poetry: the collections "Africa at full height" (1950), "People of all continents" (1967) by BB Dadier; The Harsh Appeal of Hope by J. M. Bonnini (1961). In the 1970s, the tendencies of romanticizing the past of Africa were evident in poetry (the works of B. Zadi Zauru, A. Kanie). The formation of prose is also associated with the name of Dadier: the collection "African Legends" (1954), the book of fairy tales based on folklore "Black Bandage" (1955); the autobiographical novel "Clembier" (1956) and others. The theme of the collapse of the illusions of a "man of two cultures" is revealed in the novel "Kokumbo - a black student" by A. Loba (1960). The novels "The Black Dawn Is Occupied" (1962) and "The Wind Was Strong" (1966) by Sh. Nokan are distinguished by their acuteness of anti-colonial pathos, romantic pathos, stylistic syncretism (a combination of lyricism and publicism). In the 1970s, narrative novels began to spread, in which traditional African values came to the fore. In the mainstream of negritude - the novels "The Boy from Bouake" by M. Konet (1963), "Ouzzy" by J. Dodo, "Masseni" by T. Dema, "The Subdued Pyro" by P. du Prey (all - 1977). "Black" description of everyday life, the depiction of the gloomy phenomena of the traditional African society (magic, witchcraft, secret societies) is characteristic of the novel "At the Threshold of the Unreal" by A. Kone (1976). In the intellectual novel-parable "Identity Card" by J. M. Adiaffi (1980), a call is expressed in a symbolic form to restore the ties that had been cut off by the colonialists with the spiritual and cultural heritage of their ancestors. An example of a highly artistic synthesis of the individual author's ironic style, elements of the oral tradition of the Malinke people and modern novel technique was the work of A. Kuruma ("Monne, or the Humiliated Challenge", 1990; "Waiting for the vote of wild animals", 1998, etc.).
Lit .: Lyakhovskaya Ya.D. Poetry of West Africa. M., 1975; she is. Features of the formation and development of drama in the French-speaking literatures of Tropical Africa // Development of genres in modern literatures in Africa. M., 1983; she is. Literature of Cote d'Ivoire // French-language literatures of Tropical Africa. M., 1989; Lezou G. D. Creations romanesques devant les transformations actuelles en Сôte d'Ivoire. Dakar, 1978; Makouta-Mboukou J. P. Introduction à l'etude du roman négro-africain de langue française. 2ed. Dakar, 1983; Writers of Côte d'Ivoire: Bibliographic Index. M., 1988.
Ya.D. Lyakhovskaya.
Architecture and fine arts
The peoples of the southern, forested part of the country build rectangular dwellings with a roof of palm branches. Among the Baule and Anyi peoples, the houses are oval in plan and are surrounded by a canopy. In the northwest, round houses with conical thatched roofs are common. This type of dwelling in the east of the country is being replaced by adobe rectangular houses with a flat roof. In the central part of Côte d'Ivoire, houses have a rectangular plan with rounded ends and are divided into 3-4 rooms. The walls of houses are often painted with geometric patterns, figures of people and animals.
After the proclamation of independence, 1-4-storey residential buildings began to be built; multi-storey buildings are under construction, uniting the shopping center, hotel, restaurants and buildings of apartments or offices located in the lower part: the Nur al-Hayat center (architects A. Lazhe, J. P. Lupi, J. Mae), the office complex La Pyramid »With aluminum trim (architect R. Olivieri, engineer R. Morandi; both in Abidjan, 1960-70s), airport near Abidjan (1969, architects M. Ducharm, J. Moreau, J. P. Minot) , Hotel "Cascades" in Mans (1969, Ducharm, C. Larra, Mino); SCIAM administrative building in Abidjan (1975, J. Semichon) in an international style. Some hotels (in Sassandra, architect Benoit-Barnet; in Asini, architects J. Semichon, L. Renard, A. C. Vee) are stylized as huts with thatched roofs. Cultural centers have been created in Abidjan and Bouaké, covered markets. Reinforced concrete and glass are used in the construction; local artisans are involved in the finishing work. In the 1970s, OK Kakub developed the general plan of the city of Yamoussoukro and built a complex of public buildings in the forms of brutalism: the Congress Palace, the President's Palace, the President Hotel, the buildings of the City Hall and the Houfue-Boigny Foundation. In the 1980s, Catholic churches were erected: the Cathedral of St. Paul in Abidjan (1985, architect A. Spirito) with elements of postmodernism, the grandiose Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Pe in Yamoussoukro (1986-89, architect P. Fakhuri; building repeats the composition of the Cathedral of St. Peter in the Vatican); both buildings are decorated with stained glass windows.
Painting as an independent art form appeared in Côte d'Ivoire only in the 1960s. Among the artists of this period were M. Codio and E. J. Santoni; both were educated in France. At the turn of the 1980-1990s, J. Bat gained fame, in whose works the techniques of abstraction are combined with the local ornamental tradition. A special place in artistic life is occupied by representatives of naive art (Z. Macré, F. Bruly-Bouabré), who continue the craft tradition of making signs. The most famous sculptor is K. Lattier, who worked in France and at home; creates works of metal, basket weaving elements, ropes and fabrics. S. Dogo Yao is engaged in ceramic sculpture in the spirit of baule traditions for the design of architectural structures; K. Murufier also works in this genre. Woodcarving (masks, figurines of people), processing of gold, bronze and copper, weaving are developed. Pottery production is concentrated in the Katiola region, the Seguela region is famous for its elegant canari vessels, in the Korhogo region, spherical pots and huge grain tanks are made. The traditional painting of houses is developing.
Lit .: Castel J. Inventaire des formes de representation graphique en Сôte d'Ivoire et propositions d'exploitation. Abidjan,; Architecture coloniale en Cote d'Ivoire. Abidjan, 1985; L'Art des enseignes. Abidjan, 1985; Lerat J.-M. Chez bonne idé: Images du petit commerce en Afrique de l'Ouest. R., 1986; Blanditi A. Bronzes et autres alliages: Afrique de l᾿Ouest. Marignane, 1988; Magiciens de la terre. ... R., 1989; Contemporary African artists: Changing tradition. ... N. Y. 1990; Boyer A.-M. Arts premiers de Cote d'Ivoire. Saint-Maur, 1997; Bonneau R. Ecrivains, cinéastes et artistes ivoiriens: Aperçu bio-bibliographique. Abidjan, 1973.
V. L. Voronina, E. N. Silversvan.
Music
The musical culture is typical of West Africa; represented by professional traditions dan, malinke (mandingo group), baule, ve (kru group), senufo. U Dan music is singled out as an independent branch of traditional culture, its connection with cult practice has been largely preserved (the origin of music is associated with the world of spirits; for magical purposes, begbo masks that distort the voice are used). Professional musicians are united in associations, specialization is inherited; the skill of singers-improvisers is still highly valued (solo singing is accompanied by playing the harp, lamellaphone). Music is an integral part of initiation ceremonies, rituals preceding the hunt, etc. The drumming accompanies the labor actions of farmers, wrestling competitions and dances. Malinke's caste of professional singers and musicians - jeli (griots; accompany themselves on bark, xylophone, harp, etc.); Among the socially significant functions of the jeli are parting words to the soldiers and their glorification. Professional music also has a high status in the public life of the baule: songs in honor of deities and ancestral spirits are widespread; in judicial practice, drums are used, which are considered intermediaries between people and the spirits of ancestors; at public meetings, accompanied by drums and signal idiophones, they sing poetic texts and proverbs. Baule is characterized by two voices (singing and playing instruments in parallel thirds).
In the signaling function of u ve, the so-called talking drums are used; they also play songs of praise to the leaders and soldiers. The Senufo have no caste of musicians, but music is of great importance in the rituals of male and female secret societies; especially interesting songs of initiation rites, which are accompanied by large instrumental ensembles. Leisure forms of playing music are widespread in cities. Music education and the study of traditional music are concentrated in Abidjan.
A. S. Alpatova.
Theater, dance
The national theatrical tradition has its origins in the art of the Griots. In 1938, graduates of the W. Ponty School (Dakar) organized the "Indigenous Theater" in Abidjan, which paid special attention to plays directed against the charlatanism of sorcerers ("Bussatier, or The Secret of the Black Sorcerer" by F.J. Amon d'Abi, 1939, and others. ). In the early 1940s, satirical performances by G. Coffey (one of the founders of the African theater) appeared based on his own plays - Our Wives (1940) and My Husband (1941); in 1943 he staged his anti-colonial play The Song Returns. In 1953, the "Aboriginal Theater" was transformed into the "Cultural and Folklore Circle", which took a prominent place in the cultural life of all of West Africa. The repertoire included plays of everyday life and history (including "Crown at Auction" by Amon d'Abi, "Ihaonda" by Coffey, "The Adventures of a Goat" by D. Makhaman). In 1958, the Ivory Coast Theater Society was founded under the leadership of K. Nguan. At this time, plays by local playwrights were widely staged ("The Rural Witch" by M. Berthe, "Termites" by E. Derven, and others). The Masks and Balafons troupe of the University of Abidjan enjoyed success. In 1959, the School of Dramatic Art was opened in Abidjan, which was later transformed into a theater school at the National Institute of Arts (created in 1967). Among the significant performances of this period: "Three applicants, one husband" G. Oyono Mbia (1968), "Mr. Togo-Nyini" by BB Dadier (1970), "Tussio" by G. Deman-Go (1971). In 1971 the comedy "The Inspector General" by N. V. Gogol was staged on the Abidjan stage. In the 1980s and early 2000s, productions by the playwright and director M. Ekissi were popular (The Time of the Red Berets, 1988; The Tragedy of King Christophe, 1993; Cruel Holiday, 1999; My Name is Brahima, 2001). One of the greatest theatrical figures of Cote d'Ivoire at the beginning of the 21st century is the actor and director S. Bakaba. Since 1993, the International Arts Festival has been held in Ivory Coast every 2 years.
Dance performances based on folklore are especially popular in Côte d'Ivoire. In 1974, the Ivory Coast National Ballet was founded in Abidjan. The most famous dance groups: "Mantche" (1998), "Jigiya" (1999), "Duncan" (2006), "1 Somniak" (2008). Among the performers (early 2000s) - A.B.Bamba, A. Drame, K. Mamadi.
Lit .: Lvov N.I. Modern Theater of Tropical Africa. M., 1977; Lvova E. S. Ethnography of Africa. M., 1984; The world encyclopedia of contemporary theater / Ed. D. Rubin. N. Y., 2000. Vol. 3: Africa; A history of theater in Africa / Ed. M. Banham. Camb., 2004.
G.M.Sidorova.
Cinema
The emergence of national cinema is associated with the name of T. Basori, who in the 1960s shot the short films On the Dunes of Loneliness, The Sixth Furrow, Fire in a Bar, and others. In 1969 he also released the first national full-length film A Woman with a Knife ”, Which touched upon the issues of correlation between African and Western civilizations. In the 1970s, the problems of national reality were reflected in the films "Amanye" and "Hat" by R. M'Bala and "Cry of the Muezzin" by E. N'Dabian Vodio. In the 1980s, the country released the films “A Man from Afar” by M. Traote, “Jelly” by K. Lansike Fedike, “AnjaTio” by J. L. Kula, “Dalokan” by M. Dos, “Healers” by S. Bakaba. In 1983 the film "Petanqui" by I. Kozoloa was released (jointly with Nigeria). The Exotic Comedy by K. Touré (1985), about the life of the traditional Senufo society, aroused significant audience interest. The most famous filmmakers are directors D. Ecaré (Concert for an Exile, 1968; France for the Two of Us, 1970; Faces of Women, 1985) and A. Duparc (Muna, or an Artist's Dream, 1969; Family ", 1972;" Wild grass ", 1977;" I chose life ", 1987;" Ball in a cloud of dust ", 1988;" Sixth finger ", 1990;" Coffee color ", 1998), raising in their works actual moral and public themes and tragicomedy genre. In 1974 the Association of Professional Filmmakers of Côte d'Ivoire was formed (part of the Pan African Federation of Filmmakers). Since 1969 films from Côte d'Ivoire have participated in the All-African Film Festival (FESPACO) in Ouagadougou.
Lit .: Cinematography of foreign countries. M., 1996; Shakhov A.S. Duparc A .; Ekare D. // Cinema of Asia, Africa, Australia, Latin America: Director's Encyclopedia. M., 2001.
A.S.Shakhov.
COTE DIVOIR - Republic of Cote d'Ivoire.
Cote d'Ivoire - go-sous-dar-st-in on the west of Central Africa. In the south, there is the Omy-va-et-sya Gvi-nei-sky hall. At-lan-ti-che-go-go ocean (length-on the be-re-go-voy line 515 km). Gra-ni-chit in se-ve-re with Ma-li and Bur-ki-na-Fa-so, in vos-to-ke with Ga-no, on za-pas-de with Li-be-ri- her and Guinea. The area is 322.5 thousand km2. Population 20.8 million (2008). One hundred-li-tsa - Yamu-suk-ro. Official language- French. Monetary unit - CFA franc. Administrative-territorial affairs: 19 regions (table).
Côte d'Ivoire is a member of the UN (1960), IMF (1963), IBRD (1963), WTO (1995), African Union (1963, until 2002 OAU).
Political system
Cote d'Iivuar is a unitary state. Con-sti-tu-tion received on July 23, 2000. Form-ma right-le-niya - pre-zi-dent-res-pub-li-ka.
The head of state and executive power is a pre-zi-dent, from bi-paradise to all-general choices for 5 years (with the right one go pe-re-selection). Kan-di-dat must be over 40 years old, a citizen of Côte d'Ivoire and live in the country without interruption for 5 years before choosing ... Pre-zi-dent is-la-e-sya Ver-khov-nim-chief-but-co-man-blowing, na-know-cha-e-m'er-mi-no-st-ra, member new governor-chief-tel-st-va and other top officials.
The highest con-no-dative organ-gan - one-pa-lat-ny par-la-ment (National Assembly), from-bi-paradise on-earth no one for 5 years.
Governor-tel-st-in - So-vet mi-ni-st-ditch, function-tsio-ni-ru-et under the leadership of the premier-mi-ni-st-ra.
In Cote d'Ivoire, there is a lot of party-naya system-te-ma. Leading political parties: Iwu-a-r-skiy people's front, De-mo-kra-ticheskaya party, Ob-e-di-no-res-pub-li- stationery
Nature
Be-re-ga Gui-ney-sko-gulf is weak-bo from-re-za-ny, in the western part - rocky-leaved, in the east-to-the-noy - in-lo-gie, dog -cha-nye, with an extended chain-la-gun (over 300 km, the largest are Eb-rie, Abi, Ehi), co-united with the mo- rem with artificial ka-na-lom in the district of Abid-zhan.
Côte d'Ivoire ras-lo-wives in the southern part of Se-ve-ro-Guinea-high. In the rel-e-fe-ter-ri-to-ry of the country, the pre-ob-la-da-yut are weakly-raced, the height is 200-500 m. Western part za-ni-ma-yut tso-kol-nye de-nu-da-tsi-on-nye flat-to-rya and rise-height-no-sti. At the edge of the pas-de on the ter-ri-to-riu Cote d'Ivoire go from-ro-gi tso-kol-ny-kol-bo-vy Leo-no-Li-be- Riysky mountains (mas-si-vy Dan, Tu-ra) height up to 1752 m (mountain Nim-ba, the highest point of the country). In the eastern part of the races-pro-countries-not-we-are-higher-de-well-da-ts-they-are equal, on-top of some then os-lie-not-on gran-nit-ny-mi os-tan-ts-mi (so-called in-zel-ber-ga-mi). Pe-re-move to ak-ku-mu-la-tiv-noy near-sea bottom-men-no-sti Gui-ney-gulf in the south of Côte d'Ivoire clearly you-ra -wife se-ri-her in ro-gov and in-do-pa-dov.
Geo-logistic structure and useful tools.
Ter-ri-to-riia K.-d'Ivoire lo-ka-li-zu-is-sya in the southeastern part of the run-not-before-who-bri-sko West-pad-no- Af-ri-kan-kra-to-on Af-ri-kan-sky platform-form. On the top, you get the run-not-pro-the-the-zoi-met-ta-mor-phi-zo-van-nye vol-ka-no-gen-no-ter -ri-gen-nye-ro-dy Bir-rim-sko-th belt-sa east. part of Leo-no-Li-beri-sko-shi-ta, pro-torn gra-ni-ta-mi. On the coastal low-men-ness of the Gwi-nei-gulf, there are neo-gen-even-ver-tich-naval and al-lu-vi-al -ny sediments, over-re-covering-more ancient car-bo-nat-but-ter-ri-gen-nye from-lo-zenie.
The most important useful is-co-funded Cote d'Ivoire - zo-lo-to (place-ro-zh-de re, etc.), oil and natural hot-gas ter). There is a place-ro-zh-de-nia al-ma-zov (root and dew-syp-nye), ore mar-gan-tsa, zhe-le-za, me- di, ni-ke-la, ko-bal-ta, nio-biya and tan-ta-la, bok-si-tov, as well as ce-ment-no-go raw, quartz-vy dog-kov, clay, gravia, bu-that-in-go stone, etc.
In the southern part of the country, the climate is ek-va-to-ri-al-ny, a hundred-yang-but-humid. On-be-re-zhye you-pa-da-et from 1800 (Abid-zhan) to 2300 (Ta-bu) mm of precipitation per year, relative humidity is du-ha, during the whole year, do not drop below 75%. In the eastern part, in the be-re-zhya na-blu-da-sya, two periods with the maximum number of precipitations (March - July and October - no-November, more than 100 mm of precipitation per month) and two off-no-si-tel-no su-hih per-rio-da (de-cabr - feb-ral and aug-gust - sep-tember ). Less than all do-w-dey (less than 50 mm) you-pa-da-et in yang-wa-re and feb-ra-le. In zap. partly be-re-zhya from-me-cha-is-Xia one short-to-time-from-no-si-tel-but su-hoy per-ri-od in yan-va -re - Feb-ra-le (less than 50 mm of precipitation), and in the rest of the months go-da (from March to December) you-pa-da- there is more than 100 mm of precipitation every month, the most rainy month is June (more than 500 mm). The running temperature of the air-du-ha is uniform: the average temperature of the hottest months (March - April) is 27-28 ° С, sa- cold (August-thick - September-September) 24-25 ° С.
Su-be-k-va-to-ri-al-ny klim-mat of the central and northern part of the country ha-rak-te-ri-zu-is-Xia less sum-my precipitation and well-to-you-fe-ny se-zonal uv-lazh-no-no. On the equal-nah, you-pa-da-et are about 1100 mm of precipitation per year, in the north-ro-for-pa-de, in the foothills of the Leo-no-Li-beri-sky mountains, - 1300-1500 mm (on the slopes of the Nim-ba mountain - up to 2200 mm). The duration of the rain-li-in-th se-zon-for 7-8 months (March - October-October), the greatest number of precipitations you-pa-da-em in ju-le - sep-teab-re (more than 150 mm per month). The average temperature is from 23-24 ° С (December - July) to 28-29 ° С (February - March). In the mountainous regions of the se-ve-ro-za-pa-da countries, the climate is cooler (at a height of 1500 mm, the average temperatures are 16-19 ° С) ... In the dry se-zone on the territory of the Cote d'Ivoire, the state under-is the northeastern dry wind-ter - har-ma-tan.
Inland waters.
The river network is dense, it comes in the main image of the bass-sei-nu of the Gwi-nei-sko hall. Basis of the river: Ban-da-ma (square bas-se-na in the pre-de-lakh of the country 97 thousand km2, length-on 1050 km), Ko-moe (78 thousand km2, 1160 km ), Sa-san-dr-ra (75 thousand km2, 650 km), Ka-val-li (15 thousand km2, 700 km). An insignificant part of the territory in the north of the country (23.7 thousand km2) is related to the bas-sei-well r. Ni-ger (re-ki Bau-le, Ba-goe). Because of the thresholds in the middle and lower ones, the most-shin-st-in rivers are not-su-do-hod-ny. Signs of the ko-le-ba-nia of the speech-but-sto-ka for se-zon-us. River valley-li-us vre-za-us weak-bo, so-mu-tom in period-od do-zh-dey re-gu-lar-but occasionally n-water-not-nia. For the be-re-go-howling zone ha-rak-ter-ny in-tru-zii mor. water (annual volume 0.74 km3). Created-yes-but several. in-to-temple-nor-lish: Ko-su on the river. Ban-da-ma (area 1500 km2), Buyo on the river. Sa-san-dr-ra (square 900 km2), Aya-me on the river. Bio (area 186 km2).
Every year, the crop-new water resources are 81.14 km3, water supply - 4853 m3 / person per year (2002). Most of the consumed water (67%) goes to the needs of agriculture (the area of irrigated lands is 72.8 thousand hectares, 2003), 22% - to whom -mu-nal-but-by-then-water-to-supply, 11% are consumed by industrial enterprises.
Soil, a growing and living world. Ras-pre-de-le-ny of the main types of soils are sub-chi-nya-sya shi-rot-no-zo-nal-nal za-ko-no-mer-stam. In the forest-noy, not in the west. parts of the country in the bas-sei-nah of the rivers Ka-val-li and Sa-san-dr-ra pre-ob-la-da-yut red-yellow-yellow and red-fer-ral- lit-nye soil-you. In vos-to-ke, along with red-yellow-you-mi soils, not-large-areas-st-ki for-ni-ma-yut yellow fer- rallite. On the seaside ak-ku-mu-la-tiv-noy bottom-men-no-sti sfor-mi-ro-va-there were march-vy soils. In the zo-not le-so-sa-vann, a complex of fer-ral-lit soils and fer-ro-zem is developed. In the central part of the country, in the same races, there are black tropical soil. In zo-not sa-vann pre-ob-la-da-yut fer-ro-zё-we; a significant area of the ancient (on the top of the elevation is 350-550 m) and young (150-200 m) ost-tat-ki la-te-rit-kor vy-vet-ri-va-niya (ki-ra-sy). In the valleys of large rivers there are sections of hydro-morph al-lu-vi-al soils.
In the composition of the flora, there are over 3.5 thousand species of higher plants (of which more than 100 under the threat of disappearance, St. 60 en-de-mich-ny). In the southern regions of the country, pre-ob-la-give a hundred-yang-but-moist-eternally-but-ze-le-nye and polu-fox-to-pad-nye les-sa Gwi-Nei zone. In the eternal-no-ze-le-sakh shi-ro-ko, there are wood-wooded rocks from the seeds of bo-bo-vyh (par-cue, pip-ta -deniya, erit-rof-le-um, etc.). In the half-fox-to-pad-woods, there are many-numbered families from the families of mal-vovs, ster-kulie-vykh, elm and that-and-so. For both types of les-sov ha-rak-ter-ny de-re-vya with a valuable tree-ve-si-noi - en-tan-d-rof-rag-ma and kaya. In modern ras-tit. on-ve le-sa z-ni-ma-yut 7.1 million hectares (2002), during the time of the farms. development of ter-ri-to-riy the area of the forest is su-sh-st-ven-but decreased and pro-d-d-d-e-d-d-ro-d-paint -sya. The rates of depopulation in Cote d'Ivoire are the highest in Africa and one of the highest in the world (up to 7 % in year). The reasons for the deprivation of the seeding: the le-so-for-go-to-ki (including not-le-gal-nye), the expansion of the plan-ta- ttsiy ka-kao, ko-fe and one-year-old culture-tur (ku-ku-ru-za, rice, man-ni-ok, ba-nan). In the place of the fresh ever-green forests pre-ob-la-yes-there would-be-st-ro-ra-growing pio-ner-naya ras-ti ness (fun-tu-miya, ho-lar-re-na).
To se-ve-ru from the Guinea zone with an increase in the length of the su-ho-go se-zon up to 3-4 months -sa change-nya-yut-sya le-so-sa-van-mi. Ty-pich-ny you-so-ko-grass-sa-van-ny of the Su-dan zone, for-not-may-shy 1/3 of the territory of the country, ras-pro -country-not-us in the northern part. Of the tree-weight-rocks for sa-van ha-rak-ter-ny pre-sta-vi-te-whether bo-bo-vy-bur-kei, af-ze-lia, iso-ber- liniya, as well as com-bre-tum, lo-fi-ra, etc. On-earthly shelter is represented by evil-ka-mi from the families of pa-ni- godfather, an-d-ro-in-gon, elio-nu-rus, etc., che-re-blowing-shi-mi-Xia with over-grow-la-mi cous-tar-nikov from bau- hi-nii, com-bre-tu-ma and gar-de-nii. Along the do-li-us of the rivers in the zo-not sa-vann da-le-ko on the north, the ha-le-rey-le-sa with pre-ob-la-da-ni-em qi-no-meters. On the peri-di-che-ski for-to-p-lae-st-kakh of the river floodplains pre-ob-la-da-et gi-par-re-nia. In zo-not sa-wann shi-ro-ko raz-vi-vu-gar-noe zem-le-de-lie (ku-ku-ru-za, rice, ara-his, clap-chat-nik) , you-ra-schi-va-yut-sya oil de-re-vo (ka-ri-te), man-go, etc.
In the mountains of the northwestern part of the country, you are-ra-same-high-clarity. The lower part of the slopes for-nya-you forever-no-ze-le-ny-mi ek-va-to-ri-al-ny-mi le-sa-mi (lo-fi-ra, chlo-ro-fo-ra, ter-mi-na-lia, etc.), at an altitude of 600-1600 m, they are replaced by edaphic sa-van-ny with ha-le-rey-s le-sa-mi. Higher ras-in-lo-women, you-so-ko-mountain-lu-ga with af-ro-al-pii-ras-ti-tel-ness and section-st-ki re -lik-to-vy-co-mountain-forest-owls.
The living world is rich and its own way.
In the composition of the fauna, there are 230 species of mammals (19 under the threat of disappearing), over 250 species of nests birds (12 under the threat of disappearing), 125 species of pre-closing and approx. 40 types of terrestrial-water, including zhi-vo-ro-dya-shchaya zha-ba. Especially ben-but many-numbered and different-but-shaped-monkeys (St. 10 species of pri-ma-tov), among them - vi-an anu-bis, mar-tysh-ki (dia-na, mon-na, etc.), ko-lo-bu-sy, western sub-type shim-pan-ze, outside -sёnny in the Red Book of the IUCN, as well as sweat and ha-la-go. Known-but 28 types of couple-but-to-try-ny: bo-ro-da-voch-nik, kit-te-hoo-pig, en-de-mich-ny for Zap. Af-ri-ki kar-li-ko-vy be-ge-mot, different-but-different-lo-ro-gee (bush-bok, du-ke-ry, bon-go, si -ta-tun-ga, ori-bi, lo-sha-di-naya an-ti-lo-pa, in-dya-noy and big goats, af-ri-kan-sky buoy- ox), etc. Over 25 species of predatory, including different-but-different-vi-ver-ro-vye (he-no-you, ci-ve-you), wed -di rare species - le-o-pard, gold-lo-taya af-ri-kan-ka cat, gee-no-vid-naya so-ba-ka. For the fauna of Cote d'Ivoire, harak-ter-nas are also lizards and trumpets-to-teeth. Not-once-shi-ro-ko ras-pro-country on the territory of the country, the Afri-Kan elephant we-do not obi-ta-et pre-im. in pre-de-lah oh-ra-nyae-myh ter-ri-to-ri. On the ter-ri-to-riy re-zer-va-ta Abu-kua-mek-ro in-tro-du-tsi-ro-van white no-so-horn. There are a lot of birds (fran-ko-li-ny, me-do-uk-chi-ki, ti-me-lii, yas-t-re-bi-nye, etc.) ), snakes (pi-to-us, etc.). In the rivers, there are cro-ko-di-ly: Nile, Afri-Kan knot-ko-ry-ly and tu-in-ry-ly. Race-pro-country-not-na mu-ha-tse-tse. Ve-li-to-a-different-form of their-thio-fauna of coastal waters (over 250 species of fish).
Sis-te-ma oh-ra-nyaye-nat-nat-ri-to-riy dos-ta-to-no-re-pre-zen-ta-tiv-na and oh-va-you-va - yes approx. 17% of the country's area. The list of the All-World-of-the-World Heritage includes nat. parks Ko-moe (area 1.15 thousand hectares, one of the largest in Western Africa) and Tai (one of the largest -run-wet, ever-green-forest-forests), from-not-hay-also to the bio-spherical re-zer-va-there UNESCO, trans- frontier re-zer-wat Mon-Nim-ba (Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea).
Population
The majority of the Ivory Coast go-to-rit in ni-ge-ro-kon-go-lez-languages: on south-east of the country live on-ro-dy kwa (31%), including Akan - 26% (bau-le 16%, anyi 4.4%) and la-gun on-ro-dy; on se-ve-ro-in-sto-ke - gur (18.2%, including mo-si 12%, ku-lan-go, lo-bi, lig-bi, etc.); on se-ve-re - se-nu-fo (9.6%); in the south-for-pas de - cru (8.5%, including be-te 3.4%, ge-re and vo-be 2.9%, di-da, gre-bo, nyab -wa, go-dye, kru-men, ai-zi, bak-ve, etc.), etc.; in the west, se-ve-ro-for-pas-de and se-ve-ro-in-stock - man-de-lingual nations (28.7%), including man -den 19.4% (malinke 9.6%, bam-ba-ra 5%, du-la 2.4%, mau, vo-ro-du-guka, etc.), southern man-de - 8.3% (given 4.4%, gu-ro 2.6%, ben, tu-ra, mu-an, wan, yau-re, etc.), as well as so-ning-ke, bo -zo, bi-sa, etc. In the cities of Côte d'Ivoire, there are also ful-be (2.1%), hau-sa (0.6%), yoru-ba ( 0.5%), ara-would (0.3%), French-tsu-zy, Germans, ang-li-cha-ne, etc.
Since the second half of the XX century, the population of the country has grown more than five times (3.9 million people in 1960; 20.8 million people in 2008); the average rates of natural growth in seeding are decreasing (2.2% in 2008; 4.4% in 1973- 1982 years). Ro-w-dae-most (32.7 per 1000 inhabitants; 2008) significantly exceeds the mortality rate (11.2 per 1000 inhabitants). Po-ka-tel fer-til-no-sti 4.2 re-ben-ka for 1 woman-schi-well; the infant mortality rate is 69.8 per 1000 livestock-ro-w-days. In the age of the structure, pre-ob-la-da-et-se-le-nie tru-up-to-good-no-age-ras-ta (15-64 th-yes ) - 56.3%, the share of children under 14 years old is 40.9%, persons 65 years old and older - 2.8%. The average age of the population is 19 years old (2008). The average life expectancy in May is 54.6 years (husbands - 53.9, women - 55.4 years). The relationship between men and women is approximately equal. Sal-to-external migrations are livable, most of the labor-to-mi-grants arrive from neighboring countries (mostly from Bur-ki-na-Fa-so, Ma-li, Gui-nei). The average population density is 64.5 people / km2 (2008; one of the highest in Tro-picic Africa). The south of the country is most densely settled (up to 384 people / km2 in the Abid-zha-na area, 106.2 people / km2 in the Fro-ma-same area). In the north, eco-no-mi-ch-ski less developed districts, the average population density is significantly lower (14.6 people / km2 in the Den-ge-le region). Up to the mountains. on-se-le-niya by-st-ro uve-li-chi-va-th-th at the expense of a hundred-yang-but-th-that-ka rural dwellers and im- mi-grants (24% in 1965; 42% in 1985; over 50% in 2008). Large cities (thousand people, 2008): Abi-jan (3900), Bua-ke (624.5), Da-loa (234.7), Yamu-suk-ro (227 ), Ko-ro-go (200.2), San Ped-ro (160.2). The economy employs 6.9 million people, of which approx. 68% in agriculture (2007). The level of no work is 40% (estimate). 42% of the country's population lives below the poverty line (2006).
Religion
About 40% of the population (2006, estimate) Côte d'Ivoire - mu-sul-ma-not-sun-ni-you, about 28% - christi-no (including h. about 19% - ka-to-li-ki, about 6% - pro-test-tan-you), approx. 30% are adherents of traditional cults. There are also women attached to af-rokh-ri-sti-an-sky syn-cre-ti-ch-cults (harrism, etc.), bud-di -sty, in-dui-st, ba-hai-you, etc.
Dey-st-vu-yut 4 mi-tro-polies and 11 dioceses of the Roman church. The largest pro-test-tant organization is the Ob-e-di-nyon-naya me-to-di-st-skaya church Cote d'Ivoire (os-no-va-na in 1924 year, the highest status since 1985). The great-glorious parishes are in the yuris-dik-tsi-and Alek-san-d-rii-the-glorious church-vi.
Is-t-r-th-sky sketch
Côte d'Ivoire before ob-re-te-niya not-for-vi-si-mo-sti. Ar-heo-logical findings (so-called non-o-ly-tic masters along the banks of rivers) -se-le-nii ter-ri-to-rii Cote d'Ivoire in the stone century. In the III-II millennia BC. e. in the zo-not sa-van-ny, and then in the forest zo-not the development of the earth-le-de-lia began; in the 1st millennium A.D. e. shi-ro-something ras-pro-passion-not-being-lu-chi-li same-le-zo-de-lalnoe pro-izvostvo, gon-char-noe re-mes-lo, wea-che-st -vo, before-by-cha gold-lo-ta. At the beginning of the II millennium, those who came from se-ve-ro-za-pa-da na-ro-dy se-nu-fo settled here; Os-but-van-ny them, Kong became one of the largest centers in Western Africa of the Kara-van-noy trade-gov-li. In the XV-XVI centuries, se-nu-fo were-whether from-tes-not-ny on se-ve-ro-za-pad man-de-yazych-mi na-ro-da-mi (ma-lin -ke, du-la, etc.), created at the beginning of the 18th century a state formation with a center in Kong-ge. In the 15th century, in between the rivers Ka-moe and Chyornaya Vol-ta, there was a state na-ro-da ab-ron - Bo-no; on the za-pas de from the river Ban-da-ma - early-not-go-su-gift formation anya and bau-le. The northern part of the territory of the Cote d'Ivoire entered the sphere of influence of the states of the Western Su-da-na - Ga-ny, Ma-li and Son-gai.
At the end of the 15th century, on the coast of the Gwi-ney-gulf, they began to miss ev-ro-pei-ts, mainly port-tu-gal-ts, you-vo- ziv-shih from this-yes layer-new bone (the name of the country - Cote d'Ivoire in the re-in-de from the French language oz-na-cha-et Be-reg Slo-no -voy Kos-ti, BSK), gold-lo and slaves. On-cha-lo ko-lo-ni-za-tion of Cote d'Ivoire in 1637, the French mis-sio-ne-ry. In the 1840s, the French fortified the Ivory Coast, in the 1880s they began to move the depths of the country. In 1887-1889, France on-vya-za-la a number of so-called. co-yuz-nich. to-go-th-moat to the pra-vi-te-lyam of the African states and in-w-dyam of the tribe. In 1892, according to the fran-co-li-beri-con-venation, there were op-re-de-le-nes of the grani-ts of the French rulers and Li-beria ( in the wake of the decision of the convention, not one-time-but-re-smat-ri-wa-were in favor of France), in 1893 by French-British convention - borders with the British number Zo-lo-that Be-reg.
In 1893, the BSK was announced by the number of France (before this, for-pra-chen-nye fran-tsu-za-mi ter-ri-to-rii ad-mi- no-st-ra-tiv-but entered-di-li in the composition of the colo-nia Se-ne-gal), in 1895 was included in the composition of the French West Af-ri-ki. The main production of ko-lo-ni-al-noy eco-no-mi-ki BSK has become the mountain-but-to-be-vayu industry (to-by-cha zo-lo-ta, al-ma-zov, mar-gan-tse-voy ru-dy), as well as the development of a bot-ka of forest riches; in-lu-chi-lo development of the plan-tats. ho-zyay-st-vo, culture-vi-ro-va-were export cultures - ka-kao, ko-fe, ba-na-ny.
At the end of the 1930s, trade unions and public organizations of af-ri-kan-ts appeared in BSK; -wa-nia-mi pre-ado-tav-le-niya them political rights. In October 1946, the BSK received the status of the overseas territory of France (within the framework of the French So-society-st-va); part of the population of the BSC began to participate in the selection of pre-sta-vi-te-lei in the French par-la-ment, as well as in ge-not -ral-ny council-vet of ter-ri-to-riia, in-de-len-ny co-vetting functions (in 1952, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in ter-ri to-ri-al-nyu representative as-samb-ley, in 1958 - in the educational as-samb-ley). In 1946, the creation of the first party of the African nation - Demo-cratic party (DP; ter-ri-to-ri-al-naya section Af-ri-kan-sko-go de-mo-ti-che-th-th-e-di-ne-nia), headed by D.F. Ufue-boo-a-nyi. According to-but-for-kon-well in 1956, in the development of a bot-ke-to-ro-go, Ufue-Bu-a-nyi took part, everything was entered -general from-bi-ratelno-in, up-split-nya-los de-le-nia from-bi-ra-te-lei into two curiae (af-ri-kan-skuyu and ev- ro-pei-skuyu), rass-shi-rya-were the rights of ter-ri-to-ri-al-noy for-but-dative as-samb-lei. According to re-zul-ta-tam re-fe-rend-do-ma, so-hundred-yav-she-Xia on September 28, 1958, BSK received the status of the state - a member of the French So -general-shch-st-va. It was-lo sfor-mi-ro-va-no pra-vi-tel-st-in, his pre-se-da-te-lem became Ufue-Bu-a-nyi.
Cote d'Ivoire since 1960.
Res-pub-li-ka Cote d'Ivoire was pro-voz-she-on August 7, 1960. She came out of the staff of the French Co-society, but she has close ties with the former. met-ro-in-li-she (in 1961, the governor of the Ivory Coast for the key-chi-lo with France-chi-she a number of agreements on eco -nomical and military co-labor-no-che-st-ve). In November 1960, there was an adopted constitution of the country. For-mal-but she does not forbid the activity of an op-positional political party, one-on-one The Ivory Coast was recognized by the DP, under the control of a swarm were all professors and -substantial or-ga-ni-zation. In November 1960, DP won the election to the National Council, then D.F. Ufue-Boo-a-nyi was from-branded pre-zi-den-tom res-pub-li-ki. The following pre-zi-dent and par-la-ment-cho-ry-ry are also pro-ho-di-li on without-al-ter-na-tiv-noy -no-ve. Pro-v-tel-st-in pro-in-di-lo li-be-ral-ny eco-no-mich. by-li-ti-ku; a course was taken to attract foreigners. ka-pi-ta-la, development of cha-st-no-go pre-pri-no-ma-tel-st-va. In the 1960s-1980s, the rates of economic growth were very high (due to the use of funds received from ex -port-that-ko-fe and ka-kao-bo-bov), which is in many ways a way-so-it-va-lo under-hold-zha-niyu vnutr-po-li-tech. hundred-bil-no-sti in res-pub-li-ke.
In the 1980s, following the fall of the world's prices for coffee and ka-kao-bo-would be eco-no-mi-ka, the country got into - pulling crisis. Inflation, mass-so-vaya without-work-b-ts-ts and sharp pas-de-nie of the level of life on-se-le-niya became a reason growth-ta-ti-pra-vit-telstv. on-building. In May 1990 D.F. Ufue-Bu-a-nyi le-ha-li-zo-val the activity of the op-positional political parties and the or-ga-ni-zation. At the pre-zi-dent-selections on October 28, 1990, he pulled over the can-di-da-tom from the operation of L.K. Gbag-bo.
In the pre-two-year pre-zi-dent-choices of 1995, the National Union of Côte d'Ivoire took the right-to-right to the con-sti-tu- tion, according to some-swarm ball-lo-ti-ro-vat on the pre-zi-dent post could only be the one who had ro-di-te-lei-ivo- p-tsev (one or both). This is right-ka-shi-la li-de-ra op-po-zits. parties Ob-e-di-no-res-pub-li-kantsev (os-no-va-na in 1994 in re-zul-ta-te ras-ko-la DP) A.D ... Uat-ta-ru, bur-ki-niy-tsa on the pro-is-ho-f-de-niyu, you can participate in the choices. October 22, 1995 pre-zi-den-tom from-branded representative of DP E.A.K. Be-de (other kan-di-da-you boy-ko-ti-ro-va-if you-bo-ry).
Per-ri-od na-ho-zh-de-nia Be-die on the pre-zi-dent-skom in-stu was marked by the further-shey des-ta-bi-li-z-zi -a inside-ri-li-tich. ob-sta-nov-ki, called-out, including dis-kri-mi-nat. in-li-ti-coy pra-vi-tel-va in relation to im-mi-gran-tam (about-lo four-ver-ti na-se-le-niya Cat- d'Ivoire is composed of exits from other countries, mainly from Bur-ki-na-Fa-so, Benin, Ga-ny, Gui-nei). In 1999, on-ka-well-not-new-pre-zi-dent-sky choices in the capital and other cities of the country passed mass-so-de -mon-st-ra-tion in support of A.D. Uat-ta-ry. Vos-pol-zo-vav-shis si-tua-tsi-ei, warriors in the head with a lagging gene. R. Gue-em so-ver-shi-whether the state pe-re-in-mouth. Was-lo announced-yav-le-but about pri-os-ta-nov-le-nii dey-st-vii kon-sti-tu-tions, displacement of pre-zi-den-that, growing pus-ke pra-vi-tel-va and par-la-men-ta. Power passed to the National Committee of the Public Spa. In January 2000, sfor-mi-ro-va-no pe-re-run-ny right-wi-tel-in, in which-rum Gyu-ey took the post of pre-zi-den-ta res-pub-li-ki and the ministry of defense-ro-us.
On July 23, 2000, at re-fe-rend-do-me, there was a approval-re-on of a new Const-tu-tion Côte d'Ivoire (entered-pi-la in si-lu August 1, 2000 of the year); an article about tre-bo-va-ni-yah to kan-di-da-tu in pre-zi-den-you was-ta-la without iz-me-niy. The pre-zi-dent-sky-ry-ry on October 22, 2000, went through the wrong direction of the Ivoy-r-sko People's Front (INF; created in 1983 in France) L.K. Gbag-bo. According to the res-zul-ta-tam of the par-la-ment-choices (December 10, 2000 - January 14, 2001), the INF and DP are about-lu-chi-whether approximately equal to l-th-st-in places. You-bo-ry did not come to the norm-ma-li-zation of the society in the country. On September 19, 2002, the military won-ti-whether the power in the cities of Abi-jan, Bua-ke and Ko-ro-go. Mya-tezh-el was a success, but pov-stanch. group-pi-rov-ki took under control all the north, as well as part of the central and western districts. We started collisions on ethnic soil (between Ivoa-r-tsa-mi and im-mi-gran-ta-mi, as well as between -du pre-a hundred-vi-te-la-mi of various na-ro-dov).
In March 2003, the coalition governor of the national priesthood, in which the members of the INF, were formed, was formed, DP, pov-stannicheskoy or-ga-ni-za-tions and Ob-e-di-ni-nia res-pub-li-kantsyev. One-on-one, already in a year, min-ni-st-ry, presented-the-th-op-in-ziz-tion, declare about the boy-co-te ra-bo-you are right -vi-tel-st-va in connection with the time-th-n-th-m-ni-fe-stations-si-la-mi security-no-sti Côte d'Ivoire (in-gib-lo over 100 people). At the beginning of April 2004, for the help of the right-of-the-chief in the ure-gu-li-ro-va-nii of the conflict in the country were-were-on-right-le-us military sub-divisions of the UN.
The le-tom of 2004 in the city of Ak-kra (Ga-na) consisted of a sam-mit of the heads of 13 African states, on which there was tel-st-vom Cote d'Ivoire and pov-stan-tsa-mi were-lo dos-tig-well, an agreement about ure-gu-li-ro-va-nii of the internal con- flick-ta. One-na-co-si-tua-tsion, as before, was-ta-wa-las not-a-hundred-bil-noi, as-ku-ti-in-bor-st-how-ing side-ro-us from-ka-za-zo-zo-ru-zakha-hya. In these conditions L.K. Gbag-bo made a decision about pe-re-no-se at a later date of the pre-zi-dent-sky choices, which are the first -chal-but-no-ro-va-los about-weight-ti in 2005 (in the future, they still several times from-cla-dy-va-lis). In na-cha-le March-that 2007 goa in the capital of Bur-ki-na-Fa-so - Ua-ga-doo-gu -ry between-w-do Gbag-bo and li-de-rum of the Ivory-r-sky operational forces of G.K. So-ro. Sto-r-us under-pi-sa-li agreement, pre-do-smat-ri-vayu-creation of new-in-go-re-go-go the governor of the country with the head of So-ro (sfor-mi-ro-va-but on April 7, 2007). Before the right-wing-tel-st-vom Côte d'Ivoire stand-yat za-da-chi in the ra-zo-ru-zo-ru-ny of the re-stanovyh detachments, restoration le-niyu-ru-shen-noy in-fra-structure-tu-ry, ure-gu-li-ro-va-niyu inter-zheth-nical anti-speech, as well as according to the provision of pre-zi-dent and par-la-ment choices.
Di-plo-matic relations between the USSR and Cote d'Ivoire us-ta-nov-le-ny in 1967 St-vom Côte d'Ivoire in 1969, restored in 1986). That-va-ro-turnover between the two countries made up 153.2 million US dollars (2004). RF after-to-va-tel-but you-stu-pa-et for the political ure-gu-li-ro-va-va conflict in Cote d'Ivoire.
Ho-zyay-st-in
The mainstay of eco-no-mi-ki Cote d'Ivoire is agriculture. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the eco-nominal po-ls-ls-ls-ls-ls-ls-ls-ls-ls-ss-ls-ls-ls-ss-ls-ls-ts-e-ls-ts-l-ts-l-ts-t-l-t-s-t-l-t-s-t-s-ts. Since 2004, it has been extremely credit-di-to-va-tion Cote d'Ivoire by the World Bank. Per-spec-ty-you of the development of the country is connected with di-ver-si-fi-ka-chi-her eco-no-mi-ki, in-v-she-ni we eat the ro-whether of the cha-st-no-go sec-to-ra, with-the-involvement of foreign in-vest-tions, pre-overcome the misery.
The volume of GDP is 33.1 billion dollars. per capita per se-lening 1.7 thousand dollars.Index of human development 0.432 (2005; 166- e place among 177 countries of the world). With-growth re-al-no-go GDP 1.6% (2007; 11% in the 1960s, 6% in the 1970s - early 1980s, 5% in the late 1990s). In the structure of GDP, the share of services accounted for 50%, agriculture - 28%, industry - 22%.
Industry.
An important role is played by do-by-cha ug-le-vo-do-ro-dov in the eastern part of the shelf of the Gwi-nei-sko hall. The total volume of oil production (at-that in 1980) is 52 thousand barrels per day (2007; 15 thousand barrels per day in 2002). Largest oil fields (2007): Es-pu-ar (28.1 thousand barrels per day), Bao-bab (21.1 thousand barrels per day) , Lay-on (1.9 thousand barrels per day). Do-by-cha-we-go-Xia mainly under the control of the state. the company "So-ciété Nationale d'Opera-tions Pétrolières de la Côte d'Ivoire" ("Pet-roci"). OK. 60% of oil ex-port-ti-ru-et-sya, of which 2/3 - in the countries of Western Europe (chiefly in Germany) and in Ka-na-du ...
The production of natural gas has been going on since the beginning of the 1990s (16 billion m3 in 2002; 22 billion m3 in 2006). Leading companies: Foxtrot International, Petroci, Energy de Côte d'Ivoire, etc. All gas is used within the country (the main tre-bi-tel - elec-tro-ener-ge-ti-ka).
Requirements for electricity are fully covered at the expense of their own resources. Us-ta-nov-len-naya capacity of power plants 1.1 thousand MW (2005). Electricity production 5.3 billion kWh, export - 1.1 billion kWh (2006). Most of you-ra-ba-you-vay-my energy is produced at TPPs (work-bo-ta-yut on natural gas). The largest TPP - "Azi-to" in the region of Abid-zha-na (1999; us-ta-nov-len-naya capacity 288 MW, over 1/3 of you -my electricity). About 1/5 of electricity is produced at the hydroelectric power station; important - "Ayame I" and "Ayame II" on the river. Bio, "Kossou" and "Taabo" on the river. Ban-da-ma, "Buyo" on the river. Sa-san-dr.
The country's only refinery, Société Ivoirienne de Raffinage (SIR), is located in Abid-ja-no (capacity 65 thousand barrels per day ; 47.3% of the shares go to the state). It is under construction (since 2008, commissioning in 2011) of the second refinery in the Abid-ja-na region (capacity 60 thousand barrels per day). Ex-port of oil-te-pro-duc-tov in Ma-li, Bur-ki-na-Fa-so, Ni-ger.
There is an up-to-get-cha of gold-lot-that (1.3 tons in 2006, 3.6 tons in 2002; place-of-birth-de-Iti and Sub-re; larger -the companies - the French "La Man-cha Resources Inc." and the state "Société pour le Développement Minier en Côte d'Ivoire"), al-maz (300 thousand carats in 2006; paradise -on Tor-tiya and Se-ge-la in the se-ve-re and for the pas-de of the country).
Dey-st-woo-yut not-large-metal-lurgical and metal-lo-ob-ra-ba-you-vayu-shi go lis-that of the imported for-go-to-wok, metal-lich.blood ma-te-ria-lov, ar-ma-tu-ry, pipes, pro-in -lo-ki, etc. in Abid-zha-not), plants for the collection of av-to-mo-bi-lei, mo-to-cyc-lov, ve-lo-si-pe- dovs and by-then-vyh elektro-tech-nich. from-de-li (Abi-d-zhan), many-numerous chemical facilities (production of la-co-kra-juicy iz-de-li and pl-st-masses , steam-fu-mer-no-cos-methical products, everyday chemistry, fertilizers, dog-ti-tsi-dov, etc.), plant according to the pro-izvostvo cel-lu-lo-za (San Ped-ro; about 200 thousand tons of cel-lu-lo-za per year), two tech-style com-bi-na-ta (Boo- ke and Dim-bok-ro; mostly clap-cha-boo-mazh-nye fabrics-neither from local cotton-ka and in an insignificant number-che-st- ve - syn-thetic fabrics-ni from imported raw materials). There are several not-big co-vene-but-shoe enterprises, a sleeping Chechen factory (60-100 million co-ro-boks in year), sous-do-construction-tel-nye and sous-do-re-mont-nye ver-fi (in Abid-zha-not). By-st-ro development-vi-va-yut-Xia le-so-for-go-to-vi-tel-naya and de-re-in-ob-ra-ba-you-vayu-ot-ras -li (about 600 thousand m3 of pi-lo-ma-te-ria-lov per year); most of the pre-arrival with-wednesday-to-che-na in the south. rai-onah of the country. The production of stroy-ma-te-ria-lov plays a significant role in eco-no-mi-ke. Ve-d-e-t-a-d-by-cha dog-ka, gravia, iz-vest-nya-ka, other construction raw materials. Deist-woo-et ceramic plant in Abid-zha-not. The food industry has an important value. The main products are many. not-big-pre-pri-yats - pal-mo-voe oil, mas-lo ka-kao, dissolving-ri-my ko-fe, con-ser-vi-ro-van-nye ana -on-sy and fruit juices, fish con-ser-you. Large mu-ko-mol-nye and bread-bo-pe-car-ny kom-bi-na-ty - in Abid-ja-not and San Ped-ro.
Agriculture.
Leading branch - growing-te-nie-water-st-in. Along with modern ag-ro-technical me-to-da-mi (especially ben-but in the plantations of ho-zyay-st-vakh), practical-ku-et-sy -te-ma pe-re-false-no-go land-le-de-lia. About-ra-ba-you-va-xia 10% of the territory of the country (in a hundred-yang-but approx. 4%), of which approx. 1/2 comes to the ka-kao po-garden-ki. For the production of ka-kao-bo-bovs, Cote d'Ivoire has the 1st place in the world (over 1 million tons in 2005; on average approx. 46 % of world production; 15% of the cost of GDP). The ex-port value is also of coffee (collection of 130.8 thousand tons of green grains in 2005; 11th place in the world, predominantly the variety ro-bu-sta, approx. 5% - ara-bi-ka), ara-khis (72.5 thousand tons); ore-khi ke-shyu (59 thousand tons; 7th place in the world), ba-na-ny (36.1 thousand tons), ana-na-sy (34.8 thousand tons ; 18th place in the world), sa-khar-ny tro-st-nick (22.8 thousand tons), co-co-so-ore-khi, avo-ka-do, man th, clap chat nickname. Means. plo-shcha-di za-nya-you under the plan-ta-tion-mi of the oil palm (culture-vi-ru-yut for the pro -la), under the garden-ka-mi ge-vei. Cote d'Ivoire is the largest in Africa pro-iz-vo-di-tel na-tu-ral-no-go kau-chu-ka (72.4 thousand tons in 2005 ; 8th place in the world). Important food crops (collection, thousand tons; 2005): yam 605, plantein 299, rice 245, man-ni-ok 108, ku-ku-ru-za 106. Zhi-here-but-water-st-in-it-in-something mainly in the northern districts, in the central and southern districts, but-sits very well-ha-rak-ter. In the head-head (thousand heads; 2005) pre-ob-la-da-yut goats and sheep - 2700; cattle 1500, pigs 333.
One of the most advanced from-races - fish-bo-fishing-st-in. Annual catch approx. 70 thousand tons (mainly Tunnets and Sardines).
Transport.
Cote d'Ivoire has a branched-out road network, its density is especially ben-but-li-ka in the southern regions. Pro-ty-wives-ness av-to-road-horn 80 thousand km, including 6.5 thousand km with a solid-smoke cover (2006). Av-to-transport-port provides-pe-chi-va-et delivery of practically all ex-port products to the points-there you-in-for-on-by -be-re-zhye and trans-port-ti-ditch-ku of import-port cargoes to various regions of the country. Av-to-do-ro-ga-mi, pro-le-gayu-mi in the be-re-zhy Gwi-ney-go-go hall., Cote d'Ivoire is connected with Ga- noah, To-go, Ben-n-nom, Ka-me-ru-n, Ni-ger-ri-ei. The length of the single-st-ven-noy railway to-ro-gi (Abid-zhan - the gran-tsa from Bur-ki-na-Fa-so) is 660 km; ob-yo-we pass-sa-zhi-ro- and load-zo-pe-re-w-o-s-o-s-h-e-s-h-e-s-h-e-r-e-r-e-r-e-e-c-k-r-e-r tion with av-to-pe-re-car-mi. Seaports - Abi-dzhan (cargo-zo-turnover is about 19 million tons per year, the largest in Western Africa; provides over 90% of external -not-tor-go-out pe-re-vo-zok) and San Ped-ro (the main image of you-voz-ve-si-ny and pi-lo-ma-te-ria-lov). 7 air-ro-ports have a take-off-but-as-daughter-in-lo-su with a solid-smoke cover (2007). Me-zh-doo-folk ae-ro-port-you - in Abid-zha-not, Yamu-suk-ro and Bua-ke.
International trade.
The cost of a to-var-but-th ex-port is 18.5 billion dollars, of an importer - 6.1 billion dollars (2007 od). In that-var-noy structure of the ex-port-that do-mi-ni-ru-e ag-rar-nay product: ka-kao-bo-would (about 30% of the cost sti) and ka-kao-pro-duk-you, ko-fe, clap-chat-nick, kau-chuk, pal-mo-voe mas-lo, fruits; OK. 25% of the cost of the ex-port will provide oil and oil products. Among other to-va-ditch - dre-ve-si-na and pi-lo-ma-te-ria-ly, fish con-ser-you. The main ones for ku-pa-te-li (2006): Germany (9.7% of the cost), Ni-ger-ry (9.1%), Ni-der-lan- dy (8.4%), France (7.3%), USA (7%), Bur-ki-na-Fa-so (4.4%). Côte d'Ivoire im-port-ti-ru-et oil and oil-te-products (over 33% of the cost), cars and equipment -nie, transport-port media-st-va, pro-up-will-st-vie. The main supplies-ki to-vars are Ni-ger-ria (30.5% of the cost), France (16.4%), Ki-tai (6.7%) ...
Military establishment
Armed forces (AF) Côte d'Ivoire consists of Su-ho-path troops (SV), Air Force, Navy, Presidency Guard and Jean-Dar -meria (over 17.1 thousand people; 2007), as well as there are war-ni-ziran forms-mi-ro-va-nia - mi-li-tion (1, 5 thousand people; 2007). The go-to military budget is $ 300 million (2007).
The supreme chief-but-ko-man-blowing is the pre-zi-dent, who ru-ko-vo-dit the Armed Forces through the Ministry of Defense us and the headquarters of the Armed Forces. Ground forces (6.5 thousand people) include 4 military districts, 1 tank and 3 infantry. ba-tal-o-na, ot-del art. di-vi-zi-on, pa-ra-shyut-no-de-sant-nyu group, engineering ro-tu and ze-nit-no-art. ba-ta-reu. At the military-ru-women-nii 15 tanks (including 5 light), 31 armored personnel carriers, 25 armored personnel carriers, 4 105-mm how-bi-tsy, 16 120-mm min-no-me- comrade, against-in-tan-to-vye and ze-nit-nye media-st-va. In the air force (700 people) is-required, transport-port-naya, communications and helicopter-flight es-cad-ri-li (several -let-tov and ver-to-summer-tov, including 4 combat-vy-mo-lё-ta). In the staff of the Navy (950 people) there are several de-sant-ny and pat-helm ka-teras. The number of the Presidency Guard is 1.4 thousand people, the zhan-dar-meria is 7.6 thousand people. Weapons and military equipment are mainly of French production.
Aircraft com-plex on the basis of an all-general in-in-wine-ness of men of men at the age of 18 years , as well as you-bo-roch-but on contract-that. Prepared for the officer and the un-ter-of-the-officer for the staff of the chief-staff-in-la-et-Xia mainly in France ... Some of the officers of the junior star-on-go-to-wit-Xia in the nat. in-en-nom school and at the flight school in Bua-ke. Mo-bi-lization resources 4 million people, including 2.1 million people fit for military service. In 1961, France and Cote d'Ivoire under-pi-sa-li do-go-thief about together-st-noy about-ro-no voy-ska - about 3.8 thousand people).
Health-in-protection-not-ni
In Cote d'Ivoire, per 100 thousand inhabitants, 12 doctors, 60 persons of secondary medical per-so-na-la, 2 hundred-ma-to-lo-ga, 6 far-ma -tsev-tov (2004). The total expenditures on health-care-not-ness constitute 3.9% of GDP (2005) (budgetary fi-nan-si-ro-va- - 27.6%, private sector - 72.4%) (2003). Right-to-re-gu-li-ro-va-va-system-te-we health-in-protection-not-nia implementation-shch-st-in-la-et-Xia Za-kon-oh for -shch-te health-ro-vya on-se-le-niya and the environment-dwelling from the action of industrial and radio-active wastes (1988 ). System-te-ma health-in-protection-non-tion includes city private medical and hundred-ma-to-logical schools. In a rural place-st-no, medical aid og-ra-ni-che-na in volume-yo-mah and quality-st-ve due to the moat. The most races-pro-strangled infections are bak-te-ri-al-naya di-zen-te-ria, ge-pa-tit A, mal-la-ria, yellow-tai-ho-rad-ka, shis-to-so-ma-toz (2008). The main reasons for the death of an adult: AIDS, mala-ria, illnesses-no lower-dy-ha-tel-ny paths, tu -ber-cu-lez, ser-dech-no-so-su-di-stye for-bo-le-va-nia, traumas, cancer (2004). Seaside climatic resort Grand Ba-sam.
National Olympic Committee os-no-van in 1962, recognized by the IOC in 1963. Sportsmen of Côte d'Ivoire have been participating in the Olympic Games since 1964 (except for 1980); one-st-ven-nyu on-gra-du for a war-shaft light-co-at-years G. Tya-kokh, for-nyav-shy 2nd place in the run at 400 m (Los -And-same-forest, 1984). In 1960, uch-re-z-de-no, the Ministry of Youth and Sports. In the 1960s, the first sports fe-de-races were created in the country and a number of national pio-na-coms were introduced.
The most po-lyar types of sports: judo, boxing, foot-ball, hand-ball, easy-kaya at-le-ti-ka, rowing on ba-dar- kah and ka-noe. Collection-naya ko-man-da Cote d'Ivoire on foot-bo-lu us-pesh-but you-stu-pa-et at the inter-w-do-folk so-rev-no-va-ni-yakh - ob-la-da-tel (1992) and fi-on-list (2006) Cup-ka Af-ri-ki, participant in the financial part of something-pio-na- ta mi-ra in Germany (2006). The strongest foot-bo-lis-countries of the country you-step-fall-are in the leading European clubs: D. Drog-ba - in the so-sta-ve lon-don -sko-th "Chel-si" than-pi-on of England (2005, 2006); A. K. Kei-ta - in the co-vet of "Lyo-na" than-pi-on of France (2008); K.Kh. Tu-re - in "Ar-se-na-le" (Long-don, since 2002); his brother Y. Tu-re - in “Bar-se-lo-ne” (since 2007); B. Sa-no-go - in "Ver-de-re" (Bremen, since 2007) and others. Goalkeeper A. Gua-me-not participating-in-shaft in 7 roses -play-shah Kub-ka Af-ri-ki.
Education. Uch-re-j-de-nia of the science of culture
Management of educational institutions is carried out by the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research -le-to-wa-niy. The network of pre-school educational institutions is poorly developed, mostly they function in large cities. The system of education includes (2008) obligatory free 6-year initial training for children from 6 years of age, 7 years of average (4 years of incomplete and 3 years of full) education -via-tion in state-of-the-art and non-go-su-dar-st-vene educational for-ve-de-ni-yah (count-led-zhakh and l-tse-yah), vocational and technical education (at the base of the primary and incomplete secondary school) in the center of the school and those - technical persons, the highest professional education. Before-school-l-ny-ny-pi-ta-ni-ooh-va-but-but 3% of children, primary education - 71%, average - 32 %. The population density at the age of over 15 years is 62.1% (2006). The system of higher professional education includes: University of Ko-ko-di, University of d'Abobo-Ad-ja-me (both in Abid-ja-not ); University of Bois-qua - all universities you-de-lis in 1995 from the National University (founded in 1958 as the Center for Higher Education in Abid-ja -not), National Poly-technical Institute (1996) in Yamu-suk-ro, National School of Management (1960), Higher National School of Fine Arts kusstv (1963) - both in Abid-ja-ne; Nationally engineering school (1963), Higher agro-nomic school (1996) - both in Yamu-suk-ro. The main museums, lib-lio-te-ki, scientific institutions-re-j-de-nia are in Abid-ja-not, Bua-ke, Ko-ro-go.
Mass media
Leading periodicals: daily government newspapers "Fraternité Ma-tin" 25 thousand copies), "Ivoir 'Soir" (since 1987, 10 thousand copies); monthly government. newsletter "Jour-nal Officiel de la République de Côte d'Ivoire" (since 1958, 25 thousand copies); daily non-hanging gazes “Le Jour” (since 1994), “Le Patriote” (since 1991), “La Nou-velle République”, “Notre Voie”; monthly "Eburnéa" (since 1967) (all - in Abid-Jean, in French), etc. Radio-broadcasting since 1949 (since 1951 re-gu-lar-no), those -le-vie-de-nie since 1963. The trans-la-tion of tele- and radio-dio-pe-re-dach (in French and local languages) is carried out-st-in-la-e public service diodiffusion-Télévision Ivoirienne ”and others. National information agency - Agence Ivoi-rienne de Presse (AIP; created in 1961).
Literature
Li-te-ra-tu-ra Cote d'Ivoire is developed in French. In the 1930s, for-ro-w-yes-there is a national drama-tour-gia. In 1938, the "Tu-earthly te-atr" was created, where the pies were-s-s-t-t-t, is-t-r-c, as well as sub- mav-shie te-mu ko-lo-ni-al-noy ex-plua-ta-tion (creative work of BB Da-die, F.J. Amo-na d'Abi, etc. .). In 1952, the uch-re-zh-de-na Narodnaya aka-de-miia of literature and poetry, in 1962 - the national As-socio-cia-tion of pi-sa-te-lei, writing on French. The heyday of dra-ma-tur-gii began after the ob-re-te-niya of not-for-vi-si-mo-sti. In the 1960s-1970s, a heroic drama appeared. Influence-ni-em French class-si-tsiz-ma from-me-che-na di-logic E. Der-ve-na: dra-we “Sa-ran, or Pre-stup-naya ko-ro -le-va ", in which a swarm of mud-ro-th African pra-vi-te-la, po-li-ti-ka and half-ko-vod-tsa was created, and" Language and fast-pi-on "(both 1968). Sh. No-kan in the play-se "Go-re-sti Cha-ko" (1968) in-st-vil pro-ble-mu power-sti-te-la and na-ro-da; in os-no-wu so-qi-al-no-uto-pic-s "Ab-raa Po-ku, or Ve-li-kaya af-ri-kan-ka" (1970) in lived le-gen-du about pro-is-ho-w-de-nii on-ro-da bau-le. The struggle-ba of African peoples against ko-lo-ni-for-to-ditch found reflection in the sy-u-tah of the ty-tee-tending to epic-ness drama "Be-at-ri-che from Kon-go" (1970) and "Ost-ro-va boo-ri" (1973) -th connected-for-but also for-ro-g-de-nie sa-ti-richeskogo-medii ("Gos-po-din To-go-Nyi-ni", 1970; "Mua -Sel ", 1979). Ge-roi-za-tion is-to-rich. passed - in the basis of the song "So-fa" B. Za-di Za-uru (1975).
Po-eziya and pro-for-cha-li burst-viv-Xia in the 1950s. A bright example of a revolutionary anti-kol-no-al-noy in ezia: collections of "Af-ri-ka in full growth" (1950), "Liu-di all con-ti-nen-tov "(1967) B.B. Yes, yeah; "Su-ro-vy-call for de-w-dy" Zh.M. Bonn-i-ni (1961). In the 1970s, in poetry, the tendencies of the ro-man-ti-zation of the past Afri-ki (the creative work of B. Za-di Za-uru, A. Ka-nie). With the name Da-d'e is connected-za-but-st-nov-le-nie pro-zy: the collection "Afri-kan-skie le-gen-dy" (1954), a book of legends on folk -lorn-noy wasp-no-ve "Black-knot-knot" (1955); auto-bio-graphic romance "Clem-bye" (1956) and others. roof-ta in ro-ma-not "Ko-kum-bo - black student" A. Lo-be (1960). Ost-ro-toi an-ti-ko-lo-ni-al-no-go pa-fo-sa, roman-tic pa-fo-som, sty-listik syn-kre-tiz-m ( so-che-ta-ti-li-riz-ma and pub-li-tsi-stich-no-sti) from-li-cha-yut-Xia roman-ny "Za-ni-ma-et-sya -niy rass-light "(1962) and" Strong was the wind "(1966) Sh. No-ka-na. In the 1970s, there will be ras-pro-ras-no-nra-in-pi-sa-tel-ny r-ma-ns, in which, on the first plan, you -the traditional African values. In rus-le neg-ri-tu-da - roman-nas "Yuno-sha iz Bua-ke" M. Ko-ne (1963), "Oise-zi" J. Do-do, "Mas- se-ni "T. De-ma," Us-mi-rёnn-ny pod-zhi-ha-tel "by P. du Prey (all - 1977). "Black" would-be-pi-sa-tel-st-in, the image of the gloomy phenomena of the traditional African socio-tsiu-ma (magic, number dov-st-vo, secret societies) ha-rak-ter-but for ro-ma-na "U po-ro-ga ir-re-al-no-go" A. Ko -not (1976). In in-tel-lek-tu-al-nom ro-ma-not-parable “Udo-sto-ve-re-nenie of personality” Zh.M. Ad-yaf-fi (1980) in the symbolic form, you-ra-wives-the call to restore-one-hundred-but-to-whip up-van-ko-lo-ni-for-that-ra- we connect with the spirit and culture on the trail of the ancestors. Like you-so-ko-hu-do-same-st-ven-no-go sin-te-za in-di-vi-du-al-no-av-tor-sko-iro- nic style, elements of oral tradition on-ro-da ma-lin-ke and modern ro-man-noy technology-ni-ki became-lo creative-th-st-vo A. Ku-ru-we ("Mon-ne, or Uni-wives throw-sa-yut a call", 1990; " kikh animals ”, 1998, etc.).
Ar-hi-tek-tu-ra and iso-bra-zi-tel-ny is-kus-st-in
On-ro-dy of the southern, forest-noy part of the country, they build coal-fired dwellings with a roof made of palm branches. At the na-ro-dov, bau-le and anyi are oval-shaped in the plan-not-ma ok-ru-zhe-us na-we-som. On se-ve-ro-for-pas-de ras-pro-countries-not-us are round-ly in the plan-not-home-with-nich. so-lo-men-us-mi roofs-sha-mi. This type of dwelling in the vos-to-ke of the country is changing the clay-bit-bit-erect-coal-mi in the plan-not-d-ma-mi with a flat roof. In the central part of Côte d'Ivoire, the house has a rectangular plan with round-flax ends and a 3-4 in-place-niya. The walls of the houses are often ras-pi-sy-va-yut-Xia geo-metric or-na-ment, fi-gu-ra-mi of people and animals.
After the pro-announcement of not-for-wi-si-mo-sti, 1-4-storey residential houses began to rise; build-iat-Xia multi-storey buildings, volume-e-di-nyayuschie ras-lo-wen-ny in the lower part of the top-tier center, hotel, res-to-ra-ny and korp-pu-sa kvar-tir or office: the center "Nur al-Hayat" (ar-hi-tek-to-ry A. La-ge, J.P. Lu-pi, J. Mae), the office complex "La Pi-ra-mid" with a décor made of aluminum (architect R. Oliv-e-ri, engineer R. Mo-ran-di; both - in Abid-ja-ne, 1960-1970s), air-ro-port near Abid-ja-na (1969, ar-hi-tek-to-ry M. Du -sharm, J. Mo-ro, J.P. Mi-no), the Kas-ka-dy hotel in Ma-ne (1969, Du-charm, K. Lar-ra, Mi-no); the administrative building SCIAM in Abid-ja-not (1975, J. Se-mi-shon) in the inter-na-tsional-nal-nom-style. Some hotels (in Sa-san-dr, architect Be-noa-Bar-not; in Asi-ni, ar-hi-tek-to-ry J. Se-mi- shon, L. Renar, A.K. Vi) sti-li-zo-va-ny under hi-zhi-ny with salo-men-ny roof-la-mi. Cultural centers were created in Abid-ja-not and Bua-ke, covered markets. In construction, use-use-use-the same-le-zo-beta-ton and glass, to from-de-loch-ny work-bo-there with-draw-to-use sya local re-mes-len-ni-ki. In the 1970s, O.K. Ka-ku-bom ra-ra-bo-tan gen-plan of go-ro-da Yamu-suk-ro and build-en-complex of public buildings in the forms of bru-ta-liz- ma: Palace of the Congress-gress, Palace of the Pre-zi-den-ta, the hotel "Pre-zi-dent", the buildings of the city hall and Fond-da Ufue-Bu-a-nyi. In the 1980s, the carriage-ve-de-us ka-to-lich. temples: St. Paul's congregation in Abi-dzha-no (1985, architect A. Spi-ri-to) with ele-men-ta-mi po-stmo-der-niz-ma, grand-di-oz-ny cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-la-Pe in Yamu-su-cro (1986-1989, architect P. Fa-khu-ri; building in the second there is a com-position of the co-bo-ra of St. Peter in Va-ti-ka-not); both co-weapons are decorated with vit-ra-zha-mi.
Life as a self-standing art form emerged in Côte d'Ivoire only in the 1960s. Among-di hu-dog-no-kov of this-go-rio-da - M. Co-dio and E. Zh. San-to-no; both of them have been produced in France. On the ru-be-the same 1980-1990-ies, I acquired the knowledge of J. Bat, in the work of the co-ro-th technique, we ab-st-cancer-cio- niz-ma so-che-ta-yut-sya with a local or-na-ment-tal-tra-di-chi-she. A special place in the artistic life for-ni-ma-yut pred-st-vi-te-li na-iv-no-go is-kus-st-va (Z. Mak-re, F. Bru-li-Boo-ab-re), pro-continuing the re-mes-len-ny tradition from-go-to-le-niya you-ve-sok. The most famous sculptor is K. Lat-tier, who worked in France and in ro-di-no; creates a pro-from-ve-de-nia from metal-la, ele-men-tov kor-zi-night-no-go-te-niya, ve-re-wok and fabric-ni ... Ce-ramic sculptor-swarm in the spirit of the traditional bau-le for the design of the architectural co-weapons of the z-ni-ma-et-sya S. Do -go Yao; in this gen-re it is also ra-bo-ta-et K. Mu-ru-fie. Development-vi-you thread-ba according to de-re-wu (mas-ki, fi-gur-ki lu-dei), processing-bot-ka zo-lo-ta, bron-zy and copper, weaving. In the district of Ka-tio-la so-wed-do-to-che-but pro-from-in-gon-char-from-de-li, paradise-on Se-ge-la zn-men-nit izych -my ships-mi "ka-na-ri", in the region of Ko-ro-go from-go-to-la-yut spherich. pots and og-rum re-zer-voi-ry for grain. Raz-vi-va-sya-dits. ros-writing of houses.
Musical culture-tu-ra ti-pich-na for Western Africa; represented by professional tradition-mi-dan, ma-lin-ke (group-pa man-ding-go), bau-le, ve (group-pa cru), se-nu-fo ... The dan mu-zy-ka vy-de-le-na in the self-standing branch of traditional culture, in a significant degree, has kept its connection with the culture of practice (pro-is-ho-f-de-the mu-zy-ki connects-zy-va-et-sya with the world of spirits; in the magic tse -lah use-pol-zu-yut-hs-ka-ka-ka-los-mas-ki run-bo). Professional mu-zy-can-you ob-e-di-nya-sya in as-co-cia-tion, special-cia-li-za-tion pe-re-da-yot-sya on the next -st-woo; by-us-not you-so-ko tse-nit-sya mas-ter-st-in singers-im-pro-vi-za-to-ditch (salt singing with-pro- w-yes-th-Xia play on ar-fe, la-mel-la-fo-no). Mu-zy-ka - a part of initiation rites, ri-tua-ls, pre-va-rya-huh-that, and others. na ba-ra-ba-nah co-pro-w-yes-e-tru-do-vie dey-st-via zem-le-del-tsev, co-sta-za-nia in wrestling-be and tan -tsy. Cas-ta of professional singers and mu-zy-kan-tov u ma-lin-ke - dje-li (grio-you; ak-kom-pa-ni-ru-yut se-be na ko-re, xi -lo-fo-no, ar-fe, etc.); among the public-st-ven-but-know-chi-functions dzhe-li - na-put-st-vii to the warriors and their pro-glories. You-so-ky status has a professional music and in societies. life-no bau-le: ras-about-countries-not-us-dogs-or in honor of the deities and ancestor-spirits; in the su-deb-noah practice, use-pol-zu-are-ba-ra-ba-ny, who-that-rye consider-that-are-sya in-middle-no-ka-me -zh-du people and du-ha-mi ancestors; on societies. so-b-ra-ni-yah in co-pro-w-de-nii ba-ra-bans and signal-idio-phonov ras-pe-va-yut ethical tech -sty and in-word-wit-tsy. For bau-le ha-rak-ter-no two-go-lo-sie (singing and playing on in-stru-men-tah pa-paral-lel-mi ter-tii-mi). U ve in the signal function use the so-called. go-bang-ba-ra-ba-ny, on them vos-pro-out-of-dyat-Xia also praise-leb-ny songs-no in-w-dyam and warriors. Se-nu-fo kas-you mu-zy-kan-tov from-sut-st-vu-yut, but the mu-zy-ka has a great meaning in the order of the husband -skih and women's secret societies; especially-ben-but-in-te-res-songs-no rites of initiation, which are co-pro-in-w-yes-are-big-shi-mi in -st-ru-men-tal-ny-samb-la-mi. In the go-ro-dah ras-pro-countries-not-us do-su-go-we forms mu-zi-tsi-ro-va-nia. Moose. ob-ra-zo-va-tion and study of the traditional music-ki so-sred-to-that-but in Abid-zha-not.
Te-atr, tha-nets
The national te-at-ral-naya tradition takes na-cha-lo in the art of grio-tov. In 1938, you-poo-sk-ni-ki of the school U. atr ", took special attention to the pye-sam, in the right-wing against shar-la-tan-st-va kol-dun-nov (" Bus-sa- thie, or Sec-ret of black-no-go-do-na "F.J. Amo-na d'Abi, 1939, and others). At the beginning of the 1940s, G. Kof-fi (one of the foundations of African te-at-ra) emerged according to his own drunk - "Na-shi wives" (1940) and "My husband" (1941); in 1943, he made his anti-ko-lo-ni-al-nyu p'e-su "The Song of How-to-Turn-Shcha-It-Xia". In 1953, "Tu-zem-ny te-atr" was pre-ob-ra-zo-van in the "Cultural and folk-lore-ny circle" -sto the cultural life of the whole Western Africa. Re-per-to-ar included pies-si-that-in-th and historical content (including “Ko-ro-na with auk-zio- on "Amo-na d'Abi," Ia-on-da "Kof-fi," When-ko-zy "by D. Ma-ha-ma-na). In 1958, under the leadership of K. Ngua-na, there was a os-no-va-no Te-at-ral-no society Be-re-ga Slo-no-voy Cos-ty. At this time, shi-ro-ko-were-poo-si-si-si local dra-ma-tur-gov ("Rural kol-do-nya" M. Ber-te, "Ter- mi-you "E. Der-ve-na, and others). Pol-zo-wa-las us-ne-hom corpse-pa of Abid-zhan-go University "Mas-ki and ba-la-fons". In 1959, the school of drama art did not open in Abi-d-ja, following the pre-ob-ra-zo-van-naya in te-at-ral school at the National Institute of Arts (created in 1967). Among-di zn-cheat. spec-so-lay this-go-rio-da: "Three pre-ten-den-ta, one husband" G. Oy-o-no Mbia (1968), "Gos-po-din To-go- Nyi-ni "B. B. Da-die (1970)," Tus-sio "G. De-man-Go (1971). In 1971, on the Abid-Zhan stage, N.V. Go-go-la. In the 1980s and early 2000s, in the style of the playwright and director M. -ge-diya ko-ro-la Kri-sto-fa ", 1993;" Zhes-kiy holiday ", 1999;" Me-nya zo-wut Bra-khi-ma ", 2001) ... One of the biggest te-at-tral deeds of Côte d'Ivoire at the beginning of the 21st century is actor and re-zhis-ser S. Ba-ka-ba. Since 1993, every 2 years in Côte d'Iuar, Me-w-do-folk fes-ti-val art has been held.
Oso-ben-but-no-po-lyar-ny in Cote-d'Ivoire, based on folk-lo-re, dance-tse-val-nye in-stan-ki. In 1974, the National Ba-let of Côte d'Ivoire was not created in Abid-ja. The most well-known dance groups: "Mant-che" (1998), "Ji-giya" (1999), "Dan-kan" (2006), "1 So-mni-ak" (2008). Among-di is-pol-ni-te-lei (early 2000s) - A.B. Bam-ba, A. Dra-me, K. Ma-ma-di.
For-ro-z-de-niye of the national ki-no-ma-to-gra-fa is connected with the name of T. Ba-so-ri, who took off in the 1960s mouth-co-met-razh-nye films "On du-nah one-but-che-va", "Sixth bo-ros-da", "Fire in a bar-se", etc. He in 1969 you started the first national full-length film "Woman with a Knife" -No-shi-niya Afr. and app. qi-vi-li-zation. In the 1970s, the problems of the national action-st-tel-ness came from the ki-no-len-takh "Ama-nye" and "Shlya-pa "R. M'Bala and" The cry of mu-ed-zi-na "E. N'Da-bi-ana Vo-dio. In the 1980s, the country did not see films "Man-vek from da-le-ka" M. Trao-te, "Jel-li" K. Lan-si-ke Fe-di -ke, "An-zha-Tio" Zh.L. Ku-la, "Da-lo-kan" M. Do-sa, "Tse-li-te-li" S. Ba-ka-by. In 1983, the film "Pe-tan-ki" by I. Ko-zo-loa (together with Ni-ger-ri-she) was released. Significant visual interest in the call "Ek-zo-ti-che-ko-media" K. Tu-re (1985) - about the life of the traditional -she-st-va se-well-fo. The most-known-mi-no-ma-to-gra-fi-st-mi yav-la-yut-sya re-zhis-ser-ry D. Eka-re (“Con- cert for from-gnan-nik ", 1968;" France for the two of us ", 1970;" Face of women ", 1985) and A. Du-park (" Mu- na, or Dream-that hu-dog-no-ka ", 1969;" Se-mya ", 1972;" D-kaya tra-va ", 1977;" I took life ", 1987; "Ball in ob-la-ke py-li", 1988; "Sixth finger", 1990; "Fairy color", 1998) -their work-bo-tah ak-tu-al-nye moral and social themes and ty-go-tending to the gen-ru tra-gi-ko-medii. In 1974, ob-ra-zo-va-na As-socio-cia-tion of professional ki-no-deya-te-lei Cote d'Ivoire (enters the Pan-af-ri-kan- fe-de-ra-tion ki-no-ma-to-gra-fi-stov). Since 1969 films Cote d'Ivoire have been participating in the All-Af-ri-Kan-ki-no-fes-ti-va-le (FESPACO) in Wa-ha-arc.
Ghana on Africa map
(all pictures are clickable)
Geographical position
Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) is a state off the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Neighbors are Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liberia and Guinea; the southern coast is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. The coastline is cut by numerous lagoons. The area of the territory is 322.46 thousand km².
The climate is equatorial, in the north - subequatorial. The temperature in the south almost does not change during the year, remaining within the range of + 26-28 ° C. In the north, average monthly temperatures differ much more: from + 12 ° C in January (at this time sandstorms - hamartans come from the Sahara) to + 40 ° C in June - July. Precipitation is unevenly distributed: in the southern regions during the year it falls up to 2400 mm, in the northern - almost half less - 1200-1800 mm. There are two rainy seasons: from April to July and from October to November.
Flora and fauna
Forests in areas with an equatorial climate are characterized by a wide variety of tree species and different species tropical plants, including pineapples, banana palms, coffee trees, etc. Areas where the equatorial climate gives way to subequatorial are arid.
The fauna is typical for the countries of West Africa: monkeys, antelopes, elephants, hippos live here; predators include leopards, cheetahs, hyenas and jackals. There are many snakes in the forests of Côte d'Ivoire.
State structure
Cote d'Ivoire map
The political structure is a republic headed by a president. The legislature is a unicameral National Assembly. The administrative-territorial division of the country is represented by 19 regions. The local currency is the CFA franc. Formally, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire is the city of Yamoussoukro, but all the most important government institutions and the residence of the president of the republic are located in the city of Abidjan.
Population
The population is 22.8 million people. By ethnic composition the inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire practically do not differ from the inhabitants of other countries of Guinean Africa: there are more than 60 large and small peoples in the country. The official language is French, but the local languages of three main subgroups are spoken in everyday life - Mande, Volta and Guinean. Traditional cults are popular among most of the population, 25% are Muslim, 11% are Protestant Christians.
Economy
Cote d'Ivoire is an agricultural country. Major commercial crops: coffee, cocoa, rubber plants, bananas, oil palms. The bowels of the country are rich in minerals: granite rocks, diamonds, bauxite, tin and iron ores.
The first of the Europeans to the Guinean coast of West Africa in the middle of the 15th century. the Portuguese came. For a long time Almost until the end of the 19th century, this region of the continent was a "gold mine" for European slave traders, who founded fortified forts-colonies here. At the beginning of the XX century. the territory of modern Côte d'Ivoire was seized by the French and incorporated into French West Africa, after the collapse of which in 1960 several new independent states were formed on the African continent, including Ivory Coast... In 1983, the capital of the state was moved from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro.
sights
When entering the country, you must have a medical certificate with a stamp of yellow fever vaccination.
In the city of Yamoussoukro, there is the highest Christian cathedral on the planet - the Notre Dame de la Paix Basilica. The height of the structure, including the dome and the cross, is 158 m.
Côte d'Ivoire is a kind of operating ethnographic museum, since on the territory of the country you can meet representatives of almost all ethnic groups inhabiting the Guinean coast of West Africa. Deeper inside the state, the culture of the tribes inhabiting these lands is becoming less urban and more distinctive. And in both capitals, large festivals and holidays are constantly held, at which religious rites and celebrations of Christians, Muslims and local traditional customs are presented.
The country lies in two climatic zones - subequatorial in the north and equatorial in the south. Average monthly temperatures everywhere are 25-30 ° C, but the amount of precipitation and its regime are different. In the equatorial climate zone, oceanic air dominates throughout the year and there is not a single month without precipitation, the amount of which per year reaches 2400 mm (mainly in March-June and December-January). In the north, in a subequatorial climate, precipitation is less (1100-1800 mm) and a dry winter is expressed.
Geography
The surface of the country is predominantly flat, in the south in the oceanic zone it is low-lying and turns into a low-mountain plateau with a height of 500-800 m in the north. In the west, in the Dan Mountains, is the highest point in the country (1340 m). Outcrops of ancient rocks of the African Platform are found almost throughout the entire territory: granites predominate in the west and north, and clay shales in the east. Deposits of gold, diamonds, manganese, and iron ores have been discovered here. The coast of the Gulf of Guinea is weakly indented and separated from the sea by a strip of sandy deposits. The main rivers - Comoe, Bandama, Sasandra, Cavalli - are not navigable.
Flora and fauna
In the vegetation cover in the south, humid equatorial forests are widespread, where more than 600 species of trees grow, including valuable species (about 35 species are used for timber harvesting, of which 5 are mahogany). To the north, humid forests give way to forest savannah, into which islets of gallery forests wedge in along river valleys. Further north, the islets of trees disappear and most of the territory is covered with tall grass savanna. Both the vegetation and the fauna of the Ivory Coast are better preserved than in other countries of West Africa: monkeys (monkeys, chimpanzees, guerrillas, etc.) are numerous in the forests, elephants, hippos, forest antelopes, brush-eared pigs, water deer are found; in the savannas there are various types of antelopes, as well as leopard, cheetah, serval. A network of nature reserves and national parks has been created, including on the slopes of Mount Nimba (on the border with Guinea and Liberia), national park Banquo near Abidjan.
Population
The population of Côte d'Ivoire includes representatives of more than 55 linguistic communities, many of which differ in their peculiar exotic culture... There are three subgroups of nationalities: Guinean (Kru, Baule, Anyi, etc.), Volt (Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Kulango, Mosi) and Mande (Malinke and others). The majority of the population is employed in agriculture (cocoa, coffee, etc.) and maintains both traditional lifestyles and traditional animistic beliefs.
Big cities
The largest city in the country is Abidjan (about 4.4 million inhabitants), whose rapid growth began after 1950. Now it is an industrial center, a large port, a university and a research center are located here. Abidjan is a modern city with numerous hotels, restaurants, and other elements of tourism infrastructure. The capital of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro, home to 281,000 people. Other big cities countries - Bwake, San Pedro, Korhogo, Ferkessedugu.
Story
The territory of modern Ivory Coast was inhabited by pygmies in the 1st millennium BC. Soon other peoples began to move there, the first of them were the Senufo.
For the first time, Europeans began to land on the banks of the modern Ivory Coast in the 15th century. It was then visited by the Portuguese, Dutch, Danes. The Portuguese visited here in the 1460s. Colonization began with the arrival of the French, who began the economic development of the land from the middle of the 19th century. Local tribes were destroyed until 1917. The French exported diamonds and gold, coffee and cocoa from here, and had banana plantations here. On March 10, 1893, the Ivory Coast was declared a colony of France, in 1895 it was included in French West Africa. The Ivory Coast has become a major producer of coffee and cocoa for the French markets. In 1934 Abidjan was declared the center of the colony. In 1945, the first political party emerged - the Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast, which at first leaned towards Marxism, but from the beginning of the 50s moved to positions close to the French right. In 1957, France granted the colonies local self-government.
On August 7, 1960, the country's independence was proclaimed. the leader of the Democratic Party of Houfue-Boigny became its president, the Democratic Party became the ruling and only party. The principle of inviolability of private property was proclaimed. The country continued to be an agrarian and raw material appendage of France, however, by African standards, its economy was in good shape, the rate of economic growth reached 11% per year. The Ivory Coast became the world leader in the production of cocoa beans in 1979, but success in this area was based on a favorable environment and a combination of great managers, foreign investment and a large number of cheap labor, mainly guest workers from neighboring countries. However, in the 1980s, prices for coffee and cocoa on world markets fell, in 1982-1983 the country suffered a severe drought and an economic recession; by the end of the 1980s, external debt per capita exceeded that of all African countries except Nigeria. Under pressure from the public, Houfouet-Boigny made political concessions, legalized alternative political parties to the ruling, initiated the electoral process, and in 1990 was elected president.
In 1993, he died, and the country was led by Henri Conan Bedier, who had long been considered his heir. In 1995, a forum on investment in the country's economy was held, in which Russian companies also took part. In the late 90s, political instability intensified, Bedier had a serious competitor: Allasan Ouattara, but he is of Burkinabian origin, while the country's constitution allowed only Ivorians to vote. This circumstance greatly deepened the already emerging split of society along ethnic lines. By that time, from a third to half of the country's population were persons of foreign origin, mainly previously employed in agriculture, which had fallen into decline due to the bad economic situation.
On December 25, 1999, a military coup took place in the country, the organizer of which, Robert Guey, held a presidential election the following year, marked by fraud and riots. Opposition leader Laurent Gbagbo was officially declared the winner of the elections. On September 19, 2002, a military uprising was organized in Abdijan, which was suppressed, but became the beginning of a civil war between political groups representing the north and south of the country. In 2003, an agreement was reached to end the clashes, but the situation remained unstable. A lasting peace agreement was signed only in the spring of 2007.
Politics
Cote d'Ivoire is a presidential republic. The President of the country is directly elected for a term of 5 years with the possibility of re-election only once. He has full executive power, appoints and removes the prime minister. The President has legislative initiative along with the parliament (unicameral).