Compass needle north
Showed the direction.
And according to plan you checked
The path of further movement.
Between north and point
Count the degree "according to the sun" This is the azimuth. It is exactly
The course will show you right away.
Horizon sides:
The mainnorth C
south south
west W
east B
Intermediate
northwest NW
northeast NE
southwest SW
southeast SE
north-northwest northwest
west-north-west WNW
west-southwest SW
south-southwest southwest
north-north-east NNE
east-north-east ENE
east-southeast ESE
south-southeast SE sides of the horizon
the main
WITH
V
NS
intermediate
SV
SZ
Z
ZSZ
ZYUZ
SW
SE
CER
ВСВ
SEV
Southwest
SEW SSZ SZ
CVD
WITH
CER
ZSZ
SV
ВСВ
Z
V
ZYUZ
SW
SEV
Southwest
SE
SE
NS
.Sides of the horizon.
Orientation - the ability to find the sides of the horizon, as well as in which direction from the person the object is located.
There are various waysorienteering on the ground:
by the sun
using a compass
by the stars
with the help of the sun and the clock
with the help of a gnomon
according to the terrain plan
locally
But all of these methods have common
actions: first determine where north is and then
all other sides of the horizon. .Orientation by the Sun.
V sunny weather navigate the terrain by
the direction of the shadow at noon. Midday shadow from
objects are always directed to the north.
If you stand facing north and spread your arms in
side, then in the direction right hand will
east, in the direction of the left - west, and behind - south. . Orientation by the stars.
You need to find a bucket Big Dipper
out of seven bright stars... Mentally postpone for
continuation of the line between the extreme stars of the bucket
5 more such segments. Here is Polyarnaya
star. The North Star is always over
the north side of the horizon.
10.
... Orientation with the help of the Sun and the clock.If you put on the palm
clock so that the hour
the arrow was directed
into the sun and split
angle between hour
arrow and number 1
in half, then this line
will show the direction
North South. Remember: by
daylight saving time noon
- at 13 o'clock.
11.
.Orientation with the help of the gnomon.1. Plumb the pole on a flat, sunny area.
2. At about 10-11 o'clock mark the end of the shadow.
3. Draw a circle from peg A using a cord.
4. Watch the shadow. When it reaches the circle again
mark its end with peg B.
5. Connect points A
and B in a straight line,
mark her
middle B.
6. Straight from the pole
to point B
shows
precise
direction to
north.
north
12.
. Orientation with a compass.To determine the exact direction of an object, you need
determine the azimuth of the subject by the compass.
AZIMUT is the angle between north direction and direction
on an object measured from the northward direction
clockwise. The azimuth is expressed in degrees.
RECEPTION OF DEFINITION OF AZIMUTH:
Position the compass so that the dark end of its arrow
pointed north / letter C /. The compass is oriented.
Place a thin stick on the compass away from
the center of the compass to the subject.
Azimuth is counted from the dark end of the arrow to
sticks clockwise.
13.
Orientation according to the terrain planOn the terrain plan
top edge of the sheet conditionally
considered northern, lower
- southern, right -
east, left -
western.
Need mentally
imagine a diagram
main directions
sides of the horizon and
place its center at
point from which there will be
define a given
direction.
14.
Local orientation.Horizon sides
can be determined by
local characteristics.
For example:
1. By spring melting snow
on the slopes of the ravine.
2. By melting snow on roofs
houses.
3. By the thickness of the growth rings
a stump of a sawn tree,
growing separately.
4. By the density of branches
separately growing tree.
5. On lichens on the trunk
wood.
15.
If yougot lost
in the forest,
remember
landmarks
ation on
local
featured.
16.
Tasks for consolidating the studied material:Fig. 3
define what
equal azimuth
sides of the horizon
under the sign "?"
North 0o
rice. 1
1. Determine the parties
horizon with a "?" on
fig. 1.
2. Referring to Fig. 2, determine
the direction of the street in the village
New items.
rice. 2
?
?
West
270o
East
90o
?
?
South 180o
Equipment: textbook, computer, projector, compasses, atlases, physical map peace, protractor.
Target: to acquaint students with the new concepts of "side of the horizon", "orientation", "rumba", "southwest", to develop skills and abilities to work with a compass, determination of azimuth on the ground and a map, the ability to navigate using the sun, stars and local features.
Hello. Today we will build the lesson as follows. Let's check your homework... Then we'll explore a new topic.
Homework check (slide 1)
New topic.
Guess the riddle:
This line all the time
Between heaven and earth.
At least we walk to her all year,
And on the spot we are with you.
About what in question?
Right. About the horizon line. How do you understand this word, what definition will you give? (student reasoning, slide 2, 3).
Write down the topic of the lesson. Horizon sides. Orientation.
Beautiful word"Orientation". Where did it come from? Let's turn to the tutorial. This word came to us from Ancient rome... Translated from Latin means "East". Why is the eastern direction taken as the basis for orientation? What is the easiest way to define it. The Sun rises - there is the east. If you face east, then north will be on the left, south on the right. And in the back is the west. That is, if the direction to the east is found, then the other sides of the horizon are by themselves. It was the east direction that gave the name to the process of determining the location of the object. Write down the definition of a notebook. Orientation - the ability to find the sides of the horizon or determine your location relative to the sides of the horizon (slide 6).
The sides of the horizon are called differently the cardinal points (slide 7). They are also called points. In addition to the four main points, four more intermediate ones are distinguished: N-E, N-W, S-E, S-W (slide 8). E eight more intermediate points: NNE, NNW, SEE, SEE, ENE, SEE, WNW, SEW (slide 9). Sketch the diagram in a notebook.
And how you can navigate the terrain, on what grounds. let's consider different options(slide 10).
- By the sun, using a mechanical watch (demonstrate, slide 11.12)
- With the help of the stars, along the constellation Ursa Major and the Pole Star (slide 13).
- Using a compass (slide 14, 15). Distribute a compass to each desk. Formation of skills in working with compasses. The history of the origin of the compass (student report given in the form of homework in advance).
With the help of a compass, we find the azimuth. Let's turn to the textbook p. 66, fig. 54. Let's try to formulate the definition of what an azimuth is (slide 16,17,18,19). Write the definition in a notebook. With the help of a compass, we can choose the desired direction and follow it clearly. - How do you determine the sides of the horizon on a map? Of course, with the help of parallels and meridians. Parallels point to North-South, and meridians to West-East (slide 20). But the azimuth can also be determined from the map. We can do this with an ordinary protractor. Working with protractors and atlases on the desk and the map on the board.
Working with topographic maps and a map in the textbook (flyleaf), (slide 21). - In addition, the sides of the horizon can be determined by local features (slide 22).
Guys, you can probably tell yourself how to locally determine the sides of the horizon. (The reasoning of the guys).
The best cartographers of the past were the Dutch. Since then, there has been a tradition to call rumba in Dutch: north-nord (nord), south-south (zuiden), east-east (ost), west-west (west). The Gs were also excellent sailors. It was they who invented a special form of headdress for sailors (slide 23, 24). This canvas hat protects your shoulders and neck from wind and rain. They called it a Southwest. Well, tell me, what direction of wind bothered the Dutch sailors especially? Correctly southwestward.
So, today we got acquainted with new concepts, learned how to work with a compass, determine the azimuth on the ground and on the map. As a consolidation of the knowledge gained, determine the location geographic sites relatively Ural mountains: Australia, islands New earth, South America, O. Iceland, Antarctica.
Well done! Write down your homework. Thank you for the lesson.
Geography lesson on the topic "Orientation".
Equipment: textbook, computer, projector, compasses, atlases, physical map of the world, protractor.
Purpose: to acquaint students with the new concepts of "sides of the horizon", "orientation", "rumba", "southwest", to form skills and abilities to work with a compass, determining the azimuth on the ground and a map, the ability to navigate using the sun, stars and local features ...
Hello. Today we will build the lesson as follows. Let's check your homework first. Then we'll explore a new topic.
Homework check (slide 1)
New topic.
Guess the riddle:
This line all the time
Between heaven and earth.
At least we walk to her all year,
And on the spot we are with you.
What is it about?
Right. About the horizon line. How do you understand this word, what definition will you give? (student reasoning, slide 2, 3).
Write down the topic of the lesson. Horizon sides. Orientation.
Nice word "Orientation". Where did it come from? Let's turn to the tutorial. This word came to us from Ancient Rome. Translated from Latin means "East". Why is the eastern direction taken as the basis for orientation? What is the easiest way to define it. The Sun rises - there is the east. If you face east, then north will be on the left, south on the right. And in the back is the west. That is, if the direction to the east is found, then the other sides of the horizon are by themselves. It was the east direction that gave the name to the process of determining the location of the object. Write down the definition of a notebook. Orientation - the ability to find the sides of the horizon or determine your location relative to the sides of the horizon (slide 6).
The sides of the horizon are also called the cardinal points (slide 7). They are also called points. In addition to the four main points, four more intermediate ones are distinguished: N-E, N-W, S-E, S-W (slide 8). E eight more intermediate points: NNE, NNW, SEE, SEE, ENE, SEE, WNW, SEW (slide 9). Sketch the diagram in a notebook.
And how can you navigate the terrain, on what grounds? Let's look at the different options (slide 10).
By the sun, using a mechanical watch (demonstrate, slide 11.12)
With the help of the stars, along the constellation Ursa Major and the Pole Star (slide 13).
Using a compass (slide 14, 15). Distribute a compass to each desk. Formation of skills in working with compasses. The history of the origin of the compass (student report given in the form of homework in advance).
With the help of a compass, we find the azimuth. Let's turn to the textbook p. 66, fig. 54. Let's try to formulate the definition of what an azimuth is (slide 16,17,18,19). Write the definition in a notebook. With the help of a compass, we can choose the desired direction and follow it clearly.
How do you determine the sides of the horizon on a map? Of course, with the help of parallels and meridians. Parallels point to North-South, and meridians to West-East (slide 20). But the azimuth can also be determined from the map. We can do this with an ordinary protractor. Working with protractors and atlases on the desk and the map on the board.
Working with topographic maps and a map in the textbook (flyleaf), (slide 21).
In addition, the sides of the horizon can be determined by local features (slide 22).
Guys, you can probably tell yourself how to locally determine the sides of the horizon. (The reasoning of the guys).
The best cartographers of the past were the Dutch. Since then, there has been a tradition to call rumba in Dutch: north-nord (nord), south-south (zuiden), east-east (ost), west-west (west). The Gs were also excellent sailors. It was they who invented a special form of headdress for sailors (slide 23, 24). This canvas hat protects your shoulders and neck from wind and rain. They called it a Southwest. Well, tell me, what direction of wind bothered the Dutch sailors especially? Correctly southwestward.
So, today we got acquainted with new concepts, learned how to work with a compass, determine the azimuth on the ground and on the map. As a consolidation of the knowledge gained, determine the location of geographic objects relative to the Ural Mountains: Australia, Novaya Zemlya islands, South America, about. Iceland, Antarctica.
Well done! Write down your homework. Thank you for the lesson.
In this video lesson, the topic "Orientation on the ground according to the plan" is presented to the study. Everyone will be able to learn how to use the area plan. The teacher will tell you what are the main and secondary sides of the horizon, what is the azimuth, how to determine it, how to correctly navigate the terrain according to the plan and what methods exist for determining the sides of the horizon.
The best way to navigate is with a compass. To determine the side of the horizon by the compass (approximately, without taking into account the magnetic declination), you need to release the brake of the magnetic needle and set the compass horizontally. Then rotate it so that the north end of the magnetic needle is opposite the letter C, which stands for north. With this position of the compass, the letters B, 3 and S will indicate the directions to the east, west and south, respectively. In any of these directions, you can select a landmark on the ground, which will later be used for orientation in motion.
This is the angle between the direction to the north and the direction to the subject under study, counted clockwise. Measured in degrees.
The plans and maps are oriented to the north, i.e. from above the northern direction, from below - southern. In addition, the direction of the sides of the horizon is often indicated by arrows.
Rice. 5. Plan with direction "north-south" ()
There are various ways to orient yourself:
In northern latitudes on summer nights, from the proximity of the setting sun to the horizon, the north side of the sky is the lightest, the south is darker. The highest position of the Sun is determined by the length of the shortest shadow, which corresponds to noon, and its direction in the northern hemisphere points to the north (see . rice.). This is true only between the North Pole and the North Tropic.
The rule applies in the following cases:
a) when the Sun is at its zenith (shadow at the base of the object);
b) at the equator, where the midday shadow for half a year is directed to the north (from September 24 to March 20) and half a year to the south (from March 21 to September 23);
c) in latitudes between the equator and the tropics, where the shadow also changes direction In the southern hemisphere, on the contrary, the shadow points to the south.
Rice. 6. Orientation by the Sun
With relative accuracy, the sides of the horizon can be determined from the sun using a clock. To do this, holding the watch horizontally, you need to turn it so that the hour hand is directed to the Sun. In this case, the bisector of the angle between the hour hand and the direction to the number 12 on the dial points to the south. It should be remembered that before noon it is necessary to divide the angle on the dial, which the hour hand must pass until 12 o'clock in the afternoon - the angle that it passed after 12 o'clock.
Rice. 7. Orientation by the Sun with the help of a watch
On a cloudless night, the sides of the horizon are easiest to determine by the Polar Star, which always points to the north with an accuracy of 1 °.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Rice. eight. Various ways orienteering ()
In the absence of a compass, the cardinal directions can be determined as follows: the bark of most trees is rougher and darker by north side; on the trees conifers resin more commonly accumulates on the south side; annual rings on fresh stumps on the north side are located closer friend to friend; on the north side trees, stones, stumps, etc. earlier and more abundantly covered with lichens, fungi; anthills are located on the southern side of trees, stumps and bushes, the southern slope of the anthills is gentle, the northern one is steep; in summer, the soil near large stones, buildings, trees and bushes is drier on the south side; separately standing trees the crowns are lush and thicker on the south side; altars Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran pickaxes are facing east, and the main entrances are located on the west side; the raised end of the lower crossbar of the cross of the churches faces north.
Rice. 9. Moss on the tree from the north side ()
Homework
Paragraph 6.
1. What are the main sides of the horizon do you know?
Bibliography
The main
1. An initial course in geography: Textbook. for 6 cl. general education. institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2010 .-- 176 p.
2. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, DIK, 2011 .-- 32 p.
3. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 32 p.
4. Geography. 6 cl .: cont. cards. - M .: DIK, Bustard, 2012 .-- 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical compilations
1. Geography. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M .: Rosmen-Press, 2006 .-- 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam
1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Textbook. manual for students of 6 cl. - M .: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2011 .-- 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Study guide / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: OOO "Agency" KRPA "Olymp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
Terrain orientation refers to the process of determining a location based on the sides of the horizon and features (landmarks) in the terrain. Terrain orientation can be done with the help of such things:
- map
- compass
- celestial bodies
- local facilities
On the map, you can easily determine your location, as well as choose your further route, taking into account such obstacles as off-road or limited visibility. The compass and celestial bodies will help to accurately determine the side of the horizon.
Features of orientation on the ground
Focusing on the terrain on the map, you should go to the nearest objects: road, river bank, clearing, and find them on the map. Make sure that the objects that are plotted on the map coincide with their real location.
You cannot use the compass near military equipment, iron objects and power lines - the magnetic needle will go off its course and point you in the wrong direction.
In order not to get lost, it is best to mark with jogging those objects that were shown on the map and met you on the way.
Determining the sides of the horizon
You can determine the sides of the horizon using a compass. To do this, the prior must be placed on a flat horizontal surface - only in this position the brake of the magnetic needle is released. After the arrow stops wobbling, the luminous end will point you in the north direction.
The sides of the horizon can also be determined by the clock and the Sun. To do this, you need to face the Sun, and place the watch so that its arrow points to the Sun.
The angle that forms between the large arrow and the number 1 will point you to the south. It should be noted that this method is valid only in the CIS. At night, in the same way, you can find out the sides of the horizon by directing the clock hand to the moon.
Determination of the sides of the horizon by subjects
Knowing some of the signs of wildlife, you can easily determine the side of the horizon in unfamiliar terrain. The bark on the north side of the tree is much thicker than on the south side. On conifers resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side of the trunk.
You can determine the southern direction if you consider an ordinary anthill: the southern slope is gentle, the northern one is steeper. Trees that grow singly have a more lush southern crown than a northern crown.
Mosses grow in the northern part of the trunk, while in the southern part they are much less, or they are not at all. The main entrance to the chapels and temples is located from the north.