The book is devoted to the historical events of the formation and combat activities of the 7th operational squadron from the beginning of its formation to the last days of service in the Navy. It provides statistical data on all stages of the squadron's combat activities, describes the creation, construction and development of the latest ships and collects the memoirs of officers and admirals about the outstanding events of service on the ships of the squadron.
about the author
Belov Gennady Petrovich, was born in Leningrad on May 11, 1937. I saw in my childhood hunger, cold, horrors and fear of war and human participation. He graduated from school - the former Aleksadrinsk gymnasium in 1954. In 1959 he graduated from the Higher Naval Radio Engineering School with a diploma - an engineer of radio equipment for the fleet and, of his own free will, was assigned to the Northern Fleet. In the navy, he served as the head of the radio technical service for 13 years from 1959 to 1972 on the destroyers "Sharp," "Persistent", "Modest", "Fire" and the large anti-submarine ship "Sevstopol" under the command of 9 ship commanders, 10 brigade commanders and 3 commanders of the 7th squadron. Passed six military services. From 1973 to 1977 he served in the 5th Division of the Northern Fleet Headquarters as the head of the combat training group for surface ships. In 1977 he graduated from the Northern Fleet and moved to serve at the 14th Institute of Radio Electronics of the Navy as a senior researcher. Working at the institute as the head of the laboratory of the position, he supervised the support of the design of surface ships in terms of radio-electronic weapons in all Design Bureau of the USSR. These were the projects of the ships of recent years - 1155, 956, 1164, 1144.2, 1144.3, 1143.4, 1143.4, 1143.5. He personally accompanied the design of aircraft-carrying ships "Baku" and "Admiral Kuznetsov" and participated in state tests of the "Udaloy" bpk and "Baku" takrs. He graduated from the 14th Institute of the Navy in the position of deputy head of the department in 1988 and retired to the reserve with the rank of captain of the first rank. He began his literary career in 1997, having started work on the book "Behind the Scenes of the Fleet". It describes the events, collisions that arose between him and the command of the ship, and between his crew and, most importantly, people and was published in St. Petersburg in 2004. The second revised edition of the book was published in 2006. The book was written only from memory and has a volume of 422 pages. In his opinion, this is the most successful book. The third book "Honor and Duty", published in 2009 also in St. Petersburg, tells about two outstanding admirals of the modern fleet, Vice Admiral E. I. Volobuev and Rear Admiral E. A. Skvortsov, with whom the author was associated with a long service in Northern Fleet. In December 2012, his fourth book in the historical and literary genre about the 7th operational squadron of the Northern Fleet "Atlantic Squadron" was published. It gives a retrospective of the squadron's combat activities, combat services and its military merits.
Deserved attention is paid to the development of aircraft carriers "Kiev", "Admiral Ushakov", "Admiral Kuznetsov" and nuclear cruisers "Kirov", "Nakhimov" and "Peter the Great", as well as the combat activities of the ships of the squadron in combat service in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. The book does not forget the commanders of ships, brigades, divisions and squadrons who selflessly gave their strength and energy to the Northern Fleet. This book summed up the first summary of the literary and historical narratives about 170 brigade and 7 operational squadron, with which he was associated with 10 years of service. His efforts in the literary field were appreciated by the Writers' Union of Russia, where he was admitted in May 2010. In the same year he became a laureate of the competition "The Golden Pen of Russia" - was awarded a diploma named after A. Tvardovsky from the Union of writers of battle painters and marine painters and the Military Art Studio of Writers of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for the book "Behind the Scenes of the Fleet". He created the site of the 7th operational squadron - atlantika.ucoz.ru, by visiting which those who wish can find information about him and his work. He is currently working on the fifth book about the sailors, foremen, warrant officers and officers who created the glory of the 7 squadron on the decks of ships.
From the author
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who helped me create this book. First of all, I would like to thank Viktor Romanovich Kartsev, without whose help this book would not have been published. He believed me and took a sincere part in my creative plans and searches. A talented, honest and purposeful person, direct and uncompromising, who commanded two ships and did not bend under the pressure of unfavorable office and life circumstances. His views on service in the squadron and confessional materials about the difficult commanding years at the Moskovsky Komsomolets EM helped me to better understand the personality, psychology and inner essence of the ship's commander, his degree of responsibility at sea and largely influenced my assessment of many of the events described. It was only thanks to him that the book became a reality - he became a generous sponsor in its publication.
In the center of my communication with a huge number of admirals and officers of the squadron were I. N. Khmelnov and A. A. Kibkalo, who helped me in this communication, found admirals and officers, supported and encouraged me in the hard work of collecting materials for the book and did not allow to retreat from the started business. I express my sincere gratitude to Igor Nikolaevich for his great support in the hard work of collecting materials about the squadron and his willingness to come to the rescue, regardless of the circumstances.
With A. A. Kibkalo, the former commander of the "Zhguchiy" BOD, we are connected by a passing acquaintance while serving on the squadron, two meetings in Moscow and a two-year correspondence on the Internet. But, despite this, he was a connecting link in my contacts with so many people and responded to every call and message. It was to him that I spilled out all the negative moments associated with the refusal of people to help me so much. He understood me and supported me in difficult moments of doubt in further work on the book. Perhaps it was thanks to him that I resisted the desire to quit this job. “Gennady, write no matter what! No one will write this book except you, ”he repeated these words to me more than once in his letters. Thank you, Alexander Alexandrovich, for your support and help.
I am grateful to Nikolai Naumovich Melnik, the former deputy commander of the 170th brigade for political affairs, whom I never knew during my service in the squadron. For the section on party political work, he prepared a 28-page material written in small calligraphic handwriting, which required more than 14 hours of labor just to present the text. Dear Nikolai Naumovich, a deep bow to you and sincere gratitude.
Sincere gratitude to Vladimir Nikolaevich Pykov, the second commander of the TAVKR "Kiev", who kindly responded to my request and sent a large handwritten work of his memoirs.
Quite unexpected for me was the warm and kind response to my numerous requests from the moderators of the sites of the ships pr. 1134, 1134A and the cruiser "Murmansk" A. V. Kavun and A. M. Vlasov. AV Kavun always reacted like a naval to any of my requests for information search according to the principle: "We will not flog fever, but so that by the morning it will be done", finding and sending the requested information, and advised on many issues. Thank you dear friends.
Invaluable help and support in the process of writing the book was provided to me by Evgeny Antonovich Kreskiyan, a former political officer of the Admiral Yumashev BOD and my colleague in the Sevastopol BOD. Thanks to his help, I found many of those who helped in the collection of materials for the book. He helped in solving many practical matters during my trips to Moscow on creative matters related to the book, and I found shelter in his house. Together with N. N. Melnik, he helped me write a difficult section on party political work.
The former squadron commanders Yu. G. Ustimenko, V. G. Dobroskochenko, G. Ya. Radzevsky, and the chief of staff of the 7th OPESK I. N. Khmelnov responded to my request for help sincerely and with understanding. They generously shared memories of events from the combat activities of the squadron, corrected me and gave the necessary advice. Former squadron commanders Yu. G. Ustimenko, VP Eremin, VF Bessonov readily provided their photographs to the book.
E.A. Murashov, Ya. V. Khokhlov, A. I. Tolstik and A. B. Averin sincerely believed in me, who responded to numerous inquiries and shared everything that remained in the memory of the service in the squadron. None of them ever referred to employment and everyday problems, and they all responded and reacted to my letters and appeals immediately. I would like to separately thank Andrei Borisovich Averin, who generously shared information about the combat activities of the squadron. Thank you dear friends.
In the process of writing the book, it became necessary to analyze complex internal events in the squadron and in the navy. My second conscience and good advisers in this were outstanding and talented people - the former chief of staff of the 120th brigade of the Northern Fleet and the chief of staff of the 5th squadron V.V. Communication with them was a study for me and, sometimes, an insight.
I thank my colleague in the 170th brigade, the 7th squadron and the 5th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Northern Fleet and my good friend V.L. Gavrilov. My honest and stern critic of everything that I have written, and for many years has put his shoulder and extended a helping hand to me.
I express my gratitude and sincere thanks to A. I. Frolov, V. S. Yarygin, S. V. Kostin, S. V. Lebedev, G. A. Bronnikov, A. V. Belyaev, B. P. Ponomarev, M. A Partala, V. A. Gokinaev, O. Yu. Guryanov, V. L. Belkin, B. G. Shmukler, I. V. Kots, Yu. S. Savchenko, V. F. Lyakin, A. V. Platonov , GI Vlasov, AI Tolstik, AN Skok, who provided their memories and gave me countless consultations on various issues of the squadron's activities. I also thank my old colleagues and good naval friends S. Ya. Kurgan, V. I. Galenko, Yu. E. Aleksandrov, V. L. Nabokov, N. M. Moiseev for their kind participation and constant support.
I would like to thank the families of our comrades who have passed away, who responded and sent photographs of their husbands and fathers - A.I. Skvortsov, V.I. Zub, E.A. Skvortsov, V.A. Yu. G. Ilyinykh, A. K. Zhakhalova, R. A. Saushev, P. G. Puntus.
My words of gratitude to those who responded to my letters and requests, providing all possible help and not disregarding any of my requests. They are V.V. Masorin, I.M.Kapitanets, P.M. Uvarov, P.G. Svyatashov, V.I. Rogatin, V.P. Zatula, A.A. Penkin, E.A. V. Semin, M. R. Gotovchits, V. I. Kazakov, V. P. Larin, V. G. Pravilenko, V. V. Shchedrolosev, M. A. Balashov, A. N. Borodavkin, B. S . Kondratyev, P. A. Glagola, I. S. Godgildiev, V. A. Grishonkov, V. P. Rudzik, G. A. Revin, D. S. Ogarkov, S. F. Ivanov, N. S. Koryagin , M. N. Kobets, V. A. Kotyukh, N. A. Melakh, G. Ya. Sivukhin, V. T. Milovanov, V. A. Nechipurenko, Yu. D. Orudzhev, V. V. Pitertsev, A P. Romanko, A. A. Svetlov, A. F. Azarov, B. P. Chernykh, S. V. Shevchenko, V. S. Shifrin, N. A. Skok, F. P. Tereshchenko, S. I Tsyura, V. I. Voitsekhovsky, N. A. Marchukov, V. I. Loshakov, A. V. Korenoy, S. A. Malyshev, V. A. Khaiminov.
Thanks to all the commanders of the ships of the 7th operational squadron, who sent their photos and contributed to the creation of the book. These are: V.A.Zvada, E.M.Slomentsev, V.D. Veregin, V.A.Nechipurenko, V.G. Milovanov, V.V. Peregudov, E.V. Sedletsky, B.D. K. S. Vinogradov, N. S. Zhorov, P. D. Kostromitsky, B. N. Nashutinsky, A. V. Bazhanov, S. V. Leonenkov, V. K. Chirov, Yu. N. Shalnov, P. Gray-haired.
In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to the users of the sites about the Navy and to all colleagues of the ships pr. 1134 and 1134A, who responded to requests for help with materials on the squadron and sent short memoirs and photographs. They are Alexander Fedorov, Artur Kurvyakov, Vladimir Karlyshev, Nikolai Kolesnichenko, Dmitry Serous, Andrey Sotnik, Sergey Fedorov, Victor Lapikov, Alexey Koltsov, Alexey Salnikov, Sergey Romashov, Pavel Razorenov, Victor Grishin, Mikhail Efimov, Vladimir Tishkin, Alexander Dubrovsky, Vyacheslav Khlyntsev, Vyacheslav Fedorovsky, Yuri Rubtsov, Yuri Shilov, Vladimir Titarenko, Evgeny Brulin, Vladimir Kiselev, Sergei Voshilko, Alexander Lagno, German Maksimov, Vitaly Khegai, Bator Tsybendorzhiev, Valery Karashchuk, Sergei Belov, Evgeny Kezik, Moscow Andrey Ushakov Sergei Tevyashev, Georgy Konkov, Sergei Rubachev, Vadim Pitertsev, Viktor Tretyakov, Vladimir Kurilov, Nikolai Lomanov, Roman Baldin, Sergei Voshilko, Alexander Lagno, Alexander Razhev, Ilya Dzhaksumbaev, Mikhail Goncharov, Igor Savelchev.
I can not ignore those who flatly or under various pretexts did not want to cooperate and come into contact with me on the materials about the 7th squadron. Thank you all for making me even more persistent in looking for new people, sources and stimulating me in difficult work.
I would like to express my gratitude to my wife Eugenia for stoically enduring my three-year non-participation in family and social life, understanding the importance of the cause to which I gave myself.
His addresses:
Introduction
First of all, I congratulate all veterans of the 7th operational squadron of the Northern Fleet on the publication of a book about its combat activities. This is the first book in which a serious attempt is made to describe all aspects of service in a squadron and show the hard work of the command, commanders of ships and their crews to improve its combat power. The book about the 7th operational squadron of the Northern Fleet is devoted to the description of the historical events of its formation and combat activities from the beginning of its formation to the last days of service in the Navy. It provides full statistical data on all stages of the squadron's combat activities, describes the creation, construction and development of ships of the latest projects. The above recollections of officers and admirals about the events of service on the ships of the squadron are written brightly and truthfully. The described episodes of events during military service enable all readers of the book to understand that admirals, officers, midshipmen and rank-and-file sailors, devoted to the service, were at the forefront of protecting the interests of our Motherland. All of them showed courage in the most difficult situations in the ocean voyage and successfully completed their tasks even in the difficult conditions of the inhospitable Atlantic. In addition, the author makes an attempt to analyze the complex processes in the service situation at the squadron and writes about the difficult fate of the ship commanders. Unfortunately, a complex historical process struck the squadron out of the Navy, but the rich experience of the squadron's actions in defending the geopolitical interests of our Motherland shown in the book gives hope that it will be in demand by a new generation of sailors, and this is the value of this book. It is this gap in the recent history of the Navy, when not only people far from the naval service, but even the current generation of sailors have little idea of what "combat service" is, for what purpose and in what areas of the World Ocean it was performed, the book fills up. We must not lose hope that in the shortest historical time frame the power of the Russian fleet will be revived and a new Atlantic squadron will enter the ocean for the third time. I express my sincere respect to all the veterans of the combat service of the squadron and the Navy.
Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy -
First Deputy Commander-in-Chief
Navy of the Russian Federation
(1996-1998)
Admiral I. N. Khmelnov
Foreword
I dedicate this book to my wife Eugenia and daughter Irina, who steadfastly and resignedly endured the hardships of the difficult years of my ship service.
Dear readers and colleagues from the 7th OPESK and the Navy. It is difficult for me to say how each of you will react to this foreword, but many experiences during the writing of this book prompted me to write that way. First of all, I want to say that I have been living in America for 18 years. So my life was not easy in the difficult times of perestroika. BUT! I am still a citizen of Russia and I still love her to tears. This is my Motherland and there is no other and never will be. This book, like the previous one, "Honor and Duty", was given to me very hard, not so much in the sense of writing associated with the search for materials in the open press and technical work, but because I met with violent rejection from the side. many people I have turned to for help with the materials. To begin with, my appeal to the Main Headquarters of the Navy for admission to the Naval Archives remained unanswered. From some, to whom I turned for help, without hiding my place of residence, I received a polite refusal due to employment, from some - promises that lasted from one to two years, and some of the officers flatly refused to contact me. A number of people who knew me before gave me anathema because of my place of residence. A number of people referred to the secrecy of the materials that they might disclose, a number of people frankly said that they were afraid to appear in front of the security services because of contacts with me, a citizen of Russia. From one colleague who in the past held a high position in the squadron and in the leadership of the Navy, I received the answer: "I am not interested in this topic." Many politely dismissed me like an annoying fly when I sent them written material for review. They politely wrote that they had read it without giving a word of comment and returning the material in its original form. And finally, an incident occurred that simply shocked me. The FSB received a signal that state secrets could be revealed in the book. I had a meeting with the staff of this service. They were convinced of the sincerity of my intentions, and this meeting did not end in anything for me. I know the name of the person who gave this signal, but I cannot understand the reasons why he did it. The Lord is their judge. BUT! Fortunately, there were a lot of people who sincerely supported me, helped, shared information and memories, and I express my sincere gratitude and gratitude to them.
The book was difficult for me also because I wrote it in America and came to St. Petersburg and Moscow four times to meet with admirals and officers, to tell about myself and win them over not so much to myself as to the idea of writing a book about the squadron. I had more than fifty such meetings. During the work on the book, I sent my respondents about 2,000 pages of letters and appeals, had close correspondence with more than 160 of them, and made more than 1,500 phone calls from America to Russia related to the search for materials. For me, writing itself is not difficult in terms of putting my thoughts on paper. But the search for material, its analysis, careful work on the text sent by others is a tedious and long-term process that requires a lot of patience. I thank the Lord that I had enough of it to complete the book. Dear colleagues, I again repeat my words of gratitude to all of you for your sincere help and support in the work on the book. The book contains statistics on various aspects of the squadron's activities as of January 1, 2011, and they may differ from the current ones. Unfortunately, due to a lack of factual material, the book does not fully reflect the combat and daily activities of the squadron, and many points are sparingly described. Some events in the book may have been overlooked due to lack of information, and certainly there may be inaccuracies. Some of the materials may cause disagreement and harsh criticism, but they are all taken from official sources. Introducing these "inconvenient" materials into the book, I was guided by my civic position - that even on the shameful facts of our biography, we must learn so as not to repeat them again. I tried to cover all aspects of the squadron's activities, and how much I managed to do this, you judge, dear readers.
I am happy that by completing this book and bringing it to the judgment of the readers, I was able to fulfill my duty to the squadron and the Navy, making a small contribution to the description of their history. Thank God for giving me strength and patience, but I decided that this is my last book about the Navy. I hope for feedback from everyone who reads the book, and I will gladly accept criticism, all wishes and additions and republish it in the form that readers recommend. Thanks again to everyone who helped me, and God bless you. I look forward to your critical feedback. With sincere respect for future readers,
Page 2 of 2
OUR HEROES
6 SUBMARINERS - UNITED NATIONS TRAINERS BECAME HEROES OF THE SOVIET UNION
In April 1976, for courage and heroism during the transoceanic transition of the submarine from the Northern Fleet to the Pacific Fleet:
1. The commander of the formation, Rear Admiral V. K. KOROBOV
2. Senior Political Officer Rear Admiral Parodii Yu. I.
3. Submarine commander Captain 1st Rank LOMOV E.D.
4. Commander of the warhead-5 submarine captain 3rd rank TAPTUNOV Yu. I.
In October 1981, for courage and heroism in the performance of a special government assignment:
5. Commander of the formation, Captain 1st Rank E. D. BALTIN
6. Submarine commander Captain 1st Rank Kuversky L R.
In 1974, Rear Admiral V.P. FROLOV was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the country.
3 SHIPS Awarded the PENNANT OF THE MINISTER OF DEFENSE "FOR COURAGE AND MILITARY VALUE"
in 1981 (commander - Captain 1st Rank Kuversky L.R.)
in 1982 (commander - Captain 1st Rank V.A. Zhuravlev)
6 TIMES PL have won the Navy Civil Code PRIZE FOR ROCKET SHOOTING:
in 1975 (commander - Captain 1st Rank Sergeev V.M.)
in 1976 (commander - Captain 1st Rank M.V. Tolokonnikov)
in 1980 (commander - Captain 1st Rank B.A. Popov)
in 1981 (commander - Captain 1st Rank Kuversky L.R.)
in 1983 (commander - Captain 1st Rank B.A. Popov)
in 1987 (commander - Captain 1st Rank V.N. Efimov)
SUBMARINE AWARDS:
1975 - (commander - Rear Admiral V.P. Frolov) - awarded the Challenge Banner of the Military Council of the Federation Council, entered in the Book of Honor of the Federation Council;
1976 - (commander - Rear Admiral V.P. Frolov) - awarded the Challenge Banner of the Murmansk Regional Executive Committee;
1976 - 2 ships (commanders Captain 1st Rank B.V. Kholod and Captain 1st Rank A.V. Olkhovikov) - rewarded with a pennant of the Military Council of the Northern Fleet;
1979 - (Commander - Captain 1st Rank A.V. Kozinsky) - awarded the Challenge Banner of the Military Council of the Northern Fleet;
1982 - (Commander - Captain 1st Rank VA Zhuravlev) - awarded the Challenge Banner of the Military Council of the Northern Fleet;
1983 - The compound is declared "excellent";
FOR 20 YEARS OF CONNECTION HISTORY:
more than 150 submariners were awarded orders and more than 270 - medals;
THE SERVICE WAS PASSED ON THE CONNECTION:
Rear Admiral of the Baltic Eduard Dmitrievich - now Admiral, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet;
Rear Admiral Vadim Konstantinovich Korobov - later Chief of Staff of the Northern Fleet, now Admiral;
Rear Admiral Aleksandr Mikhailovich Ustyantsev - later Vice Admiral, Commander of the Combine, Chief of State Acceptance of the Navy;
Rear Admiral Yuri Pavlovich Belov - now Vice Admiral, commander of the Tallinn naval base;
Captain 1st Rank Boris Aleksandrovich Popov - now Rear Admiral, Head of the Personnel Department of the Northern Fleet;
Captain 1st Rank Anatoly Grigorievich Steblyanko - later Rear Admiral, Head of the Political Department and VVMUZ LenVMB;
Captain 2nd Rank Viktor Zakhartsev - later Rear Admiral, Deputy Head of the Political Directorate of the Navy;
Captain 1st Rank Vladimir Vasilievich Agapitov - now Rear Admiral, Deputy Commander - Chief of Civil Defense of the Northern Fleet;
Captain 1st Rank Grigory Aleksandrovich Tatarenko - now Rear Admiral, First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Northern Fleet;
Captain 2nd Rank Nikolai Nikitich Yurasov - now the counter-admiral, head of the nuclear safety inspection at the RF Ministry of Defense;
Rear Admiral Chirkov Valery Vasilievich - now the commander of the formation;
Rear Admiral Nikolai Borisovich Sokolov - now the beginning. the headquarters of the association;
Captain 3rd Rank Dmitry Borisovich Shtefanov - now Rear Admiral, Chief Navigator of the Northern Fleet;
Captain 1st Rank Shilin Yuri Konstantinovich - now Rear Admiral, head of the BVMURE named after Popova;
Captain 1st Rank Alexander Alekseevich Shaurov - later Rear Admiral, head of the training center in Paldiski;
Captain 1st Rank Alexander Vasilievich Olkhovikov - later Rear Admiral, head of the training center in Paldiski.
OUR ADVANCES
For high performance in combat training, personal example in service and in connection with the 20th anniversary of the formation:
ANNOUNCED THANKS:
1.the senior warrant officer Demyanenko I.A.
2. Senior Warrant Officer Lepekhov N.S.
3.Lt. Commander Sergienko A.N.
4. senior lieutenant Susedko I.N.
5.Captain-Lieutenant Podmar'kov E.N.
6.Lutz G.V. Senior Lieutenant
7.Midshipman S. B. Shupletsov
8.Senior Lieutenant Yumanov Yu.P.
9.Midshipman Grafov S.N.
10. Senior Lieutenant A. V. Konyukhov
11.Midshipman Grebelnik V.P.
12.Midshipman Yushchenko S.P.
13.Midshipman Petrov S.A.
14. Sergeant Major 1 article Savenkov D.N.
15. senior sailor Mukhutdinov V.R.
16.Sailor Lakhno V.N.
17. Senior Warrant Officer Karetnikov E.L.
18.To the senior warrant officer Kalinich V.F.
19.To the senior midshipman Mordanov F.V.
Awarded with honors:
1.Captain 3rd Rank Sidashenko O.G.
2.Senior Warrant Officer Belyankin D. Yu.
3.Captain-Lieutenant V.V. Gushchin
4.Captain 3rd Rank V.A. Denisov
5.Captain 3rd Rank Petrov A.A.
6.Senior Warrant Officer Korobaev M. A
7.Midshipman A. G. Zverev
8. senior warrant officer Laiko V. Ya.
9.Captain 3rd Rank A.A. Chebanyuk
10.Captain 3rd Rank Buzenkov P.V.
11.Captain-Lieutenant V.A.Rudakov
12.the senior warrant officer G.V. Anisimov
13. Senior Warrant Officer Sterkhov Yu.G.
14. Senior Warrant Officer Adakhovsky S.V.
15 senior warrant officer Maslak I.S.
16. senior warrant officer Beregovoy A.S.
17.Midshipman Sayapin Yu.I.
18.Captain 2nd Rank Petrikevich M.V.
19.Captain 3rd Rank Kutsenko S.V.
20. Sergeant Major 2 articles Svetlichenko A.I.
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1963, on the bridge of EM "Modest", Atlantic, ship's officer in charge
« I am Gennady Petrovich Belov, was born in the city of Leningrad on May 11, 1937 and saw in childhood hunger, cold, horrors and fear of war and human participation…»
For me, these lines of the writer's autobiography are key. Here is the source of courage and loyal service to the Fatherland of this man, special care and delicacy that he shows to his heroes-colleagues, to those who shared years of service with him in the Navy, regardless of ranks and titles. His heightened sense of justice comes from a siege war childhood. Therefore, with such persistence, he seeks to perpetuate the memory of those who dedicated their lives and destinies to the defense of their country, and to understand the causes of the tragic events in the navy, which exposed global destructive processes in society.
1966, on the bridge of EM "" Fiery, White Sea, officer in charge of the ship
Gennady Belov is a retired captain of the first rank, a member of the Russian JV, has served in the fleet for more than thirty years, eighteen of which are completely devoted to the Northern Fleet. A man filled with love for Russia, he also devotes his "civilian" life to the cause of his entire life - serving the Fatherland.
Today, more than twenty years have passed since the collapse of the great country, against the background of the monstrous events in Ukraine and the unprecedented campaign of persecution of Russia by Europe and the United States, books about Russia's only allies, in the words of Emperor Alexander III - its army and navy - are acquiring special significance, relevance and value.
On the literary account of Gennady Belov, there are several original voluminous books. The debut - "Behind the Scenes of the Fleet" - was entirely devoted to the naval service in the 60s and 70s. Belov edited her manuscript about forty times, the first part of it was published in St. Petersburg in 2004, and the second, supplemented edition, was published in 2006. The narration vividly recreates the special spirit of military and peaceful life-byya of the Soviet naval officers. This book is a kind of part of the chronicle of the history of the Northern Fleet from 1959 to 1977. Outstanding representatives of the command staff - Vice-Admiral E. I. Volobuev and Rear-Admiral E. A. Skvortsov - are the heroes of his other book "Honor and Duty", published in St. Petersburg in 2009. The characters of the outstanding military leaders, with whom the author was associated with a long service in the Northern Fleet, and with E.I. Volobuev - also sailing in two military services, are written out succinctly and accurately. The artlessness of the narrative makes the book unusually concentrated, strict, and capacious. You read and involuntarily envy: Belov was lucky in life to meet real people! He understands the importance of the extraordinary individuality of each, sincerely admires his commanders, admiring their courage and professionalism, exactingness - first of all, towards himself.
November 1969, head of the RTS at the Sevastopol shipbuilding complex
And The Extreme Fleet Lexicon is a brilliant chapter that deserves special mention. We do not even suspect that many of the "iconic" catchwords of recent years have been borrowed by our contemporaries from the monologues of the outstanding commanders of the Soviet fleet. The chapter contains the statements of the commanders of the Seventh Operational Squadron at headquarters operations, meetings and analyzes, recorded by the headquarters officers and personally by Gennady Petrovich. Biting specific humor, abruptly mixed with the details of naval realities, in the mouth of a commander with remarkable intelligence and erudition, is a special "weapon" and, of course, a separate branch of oral folk art. Many of these expressions, picked up by the Internet, can be said to have become the property of the people.
I would like to pay special attention to documentary photographs: the book is supplied with a large number of unique photographs. Have you noticed how strikingly different the faces in old photographs are from those of today? Smart. Brave. Clear. And always extraordinary!
1968, Yalta, Massandra, with Evgeny Evstigneev after filming the film "Strange People" by Vasily Shukshin
However, the most significant in the work of G. P. Belov is a historical and literary work - the 600-page "Atlantic Squadron".
“The book about the Seventh Operational Squadron of the Northern Fleet is devoted to the description of the historical events of its formation and combat activities from the beginning of its formation to the last days of service in the Navy. It provides full statistical data on all stages of the squadron's combat activities, describes the creation, construction and development of ships of the latest projects. The described episodes of events during military service enable all readers of the book to understand that admirals, officers, midshipmen and rank-and-file sailors, devoted to the service, were at the forefront of protecting the interests of our Motherland. All of them showed courage in the most difficult situations in the ocean voyage and successfully completed their tasks even in the difficult conditions of the inhospitable Atlantic. In addition, the author makes an attempt to analyze the complex processes in the service situation at the squadron and writes about the difficult fate of the ship commanders. Unfortunately, a complex historical process struck the squadron out of the Navy, but the rich experience of the squadron's actions in upholding the geopolitical interests of our Motherland, shown in the book, gives hope that it will be in demand by a new generation of sailors, and this is the value of this book, ”- writes in the preface to it the Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy, First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Federation (1996-1998), Admiral IN Khmelnov.
I am sure that not only the “new generations of sailors” may be interested in the Atlantic Squadron, but also for any reader keen on the history of Russia, its military glory and the eternal “naval” theme.
1966, EM "Fiery", for a tactical tablet
Only an impartial document painlessly admits excessiveness. In a work of fiction, the abundance of "demonstrative" heroism causes a smile. The documentary material speaks for itself. You can internally resist as much as you like, disagree with something - but these people were SUCH. They sacrificed themselves for the welfare of the Motherland. We didn't discuss orders. Experienced tremendous loads. They took responsibility not only for the strict observance of the order, for the life of the ship, but often for the fate of the world. Can we grasp the extent of this responsibility? Gennady Belov knows about this firsthand - the author had to go through six military services during his service in the 170th brigade and the Seventh Squadron!
The events in Panama, the extreme tension of our sailors during the conflicts of 1967, 1973 and 1986, the Gulf War, the rescue of civilians in the front-line zones of Africa - the crews of the ships of the squadron defended the geopolitical interests of the USSR, brilliantly performing the most difficult combat missions in the exercises, in every possible way holding back the activity of the naval forces of the United States and NATO in the confrontation in the vastness of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. After all, this is the most popular post-war slogan in our country that simply set the teeth on edge was "Peace to the world!"
1959, 5th year student of the Higher Naval Radio Engineering School (VVMIRTU)
The book "Atlantic Squadron" by Gennady Belov is, of course, a colossal, memoir and scientific work, priceless and timely. Even the "Contents" is compiled in the likeness of a dissertation: chapters and subchapters, a glossary of terms, a list of used literature - more than 120 sources. Rare photos, a complete list of ships of the squadron with all the output data. An extensive scrupulous study, in the work on which Belov managed to involve a large number of people, and Belov, by the way, did not forget to express his gratitude to each of them in the address "From the Author".
In fact, this book by Belov is a monument. Sculpture of words and meanings from granite. Severe, heavy, devoid of sophistication, "embellishments", all of the sharp corners - but real, for centuries!
Of course, it is hard to read the pages devoted to negative episodes in the fleet that caused human casualties - accidents, fires and floods, often provoked by elementary bungling, incompetence of individual team members, abuse of power, or stubbornness of the command. Sometimes it seems that these numerous facts outweigh the pages full of deep respect for the military hard work and feat of Soviet sailors, telling about courage and dedication, excellent performance of combat missions. However, before us are facts. You can't hide from the truth. It's time to look into her eyes, evaluate the past impartially, and in the future, fostering the best, try to avoid fatal repetitive mistakes. After all, the processes that led to the destruction of the Squadron also led to the disappearance of a huge power from the political map of the world! Today is the time to “collect stones”. The time of opportunistic overthrow, denial of the achievements of the past, has finally passed. In the light of the recent violent events, when the "world community" frenziedly condemns Russia for the sins it has not committed, - a slandered, driven into a grave inferiority complex, a great people, destroyed by all sorts of "reformers" and enemies throughout the twentieth century, consisting of those very epic "quilted jackets" , "Colorado", "scoops" - gets up from his knees!
1959 College graduate
"Kiev" - how painful it is to pronounce this word today. But a new era in the navy began with this glorious name. On July 21, 1970, the first Soviet aircraft carrier, named "Kiev", was laid down at the zero slipway of the Black Sea shipyard No. 198 in Nikolaev. The fate of this ship was symbolic. The whole country was building "Kiev". 169 ministries and departments, over three and a half thousand major enterprises took part in its creation. To inspect such a ship and visit each room for at least one minute, it was necessary to spend more than two and a half days of clean time. It became a breakthrough in the domestic shipbuilding industry in many areas, but the main thing is that for the first time the fleet received an aircraft-carrying ship with deck aircraft on board. The "Kiev" was launched on December 26, 1972, and on August 28, 1994, the handsome aircraft carrier was SOLD to a private company in China and on May 20, 2000, was taken by the Daewoo tug to Shanghai, where it was converted into a floating tourist entertainment center ...
By the beginning of the new millennium, through the efforts of the perestroika destroyers, Russia surrendered its combat fleet. Most of the ships, having not served even half of their operational life, were sold for a pittance for scrap to China, Turkey, South Korea and India. At the same time, the author emphasizes, even secret equipment was not removed from the aircraft carriers during the sale. Less than $ 30 million was raised for the sale of a gigantic armada of ships, and the cost of building one destroyer is ten times more! G. Belov summarizes bitterly: "EA Skvortsov rightly said in his book" Time and Fleet ":" Probably, in Russia, besides bad roads and fools, there are also criminals. " Of course. We even know them by their names - the inspirers, "foremen" and generals of perestroika! So many years have passed, and the author's heart is still filled with inexplicable bitterness when he lists the ships that left the fleet: “ Be patient, digging into every line, read this memorial list of our fleet, our power, our strength, our pride, our national respect, our strength, money, sweat, mind". Painful pages of Belov's book, dedicated to the last days of the squadron - a high Requiem, no less strong and spiritual than the famous song "Varyag". And parting with the squadron here also reads quite symbolic - this is parting with the past: with the country, with its purpose, with life itself, because the deliberate death of the squadron also entailed crippled fates.
Third course. In the photo in the middle. On school boats
« The news of the liquidation was tragic for many officers. The squadron had a 37-year history of existence. A high staff culture was developed, which was passed on from generation to generation, and any officer who comes to the squadron headquarters adopted this spirit of high dedication and professionalism. The organization of the connection management was created and perfectly worked out. This is the invisible that is created and accumulated over many years of hard work. And suddenly all this is destroyed in an instant. Who needed it and why? The leadership of the country and the Armed Forces once again brought the Navy to its knees. The origins of this decision and the characters are unknown, and even now no one will dare to reveal the whole hard-hitting truth. But I am sure that after years they will write about it and name the characters of this tragedy of the fleet. The time of history has not come yet ... "
In the works of Gennady Belov, there are no linguistic delights, there is no famously twisted plot, old-test sea reckless romance, they have completely different tasks and goals. Here is life. Severe, sometimes comical, sometimes inglorious, and more often - heroic. Life without embellishment, which is more fantastic than any fantasy and more dramatic than any Shakespearean tragedy. What is only one episode of the passage of the squadron through the "eye of the cyclone" - a 7-point murderous storm, unfortunately, as selfless as completely useless, not motivated by anything but a petty order from the higher authorities ...
And what courage was shown by the commander of the Zhguchiy BOD and the whole team, who, so that the ship would not lose speed in a severe storm, manually raked fuel from the bottoms of the tanks when its automatic supply ended. Admiration is caused by the actions of the captain of the 2nd rank A.A.Kibkal: in order not to risk the lives of his subordinates, being in the balance of death, he himself cleared the GDR dry cargo ship in the port of Luanda. The real feat was accomplished by the commander of the EM "Experienced" - Captain 2nd Rank Yu. G. Ilinykh, having gone out to sea to free the representatives of the Angolan authorities taken hostage, without the permission of the command of the Navy (there was no time to wait).
Battleship "October Revolution"
In the "Atlantic Squadron" a grandiose volumetric panorama unfolds unknown to civilian land persons of the complex life of the fleet, where behind the luxurious proud chiseled silhouettes of warships - the fate of not only commanders-admirals, captains, first mates, warrant officers, sailors, but the entire country.
After reading "Atlantic Squadron" by Gennady Belov, I catch myself thinking that her realities, a southerner, have suddenly become close and dear - both the harsh landscape, and the people of the Russian North, and the characters of the sailors of the northern fleet, and the unkind sky, and the icy sea, and ships.
« …My feelings? They go back many decades to my lieutenant years. And even now I am ready to live in my cold, blown-out, without toilet and water in an apartment on the street. Eastern. Despite the hardest service, I remember Severomorsk with spiritual trepidation, trips to the generous tundra and my struggle for honor and dignity for decades. Your phrase, that after reading my books, Severomorsk seems like a family to you, I shed a tear like a man ... It really was a special city. It was overwhelmingly fair. Intelligent and kind people, a special garrison way… ”- Gennady Petrovich answered me in response to the letter.
The fleet is reborn - just like our identity. The feats of the fathers and grandfathers were not in vain, the service of the Seventh Atlantic Squadron was not in vain. Russia has been, is and will be.
This means that there will be a Northern Fleet!
Olesya Rudyagina
Admiral's fate
Admiral Nikolay Nikolaevich AMELKO
Admiral Nikolai Nikolaevich AMELKO is from that legendary cohort of Soviet naval commanders who, having come to the navy in the 30s of the last century, acquired command skills during the Great Patriotic War, and then created the Soviet ocean-going nuclear military fleet.
Part II
WAR. JUNE, 22
I learned about the beginning of the war on the tram when I was driving from the village of Uritsky to my wife's house, as we said, to visit (to be fired). A man sitting next to me said in a low voice that the Germans had attacked us, and that they will now talk about it on the radio. Approaching my house, I saw a crowd of people and a wife with a dog (we had a white spitz). Everyone stood near a loudspeaker on a pole. Molotov spoke and said that the war had begun.
We already knew about the approaching war quite accurately. On June 18, I was in Tallinn with the ship and the cadets. In the evening with the teacher of the school, who was in charge of the practice, Captain 2nd Rank Khainatsky, we were in the Konvik restaurant, which is on Torgovaya Street. Suddenly a cipher comes in and whispers to me that a cipher has arrived from Moscow, encrypted with my command code. I urgently went to the ship, took out the commander's code from the safe and deciphered: "The fleets are on alert. All ships must immediately return to their bases at the place of permanent deployment." He gave the command to urgently prepare the ship for the exit. Mechanic Dmitriev reported on readiness. Then the senior assistant to the commander of the ship, in turn, having received reports from the commanders of combat units and boatswain Veterkov, by the way, an excellent specialist of the conscript, older than me in age, reported: "The ship is ready for battle and march." We weighed anchor and mooring and went to Kronstadt. Appeared to the commander V.F. Tributsu. He says:
You have a permanent place of deployment - Leningrad, near the school.
I reported that I need to load coal.
After loading coal (and this is a long procedure - all the personnel with baskets and shovels from the shore along the gangway runs to the ship, loads coal into the hatches of the coal pits and cleans the boilers), I went by boat to Oranienbaum, then by train to the village of Uritsky and further by tram to the house. It was at this time that my neighbor told me that the war had begun. At home, I told my wife that this war would be worse than the Finnish one. We decided that Tatochka (as I called my wife) would go to her relatives in Moscow.
I did not stay at home for the night, returned to the ship and sent the ship's clerk - a very efficient foreman - to Leningrad to get my wife's ticket for the train to Moscow. Two days later, with a train ticket, I accompanied my wife. We lived on the outskirts of the city behind the Kirov plant, it was very far to the Moscow railway station, but the clerk at the Evropeyskaya hotel got a Lincoln car. There is pandemonium at the station. We found out where is the composition that will be served for planting, and on what path. We drove in a Lincoln from Ligovskaya Street through the service entrance directly onto the platform, and at that time we were already reversing the train for landing. People on the move rushed to the cars, the entrances to the cars are already packed with people. Then the clerk and I lifted my Tatochka in our arms and shoved it into the carriage window on the top shelf. We said goodbye, and I saw her only three and a half years later. Sad, I went to the ship.
TALLINN TRANSIT
At the end of September 1939, Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, became the main base and base for the ships of the Baltic Fleet.
I received the order to act according to the mobilization plan, according to which I was supposed to be part of the brigade of skerry ships, the gathering place was the city of Trongzund, if you go to Vyborg from the sea. At Trongsund, the strait is narrow, and I decided to get up to the pier with my bow to the exit. He began to turn around, the bow of the ship rested on the dock, and the stern - on the opposite shore. He turned the ship around with ropes, windlass and winches. I fiddled for a long time, broke one winch. Then he found the headquarters of the brigade being formed, introduced himself to the commander - Captain 1st Rank Lazo. And he says:
It's good that you turned around for the exit, the Leningrad Council received an order to return to Kronstadt, and then go to Tallinn at the disposal of the headquarters of the Ministry of Defense.
The morning came on June 22, 1941. The training ship "Leningradsovet", commanded by the author of these memoirs, was in the city of Kronstadt. Two 76-mm caliber anti-aircraft guns were urgently installed on the ship on the bow and on the poop (at the stern) and four large-caliber DShK machine guns on the turrets. Until mid-July, the ship made four cruises from Kronstadt to Tallinn, replenishing ammunition, food, military equipment for its defenders. This was required because on August 5, 1941, the troops of the 48th German Army cut through the 8th Army of the North-Western Front and reached the coast of the Gulf of Finland, completely blocking Tallinn from land.
At the end of July, the Leningradsovet ship, being in Tallinn, stood at the berth of the Kupecheskaya harbor, and the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet's Mine Defense was located on it. The commander of this formation was Vice Admiral Rall Yuri Fedorovich, the chief of staff was Captain 1st Rank A.I. Alexandrov, deputy. Chief of Staff - Captain 2nd Rank Polenov. All of them, as well as the flagship navigator Ladinsky, the miner Kalmykov and other specialists of the Ministry of Defense headquarters, were stationed and lived at the Leningrad Soviet.
The training ship "Leningradsovet" was built at the Baltic shipyard in 1889. The former name was "Verny". Displacement 1,100 tons, armament - 76-mm guns on barbets, 3 on each side. In 1927 it was modernized, the armament was removed, and it was renamed "Leningradsovet".
The defense of Tallinn lasted for three weeks: the 10th Rifle Corps of the 8th Army, subordinate to the Fleet Commander Admiral Tributsu, a Marine Corps detachment formed from the personnel of the ships (it also included 20 people from the crew of the Leningrad Council), a regiment of Latvian and Estonian workers supported by artillery.
At night, minesweepers-tugs approached, transports also approached the outer roads. At dawn on August 28, I received a semaphore from the Kirov: "For the 4th convoy, line up and leave." Navigator Kovel and navigator of "Leningradsovet" plotted the transition courses on the map, as indicated in the package. I gave the order to the minesweepers to line up and gave courses. At that time, two "KM" boats approached the side of the ship - these are crew boats of the fleet headquarters, I was familiar with their commanders before: they were in Leningrad in the Training detachment for ensuring the practice of cadets of the M.V. Frunze. The commanders - warrant officers of the boats began to ask me: "Comrade commander, take us with you, we were abandoned, and we do not know how and where to go." I agreed, gave instructions to my senior assistant Kalinin to put them on bakshtov (small boats, about 10 tons of displacement), gave them a hemp rope from the stern, and they got up "in tow".
At Voindlo Island our fourth convoy lined up and began to move. We passed the Keri island, mines began to explode in the trawls, one of the minesweepers was blown up, political instructor Yakubovsky was thrown from one of the minesweepers by a blast from one of the minesweepers, got on a tarpaulin awning and received almost no serious injuries. We had only one pair of minesweepers left, but the swept strip was so small that the transports heading into the wake could not exactly adhere to it and began to be blown up by mines. The transports and ships were constantly attacked by the Ju-87 and Ju-88 bombers. Two boats, which I had on bakshtov, picked up floating people from ships and transports and landed on "Leningradsovet". Somewhere abeam Juminda, we saw a burning and sinking transport "Veronia", on which mostly employees of the fleet headquarters were evacuated. Our boats picked up and brought on board several dozen people - men and women. Near our side, we saw a girl floating in one shirt, holding on to a large suitcase. When we took her aboard, it turned out to be an Estonian cashier from Tallinn customs, and her suitcase was full of Estonian kroons. When asked why this money was needed, she replied that she was responsible for it. The First Mate threw this suitcase overboard, threw his overcoat on her, then they changed her into a working sailor's uniform. Bathaler and the ship's chief farm changed clothes for everyone who was picked up by the boats and dropped on board.
Soon we approached the Nargen-Porkalla-Ud mine line. At that time a squadron was overtaking us from the starboard side, four minesweepers "BTShch" passed, followed by the icebreaker "Suurtyl", on which, as it turned out, the Estonian government was evacuated, the head of which was Ivan Keben. The cruiser Kirov was behind the icebreaker under the flag of the fleet commander Vladimir Filippovich Tributs. They passed so close that the fleet commander shouted into a megaphone: "Amelko, how are you doing?" I didn’t know what to say, and while I was thinking, they had already left, and it was useless to shout. The leader of the destroyers Yakov Sverdlov followed the Kirov. At that time, our signalmen read a semaphore from the Kirov: "Ahead, along the bow of the Leningrad Soviet, the periscope of a submarine. Yakov Sverdlov, get out and bomb." The latter gave a "cap" of smoke. This means that he increased his speed, got out of order and walked past the "Leningrad Soviet" about 20-30 meters away. On the bridge I saw the commander - Alexander Spiridonov. I was well acquainted with him before the war, we were in the same detachment and, while in Tallinn, we met several times. He was a bachelor and we considered him a "dude." We, young officers, did not wear the naval caps issued to us, but ordered them in Tallinn on Narva Mantu Street from Jakobson, a jacket and trousers from an Estonian tailor in a workshop in Vyshgorod. Somewhere in the middle of August, Sasha Spiridonov came to my ship and offered to order an overcoat made of castor fabric.
I assumed that since he was talking about an overcoat, apparently, soon we will be moving to Kronstadt, but will we get there? Spiridonov tells me:
Well, you know, drowning in a castor overcoat is more pleasant than in the one they give us.
So, passing me, Spiridonov, standing on the bridge in a jacket, a white shirt with a tie, in a cap from Jacobson, with a dagger and a cigar in his mouth, shouted into a megaphone: "Kolya! Be healthy!" I answered him: "Okay, scratch Sasha!" After passing several cables in front of me, his ship exploded on a mine and sank. The legend that "Yakov Sverdlov" covered the cruiser "Kirov" from a torpedo fired by a submarine does not correspond to reality - it was blown up by a mine. The place of "Yakov Sverdlov" in the wake formation was taken by two destroyers, followed by the S-5 submarine, which, before reaching us, exploded. The MO-4 boat picked up five people, including the Hero of the Soviet Union Egyptko, the boat landed four sailors with us, and Egyptko remained on the boat, the rest of the personnel died - torpedoes detonated on the submarine. It's getting dark already. At this time, the cruiser was far ahead and fired with her main caliber at enemy torpedo boats emerging from the Finnish skerries. We have not seen the boats. We approached the place of death of "Yakov Sverdlov", lights flashed on the water - these were signals from sailors and officers who were picked up by boats and brought to us on board. It should be clarified that the personnel of the ships were in vests that inflated when they fell into the water. Lamps were lit on vests from batteries. Each vest also had a whistle, and one who got into the water whistled, attracting attention. The second pair of minesweepers we followed also exploded on mines. By 22 o'clock, visibility decreased to 200 meters. In order not to be blown up by mines, we decided to anchor before dawn. Small vessels and tugs began to approach us, asking for permission to take a tug to the Leningrad Council, since the depth was great and their anchor chains did not allow us to anchor themselves. At dawn, we found about eight ships standing behind us on the bakshtov, one after another. We weighed anchor, pushing two floating mines off the side with poles, and began to move towards the island of Gogland. The military transport "Kazakhstan", the floating plant "Hammer and Sickle" and two more transports followed the "Leningradsovet" into the wake. Continuous bombing of transports began, which were larger than the Leningrad Soviet. "Kazakhstan" caught fire, but the personnel led by Captain Zagorulko coped with the fire and damage, and the transport reached Kronstadt on its own. Hammer and Sickle is dead. Only one "Leningradsovet" and three "baby" submarines remained from the convoy, which sank and followed us under the periscope. Then the "Junkers" pounced on the "Leningradsovet", flew in in groups of 7-9 planes, circled above us and took turns diving onto the ship. The height of the bursts of our shells made them circle and drop bombs in turn. If you watch closely, you can see when the bombs are detached from the aircraft, and by turning the ship to the right or left, increasing or decreasing the speed, you can avoid a direct hit of the bomb on the ship. What we did. For the fastest reaction of the steering sailor Bizin was transferred from the wheelhouse to the upper bridge, the machinists were ordered to quickly follow the signals to increase speed or stop the car. Thus, the ship withstood more than 100 bombing raids. Bombs exploded nearby, shrapnel damaged the hull, some were wounded, including the commander, but a direct hit was avoided.
We approached the southern tip of Gogland Island - there is a lighthouse and a signal-observation post. Semaphore asked: "What fairway did the squadron with the cruiser" Kirov "pass?" No response was received. The fact is that the tracing paper handed over showed the way to the northern fairway when leaving Tallinn. But there was also a mine position on the Hogland Reach. I decided to follow the southern channel, a very narrow channel called Hayloda. At Cape Kurgalsky, ships rarely sailed and often ran aground. But I knew this passage well, and already in the evening twilight I passed it safely and went out into Luzheskaya lip. Night has come. After the last violent attacks of the aircraft, the gyrocompasses went out of order, and there were two of them - "Geo-III" and the English "Sperry". There were also English gyro-rudders, a course recorder, an echo sounder, but all of them were out of order, there was only one magnetic compass with dubious accuracy. In short, we have lost our location. We saw glimpses of the navigation buoy. After a meeting with the navigators, it was suggested that this was a Demonstain Bank buoy. To be convinced of this, the command boat was lowered and the navigator of the ship Albert Kirsch was sent to the buoy. He approached him carefully and returned to the ship, confirming our assumption. Ahead, on the right, they saw a fire on the shore, where the Peypia torpedo boat base was. Thus, we determined our place and went to the Shepelev lighthouse, where it was necessary to pass exactly along the fairway, since in this area the entire water space is blocked by anti-submarine nets, on which explosive devices are suspended. When approaching this line, we periodically dropped depth charges, considering it possible to find enemy submarines in this area that had emerged from the Finnish skerries. But everything turned out well. We went out into the fairway and entered the big Kronstadt roadstead. The cruiser Kirov was anchored in the roadstead, we played the approach, everyone stood facing the side of the cruiser, on which the bugle also played, and there, too, everyone stood "at attention" facing us. We asked for a signal post where we were allowed to get up to the pier. And they received the answer: to get up at the pier of Ust-Rogatka. We gave up the anchor and moored astern not far from the battleship "Marat", filed the gangway ashore and all the ships raised by the Leningrad Soviet from the water from the dead ships were allowed to go ashore. And there were about 300 of them - officers, sailors, soldiers and civilians. So "Leningradsovet" completed the transition from Tallinn to Kronstadt. Several crew members were awarded orders and medals, and the commander, by order of the People's Commissar of the Navy, received his first award - the Order of the Red Banner, and he was awarded the rank of lieutenant commander ahead of schedule.
LENINGRAD BLOCKADE
On September 22, the Germans carried out an air raid on ships stationed in Kronstadt. One of the bombs hit the bow of the battleship "Marat", detonated the artillery cellar of the bow tower, the bow with the 1st tower was blown off, ships standing nearby were blown off their mooring lines, including the "Leningradsovet".
With the return to Kronstadt from Tallinn, the command of the Baltic Fleet issued an order from among the crews of the ships to form marine brigades to be sent to help the troops of the Leningrad Front in the defense of Leningrad. In total, eight brigades were formed. On my ship, we took off one combat shift to defend the city back in Tallinn. None of them returned to the ship, and the second combat shift was filmed in Kronstadt. On the "Leningradsovet" and other ships there was only one combat shift out of the three assigned by the state, mainly artillerymen, miners and signalmen. We slept in turns, right at the combat posts.
On September 24, the commander of a detachment of light forces of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, Vice-Admiral Valentin Petrovich Drozd, summoned me to the cruiser "Kirov", showed the directive of the commander of the fleet, Tributs V.F., in which it was ordered to mine the ship in case of destruction. We discussed how to do this, and decided: put two depth charges in the artillery cellars and the engine room, and keep the fuses in a personal safe in the ship's commander's cabin. Then Drozd unfolded the map and showed the place at the entrance to the big roadstead, where, at the signal "Aphorism", to blow up the ship, next to the blown-up battleship "October Revolution". Under the dictation of V.P. Drozd I described all these actions on a sheet of paper, Drozd signed it, sealed it in an envelope on which I wrote "Open personally to the commander with the receipt of the" Aphorism "signal and act as directed. Keep in a personal safe."
Back on my ship, I ordered it to be mined. I soon learned that the commanders of all ships had done similar actions. This "work" was strictly monitored by the chiefs of the special departments of the NKVD and reported to General of the Army GK Zhukov, who took command of the Leningrad Front. In this state, the ships fought until the blockade of Leningrad was lifted.
GK Zhukov commanded the Leningrad Front for 27 days. Some WWII researchers said and still say that Zhukov "saved" Leningrad. The blockade of the city lasted 900 days. It is absurd to say that in 27 days of his command of the Leningrad Front, he saved Leningrad from the blockade, especially at the beginning of the war. If we talk about personalities, then it was done by L.A. Govorov.
I knew G.K. Zhukov. As commander of the Pacific Fleet, I personally reported to him. I recognize him as the organizer of stopping the retreat of our troops on the Volga, despite Zhukov's tough methods of action. And, of course, I do not recognize him as a "genius" commander who "saved" Russia. It is known that all military operations were planned by Marshal Vasilevsky, not Zhukov. Russia was saved by the people, our Armed Forces with their courage, not sparing their lives.
At the end of September "Leningradsovet" was included in the squadron of ships of the Neva River. The ship was transferred to Leningrad and placed on the right bank of the Neva at the Lesopark pier, with the task of supporting with fire the 2nd division of the people's militia (2nd DNO), which defended besieged Leningrad on the left bank of the Neva opposite the village of Korchmino, right behind the Bolshevik plant ...
In addition to the Leningradsovet, the squadron of the Neva River ships included one destroyer of the 7th type, gunboats Oka, Zeya, and others, whose names I do not remember. Our task is, at the request of the commander of the people's militia division, to suppress the firing points of the Germans with artillery fire or to support the 2nd DNO with fire, which has repeatedly tried to storm the village of Korchmino and move towards Shlisselburg. We had few shells, and when applications were received, the detachment commander allowed only 5-6 shells to be fired.
Once the commander of the 2nd DNO summoned me to his command post. I crossed the Neva by boat and approached the dugout of the division commander. The sentry stopped me, questioned me and went to the dugout. I stand at the entrance and hear a soldier report: "Comrade divisional commander, the commander of the steamer has come to you, who is standing on the other side, almost opposite us, I do not remember the name, but I do not understand the rank, who is the captain, who is the lieutenant." That's right - I was a lieutenant commander. The division commander asked if I could send a boat along the Neva at night and find out which forces were defending the village of Korchmino. I agreed, lowered the boat, appointed senior lieutenant Kolya Goloveshkin as navigator of the ship, sent boatswain Veterkov, radio operator Senya Durov and another sailor with him, armed them with machine guns, carbines, pistols, dressed them in camouflage coats and sent them up the river to the village of Korchmino. By dawn, our scouts reported that they had approached the pier, crawled into the village, in which no one was found. They found one old woman who confirmed that, indeed, there was no one in the village except her, and that two days ago there were Germans in the village. She also said that two days ago ours approached the village and started shooting, the Germans opened fire, and then ours and the Germans retreated, and the village was empty. This was reported to the division commander. He said that that night they retreated because of the heavy fire of the Germans and that he would take the village next time. I don't know if he took it or not. According to our information, no.
Our ration was very bad. The rear of Lenmorbazy decided that the Leningradsovet had died on the way from Tallinn and removed the ship from the allowance. But then they sorted it out and renewed the allowance. Each person was given 250 grams of bread, if it can be called bread, 100 grams of puff flour, which was usually given to calves, and a teaspoon of condensed milk - this is for one person per day. On the shore, not far from the ship's anchorage, there was a neutral strip, there was a potato field. I took a chance and sent three quick sailors. At night they crawled and dug up potatoes, the "operation" was successful, but they managed to dig up only half a bag. They fried it on linseed oil and ate it with pleasure.
Near the pier where we were stationed was the so-called "Saratov colony" - the village in which the German colonists lived. The Germans made air raids, as a rule, at nightfall, planes flew from the direction of Shlisselburg, and from the houses of these colonists they fired missiles, gave target designations to our facilities, to ships. During the day we walked around the houses, trying to find out who gave the signals, but the residents refused, saying that they did not. Once the commander of the Leningrad Front, Leonid Aleksandrovich Govorov, came, I told him about it. He ordered the establishment of surveillance and allowed to fire a volley of guns at houses, firing signal flares. Zhdanov was with him, who approved this decision. The next night we loaded the 76mm cannon, set up surveillance of the houses, and as soon as the rocket flew out, fired a volley at this house and smashed it to pieces. The houses were of the dacha type. In the morning we went to look - there was no one there. They found only cow hooves, apparently, the cow was killed. From these hooves, together with the skin, they cooked a wonderful meat soup. Enough for the entire crew. The sailors smeared their 250 grams of bread with mustard, and then drank a lot of water and swelled. To avoid scurvy, pine and spruce branches were harvested, insisted and drank.
In Leningrad, on Vasilievsky Island, on the 2nd line, lived a father, stepmother Anna Mikhailovna and sister Alexandra, who worked in a pharmacy. I decided to visit them. There was no transport, I went on foot, and it was very far, across the Volodarsky Bridge along the embankment to the old Nevsky Prospekt, across the Palace Bridge along Tuchkovaya Embankment, only 15 kilometers. But I got there. The city amazed me, at every step - frozen corpses, snow-covered tram cars, trolleybuses and buses in the snowdrifts, Gostiny Dvor is on fire, Passage and the Eliseevsky store are also on fire. Rare people wander the streets, or rather, shadows. On the 2nd line, at the gates of each house, there are several corpses. I went up to the apartment, entered the room - my father and stepmother were standing at the window and arguing which German plane flew by: Messerschmitt or Focke-Wulf. They were very glad to see me. I brought them 400 grams of bread, one onion and a bottle of coniferous infusion. It was just a feast. Five families lived in an apartment of five rooms, only eleven people, five died, three were in the hospital, three people remained. Mother says:
Kolya, in the room opposite - Nikolai Fyodorovich, a neighbor, is dead, and my father and I cannot carry him to the gate.
Well, I went and dragged the corpse to the gates on the street - there were military vehicles walking around, picking up the corpses and taking them to the cemetery, where they piled them up. The shelling of the city began, the mother says that we must go to the first floor under the arch of the house. The father objects and does not want to go down - the shells fall far away. I agreed with him, although the whole house was trembling and the dishes were rattling.
I rested a little and began to say goodbye to my family - I wanted to get to the ship before dark. By 20 o'clock he returned, as they say, "without legs" and slept for a day.
New has come, 1942. We put up Christmas trees in the cockpits and modestly celebrated the New Year. We drank the small bottles of vodka given to us, it seems they were called "eight". I didn’t drink vodka, because long before that the ship’s department had brought liquid onto the ship — this is the fuel for the Packard engines from the torpedo boats supplied to us by the Americans. This liquid was set on fire, the gasoline burned out, as it was on top, the remaining "alcohol" was passed through the gas mask box by unscrewing the corrugated pipe, and then diluted with water and drank. I tried it too, I vomited from this muck. And the vodka dispensed was made from wood alcohol. They joked that it was made from broken stools. Since then and until today, I do not drink vodka at all. Champagne, good grape wine or a glass of brandy at a party, or when we have guests, I will drink one, sometimes two glasses per evening, but not more. My friends laugh and call me "handicapped sailor".
The Neva was covered with ice, the frosts were getting stronger. In order not to freeze the ships completely, we were ordered to go to Leningrad. I was assigned a place near Babushkin's garden, opposite the porcelain factory named after Lomonosov and the Vienna brewery. The Lomonosov plant made sapper shovels, knives and grenades for the army, and "Vena" brewed beer from burnt grain from the Badayev warehouses, set on fire by incendiary bombs from German aircraft. This burnt grain was no good, it was impossible to cook anything edible, and the beer turned out to be bitter, but quite decent. Once the directors of the Lomonosov and "Vena" factories came to my ship and asked permission to wash in the shower. Of course, I gave permission and in the wardroom treated me to carrot tea. The directors asked if I could give them electricity for production, they did not have autonomous power, and the city was completely turned off throughout the city. I replied that I could give 20 kilowatts, but I have almost no coal. The director of the Lomonosov plant said that he had coal and could give it to us. In short, wires were stretched across the road, or rather, across the embankment, and I began to give them electricity - the factories started working. And "Vienna" for this every day gave me a barrel of beer - this is an enamel mug for each member of the ship's crew. For half-starved people, this was a great help.
On January 14, 1942, by order of the fleet commander, I was appointed commander of a battalion of net minelayer ships as part of new, special construction of ships for setting up anti-submarine nets Onega and Vyatka, a non-self-propelled net barge, a minelayer Izhora and a former Estonian wheeled minelayer Ristna ". Only five units, all of them, except "Ristna", stood at the shipyard opposite Smolny, where the front headquarters was. At the "Leningradsovet" arrived my replacement, removed for some misconduct from the minelay "Marty", Captain 2nd Rank Abashvili. Parting with the "Leningrad Soviet" I endured hard, and the officers and sailors, I dare say, are also sad. We went through a lot of grief together.
Arrived on "Onega" - the ship was the flagship in the division - and began service. I went to the "Ristna", it was on Malaya Nevka behind the Lenin stadium, on the Petrograd side near the "Krasnaya Bavaria" brewery. I was "lucky" to the breweries. I didn't like the ship itself: it was big, wheeled, clumsy, but the commander and the crew were good sailors and loved their ship, and this is very important in the service when there are such concepts as loyalty and confidence that we will survive and Leningrad will not we will hand over.
The ships were at the shipyard. We chipped off the ice so as not to crush the hulls, camouflaged the ships with fishing nets and poured mountains of snow and ice almost to the height of the sides in order to make it difficult to bomb German aircraft, which daily (usually in the evening) in groups of 20-50 Ju-87 bombers, "Ju-88" bombed the city, bridges, Smolny and just residential buildings. In the air, our fighters fought air battles, and our ships were assigned a sector in which we fired with naval weapons.
This winter was very difficult for Leningraders. Many were dying of hunger. Not far from our camp was the Okhta cemetery, where across the Neva across the ice, barely living people on children's sleds dragged the corpses of the dead wrapped in rags, the one who often dragged himself died and remained lying in front of the sled. Every morning the sailors of the ships picked up dozens of the dead from the ice and brought them to the shore of Okhta.
But most of all we were upset to tears by children. They knew when lunch was on the ships, crowds approached the ships, clung to the side with frozen hands and with crying asked, holding out the mugs: "Uncle, give me something, at least a little," sailors. He ordered a thinner to dilute the given puff flour, from which the "soup" was cooked, and little by little it was poured into the mugs for the children. And they, happy, having sipped a little, carefully carried the remains of the soup home to their mothers and relatives, who could not get out of bed.
And now, as I write these lines, the faces of these children "stand" in front of me, a lump rolls up to my throat, and goosebumps creep down my spine. The blockade people of Leningrad are real heroes, many know this from books, poems, newsreels, and I saw it with my own eyes. I saw their unbending will to defend Leningrad. I saw piles of corpses in the wasteland, where now the Piskarevskoye cemetery. I saw how sappers used explosions to make holes, and bulldozers raked these piles of corpses into them.
In the spring, fearing an epidemic, at the call of the city leadership, everyone who was still moving took to the streets and cleaned up the dirt. I saw how my sister on the embankment near the NKVD house with her colleague from the pharmacy together lifted an iron crowbar and chopped ice on the sidewalk, freezing for a few seconds after each blow, but beat and beat, exhausted from fatigue.
In the summer, in June, I was ordered to put up anti-submarine nets near the island of Lavensaari, which is 150 kilometers from Leningrad in the Gulf of Finland. There was the Baltic Fleet base, from where, after making the last refueling, submarines left for the Baltic Sea and surfaced there upon their return. We set up the nets, leaving corridors for our returning ships and submarines. But the notification was not arranged, and the next day one of the boats climbed into our nets and was blown up by explosive cartridges suspended from them. Thank God, the damage was minor, and the boat was quickly repaired at a floating factory on the same island. Repeatedly put nets along the line between Shepelev lighthouse - Bjorkyo island. I commanded this division until April 1943.
10th DIVISION OF SENTRY BOATS
I was appointed commander of a division of minesweeping boats, which were converted into smoke launchers. We took off the sweeping winches and put two DA-7 smoke apparatus each, operating on a mixture of sulfonic acid and water. A DShK machine gun (large-caliber) was placed on the nose. There were also boats with a displacement twice as large in the division, metal with 25-mm cannons on the bow, there were also self-propelled boats with ZIS engines, tenders for the delivery of barrels with sulfonic acid for refueling the boat equipment. Each boat, in addition to smoke equipment, had 20 more "MDSh" (sea smoke bomb) bombs. There were about 30 units in the division in total. "About" because the boats were killed while completing assignments, which I will discuss below.
As a flagship boat, V.F. Tributs gave me his duralumin, well-equipped, high-speed, with a speed of 30 knots, with four GAM-34F aircraft engines. The division received the name "10th division of patrol boats-smoke screens" of the Baltic Fleet (10th DSKD). The need for such a connection was that our ships, convoys, submarines, following to Lavensari in a surface position due to shallow depths, when leaving Kronstadt immediately behind the Tolbukhin lighthouse, came under fire from coastal batteries from the Finnish coast - guns 180, 203, 305 and even one 14-inch (340 mm). It was necessary to protect our convoy ships going to the islands of Seskor, Lavensari, Gogland. It should be noted that at that time there were no radar sights. Closing targets with a curtain of smoke made shooting useless. The task of the 10th DSKD was, following between the Finnish coast and the convoys, seeing the flashes of shots, to put a smoke screen - this impenetrable wall along the entire length of the convoys did not allow aimed fire, and the enemy stopped firing. The katerniki got used to it so that the enemy, as a rule, did not even have time to see the place where the shells of his first salvo fell. The situation was worse when there was a strong wind from the north, the smoke quickly carried to our shore, and the targets were opened. In these cases, the boats had to follow as close to the batteries as possible. Then the enemy fire was transferred to the boats, hit with shrapnel shells, and the division suffered losses. Well, when it was unbearable, then at the signal "All of a sudden 90 ° to the left" temporarily went into their own curtain, shot down aimed fire and again went to their places. And so every night. Some of the boats, from three to ten units, depending on the length and importance of the convoy going to the islands, went out to cover it. The other part - to cover the ships-transports following from Kronstadt to Leningrad, from Fox Nose to Oranienbaum. The Germans were in Peterhof, Uritsk, at the typewriter plant, and the front line passed at the Red Cemetery, this is next to the Kirovsky plant and my house. By morning, all the boats were returning to Kronstadt in the Italian Pond - in the depths of the Merchant Harbor. There was a hut on the shore, it was the division headquarters, and the galley, and the warehouse of barrels of sulphonka, smoke, gasoline. As soon as they returned, they immediately sent the wounded to the hospital, washed the boats, refueled the equipment with sulfonic acid, replenished the ammunition, took smoke bombs to a full set, refueled with gasoline, and then had dinner and went to bed. We lived on boats until late autumn, when the blankets were already starting to freeze to the sides. And all this was almost under the balcony of the office of the Komflot, and when the fleet headquarters moved to Leningrad on Peschanaya Street in the building of the Electrotechnical Institute, the chief of staff of the Kronstadt defensive region, Rear Admiral Vladimir Afanasyevich Kasatonov, with whom, in addition to service, I had personal friendly relations. He was a wonderful person. The headquarters, or rather, the management of the 10th DSKD, was staffed with excellent officers - Burovnikov, Filippov, Selitrinnikov, Raskin, chemist Zhukov, doctor Pirogov, communications officer of the Ministry of Defense Karev and smart, educated Ivan Yegorovich Evstafiev (he was the deputy for political affairs of the battalion commander) ... He was the only political worker whom I deeply respected until the last day of his life. Once before going to bed, I asked him:
Ivan Yegorovich, how can the Germans fail to understand that their racial theory is stupidity? Recognize as people only Aryans, and burn Jews, Armenians, Georgians, Arabs in ovens?
Ivan Yegorovich answers:
Nikolai, you must understand that for the Germans fascism and Hitler are the same as for us communism and Stalin.
An extremely simple and extremely clear answer to the question posed. Ivan Yegorovich died in Riga from stomach cancer, and is buried there. Eternal memory to him. His family - his wife Valentina and two daughters - still live in Riga. With the collapse of the USSR, I lost contact with them.
The boat commanders were foremen, most of whom were called up for mobilization. Experienced sailors, devoted to the Motherland and their people - Berezhnaya, Pavlov, Mikhailovsky, Pismenny, King. Yes, unless you list them all, about forty officers passed through the division. All of them were fearless and with their bravery set an example for all personnel. I remember that the boats were covered by destroyers en route from Kronstadt to Leningrad. The Germans opened hurricane fire on them from Stary Peterhof, Martyshkino, Uritsky, and the typewriter plant. The boats put up a smoke screen, the lead boat was with the commander of the detachment, Lieutenant V. Akopov. The boat was hit by a six-inch shell and was blown to pieces. A window formed in the smoke screen. It was closed by a boat going into the wake under the command of Ivan Benevalensky. The torpedo boats had already entered the fenced-off part of the Leningrad Canal, the boats began to retreat, dropping smoke bombs onto the water. A shell exploded near Benevalensky's boat, the boat received many holes in the hull, the helmsman, signalman, chemist, machine gunner were killed. Only the mechanic remained intact, and the commander was wounded in the legs and chest. Benevalensky, seriously wounded, crawled to the stern, turned on the smoke equipment, then somehow climbed onto the bridge, took the steering wheel in his hands and, lying down, led the boat to Kronstadt, where we learned about what had happened.
I well remember another battle, it took place already in 1944, when the troops of the Karelian Front liberated the city of Vyborg. I was ordered to take an army battalion in Ololakht Bay both on boats and to land it on the islands in the Vyborg Bay by tenders. When planning the operation, Vice Admiral Rall decided that it was impossible to start from Björkö Island: there was a large garrison and a 180-mm battery. We had to break through into the bay between Björkö and the village of Koivisto, which was already ours, land a landing on the Peisari island, capture the island, and then, crossing a small strait from the rear, take Björkö. On a dark night, the landing force was loaded and, in guarding three skerry monitors and three torpedo boats, in readiness for setting up a smoke screen, if we were discovered from the island of Bjorko, they safely passed the Bjorko-Sound, Koivisto strait and landed on the island of Peisari. In the morning, four large German landing barges (BDB) appeared from the depths of the Vyborg Bay, each armed with four 4-barreled 37-mm gun mounts, and began to "water" us with shells like water from hoses. The boats began to withdraw to the village of Koivisto, we could not return to the Ololakht Bay, since the Finnish gunboat Karjala appeared in the strait. The boat under the command of Nikolai Lebedev approached the BDB. Nikolai Lebedev was seriously wounded. Warrant officer Seleznev directed the boat to our shore, and when the boat ran aground, took N. Lebedev in his arms, jumped into the water and carried him to the shore. But a shell hit him in the back, and he and the commander died. Our patrol ships of the "Bad Weather" battalion - "Tempest", "Storm", "Cyclone", "Smerch" came up. After a short battle, the BDB and the gunboat left. A regiment of marines was transferred by ships to the Koivisto area, the islands of Björkö, Melansari, Tyutensiare and all the others in the Vyborg Bay were taken. The 10th division buried Nikolai Lebedev and all those killed on the shore near the village of Putus. After the war, the local authorities of the cities of Primorsk (formerly Koivisto) and Sovetsky (formerly Tronzund) reburied all individual graves. A monument was erected on the Primorsk square.
Every year on June 22, the mayors of these cities invite us, who survived, to honor the memory of the victims. But every year there are fewer and fewer veterans, and travel is now too expensive for many. To finish the story about the 10th battalion, it should be said that in winter, during freeze-up, when the boats could not walk, from the boat teams we formed crews of curtains for the snowmobiles provided to us, on the sides of which we arranged metal canisters for four MDShs, and pipes from canisters led to the propeller. The commanders of the snowmobiles were the commanders of the boats, the navigators were the helmsmen, the machine gunners were the machine gunners, and the chemists were in charge of the smoke. On such aerosleds-smoke screens, we covered the transfer of the 2nd Shock Army of Lieutenant General I.I. Fedyuninsky from Fox Nose to Oranienbaum to lift the blockade of Leningrad. After the capture of the islands in the Vyborg Bay, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and became known as the "10th Red Banner Division of Smoke Guard Boats - KDSKD", and the division commander was awarded the Order of Nakhimov. I remember this division and my comrades with great respect and pride. Some still write me letters.
4th TRIGGERING BRIGADE KBF
In the early spring of 1945, the commander of the fleet, Admiral V.F. Tributs and announced that the Military Council, considering personnel issues, decided that I had served sufficiently in the 10th Red Banner patrol boat battalion. Comflot came up to me, tapped his finger on the order of Nakhimov and said:
Well, how did you fight - that's an estimate! We decided to appoint you chief of staff of the trawling brigade of the KMOR (Kronstadt naval defense area).
The brigade commander - Admiral Mikhail Fedorovich Belov is already in his years, and you are young and I will have a demand first of all from you.
The conversation ended there. Soon there was an order for my appointment.
I went to Oranienbaum, introduced myself to the brigade commander. Mikhail Fedorovich Belov looked at me critically and said:
Young, but I was told - lively. Well, get down to business, the brigade is large, and the Germans set mines in the Gulf of Finland and we have hundreds of thousands.
Mikhail Fedorovich was by nature a kind person, very punctual in his work. Having looked closely at me, he completely and in everything began to trust and support me. At first, of course, it was hard - this is new for me, but there are a lot of ships and people. But I was young and tried to justify the trust of Mikhail Fedorovich.
We understood that shipping was, in fact, paralyzed, but the personnel of the ships did not reckon with the difficulties and dangers of combat trawling. Trawled day and night in order to break through fairways safe for navigation as quickly as possible. This was very important for the country's economy, the normal operation of merchant shipping and ports.
May 9, 1945 - Victory Day, and for the personnel of minesweepers and minesweepers, the war ended only somewhere around 1950-1953. In the spring and summer of 1945, our brigade drilled out up to one thousand mines a day. Of course, we suffered losses, and minesweepers were also blown up. The command of the Kronstadt region, Vice-Admiral Yuri Fedorovich Rall closely followed the activities of the brigade, and the chief of staff of the region, Rear Admiral Vladimir Afanasyevich Kasatonov (his son Igor is now Admiral, 1st Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy) often visited the brigade and his advice and demands , of course, helped both in planning and in providing material needs.
We dealt with anchor mines successfully. They also coped with the defenders of minefields - these are mines put up by the Germans at a shallow depth from the surface of the sea. Instead of a minrepe (cable), they used chains (which were not cut with ordinary trawl cutters) so that the mine would not float to the surface, where it could be destroyed, usually firing cannons. We found a way out: they began to attach TNT bags to the trawl cutters, which broke the chains. This was carried out by shallow-draft boat minesweepers, followed by large minesweepers with large-width trawls and mined mines placed against large vessels.
But we also encountered a German innovation - electromagnetic mines, which were massively used at depths of 10 to 40 meters, including in ports and harbors, already in the absence of fascist troops. Mines "RMH" were a wooden box on wheels the size of a cubic meter, filled with an explosive TGA (TNT-RDX-aluminum). The explosion power of this substance is 1.6 times greater than that of TNT. Inside the mine there was a complex mechanism with a device for the urgency of bringing the mine into a firing position (from immediate to a month) and a multiplicity device (from 1 to 16), responding to a certain passage over the mine or near its ship or ship. The initial sensitivity of the mine was 4 milliersted (0.31 a / m). Over time, the sensitivity became coarse, and if we consider that the ship (ship) creates a field of several hundred milliersted, these mines could be dangerous for several years, as I was later convinced of.
We had no trawls against such mines. Ships and vessels were blown up on fairways, carefully swept from anchor contact mines. The only thing we came up with was a small wooden minesweeper towed 500 meters in length to haul a large metal barge loaded with rails and scrap metal to create a large magnetic field. Mines, as a rule, exploded in front or on the sides of this barge, and the minesweeper remained intact. But, of course, there were also losses. And when these losses became frequent, they began to drag these barges in a log (the minesweeper moored close to the side of the barge). There were cases when mines were exploded and very close, both the minesweeper and the barge were killed. To consider the strip as swept, it was necessary to walk along it 16 times.
All science was "put on its feet", or rather, "on its head": academicians A.P. Alexandrov - in the Baltic, I.V. Kurchatov - on the Black Sea. But there was no time to wait for the results. The Baltic was needed by the national economy. For the sake of fairness, it should be said that academicians created special devices that measured the magnetic field of ships leaving the harbor and at special stations reduced the magnetic field of the ship, and then mounted a cable winding on the ship around the entire perimeter of the hull, but this did not solve the problem either. The cruiser "Kirov", which had such a cable demagnetizer, was blown up by a mine "RMH" - tore off the bow of the ship.
People's Commissar of the Navy I.G. Kuznetsov learned that our allies, the British, have an effective special sweep against electromagnetic mines. And he, by his decision, exchanged the PAT-52 torpedo (adopted for service in 1939) for this trawl, for which he later paid the court of honor. So, we got the trawl. It consisted of two cables - one shorter, the other longer, at the ends of the cables - five copper beams, thus, a strong electromagnetic field was created in the salt water between the electrodes (long and short cables). On the ship, a special device measured the electric current supplied to the cables, changing its polarity - plus or minus. Due to the small width of the swept strip, trawling was advantageous for two ships with LAP trawls (the name of the British trawls) moving in front. Having received these trawls and installed them on two minesweepers (formerly sea tugs), we went for testing on the fairway on the Krasnogorsk roadstead near Kronstadt. I was present at these tests together with Academician A.P. Alexandrov. Ships lined up to the front, gave the command "Turn on the current", and immediately exploded 11 minutes in front of us, on the sides and even a little behind us. It was a stunning sight. We turned off the trawls, reeled on the views, and returned to Oranienbaum. We figured out the results, determined the procedure for using such trawls. Thus, the big state problem began to be solved faster. The fact is that these trawls and subsequently the trawls with which the six American UMS minesweepers received by our Lend-Lease brigade were armed, and our domestic trawls, created according to this principle, but more advanced, did not require 16-fold passage in the same place. Everything was solved in one go. To guarantee, two passes were sometimes made. And more about the "RMH" mines. As you know, in 1955, the battleship Novorossiysk (formerly Italian Giulio Cesare) died in the Sevastopol Bay. The cause of the death has not yet been clarified, there are many versions. I am convinced that the battleship was blown up by a mine "RMH". My beliefs are based on additional data that I received when I became a brigade commander.
RIGA BASE WATER AREA PROTECTION BRIGADE
I was appointed commander of this brigade in the spring of 1949. It included several divisions of minesweepers, patrol, anti-submarine ships and boats. The brigade was based at the mouth of the Western Dvina, 15 km from the city of Riga, in the village of Bolderaja. They carried out patrol service, trawled mines in the Gulf of Riga, and exercised control over shipping. During the naval parade on the Day of the Navy on the Daugava River, right in the center of the city, I received a report that a dredger that was dredging in the commercial port of Milgravis, 5 km from the city down the river, scooped up some large object similar to on a mine. The dredger team swam ashore. Having finished the tour of the ships participating in the parade, I, in a ceremonial uniform, with orders and a dagger, in patent leather boots, white gloves, with the consent of the Chairman of the Latvian Council of Ministers Vilis Latsis and Chairman of the Latvian Supreme Council Kirkhenstein, Secretary of the USSR Supreme Soviet Gorkin, who were present on the parade boat, moved on a spare boat and departed for Milgravis. Approaching the dredger, we found a hanging, slightly damaged RMH mine in one of the buckets. Sailors from the brigade were called, including mechanics who know how to handle cranes. On a tarpaulin, like a baby, the mine was carefully lowered onto the boat, taken to the Gulf of Riga, dragged ashore and blown up. The explosion was so strong that in the neighboring villages of Ust-Dvinsk, Bolderaia, glass flew out in houses. I was presented with a colossal bill, but the leadership of Latvia, with whom I had very good friendly relations, took me under their protection and paid all the costs of the damage caused. Vilis Latsis even gave me his autographed collected works. This incident posed a new task for us - to check the entire river bed from the city to the exit to the bay. Trawling is prohibited - this is a feature of the city, port, villages. Explosions at the scene could cause great damage. We decided to inspect and search for mines at the bottom by divers (this is 15 kilometers from the railway bridge in the city center to the exit to the Gulf of Riga). We formed groups of boats with divers and started work. Not without success. In total, we found, recovered and destroyed about 100 mines in safe areas. I also had a chance to take part in clearing these mines. We established the presence of a hydrostat in the mechanism, onto which a secondary detonator of the fuse was "put on" at a depth of 10 meters. At a depth of less than 10 meters, the hydrostat did not work (low pressure), and although the device of urgency and frequency and the fuse worked, the mine did not explode. Such mines were not neutralized by any trawls. In addition, in the complex mechanism of devices of urgency and frequency, there is a lot of soldering and in some of them the watch mechanisms are clogged. On the Daugava there were cases when a diver would fire off a mine to lift it, wiggle it, jump out to the surface and show with gestures: "Hurry up, start ticking!" This means the clock has started working. Such mines, out of turn, were quickly lifted, at full speed they were towed to the site of the explosion. There were several cases when they did not have time to reach and it exploded on the way. But, thank God, there was no loss of life. Now let's turn to Sevastopol. The Germans, retreating, randomly scattered "RMH" mines in the harbors, including the Sevastopol Bay. My belief that the battleship "Novorossiysk" was blown up by a mine "RMH" is based on the assumption that when he returned from the sea and anchored, either with the hull or with the anchor chain moved the mine, the clock started working, and after a while explosion. The hole received by the battleship is similar to the holes from "RMH". And the ship turned over because, having touched the ground with its bow, it lost its stability. If the depth was deeper in the harbor, he would float like a float. A similar case took place with a large tanker No. 5 in the Gulf of Finland back in 1941.
Remembering my service in the OVR brigade of the Riga base, I would like to tell about my meeting in Riga with Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, when he, removed from the post of People's Commissar of the Navy, demoted to Rear Admiral, in 1948 was resting in a sanatorium on Riga seaside in the town of Majori.
Once he called me on the phone from the sanatorium: "Nikolai Nikolaevich, could you send me to Majori any small boat with a helmsman who knows the Lielupe River well (goes along the Riga coast), I would like to walk along the Lielupe , enter the Daugava river, walk along it to Riga, see the bay, the commercial port in Milgraves and return back. "
I answered him that there would be a boat, and I myself would come to Majori on it, take it and show everything he wanted. Nikolai Gerasimovich began to object, making it clear that he did not want to interrupt me from business and rest (it was Sunday).
I explained to him that I considered it an honor to meet and talk with him again, there might not be another occasion. As for the boat, I myself will be on it, I know how to manage, I know the rivers, we will only be together - he and me. After some embarrassment, N.G. Kuznetsov agreed with me and asked me to be in civilian dress.
We visited with him in all the places of interest to him. I acted as a guide - the area was well known to me. We talked a lot about everyday affairs and, of course, about the fleet, its current state and future development.
After a three-hour voyage, we returned back along the Lielupe River. Nikolai Gerasimovich said that he had an idea not to go to Majori, and asked to drop him off in the village of Dzintari, from which he wanted to go to Majori by train (this is one stop). We approached the pier, then went to the Dzintari railway station. According to the schedule, there were about 15 minutes left before the train arrived.
Nikolai Gerasimovich said that he was very thirsty. The weather was hot. I invited him to go to the station cafe, we had enough time. He agreed. When we entered this cafe-buffet, we found that all the tables were occupied by the officers of the Navy (the rehearsal of the Navy Day parade had just ended). We hesitated at the entrance. After some confusion, the officers all as one stood at attention, fixing their gaze on Nikolai Gerasimovich (remember, he was in a civilian suit). He was embarrassed, thanked the officers and invited me to go to the platform.
We left the cafe, he stood on a hillock, fixed his gaze to the sea. So we stood in silence until the train arrived. They said goodbye, and he left for Majori.
I described this episode in order to show what great authority the outstanding naval commander, great statesman Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov enjoyed in the fleets, a fair, caring, tactful person who knows how to listen carefully to everyone, from sailor to admiral, and then calmly, without haste, but express your judgment clearly.
In January 1952, I became chief of staff of the 64th division of ships guarding the water area, and a year later - division commander. The fleet commander was Arseny Grigorievich Golovko. We were in Baltiysk (the former German submarine base in Pilau) - it is 50 km from Kaliningrad (Konigsberg). The division's tasks are the same - first of all, minesweeping, patrol service, combat training of personnel and the arrangement of the territory and structures of the division. They built a barracks, an open-air cinema, observation and signal posts. On the previously destroyed tower on the bank of the entrance channel, a point was set up for monitoring and regulating the movement of ships and transports following the Baltiysk-Kaliningrad channel. And, of course, the restoration of the city destroyed by the war.
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- lPNBODYT VTYZBDSCH - BDNYTBM vEMPCH NYIBYM ZHEDPTPCHYU HTSE CH MEFBI, B FSH - NPMPDPK Y URTPU X NEOS VHDEF RTETSDE CHUEZP U FEVS.
ABOUT LFPN TBZPCHPT YBLPOYUYMUS. h ULPTPN READING RTYYEM Y RTYLB P NPEN OBOBYUEOYY.
SCHYMUS S CH pTBOYEOVBKHN, RTEDUFBCHYMUS LPNBODYTKH VTYZBDSCH. NYIBYM ZHEDPTPCHYU VEMPCH LTYFEYUEULY RPUNPFTEM ABOUT NEOS Y ULBBM:
- nPMPDPK, OP NOE ZPCHPTYMY - VPKLYK. OH, VETYUSH ЪB DUMP, VTYZBDB VPMSHYBS, B NYO CHZHYOULPN VBMYCHE OBUFBCHYMY OENGSCH Y NSCH UPFOY FSCHUSYU.
NYIBYM ZHEDPTPCHYU RP IBTBLFETKH VSCHM DPVTEKYYN YUEMPCHELPN, PYUEOSH RHOLFKHBMSHOSCHN CH TBVPFE. rTYUNPFTECHYYUSH LP NOE, ON RPMOPUFSHA Y PE CHUEN UFBM NOE DPCHETSFSH Y RPDDETTSYCHBFSH. uOBUBMB, LPOEYUOP, VSCHMP FSTSEMP - DEMP DMS NEOS OPCHPE, B LPTBVMEK Y MADEK NOPZP. OP S VSCHM NPMPD Y UFBTBMUS PRTBCHDBFSH DPCHETYE NYIBYMB JEDPTPCHYUB.
NSC RPOINBMY, UFP UHDPIPDUFPCHP, RP UHFY, VSCHMP RBTBMY'PCHBOP, OP MYUOSCHK UPUFBCH LPTBVMEK OE UYUIFBMUS U FTHDOPUFSNY Y PRBUOPUPMEPSNY FTH ftBMYMY DOEN Y OPYUSHA, YUFPVSH LBL NPTSOP VSCHUFTEE RTPVYFSH VEPRBUOSCHE DMS RMBCHBOYS ZHBTCHBFETSH. ьFP VSCHMP PYUEOSH CHBTSOP DMS LPOPNYLY UVTBOSCH, OPTNBMSHOPK TBVPFSH FPTZPCHPZP UHDPIPDUFCHB Y RPTFPHB.
9 NBS 1945 ZPDB - DEOSH rPVEDSCH, B DMS MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB FTBMSHOSHI UPEDYOYOIK Y LPTBVMEK-FTBMSHEYLPCH CHPKOB YBLPOYUMBUSH FPMSHLP ZDE1953-FP LBD CHEUOPK Y MEFPN 1945 ZPDB OBYB VTYZBDB CHSCHFTBCHMYCHBMB DP PDOPK FSCHUSYUY NYO CH UHFLY. LPOEYUOP, NSCH OEUMY RPFETY, RPDTSCHCHBMYUSH Y FTBMSHEYLY. lPNBODPChBOYE lTPOYFBDFULPZP TBKPOB, CHYGE-BDNYTBM aTYK zhEDPTPChYYu tBMMSh CHOYNBFEMSHOP UMEDYMY DESFEMSHOPUFSHA VTYZBDSCH B, B OBYUBMSHOYL YFBVB TBKPOB LPOFT-BDNYTBM chMBDYNYT bZhBOBUShEChYYu lBUBFPOPCh (EZP USCHO yZPTSh OSCHOE BDNYTBM, 1-K BNEUFYFEMSH zMBChOPLPNBODHAEEZP chnzh) VSCHCHBM YUBUFP VTYZBDE W Q Q UCHPYNY UPCHEFBNY FTEVPCHBFEMSHOPUFSHA , LPOEYUOP, RPNPZBM Y CH RMBOYTPCHBOY, Y CH PVEUREUEEOY NBFETYBMSHOSCHNY RPFTEVOPUFSNY.
at SLPTOSCHNY NYOBNY NSCH URTBCHMSMYUSH KHUREYOP. URTBCHYMYUSH Y U ЪBEYFOILBNY NYOSHI RPMEK - LFP NYOSCH, CHSCHUFBCHMSENSCHE OENGBNY ABOUT NBMPN ABZMHVMEOY PF RPCHETIOPUFY NPTS. chNEUFP NYOTBMB (FTPUB) POI RTYNEOSMY GERI (LPFPTSCHE PVSHYUOSCHNY TEBLBNY FTBMB OE RPDTHVBMYUSH), YUFPVSH NYOB OE CHURMSCHMB OB RTYNEOSMY GERI OBYMY CHCHIPD: L TEBLBN FTBMB OBYUBMY RTYLTERMSFSH FTPFYMPCHCHE RBLEFSCH, LPFPTSHE RETEVYCHBMY GERY. ьFP CHCHRPMOSMY NEMLPUYDSEYE LBFETOSCHE FTBMSHEYLY, B ЪB OYNYYYMY VPMSHYE LPTBVMY-FTBMSHEYLY U FTBMBNY VPMSHYPK YSCHBYCHTYBOOCH YBCHYP
OP NSCH UVPMLOKHMYUSH Y U OENEGLINE OPCHYEUFCHPN - LMELFTPNBZOYFOSCHNY NYOBNY, LPFPTSCHE NBUUPCHP RTYNEOSMYUSH ABOUT ZMKHVYOBI PF 10 DP CHBI CHME YUFUYPKH. NYOSCH "RMH" RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK DETECHSOOSCHK SAIL ABOUT LPMEUILBY TBNETPN U LHWYUEULIK NEFT, OBEYOOSCHK CHTSCHCHYUBFSCHN CHEEUFCHPLUFZYM-FZYMEK nPEOPUFSH CHTSHCHB X LFPZP CHEEEUFCHB H 1.6 TBBB VPMSHYE, YUEN X FTPFIMB. chOHFTY NYOSCH OBIPDYMUS UMPTSOEKYYK NEIBOYN have RTYVPTPN UTPYUOPUFY RTYCHEDEOYS NYOSCH B VPECHPE RPMPTSEOYE (PF OENEDMEOOPZP DP NEUSGB) J RTYVPTPN LTBFOPUFY (PF 1, DP 16), TEBZYTHAEYN ON PRTEDEMEOOSCHK RP UYUEFH RTPIPD HBS NYOPK YMY CHVMYY ITS LPTBVMS, UHDOB. oBYUBMSHOBS YUHCHUFCHYFEMSHOPUFSH NYOSCH UPUFBCHMSMB 4 NYMMYTUFEDB (0.31 B / N). UP CHTENEOEN YUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOPUFSH ZTHVEMB, B EUMY HYUEUFSH, YUFP UHDOP (LPTBVMSH) UPUDBEF RPME CH OEULPMSHLP UPF NYMY'TUFEYSCH NPF NYMY'TUFEDOSCH NPFN NEFYN
OYLBLYI FTBMPCH RTPFYCH FBLYI NYO NSCH OE YNEMY. lPTBVMY Y UHDB RPDTSCHCHBMYUSH ABOUT JBTCHBFETBI, FEBFEMSHOP RTPFTBMEOOSHI PF SLPTOSHI LPOFBLFOSCHI NYO. eDYOUFChEOOPE, YUFP OBNY VSCHMP RTYDHNBOP, FP NBMSCHN DETECHSOOSCHN FTBMSHEYLPN ON VHLUYTE 500 NEFTPCH DMYOSCH FBULBFSH VPMSHYHA NEFBMMYYUEULHA VBTTSH, OBZTHTSEOOHA TEMSHUBNY, NEFBMMPMPNPN LCA UPDBOYS VPMSHYPZP NBZOYFOPZP RPMS. NYOSCH, LBL RTBCHYMP, TCHBMYUSH CHRETEDY YMY U VPLPCH LFK VBTTSY, B FTBMSHEIL PUFBCHBMUS GEMSCHN. OP, LPOEYUOP, VSCHMY Y RPFETI. b LPZDB LFY RPFETY UVBMY YUBUFSCHNY, OBYUBMY FBULBFSH LFY VBTTSY MBZPN (FTBMSHAIL RTYYCHBTFPCHCHCHBMUS CHRMPPFOHA L VPTFKh VBTTSY). VSCHMY UMKHYUBY, LPZDB NYOSCH TCHBMYUSH Y PYUEOSH VMYLP, ZYVMY Y FTBMSHEIL, Y VBTTSB. uFPVSCH UYUIFBFSH RPMPUH RTPFTBMEOOPK, RP OEK OKHTSOP VSCHMP RTPKFY 16 TB.
CHUS OBKHLB VSCHMB "RPUFBCHMEOB ABOUT OPZY", B THAT, "ABOUT ZPMPCHH": BLBDENEY b. R. bMELUBODTPCH - ABOUT vBMFile, d. h. LKHTYUBFPCH - ABOUT YUETOPN NPTE. OP DMS PCIDBOYS TEHMSHFBFPCH OE VSCHMP CHTENEOY. vBMFILB VSCHMB OHTSOB OBTPDOPNKH IPSCUFCHH. tBDY URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY UMEDHEF ULBBFSH, YUFP BLBDENYLY UPDBMY UREGYBMSHOSCHE HUFTPKUFCHB, LPFPTSCHE RTPYCHPDYMY BNET NBZOYFOPZP RPMS CHSCHIPDSEYI dv ZBCHBOY LPTBVMEK TH OF UREGYBMSHOSCHI UFBOGYSI RTPYCHPDYMY HNEOSHYEOYE NBZOYFOPZP RPMS LPTBVMS, B BFEN NPOFYTPCHBMY LBVEMSHOHA PVNPFLH ON LPTBVME RP CHUENH RETYNEFTH LPTRHUB, OP TH FP OE TEYBMP RTPVMENSCH. LITEKUET "LYTPCH", YNECHYIK X UEVS FBLPE LBVEMSHOPE TBNBZOYUYUYCHBAEE KHUFTKUFCHP, RPDPTCHBMUS ABOUT NYOE "RMH" - PFPTCHBMP OPU LPTBVMS.
OBTPDOPNKH LPNYUUBTKH chPEOOP-nPTULPZP zMPFB d. h. lKHOOEGPCHH UFBMP YCHEUFOP, UFP OBY UPAOILY, BOZMYYUBOE, YNEAF ZHELFYCHOSCHK UREGIBMSHOSCHK FTBM RTPFYCH MELFTPNBZOIFOSH NYO. nd PO UCHPYN TEYEOYEN PVNEOSM FPTREEDH TBF-52 (RTYOSFHA ABOUT CHPPTHTSEOYE CH 1939 Z.) yFBL, FTBM NShch RPMHYUIMY. tO RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK DCHB LBVEMS PDYO LPTPYUE, DTHZPK DMYOOEE, ON LPOGBI LBVEMEK RP RSFSH NEDOSCHI MHYUEK, FBLYN PVTBPN, B UPMEOPK CHPDE NETSDH MELFTPDBNY (DMYOOPZP J LPTPFLPZP LBVEMS) UPDBCHBMPUSH UYMSHOPE MELFTPNBZOYFOPE RPME. ABOUT LPTBVME UREGIBMSHOSCHK RTYVPT YNETSM RPDBCHBENSCHK CH LBVEMY LMELFTPFPL, YUNEOSS EZP RPMSTOPUFSH - RMAU-NYOHU. chUMEDUFCHYE NBMPK YYTYOSCH RTPFTBMEOOPK RPMPUSCH FTBMEOYE CHCHZPDOP VSCHMP RTPYCHPDYFSH DCHHN LPTBVMSN U PUOBEOSCHNY FTBMBNY OBCHMEOPOLY rPMKHYUYCH FY FTBMSCH Y HUFBOPCHYCH YI ABOUT DCHHI FTBMSHEYLBY (CH RTPYMPN NPTULYI VHLUYTBI), NSCHCHYMY ABOUT YURSCHFBOYE ABOUT ZHBTCHBFET OB lTPBOOP TEZDEPTOOV. with OB FYI YURSCHFBOYSI RTYUHFUFCHPCHBM CHNEUFE U BLBDENYLPN b. R. bMELUBODTPCHSCHN. rPUFTPYMYUSH LPTBVMY PE ZhTPOF, DBMY LPNBODKH "chLMAYUIFSh FPL", Y UTBH 11 NYO CHPTCHBMYUSH CHRETEDY OBU, RP VPLBN Y DBTSE OEULPMSHLP. ьFP VShMP PYEMPNMSAEEE TEMYEE. nSCHCHLMAYUIMY FTBMSCH, UNPFBMY ABOUT CHSHAILY, CHETOKHMYUSH CH pTBOYEOVBKHN. TBSPVTBMYUSH U TEHMSHFBFBNY, PRTEMIMY RPTSDPL YURPMSHUPCHBOYS FBLYI FTBMPCH. fBLYN PVTBPN, VPMSHYBS ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOBS ЪBDBYUB OBYUBMB TEYBFSHUS VSCHUFTEE. Dempo B FPN, YUFP FY FTBMSCH J CHRPUMEDUFCHYY FTBMSCH, LPFPTSCHNY VSCHMY CHPPTHTSEOSCH RPMHYUEOOSCHE OBYEK VTYZBDPK RP "MJC-MYH" YEUFSH BNETYLBOULYI FTBMSHEYLPCH "henna", J OBY PFEYUEUFCHEOOSCHE FTBMSCH, UPDBOOSCHE RP FPNH RTYOGYRH, OP VPMEE UPCHETYEOOSCHE, OE FTEVPCHBMY 16 LTBFOPZP RTPIPTSDEOYS RP PDOPNKH Y FPNKH TSE NEUFKH. CHUE TEYBMPUSH ЪB PDIO RTPIPD. dMS ZBTBOFYY YOPZDB DEMBMY DCHB RTPIPDB. th EEE P NYOBI "RMH". lBL YCHEUFOP, CH 1955 ZPDKH CHUECHBUFPRPMSHULPK VKHIFE RPZYV MYOEKOSCHK LPTBVMSH "oPChPTPUUYKUL" (VSCHCHYK JFBMSHSOULIK "dTSKHMIP yUEBTE"). rTYUYOB ZYVEMY DP OBUFPSEEZP READ OE CHSCHSUEEOB, UHEEUFCHHEF NOPZP CHETUIK. with KhVETSDEO CH FPN, UFP MYOLPT RPDPTCHBMUS ABOUT NYOE "RMH". nPI HVETSDEOYS PUOPCHCHCHBAFUS ABOUT DPRPMOYFEMSHOSHI DBOOSHI, RPMKHYUEOOSHI NOPA, LPZDB WITH UFBM LPNBODYTPN VTYZBDSCH.
vTYZBDB LPTBVMEK PITBOSCH CHPDOPZP TBKPOB TYTSULPK VBBSH
with VSCHM OBOBYUEO LPNBODYTPN LFPK VTYZBDSCH CHEUOPK 1949 ZPDB. h ITS UPUFFBCHE VSCHMP OEULPMSHLP DYCHYYYPOPCH FTBMSHEYLPCH, UVPTPTSECHCHI, RTPFYCHPMPDPYUOSHI LPTBVMEK Y LBFETPCH. vBYTPCHBMBUSH VTYZBDB CH HUFSHE ъBRBDOPK dCHYOSCH, LFP CH 15 LN PF ZPTPDB TYZY, CH RPUEMLE vPMDETBS. oEUMY DP'PTOKHA UMHTSVH, FTBMYMY NYOSCH CH TYTSULPN ABMYCHE, PUHEEUFCHMSMY LPOFTPMSH OBD UHDPIPPDUFCHPN. PE CHTENS NPTULPZP RBTBDB H dEOSh chPEOOP-nPTULPZP zhMPFB ON BODY dBHZBChB, OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP H GEOFTE ZPTPDB C RPMHYUYM DPLMBD, YUFP ENMEYUETRBMSHOSCHK UOBTSD, RTPYCHPDYCHYYK DOPHZMHVMEOYE H FPTZPCHPN RPTFH nYMShZTBChYU, H 5 LN PD ZPTPDB OYTSE RP TELE BYUETROHM LBLPK-OP VPMSHYPK RTEDNEF, RPIPTSYK ABOUT NEWS. lPNBODB ENMEYUETRBMLY CHRMBCHSH HYMB OB VETEZ. BLPOYuYCh PVIPD LPTBVMEK, HYUBUFCHPCHBCHYYI B RBTBDE, W RBTBDOPN NHODYTE, RTY PTDEOBI J LPTFYLE, B MBLPCHSCHI VPFYOLBI, VEMSCHI RETYUBFLBI have UPZMBUYS rTEDUEDBFEMS uPChNYOB mBFChYY chYMYUB mBGYUB J rTEDUEDBFEMS chETIPChOPZP uPChEFB mBFChYY lYTIEOYFEKOB, UELTEFBTS chETIPChOPZP uPChEFB uuut zPTLYOB, RTYUHFUFCHPCHBCHYYI ON RBTBDOPN LBFETE, RETEUEM ABOUT ABBBUOPK LBFET Y HVSCHM CH NYMSHZTBCHYU. rPDPKDS L ENMEYUETRBMLLE, NSH PVOBTKHTSIMY CH PDOPN Y LPCHYEK CHYUSEKHA, OENOPZP RPCHTETSDEOOKHA NYOH "RMH". CHCHCHBMY NBFTPUPCH YJ VTYZBDSCH, CH FPN YUYUME NEIBOYLPCH, KHNEAEYI PVTBEBFSHUS U RPDYAYENOSCHNY LTBOBNY. ABOUT VTEOFE, LBL NMBDEOGB, NYOH PUFPTPTSOP PRHUFIMY ABOUT LBFET, CHSCHCHEM CH TYTSULIK VBMYCH, CHSCHFBEYMY ABOUT VETEZ Y CHAPTCHBMY. chtschch VSCHM OBUFPMSHLP UYMSHOSCHN, UFP CH UPUEDOYI RPUEMLBI hUFSH-dCHYOULE, vPMDETBS CH DPNBI CHSCHMEFEMY UFELMB. Noah RTEDYASCHYMY LPMPUUBMSHOSCHK UYUEF, OP THLPCHPDUFCHP mBFChYY, I LPFPTSCHN X NEOS VSCHMY PYUEOSH IPTPYYE DTHTSEUFCHEOOSCHE PFOPYEOYS, CHSMP NEOS RPD BEYFH J PRMBFYMP Chueh TBUIPDSCH RP RTYYUYOEOOSCHN RPCHTETSDEOYSN. CHYMYU mBGYU DBCE RPDBTYM NOE UCHPE UPVTBOYE UPYUYOOYK U BCHFPZTBZHPN. ьFP RTPYUYEUFCHYE RPUFBCHYMP RETED OBNY OPCHHA ЪBDBYUKH - RTPCHETYFSH CHUE THUMP TELY PF ZPTPDB DP CHSCHIPDB CH BMYCH. fTBMYFSH OEMShS - LFP YUETFB ZPTPDB, RPTFB, RPUEMLPCH. chtschchch ABOUT NEUFE NPZMY RTYYUYOYFSH VPSHYE RPCHTETSDEOYS. TEYMY PUNBFTYCHBFSH Y RTPYCHPDYFSH RPYUL NYO ABOUT DOE CHPDPMBBNY (LFP LYMPNEFTPCH 15 PF TSEME'OPDPTPTPTSOPZP NPUFB CH GEOFTE ZPTPTSPDBK UZHPTNYTPCHBMY ZTHRRSCH LBFETPCH U CHPDPMBBNY Y OBYUBMY TBVPFH. oE VEHUREYOP. CHUEZP OBNY VSCHMP OBKDEOP, YCHMEUEOP Y HOYUFPTSEOP CH VEBPRBUOSCHI TBKPOBI PLPMP 100 NYO. h PVECHTETSYCHBOY UFYI NYO DPCHEMPUSH HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH Y NOE. OBNY VSHMP HUFBOPCHMEOP OBMYUYE CH NEIBOYNE ZYDTPUFBFB, ABOUT LPFPTSCHK ABOUT ZMHVYOE 10 NEFTPCH "OBDECHBMY" CHFPTYUOSCHK DEFPBFPT CHTSCHCHBFEMS. rTY ZMKHVYOE NEOSHYEK, YUEN 10 NEFTPCH, ZYDTPUFFBF OE UTBVBFSCHCHBM (NBMP DBCHMEOYE), Y IPFS RTYVPT UTPYUOPUFY Y LTPBFOPUFY Y ЪBRBSCH UTVBCHBM FBLYE NYOSCH OILBLYNY FTBMBNY OE PVECHTETSYCHBMYUSH. lTPNE FPZP, CH UMPTSOPN NEIBOYNE RTYVPTPCH UTPYUOPUFY Y LTBFOPUFY NOPZP RBKLY Y CH OELPFPTSCHI YY OYY YUBUPCHCHE NEIBOYYNSCH ABUPTSMYUSH. OB DBKHZBCHE VSCHMY UMKHYUBY, LPZDB CHPDPMB PUFTBRMYCHBM NYOKH DMS RPDIAENB, YECHEMYM EE, CHSCHULBLYCHBM ABOUT RPCHTIOPUFSH Y TSEUFBNY RPLBYUPSHBYUK ьФП ЬОБЮЙФ - ЪБТБВПФБМЙ YUBUSH. FBLYE NYOSCH CHOE CHUSLPK PYUETEDY VSCHUFTP RPDOINBMY, ABOUT RPMOPN IPDH VHLUYTPCHBMYUSH L NEUFKH CHTSCHCHB. vSCHMP OEULPMSHLP UMHYUBECH, LPZDB OE HURECHBMY DPKFY Y POB CHATSCHBMBUSH CH RHFY. OP, UMBCHB vPZH, ZYVEMY MADEK OE VSCHMP.
b FERETSH PVTBFYNUS L uECHBUFPRPMA. oENGSCH, PFUFHRBS, VEURPTSDPYUOP TBVTBUCHCHBMY NYOSCH "RMH" CH ZBCHBOSI, CH FPN YUYUME Y CH uECHBUFPRPMSHULPK VHIFE. nPE HVETSDEOYE, YUFP MYOLPT "oPChPTPUUYKUL" RPDPTCHBMUS ON NYOE "RMH", PUOPCHBOP ON RTEDRPMPTSEOYY P FPN, YUFP LPZDB IN CHETOHMUS have NPTS J CHUFBM ON SLPTSH, OP YMY LPTRHUPN, YMY SLPTOPK Gershom RPYECHEMYM NYOH, YUBUSCH BTBVPFBMY, J YUETE OELPFPTPE CHTENS RTPYPYEM CHUTSCHCH. rPMHUEOOBS MYOLPTPN RTPVPYOB BOBMPZYUOB RTPVPYOBN PF "RMH". b RETECHETOKHMUS LPTBVMSH RPFPNKH, UFP, LPUOHCHYYUSH ZTHOFB OPUPN, PO RPFETSM PUFPKYUYCHPUFSH. EUMY VSCH CH ZBCHBOY ZMKHVYOB VSCHMB VPMSHYE, ON RMBCHBM VSH LBL RPRMBCHPL. rPIPTSIK UMKHYUBK YNEM NEUFP U VPMSHYIN FBOLETPN No. 5 CHZHYOULPN ABMYCHE EEE CH 1941 ZPDKH.
chURPNYOBS P UCHPEK UMHTSVE B VTYZBDE pchtB tYTsULPK VBSCH C IPFEM R ™ £ TBUULBBFSH P NPEK CHUFTEYUE B tYZE have oYLPMBEN zETBUYNPChYYuEN lHOEGPChSchN, LPZDB software UOSFSCHK have DPMTSOPUFY OBTPDOPZP LPNYUUBTB chPEOOP-nPTULPZP zhMPFB, TBTSBMPCHBOOSCHK DP LPOFT-BDNYTBMB, H 1948 ZPDH PFDSCHIBM B UBOBFPTYY ON TYTSULPN CH'NPTSHE CH NEUFEYULE nBKPTY.
lBL-FP ON RPCHPOYM NOE RP FEMEZHPOKH Y UBOBFPTYS:
oYLPMBK oYLPMBEChYYu, OE NPZMY R ™ £ BL HOE RTYUMBFSH B nBKPTY LBLPK-MYVP OEVPMSHYPK LBFETPL have THMECHSCHN-NPFPTYUFPN, LPFPTSCHK IPTPYP OBEF Telhami mYEMHRH (YDEF CHDPMSH tYTsULPZP RPVETETSSHS), HOE IPYUEFUS RTPKFY RP mYEMHRE, CHPKFY B Telhami dBHZBChB, DPKFY RP OEK DP tYZY , RPUNPFTEFSH VKHIFH, FPTZPCHSCHK RPTF CH NYMSHZTBCHUE Y CHPCHTBFYFSHUS PVTBFOP.
with ENKH PFCHEFIM, UFP LBFET VKHDEF, J S UBN RTYDKH CH nBKPTY ABOUT OEN, CHOPSHNKH EZP J RPLBTSKH CHUE, UFP PO RPTSEMBEF. oYLPMBK zETBUYNPCHYU OBYUBM ChP'TBTSBFSH, DBCH RPOSFSH, UFP ENKH OE IPYUEFUS PFTSCHBFSH NEOS PF DEM Y PFDSHIB (VSCHMP CHPULTEUEOSHE). with PVYASUOIM ENKH, UYUIFBA UYUIFBA YB YUEUFSH EEE TB CHUFTEFYFSHUS Y RPZPCHPTYFSH U OYN, DTHZPZP UMKHYUBS NPTSEF Y OE VSCHFSH. b UFP LBUEFUS LBFETB, S UBN VKHDKH ABOUT OEN, HRTBCHMSFSH KHNEA, TELY JOBA, NSCH VKHDEN FPMSHLP CHDCHPEN - ON JS. h. lHOOEGPCH UPZMBUIMUS UP NOPK Y RPRTPUIM NEOS VSCHFSH CH YFBFULPN RMBFSHE.
rPVSCHBMY NSCH U OYN PE CHUEEI YOFETEUKHAEYI EZP NEUFBI. with CHSCHUFHRBM CH TPMY LULKHTUPCHPDB - TBKPO NOE VSCHM IPTPYP JOBLPN. nOPZP VEUEDPCHBMY P TSYFEKULYI DEMBI Y, LPOEUOP, P JMPFE, EZP OSCHOOYOEN UPUFFPSOY Y VHDKHEEN TBCHYFEY.
rPUME FTEIYUUPCHPZP RMBCHBOYS ChPUCHTBEBMYUSH PVTBFOP RP TELE MYEMHRE. oYLPMBK zETBUYNPChYYu ULBBM, YUFP X OEZP CHPOYLMB YDES OE YDFY DP nBKPTY, J RPRTPUYM CHSCHUBDYFSH EZP B RPUEMLE dYOFBTY, dv LPFPTPZP IN BIPFEM RTPEIBFSH DP nBKPTY ON MELFTYYULE (FP PDOB PUFBOPCHLB). rPDPYMY L RYTUKH, ABFEN RPYMY ABOUT TSEMEOPDPTPTSOKHA UVBOGYA DYOFBTY. RP TBURYUBOYA DP RPDIPDB LMELFTYYULY PUFBCHBMPUSH NYOHF 15.
oYLPMBK ZETBUYNPCHYU ULBBM, UFP ENKH PYUEOSH IPYUEFUS RIFSH. rПЗПДБ ВЩМБ ЦБТЛБС. with RTEDMPTSYM ENKH YBKFY CH UVBOGYPOOPE LBZHE, READ X SHOE VSCHMP DPUFBFPYUOP. ON UPZMBUIMUS. lPZDB NSCH CHOPYMY CH FP LBZHE-VHZHEF, PVOBTKHTSYMY, UFP CHUE UFPMYLY ЪBOSFSCH PZHYGETBNY ZhMPFB (FPMSHLP UFP PLPOYUMBUSH TEREFYFGYS CHINA RBTUPBUP n) nSC POOFBOPCHYMYUSH CH OETEYYFEMSHOPUFY X CHIPDB. rPUME OELPFPTPZP BNEYBFEMSHUFCHB PZHYGETSCH CHUE LBL PDIO CHUFBMY CH RPMPTSEOYE "UNYTOP" FPF UNKHFIMUS, RPVMBZPDBTIM PZHYGETPCH Y RTEDMPTSIM NOE RTPKFY ABOUT RMBFZHPTNKH.
nSCHCHYMY YJ LBZHE, ON CHUFBM ABOUT VKHZPTPL, KHUFTENIM UCHPK CHJZMSD CH NPTE. fBL NSCH Y RTPUFFPSMY NPYUB DP RPDIPDB RPEDB. rPRTPEBMYUSH, J PO HEIBM CH nBKPTY.
FPF RYPD With PRYUBM LCA FPZP, YUFPVSCH RPLBBFSH, LBLYN VPMSHYYN BCHFPTYFEFPN RPMSHPCHBMUS ON ZHMPFBI CHSCHDBAEYKUS ZHMPFPCHPDEG, VPMSHYPK ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSCHK DESFEMSH oYLPMBK zETBUYNPChYYu lHOEGPCh, URTBCHEDMYCHSCHK, BVPFMYCHSCHK, FBLFYYUOSCHK YUEMPCHEL, HNEAEYK CHOYNBFEMSHOP CHSCHUMHYBFSH CHUEI PF NBFTPUB DP BDNYTBMB, B RPUME URPLPKOP, OE FPTPRSUSH, OP YUEFLP CHSCHULBBFSH UCHPE UHTSDEOYE.
at SOCHBTS 1952 ZPDB S UFBM OBYUBMSHOYLPN YFBVB 64-K DYCHYYY LPTBVMEK PITBOSCH CHPDOPZP TBKPOB, B YUETE ZPD - LPNBODYTPN DYCHYYYY. lPNBODPCHBM ZhMPFPN BTUEOYK ZTYZPTSHECHEYU ZPMPCHLP. oBIPDYMYUSH NSCH CH vBMFYKULE (VSCHCHYBS VBAB RPDCHPDOSCHI MPDPL OENGECH CH RIMBKH) - LFP 50 LN PF lBMYOYOZTBDB (Z. LEOIZUVETZ).
ъБДБЮЙ ДЙЧЙЫЙ РТЕЦОЕЕ - Ч РЕТЧХА ПЮЕТЕДШ ФТБМЕОЙЕ NYO, DPDPTOBS UMHTSVB, VPCHBS RPDZPFPFCHLB MYYUOPZP UPUFBCHB Y PVCUFTYCHTYPYUFFPPP rPUFTPYMY LBBTNKH, PFLTSCHFSCHK LYOPFEBFT, OBVMADBFEMSHOP-UYZOBMSHOSCHE RPUFSH. about MSW TBTKHYEOOPK VBYOE ABOUT VETEZH CHIPDOPZP LBOBMB PVPTKHDPCHBMY RHOLF OBVMADEOYS Y TEZHMYTPCHLY DCHYCEOIS LPTBVMEK Y RTBOURPTFPH. nd, LPOEEUOP, ChPUUFBOPCHMEE TBBTHYEOOOPZP CHKOPK ZPTPDB.