Which are formed from the flowers of one inflorescence and are isolated from other seedlings and the shoot itself. Infructescences are distinguished as loose, when all fruits have separate stalks, for example, in mountain ash, grapes, viburnum, etc. A group of more compact seed fruits is also distinguished, in which single-seeded fruits are collected under a dry wrapper, like in the Asteraceae family, or under a fleshy juicy tissue, like in figs. Some plants develop more specialized seedlings. So, in liquidambar and pandaus, the fruits themselves grow together, in mulberries, juicy perianths surrounding the fruits grow together, and in beets, dry perianths. The formation of very large infructescences occurs in pineapple, maclura, breadfruit due to the fact that the fruit fuses with the axis or other elements of the inflorescence.
Infertility is different amount fruits located close to each other, and fused together. This is the definition of "fertility" in the narrow sense. A simpler explanation of the term "infertility" is a mature inflorescence, if one considers the fruit as a mature flower. However, it must be borne in mind that not every inflorescence is transformed into a seed. In the event that the flowering time is long, and the fruits fall off or open in the process of ripening, then the seed is not formed. A striking example such a phenomenon - sandy sainfoin. This plant has ripe falling fruits near the base of the inflorescence, and flowers and buds are located at the top. By the same principle, the inflorescences of many plants from the cruciferous family and some others develop. The formation of infructescence occurs only before the onset of dissemination.
biological significance the seed fruit is very large, since all its fruits are located compactly and clearly separated from the vegetative part of the shoot. You can compare the seed to the flowers in the inflorescence. Indeed, due to the formation of an inflorescence, the likelihood of successful pollination of flowers increases. So, effective dissemination is carried out in the presence of infructescence. For example, fruit clusters of rich bright color create a contrast with the green leaves of trees, and therefore, they are seen from afar by birds eating fruits. In representatives of the umbrella family, as well as lilacs, dry seedlings more intensively prevent the destruction of fruits by wind, since they create more resistance to air flow than fruits individually.
Well known herbaceous perennial common or climbing hops from the cannabis family also form nut-fruit clusters that ripen in August or September. The fruits develop from cone-shaped complex female inflorescences. Hop seedlings are of particular value in the human economy, as they contain in large numbers essential oil, hop resins, wax, gum, vitamins, glycosides, tannins. Hop seedlings, which were collected at the beginning of their ripening period, are used in bread baking and brewing.
Alder seedlings from the birch family are formed from single-seeded flattened nuts collected in a characteristic cone. By the end of the fruit ripening period, the thick scales of the female flowers in the inflorescences become stiff and form a cone that looks like a cone. coniferous trees. Due to the fact that the seeds of gray and black alder contain a large amount of tannin and other tannins, they are used in medicine as an astringent and enveloping agent for inflammatory bowel diseases.
FRUITS AND FRUITS
Fetus usually formed in flowering plants as a result of fertilization from the ovary of the pistil. It consists of pericarp (pericarp) and seeds . Sometimes other parts of the flower also take part in the formation of the fetus - the receptacle, the bases of the stamens, petals, sepals. The function of the fruit is to protect the seeds and distribute them. Pericarp consists of three layers - outer ( exocarp ), average ( mesocarp ) and internal ( endocarp ) (Fig. 33) . It can be dry or juicy. The fruit may contain one seed or many seeds (Fig. 30, 31, 32, 33). The fruits may be simple and complex (prefabricated) (Fig. 34) . If there is one pistil in the flower, then a simple fruit is formed, and if there are several pistils – made. Simple and prefabricated fruits are classified according to two criteria: the consistency of the pericarp (dry or juicy) and the number of seeds (one or many). There are four groups of fruits: box-shaped (dry multi-seeded), walnut (dry single-seeded), berry-like (juicy multi-seeded), drupes (juicy one-seeded). Simple fruits can break apart into nests (fractional fruits) or false transverse partitions(segmented fruits).
infertility, unlike the fruit, is formed as a result of the fusion into a single whole of many fruits formed from individual flowers of one inflorescence (Fig. 35).
Fruit classification
Leaflet Bob Pod Jointed Pod Pod
Rice. 30. Dry multi-seeded box-shaped fruits
Nut Nutlet Semyanka Caryopsis Lionfish Acorn
Rice. 31. Dry one-seeded nut-like fruits
Berry Apple Pumpkin Pomeranian
Rice. 32. Juicy multi-seeded berry fruits
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Juicy drupe Dry drupe
Rice. 33. Juicy one-seeded drupe fruits
Rice. 34. Combined (complex) fruits:
1 - combined leaflet; 2 - prefabricated nut, 3 - strawberry (fraga);
4 - combined drupe.
Call" href="/text/category/koll/" rel="bookmark"> a collection of fruits with dry pericarp, pay attention to the number of seeds, adaptations for distribution. Sketch and make symbols:
Exercise 2. Simple fruits with juicy pericarp
2.1. Consider a collection of berry fruits. Draw and label:
Berry fruits (juicy multi-seeded ):
1 - berry (bacca); 2 - apple (malum); 3 - pumpkin (peponida); 4 - orange (aurantium).
2.2. Consider a juicy one-seeded fruit - a drupe. Find the seed, the pericarp, which consists of membranous exocarp , juicy mesocarp and woody endocarp . Draw its section and make the notation:
Drupe fruit (juicy one-seeded) - drupe (drupa) :
1 - exocarp; 2 - mesocarp; 3 - endocarp; 4 - seed.
Task 3. Prefabricated fruits
Consider a collection of prefabricated fruits. Draw and label: 1 - combined leaflet (multifolliculus); 2 - prefabricated nut (multinucula); 3 - combined drupe (multidrupa).
Exercise 4. Infructescence
Consider a collection of seedlings. Draw them and label them. : 1 - infructescence - beet glomerulus (Beta vulgaris);
2 - seedlings of figs (Ficus carica); 3 - mulberry seedlings (Morus alba); 4 - seedlings of pineapple (Ananas sativus).
Questions for self-control
1. From what part of the flower does the fruit form?
2. What is a pericarp?
3. How do simple fruits differ from complex or prefabricated fruits?
4. What features underlie the classification of fruits?
5. Give examples of fruits with dry pericarp.
6. Give examples of fruits with a juicy pericarp.
7. Give examples of single-seeded and multi-seeded fruits.
8. What is infertility?
After fertilization, a seed is formed from the seed primordia, and the flower turns into a fruit. The integuments turn into the skin of the seeds. Nucellus is consumed in most plants during the formation of the embryo as nutrient. Sometimes it can turn into a nutrient.
The flower turns into a fruit. The wall of the ovary changes and forms pericarp . The pericarp surrounds the seed. If the pericarp is formed only by the walls of the ovary, such a fruit is called hereby (for cherries, plums, etc.). In many plant species, the fruit is also formed with the help of other parts of the flower (the bases of the stamens, receptacle, sepals, petals). Such fruits are called false (for example, an apple tree).
The fruit is made up of pericarp or pericarp (from Greek. peri near, around karpos fruit) and seeds. In the pericarp, they distinguish: the skin, or the outer thin part - exocarp ; medium, which can be either juicy or dry - mesocarp ; inner leathery, membranous, sometimes lignified, - endocarp (called a bone). The most typical structure is the fruit of the drupe type.
In the process of ripening, sugars, vitamins, fats and other substances accumulate in the pericarp.
Functions of the pericarp: protects the seed from adverse factors habitat, promotes seed dispersal.
Fruits are distinguished by the nature of education: real, false, prefabricated (complex) , formed from several pistils of one flower (for blackberries, raspberries, etc.). Several fruits, which were formed from a single flower each, can grow together and form infertility (in mulberry, pineapple).
According to the state of the pericarp, fruits are distinguished dry having a dry, lignified pericarp, and juicy having a fleshy, juicy pericarp.
Juicy fruits
drupes - a fruit in which all three layers of the pericarp are well distinguished. Endocarp hard, lignified (stone). Mesocarp - juicy (plum, cherry, sweet cherry), fibrous (coconut) or almost dry (almond).
Apple - This is a multi-seeded fruit formed by an overgrown juicy receptacle (apple, pear, mountain ash, quince).
Berry - This is a multi-seeded fruit that has juicy mesocarps and endocarps (grapes, gooseberries, currants, etc.). The exocarp is leathery.
pumpkin - This is a juicy fruit that has a juicy mesocarp and endocarp. Exocarp colored, hard (pumpkin, melon, cucumber, etc.).
dry fruits
Distinguish between opening and non-opening. Opening predominantly multi-seeded fruits , non-opening - have one seed.
Opening dry fruits:
Bean - opens from top to bottom along the top and bottom seams. Seeds are attached to the halves of the pericarp (beans, peas, soybeans).
Pod - dry fruit, which is opened from the base to the top along two seams. Consists of two fused carpels. Seeds are contained inside the fruit on a membrane membrane (radish, cabbage, mustard). The length exceeds the width by 1.5–2 times.
Pod - shorter and wider than the pod (camelina, rolls, etc.) - the length is equal to the width.
box - an opening fruit. Can be opened different ways: poppy - teeth on top; in henbane, plantain - with a lid; in dope, St. John's wort, tobacco, milkweed, violets, etc. - numerous longitudinal slits.
Non-opening dry fruits:
Zernovka It is an indehiscent one-seeded fruit. The thin pericarp adheres very tightly to the seed coat, grows together with it (cereals).
Leaflet - a multi-seeded fruit formed by one carpel, which opens on one side along the seam (peony).
multi-leaflet (magnolia) has many carpels.
Nut - has a hard lignified pericarp. The seed lies freely inside (hazel, beech).
Achene - an indehiscent fruit formed by two carpels. Contains one seed. The pericarp is leathery, does not adhere to the seed, does not grow together with it (sunflower, calendula).
Lionfish It is a dry indehiscent fruit. Along the edges of the pericarp, a thin border is formed in the form of a wing (elm, hornbeam, ash, birch).
Nut - dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit. The pericarp is leathery or lignified. If it consists of many nuts, then it is called multi-nut . In a fleshy receptacle, nuts are found in strawberries, strawberries.
This classification is artificial, as it is based only on the morphological features of the fruit.
An infructescence is a set of fruits that are formed from the flowers of one inflorescence and are isolated from other infructescences and the shoot itself. Infructescences are distinguished as loose, when all fruits have separate stalks, for example, in mountain ash, grapes, viburnum, etc. Also, a group of more compact seed fruits is distinguished, in which one-seeded fruits are collected under a dry wrapper, like in the Compositae family, or under a fleshy juicy tissue, like in a fig. Some plants develop more specialized seedlings. So, in liquidambar and pandaus, the fruits themselves grow together, in mulberries, juicy perianths surrounding the fruits grow together, and in beets, dry perianths. The formation of very large infructescences occurs in pineapple, maclura, breadfruit due to the fact that the fruit fuses with the axis or other elements of the inflorescence.
The infructescence is a different number of fruits located close to each other and fused with each other. This is the definition of "fertility" in the narrow sense. A simpler explanation of the term "infertility" is a mature inflorescence, if one considers the fruit as a mature flower. However, it must be borne in mind that not every inflorescence is transformed into a seed. In the event that the flowering time is long, and the fruits fall off or open in the process of ripening, then the seed is not formed. A striking example of such a phenomenon is sandy sainfoin. This plant has ripe falling fruits near the base of the inflorescence, and flowers and buds are located at the top. By the same principle, the inflorescences of many plants from the cruciferous family and some others develop. The formation of infructescence occurs only before the onset of dissemination.
The biological significance of the infructescence is very high, since all its fruits are located compactly and clearly separated from the vegetative part of the shoot. You can compare the seed to the flowers in the inflorescence. Indeed, due to the formation of an inflorescence, the likelihood of successful pollination of flowers increases. So, effective dissemination is carried out in the presence of infructescence. For example, fruit clusters of rich bright color create a contrast with the green leaves of trees, and therefore, they are seen from afar by birds eating fruits. In representatives of the umbrella family, as well as lilacs, dry seedlings more intensively prevent the destruction of fruits by wind, since they create more resistance to air flow than fruits individually.
A well-known herbaceous perennial plant, common or climbing hops from the hemp family, also forms seedlings from fruit-nuts that ripen in August or September. The fruits develop from cone-shaped complex female inflorescences. Hop seedlings are of particular value in the human economy, as they contain a large amount of essential oil, hop resins, wax, gum, vitamins, glycosides, tannins. Hop seedlings, which were collected at the beginning of their ripening period, are used in baking and brewing.
Alder seedlings from the birch family are formed from single-seeded flattened nuts collected in a characteristic cone. By the end of the fruit ripening period, the thick scales of the female flowers in the inflorescences become stiff and form a cone, similar to a cone of coniferous trees. Due to the fact that the seeds of gray and black alder contain a large amount of tannin and other tannins, they are used in medicine as an astringent and enveloping agent for inflammatory bowel diseases.
This is a collection of mature fruits (dry or juicy) of one inflorescence, clearly separated from the vegetative part of the shoot. They may be less specialized if the fruits formed from individual flowers sit on isolated stalks (clusters of grapes, mountain ash, bird cherry brushes, etc.), and more specialized from dry free one-seeded fruits surrounded by an involucre (composite) or a juicy receptacle (figs). ). When the perianth grows together, juicy seedlings are formed in mulberries or dry boxes in beets. Large inflorescences in pineapple are formed as a result of the fusion of fruits with a juicy axis and with other elements of the inflorescence. The pineapple at the top of the inflorescence always has a shoot with bunches of green leaves.
Biological significance of infructescences: infructescences of juicy brightly colored fruits contrast well with the green leaves of trees, shrubs and are clearly visible to birds.
Morphogenetic classification of fruits
The morphogenetic classification of fruits takes into account their evolutionary development. Modern morphogenetic classifications are based mainly on the type of gynoecium. According to this classification, apocarp and cenocarp fruits are distinguished.
apocarp fruits
The most evolutionarily primitive among apocarpous fruits are multileaflets.
In the evolutionary transformations of apocarpous fruits, there are tendencies: from polycarp to monocarp; from multi-seeded to single-seeded; from sutural opening (along the ventral suture) to dorsal opening (along the midrib) or to opening with two valves from fruits that open when ripe to non-opening.
Apocarpous mono-stones are characteristic of plums, cherries, and peaches. The bean is considered to be a derivative of the leaflet.
Cenocarp fruits
Coenocarpous fruits develop from flowers, the gynoecium of which consists of several fused carpels.
syncarp fruits
The upper box is for henbane, tulip, flax, dope, plantain, the lower one is for iris, Ivan-tea.
From the lower syncarp box, a special type of fruit was formed - pomegranate. The pericarp is dry, opens with irregular cracks, the seed coat is fleshy.
When succulentizing separate parts pericarp originated from the syncarp box juicy fruits: berry (upper in tomato, lower in blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries), apple (lower fruit in apple, pear, mountain ash), orange (upper in lemon, orange).
From the syncarpous gynoecium, the formation of fractional fruits, coenobia, is possible.
Paracarp fruits
The box is considered the most primitive among the fruits. The upper one is in willow, violet, poppy, the lower one is in plants of the orchid family.
An elongated capsule of a two-membered paracarpous gynoecium is a pod. From a multi-seeded opening pod, fruits were formed, breaking up into one-seeded segments (wild radish).
Derivatives of paracarp capsules are caryopsis (a fruit in cereals); achene (hemp, nettle, sunflower, dandelion); berry (calf, currant, gooseberry). Pumpkin fruit (watermelon, melon, cucumber) close to paracarp berries.
lysicarp fruits
The box is considered the initial in this group of fruits. In some carnations, radial septa are preserved at the base of the lysicarp capsule, corresponding to the number of carpels.
The reduction in the number of ovules led to the emergence of single-seeded lysicarp fruits (gooseberry, diwala), which sometimes retain the ability to open.
Buckwheat fruits - achenes - develop from the upper lysicarpous two-three-membered gynoecium. The fruits are single-seeded, dry. The pericarp is leathery, and the seed coat is thin, reduced.