Which employs the vast majority of the population. the territory is not the same. It is greatest in, where about 70% of the total area is plowed up, and in India more than 50%. The lowest rates - 10-15% - are in Iran.
The bulk of the peasants in Asia are landless or landless. The smallest arable land per capita is in Japan (0.02 ha), Indonesia (0.1 ha), Bangladesh (0.12 ha).
The drylands of Asia are dominated by extensive agriculture. Intensive farming is carried out on irrigated lands, mainly in the South and South, but a small proportion of the cultivated land is irrigated (10-20%).
The countries of the region produce the overwhelming part of the world production of tea, jute, natural rubber. These are the main export crops of Asia. There are also widespread crops of such industrial crops as cotton (,), sugar cane (India, China,), oilseeds: peanuts, rapeseed, castor oil plant, sesame seeds (India, China,), soybeans (China, North Korea), plantations of olives (Turkey ,).
The main food crop in Asia is rice (over 90% of world production). In many countries of the region, more than 50% of the total cultivated area is sown with rice. The first place in the world for the production of rice is China (190 million tons), the second - India (110 million tons). rice production is large enough in Indonesia, Bangladesh,. Rice yield in most of these countries is low (20-25 c / ha), except for Japan and China (55.8 and 55.4 c / ha, respectively).
The second most important grain crop in Asia is wheat. The region provides approximately 20% of its world production. The largest wheat producers are China, India, Turkey, Pakistan,. Wheat is often grown as a winter crop on irrigated land.
Among the important grain crops of the region, one should also highlight corn (India, Indonesia, the Philippines), barley (India, Turkey,). Millet and legumes.
The level of development in Asia is lower than in other parts of the world. In those areas where, due to natural conditions, agriculture is impossible (mountainous areas), the main occupation of the population has long been nomadic cattle breeding. These areas are characterized by a high proportion of sheep in the herd of productive livestock. Camels are also bred. Yaks, zuo (a hybrid of a yak and a cow), and goats graze on pastures in high-mountain areas (for example, in). Extensive pastoralism. Marketable and, in particular, export livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins.
In most of the densely populated countries of the South and South-East Asia where agricultural areas are occupied by crops, the number of livestock is small. These areas are characterized by cattle (in particular water buffaloes), and in countries with a non-Muslim population - China, Korea - pigs are bred.
In India, which has the largest herd of cattle (about 200 million heads), it is used only as a draft force. Domesticated elephants are also used as working animals in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, and camels, donkeys and horses in Southwest Asia.
V recent times it became fashionable (and profitable) to breed ostriches on farms.
Most (70%) of consumed modern world food is provided by crop production. The leading branch of agriculture, the basis of all agricultural production in the world and international trade is the cultivation of grain crops - wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats and rye. Their crops occupy 1/2 of the world's arable land, and in some countries - even more (for example, in Japan, 96%).Grain is the main food product, the most important part of feed, it is also a raw material for a number of industries. Modern grain production in the world reaches 1.9 billion tons / year, with 4/5 of wheat, rice, corn.
Wheat is the world leader in grain production. This culture, known to the inhabitants of Mesopotamia six thousand years ago, comes from Western Asia. Now the area of its cultivation is very wide - it covers all countries of the world and the most different conditions, thanks to the creation of new varieties. The main wheat belt stretches in the northern hemisphere, the smaller one in the southern. The main areas of wheat cultivation in the world are the Central Plains of the United States, adjoining in the north with the steppe provinces of Canada, the steppe plains of the Argentine pampa, southwestern and southeastern Australia, the steppe of Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China. The largest collection falls on China, USA, India, Russia, France, Indonesia, Canada.
Rice is the second crop of the world after wheat in terms of crops and harvests, the main food product for most of the world's population (especially in densely populated countries of Asia). Rice is used to produce flour, starch, it is processed into alcohol, and wastes from the rice-processing industry go to livestock feed.
Rice cultivation is believed to have originated in central or southern China at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Rice culture has a clear ecological and geographic reference. To grow it, you need a hot and humid season. However, despite the spread of rice across all continents, zones of intensive rice cultivation do not cover all areas suitable for cultivation, concentrating mainly in the countries of South and Southeast Asia (the latter provide up to 90% of the world rice harvest). China stands out especially sharply, more than 2 times surpassing the following India in terms of the volume of collection. The largest rice producers also include Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Brazil.
Rice occupies a special place in world trade: developed countries import rice in small quantities, rice trade is mainly between developing countries (large exporters - from developed countries, rice is mainly traded in the United States, Japan, Italy and Australia).
Corn is the main forage crop for livestock and poultry farming, especially in the United States and Western Europe. In Asia, Africa, Latin America In southern Europe, corn is mainly a food crop. It is also important as a technical culture. Corn originates from Mexico, from where, after the discovery of the New World, it was brought to other parts of the world. The main crops for grain are now concentrated in regions with a warm temperate or subtropical climate. The world's premier corn-growing area is the US corn belt, which stretches south of the Great Lakes. The main exporters of corn are the USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina.
In addition to cereals, oilseeds, tuber crops, sugar-bearing, tonic, vegetable and fruit crops are widely used for food supply. The cultivation of most of them is highly labor-intensive.
Oilseeds. Vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits and seeds of oilseeds, as well as from the seeds of some cereals (for example, corn) or spinning seeds (for example, hemp). Soybeans, peanuts, sunflowers, rapeseed, sesame, mustard are cultivated from oilseeds, olive Tree, oil palm, tung tree, etc. Now, about 2/3 of the fats consumed are of vegetable origin. The rapid growth in the production and consumption of oilseeds over the past decades was associated in developed countries with the replacement of animal fats with vegetable fats, and in developing countries - with a rapid population growth, and the relative cheapness of products.
The largest producers are: the USA (1/2 of soybeans), India (I in the collection of peanuts), China (I in the collection of cotton and rapeseed).
Developing countries, which produce most of the industry's products, have significantly reduced the export of oilseeds due to the creation of their own oil industry. Many of them are themselves importers of vegetable oils.
Tuber crops - the most common crop is potatoes derived from South America, but now it is mainly a culture of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Russia, Poland, China, USA, India, Germany stand out in the world potato production.
Sugar-bearing crops play a huge role in the diet of people - sugar beets and sugar cane, which now give respectively 60% and 40% of the world's sugar production (120 million tons). Sugarcane is cultivated in countries and regions of the tropical and subtropical belts, that is, mainly in developing countries, Cuba and China. For some countries, this is the basis of their specialization in MGRT (for the Dominican Republic, for example). And developed countries provide only about 10% of the world's sugarcane harvest.
In the geography of sugar beet cultivation, the picture is the opposite. The area of its distribution is areas of temperate climate, especially the middle zone of Europe (EU countries. Ukraine), as well as the USA and Canada. In Asia, these are mainly Turkey, Iran, China and Japan.
Tea, coffee and cocoa are commonly used as tonic crops. They are cultivated in the tropics (tea also in the subtropics) and have rather limited ranges.
Fruit and vegetable crops occupy a prominent place in the economy of many countries. The largest fruit producers: China, India, Brazil, USA, Italy. As the role of vegetables and fruits in nutrition grows (especially in developed countries), their production and imports increase.
In general, it can be noted that a significant part of oil, sugar, fruit and especially tonic crops goes to the world market. Their main exporters are developing countries, and importers are economically developed countries.
Of the non-food crops, fiber crops and the production of natural rubber are of the greatest importance in the world.
The main fiber crop is cotton, with Asian countries leading the way, followed by America and then Africa.
Other fibrous crops such as flax and jute grow in a smaller area. Almost 3/4 of the world production of flax comes from Russia and Belarus, jute - in Bangladesh.
The production of natural rubber is distinguished by a particularly high concentration, 85% of which comes from the countries of Southeast Asia (the main producers are Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia).
Characteristic feature Agriculture many countries began to cultivate narcotic substances such as tobacco, opium poppy and Indian hemp. The last two cultures are typical primarily for the developing countries of Asia.
1. Introduction. general characteristics
The role of overseas Asia in the world economy continues to grow, but differences in the level of development and specialization of individual countries remain.
In most of the countries of overseas Asia, agriculture continues to play a dominant role. The industry is represented mainly by mining industries.
2. Group of countries for economic development
In foreign Asia, according to the level of economic development, 6 groups of countries can be distinguished:
1. Highly developed countries
Currently to developed countries the region includes Japan, Israel, the Republic of Korea, Singapore. Special place among these countries is Japan. It is the first developed country in Asia, the second economy in the region, a member of the G7. In many respects, Japan occupies a leading position among the developed countries.
2. China and India
These countries have made significant breakthroughs. China and India are the second and third economies in the world, respectively, but GDP per capita in these countries is negligible.
3. Newly industrialized countries of Asia (NIS)
This group includes the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Xianggang (Hong Kong), Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand. In addition, Indonesia and the Philippines are now also included in this group. The combination of a favorable economic and geographic location and cheap labor resources in these countries made it possible, with the participation of Western corporations, to restructure the economies of these countries along the lines of the Japanese model. The economies of these countries are mainly export-oriented.
4. Oil-producing countries
This group includes: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman. Thanks to petrodollars, these countries were able to make a significant leap in their development in a short period of time. Currently, these countries are developing not only oil and gas production, but also other sectors of the economy (mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, tourism, metallurgy).
5. Countries with a predominance of mining and light industries
These countries include: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Jordan, Vietnam.
6. Least developed countries
Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Yemen, Bhutan. In these countries modern production practically absent.
3. Economic systems
Major world economic systems:
1. Market system.
2. Non-market system.
4. Asian models of economic development
Model name Model specification
Japanese Encouragement of small and medium-sized businesses, the development of export-oriented industries, the purchase of patents, licenses and their effective use, the development of education and training, the development of high-tech technologies, the purchase of raw materials and their processing on their territory, the export of finished goods, the switching of the economy to the domestic market while maintaining export orientation.
Chinese Widespread use of economic relations while maintaining the leading role of the state, the widespread development of rental relations in the countryside, the rapid development of rural industry, the decentralization of industry, the attraction of capital from abroad, the creation of free economic zones and open cities.
Indian Natural resources, use of cheap work force, bet on small and medium-sized enterprises.
Turkish High-quality labor resources, favorable economic-geographical and political-geographical position, economic liberalization, attracting foreign investment, flexibility, preservation of traditions, secularism and the development of a market economy.
Iranian Extensive use of natural resource potential, state monopoly, state control, the importance of religion and traditions.
Many other countries of foreign Asia use the above models of economic development in the formation of their own state.
Agriculture and Transport of Overseas Asia
1. General characteristics of agriculture
Agriculture in the region is undersupplied land resources due to high density population. It is dominated by agriculture over animal husbandry, the costs are high self made per unit land area, the marketability of farms is low. Technique and technology for the most part very primitive. The basis of agricultural production in the region is the plantation economy, which employs the majority of the population, and the export of plantation crops provides most of the budgetary revenues.
2. Main areas of agriculture
The main areas of agriculture overseas Asia:
- Monsoon sector of the countries of East, Southeast and South Asia. This region is the largest in the world for the cultivation of rice - the main agricultural crop. It is harvested 2-3 times a year, the total volume is 1/4 of world production. In Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, rice fields occupy 4/5 of the cultivated area of river valleys and delta lands. China, India, Indonesia are the leaders in the total rice harvest.
- The main agricultural crops in the regions are also: coconut - gives nuts and coper (the coconut core from which oil is obtained), the region accounts for 70% of their world production, Malaysia - up to 49%; hevea - up to 90% of the world production of natural rubber falls on the countries of the region (Malaysia - 20% of world production, Indonesia, Vietnam); sugar cane (especially India, the Philippines and Thailand); tea (India, China, Sri Lanka); spices (ubiquitous); orchids (Singapore, China, Thailand - world leaders in their cultivation); cotton, tobacco, etc.
- Livestock raising. It is very poorly developed due to a shortage of pastures, the spread of tropical animal diseases. Livestock is used primarily as a draft force. In terms of the number of cattle, India leads, in terms of the number of poultry, sheep and pigs, China. Pigs are not raised by Muslim peoples.
- Sea and river fishing is widespread. The basis of agricultural production in the region is the plantation economy, which employs the majority of the population, and the export of plantation crops provides most of the budgetary revenues.
- Region of subtropical agriculture (Mediterranean coast). Wheat, millet, rubber, dates, almonds, cotton are grown here. Livestock and poultry farming is well developed.
- Grazing area: Mongolia, Southwest Asia... Agriculture is represented in oases.
3. The place of overseas Asia in agriculture
The main grain crops of overseas Asia are rice, wheat, corn. China and India are leading in the collection of these crops.
4. Transport of overseas Asia
- Transport overseas Asia is relatively poorly developed, with the exception of Japan and South Korea.
- The longest railways are in China and India. The highest speeds are possessed by railways China and Japan.
- By length highways China, India, Japan are in the lead.
- Pipeline transport is developed in the countries of the Persian Gulf, China.
- Sea transport is developed in Japan, China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea. The largest ports are Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong.
- Air transport plays an essential role in Japan and China. The largest airport in the region is Stolichny in Beijing (passenger turnover - 77.5 million people). The largest airline, China Southern Airlines, carried 76.5 million people.
The leading sector of the economy of the countries of South and Southeast Asia is agriculture, which employs the vast majority of the population. The agricultural development of the territory is not the same. It is greatest in Bangladesh, where about 70% of the total area is plowed up, and in India, more than 50%. The lowest rates - 10-15% - are in China, Afghanistan, Jordan, Iran.
The bulk of the peasants in Asia are landless or landless. The smallest arable land per capita is in Japan (0.02 ha), Indonesia (0.1 ha), Bangladesh (0.12 ha).
The drylands of Asia are dominated by extensive agriculture. Intensive farming is carried out on irrigated land, mainly in South and Southeast Asia, but a small proportion of the cultivated land is irrigated (10-20%).
The countries of the region produce the overwhelming part of the world production of tea, jute, natural rubber. These are the main export crops of Asia. Sowings of such industrial crops as cotton (India, Pakistan, Turkey), sugar cane (India, China, Philippines), oilseeds: peanuts, rapeseed, castor oil plant, sesame (India, China, North Korea), soybeans (China, North Korea ), olive plantations (Turkey, Syria).
Asia ranks prominently in the world for the production of copra, tropical and subtropical fruits, and a variety of spices (India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia).
The main food crop in Asia is rice (over 90% of world production). In many countries of the region, more than 50% of the total cultivated area is sown with rice. The first place in the world for the production of rice is China (190 million tons), the second - India (110 million tons). rice production is quite large in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar. Rice yield in most of these countries is low (20-25 c / ha), except for Japan and China (55.8 and 55.4 c / ha, respectively).
The second most important grain crop in Asia is wheat. The region provides approximately 20% of its world production. The largest wheat producers are China, India, Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia. Wheat is often grown as a winter crop on irrigated land.
Among the important grain crops of the region, one should also highlight corn (India, Indonesia, the Philippines), barley (India, Turkey, Iran). Millet and legumes are also important for food.
Livestock development in Asia is lower than in other parts of the world. In those areas where, due to natural conditions, agriculture is impossible (deserts, semi-deserts, mountainous regions), the main occupation of the population has long been nomadic cattle breeding. These areas are characterized by a high proportion of sheep in the herd of productive livestock. Camels are also bred. Yaks, zuo (a hybrid of a yak and a cow), and goats graze on pastures in high-altitude regions (for example, in the Himalayas). Extensive pastoralism. Marketable and, in particular, export livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins.
In most of the densely populated countries of South and Southeast Asia, where agricultural areas are occupied by crops, the number of livestock is small. These areas are characterized by cattle (in particular water buffaloes), and in countries with non-Muslim populations - China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan - pigs are bred.
In India, which has the largest herd of cattle (about 200 million heads), it is used only as a draft force. Domesticated elephants are also used as working animals in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, and camels, donkeys and horses in Southwest Asia.
For many peoples, it is almost the second bread. In terms of cultivation time and valuable qualities, it is rightfully considered the most popular cereal in the whole world. There are many varieties of this culture and ways of cultivating it. This article will provide information about which countries are the most grown rice, and about its useful properties Oh.
Origin
Several millennia have passed since man began to grow rice. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations, proving the fact that people ate this cereal at the dawn of human history. Pottery was found with imprints of traces of rice, and ancient manuscripts of the Chinese and Indians, in which he was deified. It was used as ritual offerings to ancestors and pagan gods.
There are many interesting and adventurous stories of rice cultivation. The culture owes its origin to ancient Asia. Now this territory is occupied by countries such as Vietnam and Thailand. Over time, the cereal spread to the rest of the continents: it easily adapted to the local climatic conditions other countries and has become very popular in many cultures around the world. In particular, it has found its application in the preparation of national dishes. Given these facts, we can safely say that rice is an integral part of the traditional culture of many peoples. A similar attitude towards cereals is observed in Japan, India, China and Indonesia.
Description
The tropical plant has special biological characteristics associated with its unusual growing environment. No cereal forms such vegetative organs as rice does. The description of the culture conveys the uniqueness of its structure, which allows it to grow right on the water.
The roots are fibrous, superficial, most of which sink to a depth of 30 cm. The root system is endowed with an airborne tissue called aerenchyma. It is found in leaves and stems. Such a system is necessary for the plant to maintain the required oxygen concentration. Being in water, the plant cannot "breathe", and thanks to aerenchem, which absorbs oxygen from the stems and leaves, the root system is enriched with it. In addition, the soil on the rice plantation becomes highly permeable and changes the direction of metabolic processes. The root consists of many processes (up to 300), with a few fine hairs. The lower stem nodes sometimes form additional roots that are involved in the nutrition of cereals.
The stem is a full, thin straw. Depending on the variety, its length varies from 0.5 to 2 m. As it tapers from base to edge, the length of internodes increases. Their thickness is about 7 mm. In the process of culture growth, the number of internodes increases to 15-20 intervals.
Leaves - narrow plates of the linear-lanceolate type with the presence of a sheath. There are green, purple and reddish colors. The vein is ribbed, length - 30 cm, width - 2.
Single-flowered spikelets are collected in inflorescences, like a panicle. Two wide, ribbed scales make up a flower (sometimes with an awn) of brown, yellow or red color.
Fruits are a filmic weevil, white at the break. In structure, it differs into vitreous, mealy and semi-vitreous.
Sown rice has over 100 varieties in shape, color, and the presence of awns. There are two main subspecies: small and common. The latter is divided into two varieties: Indian and Japanese.
Indian is distinguished by a long, narrow caryopsis and the absence of awns in flowering films. The Japanese caryopsis are round, wide and thick.
Home culture of Asia
Why rice has become main culture Asia? In the tropical zone, with a predominantly monsoon climate, excessive waterlogging of the soil is considered normal. Due to the fact that most of the territories long time covered with water, does not appear possible cultivation other crops. The main accumulation of rice plantations falls on the Asian continent. When there were no mechanized methods of growing cereals, rice was grown only in areas with natural moisture. Thanks to technological progress, there are now rice plantations in many states, and they are irrigated in an artificial way.
Economic value of rice
In which country is rice a food crop? As mentioned above, these are the states of the Asian continent. This includes several countries that are engaged in grain production, the annual harvest of which is 445.6 million tons - more than 90% of the gross world harvest. After processing rice greens, about 80% of the product goes on sale. China and India supply especially a lot of grain to the world market.
It cannot be said that rice is widespread as a food product only in Asian countries. For a third of the population the globe it is one of the main products. This corresponds to the meaning of its name, which in translation from ancient Indian has a very meaningful definition - "the basis of human nutrition." The product comes to the world market from many countries. The main food crop of rice is in Thailand, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Myanmar, Japan, Korea, DPRK, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
Grain crops are also cultivated in America. 9.2 million hectares are allotted for plantations in this territory, of which 7.4 million hectares are in the southern part. The main producers here are countries such as Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, USA, Cuba, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. The lowest rice yield in Africa, just over 9 million tons per year. Most of it is produced in Nigeria, Cote d, Ivoire, Sierra Lyon, Guinea, Tanzania, Zaire and Madagascar.
The nutritional value
Rice is a nutritious product that provides the human body with essential substances. Statistics show that in the regions where it grows, it accounts for more than 100 kg per person per year. The inhabitants of these countries receive a significant part of their calories from cereals. Unlike other grains, it is very rich in starch (88%). The composition contains carbohydrates, fats, fiber, ash, vitamins and protein. The latter contains a large number of amino acids: meteonine, lysine, valine. Thanks to this, the product is easily absorbed by the body.
Rice grains neutralize free radicals in the human body. In the presence of a large number of these harmful elements, a person falls into the risk group for developing cancer, since they affect cellular genes. Most often, reactive oxygen particles contribute to premature aging.
Regular consumption of rice cereals has a positive effect on nervous system and protects the intestines from irritation. It is included in the gluten-free diet, where it is one of the main ingredients. Rice is dietary product rich in trace elements and serving worthy replacement bread. Therefore, it is used in cases where a person needs to adhere to a diet for any reason.
Rational use
After processing grain, there is always waste. Scrap and chaff are used for the production of beer, alcohol and starch. Rice bran contains a lot of nutrients, fats and protein. Among them there are phosphorus-containing elements - lecithin and phytin, thanks to which the waste serves as nutritious feed for livestock. Aboveground part plants are also used for animals, and paper is made from straw.
Refined rice is supplied to the world market and in Krupa, accordingly, it is more expensive and is in demand among the population. Glazed rice is found in European and American markets. It is refined and nutrient-rich grain. Since during technological processing, together with the husk, the layer of useful substances is also peeled off, the manufacturers considered it expedient to carry out the enrichment process, with the restoration of the missing elements.
Rice is having varietal characteristics... The grain shape is round or oblong, wide or narrow. The structure of the endosperm can be vitreous, mealy and semi-vitreous. Vitreous is more rational in technological processing. In the process of separating the grain from the shells, the yield of whole cereals is higher, since it is less subjected to crushing.
Mainly, cereals are used to prepare a variety of dishes and desserts. Flour is obtained from it, which is used for the production baby food and confectionery.
Types of grain
As a food crop, rice undergoes various technological processes on which it depends the nutritional value, taste and color. Grain of the same variety, processed in different ways, is divided into three main types.
- Brown. Rice that undergoes minimal processing to preserve useful qualities is called brown. In Asia, it serves as the main food for the elderly and children. Meanwhile, in America and Europe, it is a valuable product for supporters healthy eating... After processing, it also remains a storehouse of elements and vitamins valuable for the body, since it retains the bran shell. It is she who accounts for a large dose of nutrients. The only negative is short term storage.
- Sanded. Standard type processing is grinding. It is white rice long known and marketed in large quantities... It goes through several stages of grinding, after which its grains become even, smooth, snow-white and have a translucent endosperm. Due to the presence of a large number of tiny air bubbles, occasionally the grains may remain dull. In stock nutrient white grains are inferior to steamed and brown ones. Its advantages include excellent taste and aesthetic appearance.
- Steamed. Parboiled grain, which is often found on supermarket shelves, is also very popular. Steam technology allows you to preserve minerals and vitamins inside the grain. Rice, which has not undergone the collapse process, is immersed in water and treated with steam under high pressure. Then he goes through a row technological stages without loss of useful properties. This is due to the fact that under the influence of steam, valuable substances contained in the surface layer penetrate deep into the grains. Steamed cereals take longer to cook as they are stronger and harder.
In some African countries eat and several types of wild rice, in particular, short-tongued and dotted.
Cultivation
Rice is a grain crop that requires special growing conditions. The main factors for its development are heat and the presence of a water layer. An important condition for it is the optimal amount of sunlight. It has a direct impact on the productivity of a tropical plant. There is one caveat - if too high temperature air, intensive vegetative growth occurs, which negatively affects overall development and reduces grain yield.
Rice is best cultivated on clayey, silty soils, since water is well retained in them. In the natural environment on sandy soil, the yield of rice is very low. However, if such soil is enriched with fertilizers, the grain yield will increase significantly.
In mountainous areas, special terraces with fences are created to retain water. On flat surfaces, the soil is leveled for uniform irrigation and good drainage. As in mountainous areas, sections are divided using ramparts. A system of canals is being prepared in advance, with the help of which the strait of plantations is carried out. Throughout the entire period of development of the culture, the fields are kept flooded, periodically changing the water level, depending on the growth of the plants.
In Asia, before landing in pouring field, the grains are germinated in the ridges, and then 4-5 shoots are transplanted into the water by the nesting method. In Western countries, rice is sown with grains by hand, and in developed countries, grains are sown using a mechanized method.
Types of rice farming
Rice cultivation is divided into 3 types: estuary, dry land and pouring. Insofar as tropical plant entered the number of agricultural crops, rice, in to a greater extent cultivated in pouring fields. The rest of the methods are considered obsolete and are used for growing cereals on a small scale:
- The pouring way. This is the type of cultivation described above. Spill checks are kept constantly flooded, and after harvesting, the water is drained. Up to 90% of the grain grown by this method comes to the world market.
- Estuary plantations. This is the oldest method that I use in Southeast Asian countries. Rice is cultivated during floods and sown in river bays. Such rice growing is ineffective.
- Dry type. Practiced in areas with natural high humidity soil. On dry land plantations, rice is planted only by sowing seeds. The advantage of such rice growing is that the plants are not subject to diseases and the grain has the highest taste... This type of rice growing is also distinguished by its ease of cultivation. In Japan, after the development of irrigation, dry land fields were transformed into torrential fields. Growing difficulties can arise from the sensitivity of the plants to drought, the need to remove weeds and the depletion of the soil.
Conclusion
Obviously, rice is the main food crop in many countries. Despite the limitations in the way it is grown, it is eaten everywhere. There is hardly a corner on earth where rice dishes would be unknown. This valuable product is shipped around the world and is now available to everyone.