What is bureaucracy. What is bureaucracy in Russian? What dictionaries say

The fact that clericalism in speech, that is, inappropriate, deliberately abstruse words and expressions, is a problem, said Korney Chukovsky (he was not only a children's writer, but also a very good literary critic). The term he named these words is based on the example of serious medical terms (otitis media, meningitis and, unexpectedly, clerical). By this, he expressed the irony regarding the "empty" abstruse words that do not carry information only for the sake of abstruse words.

Clerical words are really in many ways a speech disease, although the devil is not so terrible as he is painted. Sometimes bureaucracy is quite appropriate for itself, but in a work of art, whence their people with good taste for the word ruthlessly cross out, they have an important function. By the way, both "have an important function" and "by the way" are examples of bureaucratic practices. They cannot be completely deleted from the text without succumbing to deliberate simplification, and even in articles angrily denouncing bureaucracy as a phenomenon, an attentive reader will find a couple of examples of these same bureaucrats.

Let's figure out what bureaucracy is in the Russian language, what danger they pose, how to deal with them, and most importantly when you really need to fight.

A little about the origin

There are only five functional styles of speech in Russian. The word "functional" describes the differences between them. Speech in colloquial, artistic or formal business has different purposes, different areas of application. We will not dwell on the features of each style, we will immediately pay attention to the one we need.

Stationery- these are people from the official business style, or rather from the "official" language of tsarist Russia, and later from the Soviet bureaucratic reality, where it was necessary to write a statement to write a statement, and all this according to a speech template (in this regard, little has changed, just the phenomenon has ceased to be new and no longer impresses anyone).

Stationery- these are words and expressions characteristic of the official business style (that is, the language of statements, petitions, legal references), but used in an artistic, journalistic or colloquial style of speech.

Especially out of place and often use clerical language in journalism. In fact, publicistic speech, that is, the speech of newspapers, magazines, posts in public and on news sites, should be written at the junction of an artistic style (as a fictional text) and colloquial (to facilitate perception). For some reason, journalists complicate their texts. It is even worse when literary texts are artificially complicated, because then not only the content but also the form suffers.

When is stationery used? Examples of

Stationery vocabulary is used in large quantities by inexperienced authors, usually in order to

Make the text more clever, inspire more confidence in the reader. In a way, it works. People really trust business, artsy copy written with the utmost seriousness. This creates the impression of the author's competence, as if he is writing in his usual subjects. But the text artificially complicated by the bureaucracy is very difficult to read and understand. Meaning is poorly discernible behind ornate forms. This means that in the styles of speech, where the main task is to give the reader information, bureaucracy is not needed, it is necessary to get rid of them as much as possible;
Increase the amount of text. Sometimes it seems to authors that the larger the text, the better it is. It doesn't work like that, Chekhov said that the real talent is in brevity. Words must be handled with care, with frequent use they lose "color and shape", like things with daily washing.
Let's figure out what a clerical style of speech is and when you don't need to use it. Let's consider examples and types of bureaucrats.

Replacing verbs with other parts of speech

A verb is an action, it is a movement. In literary texts, publicistic works, in everyday speech, dynamics is very important, if the text is not dynamic, then it is boring to read it.

How do bureaucracy "kill" the dynamics of the text? Simple example:

- "We are discussing this book today"?
- "No, today there is a discussion of the book."

It would seem that the difference is not great, the meaning is the same. But what happened in the text? The verb “we are discussing”, which carried the specific meaning of a specific action, at the same time conveyed the dynamics, is replaced by a verb “dummy” in the semantic sense of “happening” (without context, it’s not at all clear what “is happening”) and the noun “discussion”. The meaning, if you look at it, is the same, “we are discussing the book” and “there is a discussion of the book,” semantically, that is, by meaning, are the same.

But in the first case, the sentence is easier for perception and there is more movement in it. “Discussing” is an event, and “discussion in progress” are the words for a business report. This is one of the favorite stationery style tricks. But the style of business papers should not be dynamic and impersonal, but in a work of art or journalistic it is almost always inappropriate.

Foreign language terms

Sometimes borrowed terms are indispensable. The world is developing very quickly, the Russian language simply does not have time to create its own words in order to express some phenomena. If we decide to write an article or an essay about the blockchain, then it will be difficult (read as impossible) not to use “newfangled” terms, definitions, sometimes even barbarisms (borrowing from another language not according to the rules of borrowing, but “as is”). The only thing that can be done to facilitate the text in this case is to simply and clearly explain the essence of phenomena with complex names.

But most of the serious terms from Wikipedia and desktop dictionaries have counterparts from the everyday vocabulary of the average person. In the previous sentence, we said "analogs", or we could say "replacement".

Using terms is not bad, but when there are a lot of them, it becomes difficult to read. Few agree to read while sitting with a dictionary.

Therefore, in an article for linguists it is normal to see the phrase "highlighting affixes in the nominal parts of speech", but in a fiction story for children it is more reasonable to write that "Pete was asked to find the endings of nouns and adjectives." "Petya was asked to highlight affixes in the nominal parts of speech" - this is either clericalism and a mixture of styles, or the everyday life of a student of philology.

Replacing "active" revolutions with "passive"

In a good non-business text, it is very important for the reader to feel involved in what is happening. It does not matter, his own, the participants in the events or the heroes of a work of art, but for the event to be carried away, it must have characters. The presence of a character expresses an "active" speech turnover. Clericalism is a replacement from “active” to “passive”. This is how it works:

“We see how this young artist conquers new heights of creativity” - in this expression “young artist” acts, and the reader empathizes.

“We see the conquest of new peaks by this young artist” - the feeling that the peaks are being conquered by themselves. The hero no longer wants to empathize.

Named prepositions

Purely clerical turnover, which is very difficult to avoid. But not because it is necessary to use prepositions that are derived from nouns to write a good text, but because it is very common to write with insertions like "for reason", "for a reason", "in terms of", sometimes they very much help to hide weak logic in the relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence.

Therefore, after writing the text, it is best to re-read it and remove those canceled prepositions that are removed not to the detriment of the meaning, and leave the rest on your conscience (or do more serious work and understand why without such a "bundle" the sentence looks not logical).

Templates and stamps

There are template expressions in any style of speech, each one has its own. But stationery-style templates are truly ubiquitous. They are replete with the press, bad works of art and the speech of very serious people in administrations and offices. "Currently", "should be noted", "today", etc. It is easy to get rid of all these constructions without sacrificing the meaning and language of the work. But you shouldn't be fanatic, because sometimes you really need to write about what things are "for today".

In any matter related to language, you should not show fanaticism in anything. Therefore, the answer to the question "bureaucracy - what is it?" not always "ruined text". Sometimes clericalism can also be useful. After all, there is a difference between a hero who "speaks" and a hero who "speaks out about the question." There is a difference between the use of many terms in a newspaper article intended for a wide audience, and a highly specialized, scientific article.

Introduction

stationery speech stamp

An important part of literary activity is stylistics. Even the most interesting piece of literature can alienate the reader with poor writing style. One of the types of stylistic "deformities" is the office. What is he like?

In the age of bureaucracy and business communication, many are "infected" with the official style of speech, and they use it under the most inappropriate circumstances. Think of your friends. People who try to appear more serious resort to business phrases and special terms, often of foreign origin.

This defect of speech is called clerical. This term was coined by K.I. Chukovsky. Few people know that he was not only a brilliant writer, but also an equally gifted linguist. As a true philologist, he loved his native language and tried to identify speech diseases in order to be able to cure them.

As you can understand, bureaucracy is an inappropriate and incorrect use of business speech, the use of speech stamps of the official language. So, we often hear phrases like "I made an assumption" instead of the simple phrase "I assumed." People often replace Russian words with foreign ones, for example "electorate" instead of "voters".

All this complicates speech, makes it ugly and angular. The use of bureaucratic inarticulateness is often found in journalism and even in modern literature. Poorly navigating in literary speech, people use the cliches of business communication. This dries up speech, distracts from the meaning of what is written.

In view of this, the topic of our research was "The problem of clericality in modern public speech."

The fundamental problem of our research was the use of clerical writing in journalism, public speaking, both orally and in writing, about the status and features of which there is still no consensus.

The aim of the research is to study the problem of bureaucracy in modern speech.

The object of research is the concept of bureaucracy.

The subject of the research is the use of clerical writing in public speech.

The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of the use of clerical letters in modern speech.

To achieve the goal of our research, we were assigned the following tasks:

consider the history of the study of bureaucracy and bureaucracy;

to investigate the features of speech stamps and clericalisms;

to conduct a practical analysis of the use of clericalisms in public speech.

Study structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters - theoretical and practical, a conclusion, a list of used literature.

Chapter 1. History of the study of bureaucracy and bureaucracy

1.1Problems of research of clericalisms

Many believe that literary language is the language of fiction. However, this understanding of the term is incorrect.

Literary language is the language of culture; it is the language of cultured people. Modern Russian literary language fulfills both of these purposes. But this is not always the case. For example, in the 17th century. in Russia, the language of written culture was mainly Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultured people, the means of their everyday communication, was Russian.

Artistic works and scientific works are created in the Russian literary language; it is the language of theater, schools, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, it is spoken in the family, at work, with friends, in public places. The fact that both functions are performed by the same language enriches the culture; it is built with the help of a living, dynamic means of communication, capable of conveying the newest, newly emerged meanings, and conveys their very dynamics, helps them to arise and form. And everyday speech benefits from this: the very everyday communication between people becomes a phenomenon of national culture. The literary language is lovingly protected from anything that can harm it.

In different eras, the dangers that threaten the language are different. In the 20s and 90s of the twentieth century - this is an influx of borrowed words (moreover, borrowed unnecessarily), slang vocabulary, vernacular, i.e. abnormal, phenomena in the field of pronunciation and grammar.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, many cultural figures fought against excessive influence on the literary language of dialects, against the influx of slang vocabulary. Maxim Gorky wrote: "The speech whims of our country are very diverse. The task of serious writers is to weed out, select from this chaos the most accurate, capacious, sonorous words, and not to get carried away with rubbish like such meaningless words as poddyk, baste, shrink and etc. " This danger was overcome in the 30s precisely because writers, teachers, journalists, scientists fought against it.

In our time, one of the dangers for literary speech (and, ultimately, for language) is the influence on everyday, journalistic, even artistic speech of book stamps, especially stamps of the official business style. K.I. Chukovsky.

In many works of the Soviet and post-Soviet times, the office is understood as “Soviet language”, “totalitarian language”, “Newspeak”. These studies draw a parallel between the spread of clerical speech beyond the official business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, the office is studied in the orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of linguistic means of a business style in inappropriate communication conditions. In this aspect, the spread of bureaucracy can be explained by the development of the literary language of mass culture and the dominance in society of incompletely functional and middle-literary types of speech culture, a distinctive feature of which is "possession of only one - maximum two functional styles apart from colloquial speech."

Thus, there are two understandings of the bureaucracy. In the first case, it is considered in the historical and cultural plane, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The problem of the functioning of the office in the conditions of the modern speech situation remains relevant. According to some scholars, the cliches of official speech are gradually becoming a thing of the past, and speech becomes free. In the opinion of others, bureaucracy cannot be considered a phenomenon of only the Soviet totalitarian language. One of the reasons for the existence of the office today is the need for the official authorities to veiledly present any information.

HELL. Vasiliev and E.A. Zemskaya note that bureaucracy is inherent not only in totalitarian societies, it also exists in "democratic" states and performs the functions of political correctness and management, manipulating the mass audience.

In our opinion, bureaucracy is still quite common among native speakers of the Russian language. It is not as noticeable as in the Soviet era, because it is combined with foreign-style vocabulary. This point of view is proved by the survey we conducted, in which university students and high school students took part (72 questionnaires in total). When analyzing the answers, the following results were obtained.

The respondents considered the use of words and phrases to be a mistake

colloquial character (reduced and emotionally colored vocabulary, jargon) even in texts that they themselves identified as colloquial. At the same time, the subjects considered it permissible to excessively use speech stamps and bureaucrats (“enclosing landings,” “based on all of the above”) even in a colloquial style, since (according to 60% of respondents) such book expressions indicate the “richness” of speech.

Chancellery manifests itself at different linguistic levels (the material for our study was also the texts of the media and the speeches of politicians, recordings of live spoken speech). The most vividly, in our opinion, the following features of the office are manifested in modern speech:

Nominalization, i.e. replacing the verb with verbal nouns, participles, compound verb-nominal combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the document-oriented Soviet language.

At the moment, such a replacement of verb forms with nominal ones is found in the speech of professional journalists, politicians, ordinary people (shooting down an airplane, lifting the blockade and normalizing the situation, carrying hand luggage, reducing the cost of a loan).

Verbosity (term by K.I. Chukovsky). The replacement of simple phrases and words with clerical ones is due to the fact that for many native speakers of the Russian language, the use of such expressions is a sign of correct book speech. Now such turns of speech are found mainly in official texts (persons of undetermined purpose, are engaged in labor activities), while in everyday life they have practically ceased to be used.

Lexical stamps of speech. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep comprehension, but at the same time they have a great influence on the formation of the communicant's value orientations (servants of the people, take control of the situation, struggle for seats, rapid pace, advanced positions). Very often phrases with the word problem are used (problems with heating, family problems, material problems of Russians, problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal").

Sometimes lexical stamps are used, "borrowed" from the Soviet era (party line, battle for the harvest);

Otymennye pretexts (during our meetings with voters; due to the fact that ... due to the fact that Moscow and the region ...; due to their age; in the absence of a deficit; interrogated for dachas and income).

The stamping of the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern politicians are built according to a template (democratic rhetoric, praising the party, enthusiasm for their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), devoid of individuality and in this sense do not differ much from the speeches of political leaders of the Soviet era. This stereotype is characteristic not only of political speech. This is "a genro-specific feature of mass literature" [Bykov, Kupina: 30].

Thus, as the results of our observations show, the emergence and functioning of the office at different levels of the language in the Soviet and post-Soviet times can be explained by the following reasons:

The office exists in information societies, the authorities need it in order to manipulate the audience, to euphemize reality;

Many native speakers of the modern literary language do not know how to distinguish between the book language and spoken language; when creating texts of oral spoken language, they take the linguistic features of book styles as a basis.

Modern carriers of the literary language are guided by the norms of the media, therefore, mistakes in the speech of announcers and public figures are perceived by them as a model.

Clerical is a common ailment, it penetrates everywhere. Translator Nora Gal compares it to a cancerous tumor that is growing to unprecedented proportions. Many, even having written a single sentence, manage to embed there some kind of stamp, official turnover. As if people have forgotten how to express their thoughts simply and clearly, in a living language.

There are an infinite number of examples of bureaucracy - from the already quite familiar

· he felt a sense of joy instead of he was happy

· movement in the city instead of moving around the city

· a lot of money instead of a lot of money

· compare instead of compare

· in the process of knitting, I rest instead of when I knit, I rest ...

To real verbal "monsters":

· at this time, active work is underway under the strict guidance ...

· we are fighting to improve the cleanliness of the streets

· due to the impossibility of fulfilling its obligations by the supplier ...

· process for establishing a well-functioning dispute settlement mechanism

· organization of work on food production

Official expressions in colloquial speech are especially depressing. The people who use them probably think this sounds solid, characterizing them as serious, educated people. For example, a young man to a girl's question "What are you doing?" replies: "At this time I work as a manager" or even better: "At the moment ..." instead of saying "now" or without the circumstance of time at all. Probably, he believes that in this way he will make an indelible impression on the girl, seem smart, businesslike to her, that such a manner of expressing gives him charm. In fact, the word "given" in the meaning of "this" is used only in official papers or in scientific works, not in a mass magazine or newspaper, and even more so in a conversation, it has no place (there is nothing to say about fiction). The expression "at present" sounds just as ridiculous in conversation.

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) Says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in a person." Really, if she said “I appreciate a sense of humor in a person,” someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not its absence? The word “presence” does not carry any semantic meaning, and the fact that it is used in relation to feeling, or in our case rather to a character trait, is completely strange: it’s like saying “the presence of love” or “the presence of kindness”. Very often in the speech of people there are these "presence" or "absence", "presence" ("the presence of free time", for example).

Quite often today the word “actively” is used: “actively works”, “actively used”, “actively communicate”, “actively cooperates”, “is actively engaged in something”, “actively struggles”. As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting", because there is also passive rest, but you cannot use the word "actively" in relation to a verb, which itself means active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to dispense with the definition: why certainly “She is actively engaged in yoga”, when you can simply say “She is doing yoga”? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, you can put it this way: "widely used", "works hard", "communicate a lot", "fights zealously." But instead of many different synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "active". This is how the language becomes impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliché - "actively engaged". And there is no need to make efforts, to look for the right word ... Perhaps this "actively" reflects modern realities: we can work in such a way that it is as if not to work, it seems to be engaged, but it seems not. Therefore, it became necessary to emphasize that a person is actively working, that is, a person is working.

How many times, reading the text, we come across all sorts of "should be noted", "it is necessary to emphasize", "it is worth mentioning separately." Before saying something in essence, a person must certainly pile up a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of contamination of the literary language are verbal cliches - words and expressions devoid of imagery, often and monotonously repeated without regard to context, impoverishing speech, filling it with formulaic turns, killing live presentation. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: “The language of ready-made expressions, cliches ... is so bad that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. The phrases of such a language slide through the imagination without touching the complex keyboard of our brain. "

Most often, speech stamps are created by the use of so-called clericalisms - standard formulas of official business speech, in certain genres of which their use is justified by tradition and the convenience of processing business papers.

Examples of bureaucrats: “event”, “if available”, “hereby certified”, “notification”, “should be”; “To provide assistance” (instead of “to help”), “hereby brought to your attention”; "According to what" with genus. case instead of the general literary dative; multicomponent nominal constructions with genus. case of the type "recovery of property damage from the employee", etc.

In contrast to traditional use, when used inappropriately outside the framework of the official business style, the stylistic coloring of the bureaucracy can come into conflict with its environment; such use is considered to be a violation of stylistic norms. (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Such formations are used by writers as a means of characterizing a character in fiction, as a conscious, stylistic device. For example: "Without any agreement, this pig would in no way be allowed to steal the paper" (Gogol); "It is likewise forbidden to gouge out the eyes, bite off the nose ... take the head away ..." (Saltykov-Shchedrin); "... flying in and breaking glass with a crow ..." (Pisemsky); "The killing took place due to drowning" (Chekhov).

The use of linguistic means assigned to the official business style outside of this style leads to the clogging of the language - clerical.

Usually transmitted through written contacts. It is carried by the Office Ticker, the main habitat of which is the bureaucratic armchair. Disease "clerical virus" is mainly characteristic of people engaged in paperwork. The most susceptible to infection are adults of Homo Bureaucraticus.

The disease manifests itself in a confused, unintelligible structure of phrases, in ponderous and unnatural turns of speech. The colloquial speech of the sick loses its simplicity, liveliness and emotionality, becomes gray, monotonous and dry.

Treatment is immersion in a healthy language environment.

1.2 Speech stamps and stationery

The purity of speech is violated due to the use of the so-called speech stamps of hackneyed expressions with tarnished lexical meaning and worn out expressiveness, and clericalisms - words and expressions characteristic of official-business style texts used in live speech or in fiction (without a special stylistic task) ...

The writer L. Uspensky in the book "Culture of Speech" writes: "Stamps are different devices that are unchanged in shape and give many identical prints. Linguists and literary scholars have a" stamp "a turn of speech or a word that was once new and brilliant, like just issued a coin, and then repeated a hundred thousand times and became captured like a worn-out penny ": frost hardened, wide-open eyes, colorful (instead of flowery), with great enthusiasm, completely and so on.

The disadvantage of speech cliches is that they deprive speech of originality, liveliness, make it gray, boring, in addition, they create the impression that what is said (or written) is already known. Naturally, such a speech cannot attract and support the attention of the addressee. This is the reason for the need to fight cliches.

They are widely introduced into speech and bureaucracy; we often find them in oral presentations and in print, noting that they are not always necessary. Here is an example from the book by B.N. Golovin "How to Speak Correctly": "Let's remember what kind of" load "the word" question "gets in the speech of some speakers in all its variants: here and" illuminate the question "and" link the question ", and" substantiate the question "and" pose the question " , and "advance the issue", and "think over the issue", and "raise the issue" (and even to the "proper level" and "due height").

Everyone understands that the word "question" in itself is not so bad. Moreover, this word is necessary, and it has served and serves well our journalism and our business speech. But when in an ordinary conversation, in a conversation, in a live performance, instead of a simple and understandable word "told" people hear "highlighted the issue", and instead of "offered to exchange experience" "raised the issue of exchange of experience," they become a little sad. " consider such phrases as this opinion (instead of this opinion), due attention, properly, I will focus on academic performance, focus on shortcomings, focus on absenteeism, etc. K.I. Chukovsky believed that clogging up speech with such words is his kind of illness, clerical.Already N.V. Gogol ridiculed expressions such as: before starting reading; tobacco addressed to the nose; to obstruct his intention; an event that has to be tomorrow. style: Andrei Bolkonsky wants to break out of the environment; An oak played a big role in starting a new life.

Thus, the following conclusion can be drawn. In oral and written speech, without any measure and need, phrases with derivative prepositions are used: from the side, by, along the line, in the context, for purposes, in action, in force, etc. However, in fiction, such constructions can be used with a special stylistic task , act as an artistic device.

Chapter 2. Practical analysis of the use of clericalism in public speech

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to the words associated with the official business style. The elements of the official business style, introduced into a stylistically alien context for them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of the official business style.

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding bureaucratic issues. For example, why should a journalist write: There is a negative side to the activity of an enterprise in marriage, if one can say: It is bad when the enterprise releases a marriage; Marriage is unacceptable in work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent defects in production; We must finally stop producing defective products !; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific formulation has a stronger impact on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -ni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-existent (sewing, hijacking, time off). Their clerical shade is aggravated by the prefixes not-, under- (non-detection, underperformance). Russian writers often parodied the syllable, "decorated" with such bureaucracy [The case of gnawing a plan thereof with mice (Hertz.); The case of the entry and breaking of glass by a crow (Pis.); Announcing to the widow Vanina that she did not stick the sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Replacing a verb with a verbal noun, participle, participle.

Here's an example with a verbal noun: "On Friday night over a beer with friends, talk about algorithms for increasing sales?" It sounds heavy, but you can say this: "On Friday night over a beer with your friends, talk about how to increase sales?"

The verb is action, dynamics, life itself. A verbal noun motionless, frozen, dead - accordingly, your text will be dry and dull, tiresome for the reader. Verbs will help to revive it.

The abundance of participles and participles (breathing, admiring, turning around and smiling) make the text dissonant. The use of several participles and participles in one sentence at once creates a continuous hiss. The gerunds are almost never used in colloquial speech, and in writing you should be careful with them: they make the text heavier, make it cumbersome, confusing.

A pile of nouns in indirect cases, in particular a chain of nouns in the genitive case.

So in our example - "algorithms for increasing sales" - three nouns in the genitive case. And there are many more! These constructs make it harder to read. The sentence needs to be rearranged, in our case it is enough to use the verb again.

Another example: "the reduction in staff is attributable to efficiency gains through cost reductions and a reorganization of risk management." Judge for yourself whether such a sentence is easy to read. But its meaning can be conveyed as follows: "the reduction of staff is explained by the desire to increase efficiency by reducing costs and reorganizing risk management." The use of two verbs instead of verbal nouns (“increase” instead of “increase” and “reorganize” instead of “reorganize”) makes the sentence simple and straightforward.

The use of passive revolutions instead of active ones.

For example: “We see the company understands the problems” instead of “We see that the company understands the problems”. A passive turnover is more bookish and more difficult to perceive than an active one. Active is alive and natural, and it is impossible to replace it with a passive one without good reason.

The use of foreign words instead of Russian, complex instead of simple and understandable.

For example, more and more often you hear from educated people the phrase “articulate your position” instead of “express your position”, “explain your position”.

In short, not the best, but the worst, are chosen from the language means. The richness of the language is being replaced by a limited number of ready-made stamps. Instead of reflecting life in all its diversity, such a language deadens everything that it touches.

Examples of writing from editorial practice

Let's consider examples of office writing from editorial practice, we present them with a corrected version, so that you can compare and see the difference.

Summing up all that has been said, I would like to focus on how to choose the right insurance conditions and company.

What should you know when choosing insurance conditions and a company? Boasts a rare, at the moment, phenomenon - the ability to operate frontal airbags in two modes. Boasts a rare feature today: frontal airbags can work in two modes.

The car has a pronounced tendency to skid.

The car skids easily.

I wanted a greater level of comfort, and this was one of the driving factors for changing the car.

I wanted more comfort, and this was one of the reasons to change the car.

This is partly due to the emergence and awareness of the numerous risks associated with our life.

The reason for this was the realization of the numerous risks to which we are exposed.

Often, many clients are not interested in the terms of payment of compensation when concluding an insurance contract, which subsequently leads to various kinds of conflicts between the client and the company.

When concluding an insurance contract, clients are often not interested in the terms of compensation, which further leads to conflicts between the client and the company.

However, despite the significant range of the accelerator pedal and the tachometer needle, we did not accelerate the car to a maximum of 197 km / h.

However, although the accelerator pedal was not pressed fully and the tachometer needle was not yet off scale, we did not accelerate the car to the maximum 197 km / h.

I am serviced at Nissan service stations, but, like most owners of this brand, I face a number of problems.

I am serviced at a Nissan service station, but, like most owners of this brand, I endure inconveniences.

However, the significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 created difficulties for clients in servicing their debt to banks.

However, the significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 made it difficult for clients to service their debt to banks.

For now, we remain optimistic about the improvement in bad loans by the end of the year.

We expect bad loans to improve by the end of the year

This significant headcount reduction is attributable to efficiency gains through cost reductions and a reorganization of risk management, while continuing to lend to customers.

This significant reduction in staff is due to the desire to improve efficiency by reducing costs and reorganizing risk management, while the bank continues to lend to customers.

Although such a factor as the quality of the loan portfolio has not changed its downward trend over the past two years ...

Although the quality of the loan portfolio has not stopped deteriorating over the past two years ...

This assumption can be supported by the relatively stable economic situation last year and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine, which showed a significant decrease in the growth rate of bad loans in the banking system of Ukraine as a whole.

This assumption is based on the fact that last year the economic situation was relatively stable, and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine showed that the growth rate of bad loans in the banking system of Ukraine as a whole has significantly decreased.

Let's compare two more versions of the proposals:

Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has achieved achievements in eradicating such eternal enemies of humanity as ignorance, disease, poverty.

Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has made significant progress in the fight against ignorance, disease, poverty.

Hans Weber crashed on the line of a high-speed race as part of a motorcycle competition.

Hans Weber crashed during a high-speed race in motorcycle racing.

The exclusion of abbreviated prepositions from the text, as we can see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express a thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Speech cliches are becoming widespread words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression begins to be used in a figurative meaning to get a residence permit (Each ball that flies into the net of the goal receives a permanent residence in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now she is registered in our city ).

Any frequently repeated speech means can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears are roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloration.

Among the speech cliches that have arisen as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can distinguish, first of all, stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, in a given period of time, today, he emphasized with all his sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not add anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: At this time, a difficult situation has developed with the elimination of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the spawn of the crucian carp goes well, etc. Excluding the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, unfold, separate, specific, etc.). For example, a noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (Nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are especially important; Issues of timely collection of taxes from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (compare: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word to appear as universal is also often superfluous; This can be seen by comparing two versions of sentences from newspaper articles:

The use of chemicals for this purpose is very important.

For this purpose, chemicals must be used.

An important event is the commissioning of the production line in the Vidnovsky shop.

The new production line in the Vidnovsky shop will significantly increase labor productivity.

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in the specialized literature. However, this does not mean that a ban should be imposed on linking verbs, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily prompts the use of the other (compare: the event is held, the scope is wide, the criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, urgent, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically incomplete, they generate speech redundancy.

Speech cliches, relieving the speaker of the need to look for the necessary, exact words, deprive speech of concreteness.

For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, sports competitions, preparation of housing stock for winter, and grape harvest ...

Conclusion

The problem of the study of bureaucrats is not new. However, it attracts the attention of modern linguistic researchers who are stubbornly fighting for the purity of Russian speech.

The term "office" was introduced by Korney Chukovsky. He defined it as the style of language of officials and lawyers. The main task of bureaucrats is to create the appearance of a stormy activity, hence these loud, wordy expressions, behind which, in fact, nothing stands. They only admit a fog so that no one would guess what exactly is hidden behind these words, and often the bad is hidden, that which is harmful to society. For bureaucrats, there are no living people, they think abstractly, which is reflected in their speech.

Only the chancellor has long gone beyond the limits of the bureaucratic environment and penetrated into all spheres. Very often on the websites of companies one can find text saturated with official expressions. In the opinion of those who wrote, this should probably give the impression of solidity, reliability, they say, we are not knitting brooms, but we are engaged in serious activity. But in fact, the reader gets bogged down in heavy constructions and cannot master even a short text.

In conclusion, it must be said that speech stamps, business vocabulary and phraseology themselves are needed in certain types of speech, however, one must constantly monitor that their use is appropriate so that stylistic errors do not arise.

List of used literature

(1) Bykov L.P., Kupina N.A. Linguistic naturalism of mass literature texts as a problem of orthology // Problems of language norms. Abstracts of the international conference The Seventh Shmelev Readings. M., 2006.S. 29-31.

Vasiliev A.D. A Word on Russian Television: Essays on the Latest Usage. M., 2003.

Vinogradov V.V.On the theory of artistic speech.- M., 1971.

Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics, theory of poetic speech, poetics.- M., 1963.

Vinokur T.G., Patterns of stylistic use of linguistic units, Moscow, 1980.

Grigoriev V.P. Poetics of the Word.- M., 1979.

Zemskaya E.A. Newspeak, new speak? Nowomowa ... What's next? // Russian language of the late XX century (1985-1995). M., 2000.S. 19-25.

The culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities. Ed. prof.

L. K. Graudina and prof. E.N.Shiryaeva. - M .: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA M, 1999. - 560 p.

Poetics and stylistics of Russian literature. Collection in memory of academician V.V. Vinogradov.- L., 1971.

Romanenko A.P. The image of a rhetorician in Soviet verbal culture. M., 2003.

Sirotinina O.B. Characteristics of the types of speech culture in the sphere of the literary language // Problems of speech communication. Interuniversity. Sat. scientific. tr. Issue 2. Saratov, 2003.S. 3-20.

Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of the text: Textbook. allowance. -M .: Flinta, Nauka, 1997 .-- 256s.

Stepanov Yu.S. Stylistics // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: SE, 1990.

Stylistics of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shanskiy. L., 1989.

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. M., 2003.

Tomashevsky B.V. The theory of literature. Poetics. M., 1996.

Textbook for universities, ed. prof. V. I. Maksimova, "Russian language and culture of speech", M.: Gardariki, 2001.

Textbook under the general. ed. L.A. Novikova, "Modern Russian language", St. Petersburg: Publishing house. Doe, 1999.

Textbook, ed. VD Chernyak, "Russian language and culture of speech", Moscow: Higher school; St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, 2005.

Fedorov A.V. Essays on general and comparative stylistics. M., 1971.

Chukovsky K.I. Alive as life About the Russian language // K.I. Chukovsky Works in 2 volumes.Vol. 1.M., 1990.

Schwarzkopf BS Official-business language // Culture of Russian speech and communication efficiency. M., 1996.

Shmelev DN Russian language in its functional varieties. M., 1971.

Application

Glossary of stationery

abroad, from abroad

imported (in the sense of foreign)

cultural (human)

Food)

young man, woman (as an address)

order table

mutual aid fund

quality mark

hero city

blacksmith

commission shop

branded, firmA (about "imported" things)))

white death, black gold

at the forefront

staging (about a film, a play)

car enthusiast (about the owner of the car)

intellectual

overseas hosts

American (and any other) military

spiritual ideals, spirituality

Our values

welfare of the people

cooperative

combine

meeting

citizen

policeman (in the 90s there was already a cop, garbage, etc.)

friendly

decent

health resort

STATIONERY, words and phrases characteristic of the official business style of literary speech, but used in other styles, in different conditions of linguistic communication. This phenomenon is common in many languages. For example, in the Russian language the words “given”, “such”, “must”, “above”, “undersigned”, the phrases “charge”, “accept for execution”, “due to absence”, “failure to provide assistance”, “ after the expiration of the term "are appropriate in the official business," clerical "speech. It is characterized by impersonality and dryness of presentation, a high degree of standardization of expressions, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations, a striving for the accuracy of formulations, which would exclude the ambiguity of understanding what was said.

Used “out of place” - in everyday speech, on the pages of the press, on radio and television, - such words and phrases create a stylistic contrast with other linguistic means and turn into clericalism. For example, the Russian phrase "there is a boarding on the train such and such" in the announcement on the radio at the station is normal, because the genre of the announcement is an integral part of the official business style. But if a passenger says: “My wife and I board the carriage,” then he describes the everyday situation with the help of means uncharacteristic for everyday communication, and the turnover “landed” turns into clericalism. The phrase "Due to the lack of containers, your demand cannot be satisfied" is natural as an official resolution on an official written statement, but in the phrase "You know, dear, I could not buy milk due to the lack of it in the store" the phrase "due to absence" turns into clericalism ...

KI Chukovsky considered the desire to decorate speech with clerical words and constructions a kind of illness and called it clerical (after the words "bronchitis", "diphtheria", etc.). "What question are you crying about?" He saw the reason for the bureaucracy in the bureaucratization of life, in the fact that bureaucratic cliches invade both human relations and language. Many people mistakenly think that the use of elements of the official business style in any conditions of verbal communication lends special weight to statements: “at present” seems to them better than “now”, “takes place” is more beautiful than a short “is”, and “ taking a walk "- more intelligent than" walking "or" walking ". Stationery is used in fiction as a means of speech, often satirical, characterization of characters; for example, in the speech of Optimistenko - the character of the play by V. V. Mayakovsky "Bath": "to link and coordinate", "incoming and outgoing", "there is a complete solution for your business", etc .; in the speech of the bureaucrat Pobedonosikov: "the above-mentioned tram", "to break away from the masses", "according to the instructions of the center." All these phrases are used in the environment of everyday vocabulary, within the syntactic structures inherent in colloquial speech. Parodic examples of the use of clericalisms in everyday life situations can be found in the speech of the characters in the works of M.M.Zoshchenko, Ilf and Petrov, M.M. Zhvanetsky and other Russian satirists.

Many believe that literary language is the language of fiction. However, this understanding of the term is incorrect.

In many works of the Soviet and post-Soviet times, the office is understood as "Soviet language", "totalitarian language", "Newspeak". These studies draw a parallel between the spread of clerical speech beyond the official business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, the office is studied in the orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of linguistic means of a business style in inappropriate communication conditions. In this aspect, the spread of bureaucracy can be explained by the development of the literary language of mass culture and the dominance in society of incompletely functional and middle-literary types of speech culture, a distinctive feature of which is "possession of only one - maximum two functional styles in addition to colloquial speech."

Thus, there are two understandings of the bureaucracy. In the first case, it is considered in the historical and cultural plane, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The respondents considered the use of words and phrases to be a mistake

colloquial character (reduced and emotionally colored vocabulary, jargon) even in texts that they themselves identified as colloquial. At the same time, the subjects considered it permissible to excessively use speech stamps and bureaucrats ("enclosing landings", "based on all of the above") even in a colloquial style, since (according to 60% of respondents) such book expressions indicate the "richness" of speech.

Nominalization, i.e. replacing the verb with verbal nouns, participles, compound verb-nominal combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the document-oriented Soviet language.

Lexical stamps of speech. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep comprehension, but at the same time they have a great influence on the formation of the communicant's value orientations (servants of the people, take control of the situation, struggle for seats, rapid pace, advanced positions). Very often phrases are used with the word problem (problems with heating, family problems, material problems of Russians, problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal").

Sometimes lexical clichés are used, "borrowed" from the Soviet era (party line, battle for the harvest);

The stamping of the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern politicians are built according to a template (democratic rhetoric, praising the party, enthusiasm for their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), devoid of individuality and in this sense do not differ much from the speeches of political leaders of the Soviet era. This stereotype is characteristic not only of political speech. This is a "genro-specific feature of mass literature" [Bykov, Kupina: 30].

The office exists in information societies, the authorities need it in order to manipulate the audience, to euphemize reality;

Modern carriers of the literary language are guided by the norms of the media, therefore, mistakes in the speech of announcers and public figures are perceived by them as a model.

There are an infinite number of examples of bureaucracy - from the already quite familiar

He felt a sense of joy instead of he was happy
Moving around the city instead of moving around the city
A lot of money instead of a lot of money
Compare instead of compare
In the process of knitting, I rest instead of when I knit, I rest ...

To real verbal "monsters":

· At this time, active work is being carried out under the strict guidance ...
We are fighting to improve the cleanliness of the streets
· Due to the impossibility of fulfilling its obligations by the supplier ...
The process of creating a well-functioning dispute settlement mechanism
Organization of work on the production of food

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) Says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in a person." Really, if she said “I appreciate the sense of humor in a person,” someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not its absence? The word "presence" does not carry any semantic meaning, and the fact that it is used in relation to feeling, or in our case rather to a character trait, is completely strange: it is like saying "the presence of love" or "the presence of kindness." Very often in the speech of people there are these "presence" or "absence", "presence" ("the presence of free time", for example).

Quite often today the word "actively" is used: "actively works", "is actively used", "actively communicate", "actively cooperates", "is actively engaged in something", "is actively fighting". As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting", because there is also passive rest, but you cannot use the word "actively" in relation to the verb, which itself means active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to dispense with the definition: why certainly "She is actively engaged in yoga" when you can simply say "She is doing yoga"? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, you can put it this way: "widely used", "works hard", "communicates a lot", "fights zealously." But instead of many different synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "active". This is how the language becomes impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliché - "actively engaged". And there is no need to make an effort, to look for the right word ... Perhaps this "actively" reflects modern realities: we can work in such a way that it is as if not to work, it seems to be engaged, but it seems not. Therefore, it became necessary to emphasize that a person is actively working, that is, a person is working.

How many times, reading the text, we come across all sorts of "should be noted", "must be emphasized", "separately worth saying." Before saying something in essence, a person must certainly pile up a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of contamination of the literary language are verbal cliches - words and expressions devoid of imagery, often and monotonously repeated without regard to context, impoverishing speech, filling it with formulaic turns, killing live presentation. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: "The language of ready-made expressions, cliches ... is so bad that the feeling of movement, gesture, image is lost in it. Phrases of such a language slide through the imagination without touching the most complex keyboard of our brain."

Examples of bureaucrats: "event", "if available", "hereby certified" "notification", "appropriate"; "to provide assistance" (instead of "to help"), "I am hereby brought to your attention"; "according to what" with genus. case instead of the general literary dative; multicomponent nominal constructions with genus. case of the type "recovery of property damage from the employee", etc.

The use of linguistic means assigned to the official business style outside of this style leads to the clogging of the language - clerical.

Treatment is immersion in a healthy language environment.

The lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a typical color for the official business style (the presence, in the absence, in order to avoid, to live, withdraw, the above, takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, a lot can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; Currently, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

Verbal nouns do not have categories of tense, type, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a proposal is devoid of accuracy: From the head of the farm V.I. The slime was negligent in milking and feeding the cows. One might think that the head of the farm did not milk and feed the cows well, but the author only wanted to say that the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of the milkmaids, to prepare feed for the livestock. The inability to express the meaning of the voice with a verbal noun can lead to an ambiguity of the construction such as the professor's statement (does the professor approve or is it?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive participle or reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the peculiarities of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with clericalism.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them the -nye changed into -nye, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (compare: baking pies - sweet cookies, cooking cherries - cherry jam). Others retain a close connection with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-identification, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often inherent in the clerical coloration, it is not only those who have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining).

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating it, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, and it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in a stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to the extreme, rejecting any cases of using verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, the following combinations are often used: took part instead of participated, gave an instruction instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, the verb-nominal combinations were fixed to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs to thank, execute, collect are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses terminological combinations such as visual fatigue, self-regulation, transplantation, etc. In a journalistic style, expressions function: workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister's life, etc. In such cases, verbal nouns cannot be dispensed with and there is no reason to consider them clerical.

The use of verbal-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an active part is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition of a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (compare: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also contribute to the elimination of the lexical polysemy of verbs (compare: give a beep - hum). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations of verbs, of course, is beyond doubt; their use does not harm the style, but, on the contrary, makes speech more effective.

In other cases, the use of a verbal-nominal combination brings a clerical coloring to the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of a turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and burdens the syllable.

The influence of the official business style is often explained by the unjustified use of aboriginal pretexts: along the line, in the context, in part, in the case, in force, for the purpose, for the address, in the region, in the plan, at the level, at the expense, etc. distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, infatuation with them often damages the presentation, making the syllable heavier and giving it a clerical color. This is partly due to the fact that abbreviated prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of paying off salary and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy and cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the abbreviated preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume the following editing option: To increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use abbreviated prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is partly still preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, construction has been suspended (as if someone had foreseen that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of abusive prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of abbreviated prepositions from the text, as we can see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express a thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

Stationery - words and expressions typical of the official business style. They are suitable for business papers, acts, statements, certificates, etc.

An example of bureaucracy: is, given, indicated, stated, to function, being, is, aspect, determined etc. Clericalisms also include phrases demonstrating superiority over the reader: it is no secret that; no wonder, as you know, etc.

The “clerical language” originated from the “official” language of the tsarist departments. Stationery became widespread in the Russian language during the Soviet era - not only in writing, but also in colloquial speech.

The term "office" was introduced by Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky. He formed the term on the basis of the words for diseases: "diphtheria", "colitis", "meningitis", etc. Chukovsky called “office” the language of bureaucrats (officials and lawyers), who create the appearance of a stormy activity - this is where their language comes from: because of the words and expressions of “office” it is difficult to understand the meaning of what has been said.

He gave illustrative examples of bureaucracy in his speech with options for correcting them. Here is some of them:

“My friend lives on South Street” (instead of “lives”), “my mother informed me” (instead of “told me”), “was present” (instead of “was”), etc.

How the presence of concurrency degrades the quality of the text and makes it difficult to promote it

According to the results of a study by the TopExpert Center "The Influence of Various Factors on Website Promotion", for 82% of website visitors, ease of perception is important. The bureaucracy makes the text unreadable for 4/5 of the visitors. Stationery supposedly gives "solidity" to the text, but in fact make it less unique, "depersonalize" information about the company, goods and services. The texts become similar to thousands of others, there is no "zest" in them. In order to make the text easier to read, the concessions must be removed.

The article will discuss such a concept as clericalism. Properties, features, examples of the use of clericalisms, which belong to the group of speech stamps. But first you need to understand the concepts.

Speech stamps: definition of the concept

Stamps and bureaucracy are closely interrelated, the linguistic phenomenon we are considering is one of the types of speech stamps.

Stamps are words and phrases that are often used in speech and do not have any specificity.

They deprive speech of expressiveness, individuality, imagery, persuasiveness. These include: stereotyped metaphors, paraphrases, comparisons, metonymy. For example, the light of my soul, their hearts were beating in unison, in a single impulse, and so on. Once upon a time, such expressions had imagery, but due to their frequent use in speech, they lost their expressiveness and turned into templates.

Especially often such linguistic forms are used by journalists, especially there are many such turns in journalism, for example, the expressions “black gold”, “liquid gold”, “people in white coats” and so on belong to stamps.

In russian language? Concept definition and examples

In our language, there are a number of words that are appropriate to use only in a certain way. These words include clericalism - these are phrases and words, the use of which is allowed only in the official business style, but which are used in the artistic, colloquial, and journalistic style, leading to stylistic errors, or For example, "I got a haircut for free."

The dictionaries contain the following definitions for the term "clericalism":

In the dictionary of T.F. Efremova, clericalism is words or language turns that are used in official business speech.
In the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, these are words, grammatical forms, phrases characteristic of a business style, for example, “incoming and outgoing documents,” “I bring to your attention,” and so on.
In the Modern Encyclopedia of Russian Language and Literature, clericalism is the elements of passive speech that are used in works of art to imitate a business style. That is, the authors use this kind of expression in order to depict the official language or the image of a business document. For example, they were used by A. P. Platonov in the story "The Foundation Pit", where he imitates the business style when retelling the content of the "dismissal document".
In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy, clericalism is the turns of speech that are characteristic of the style of business documents and papers. In oral speech, such expressions cause a negative impact on the interlocutor.

The main signs and features of clericalism

Among the main features and characteristics of these words and phrases are:

the use of nouns formed from the verbs: sewing, hijacking, time off, identifying, finding, bloating, taking;
replacing a simple verb predicate with a compound nominal one, for example, instead of “wanting” - “to show desire”, “to help” - “to provide help” and so on;
the use of prepositions formed from a noun, for example, along the line, in part, at the expense, at the level, in the plan;
excessive use of words in the genitive case, for example, "the conditions necessary for the implementation of the conceived plan";
replacement of active turns of speech for passive, for example, "we decided (active) - the decision was made (passive)."

Abuse of stationery

Abuse of such expressions and words in speech deprives it of expressiveness, individuality, imagery and leads to such linguistic flaws as:

mixing styles;
ambiguity of what was said, for example, "the professor's statement" (someone asserts him or he asserts something);
verbosity and loss of meaning.

Naturally, bureaucracy looks only in a business speech. But the examples show that they are often used in other styles, which is a stylistic mistake. In order to prevent this, you should know which words refer to bureaucracy.

They are characterized by:

solemnity: the giver of this, the above-named, to demand, it is necessary, such;
everyday businesslikeness: to speak (discuss), puzzle, listen, developments, specifics;
the official and business coloring of nouns formed from verbs: taking, not detecting, underperforming, taking time off, and so on.

Stationery includes:

nouns, participles, adverbs, adjectives that are used in a strictly business environment of communication: customer, principal, party, person, owner, vacant, victim, report, outgoing, free of charge, available;
official words: at the expense, to the address, on the basis, according to the charter, in the course of research;
compound names: diplomatic relations, law enforcement agencies, budgetary sphere.

You can use such words and phrases only if they do not stand out against the background of the text, that is, in business correspondence or in official documents.

The use of stationery as a stylistic device

But such expressions are not always used only in official business documentation; often authors of literary works use them to characterize the hero's speech or to create a humorous effect. Such techniques were used by: Chekhov, Ilf and Petrov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Zoshchenko. For example, in Saltykov-Shchedrin: "it is forbidden to take the head away ...".

Stationery in our country reached its maximum distribution in times of stagnation, they began to be used in all spheres of speech, and in everyday spoken language. Which once again confirms that the language reflects all the changes that occur in society and the country.

Clericalisms, like the previous lexical categories, are included in the vocabulary of limited use (used mainly in an official business style) and therefore are completely inappropriate, for example, in lively colloquial speech, because they deaden, discolor it, make it stereotyped and boring. Many clerical words and phrases have long lost the expressiveness of their original meaning and have become stamps.

Exercise... Select one of the stamp definitions:

1. Stamp - evidence of the scarcity of thought and poverty of language, depriving the statement of simplicity, brightness and originality.

2. (On the question of the use of foreign words):

A stamp is an attribute of defective intelligence and a deficit of vocabulary, annulling the expressiveness and individuality of the phrase.

3. A stamp is an expression that has lost the character of necessity, clarity and individuality of the style of presentation, revealing the absence of activity along the line of thought processes due to negative indicators in the development of the phenomena of the lexical richness of the language and in strengthening the erudition of the speaker's personality.

It is noteworthy that in the first textbook "Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language" V.A. Mamonov and D.E. Rosenthal, published in 1957, the bureaucracy is defined as “Words and phrases characteristic of the language and style of pre-revolutionary government institutions” (p. 32) - a clearly tendentious assessment of a linguistic fact from an ideological standpoint. As if refuting this delusion, B. Timofeev notes that “such a lifeless, and sometimes frankly archaic language has penetrated into our office work from the first years of the revolution,” and recalls how in those years they wrote in certificates and mandates: “This is given to such a is that he really is the person who calls himself, that signature and is certified by the application of the seal ”(see 80, p.160).

Unfortunately, this ugliness of our speech lives on and is even progressing today, since the fight against it is not given sufficient attention at school and university.

L.I. Skvortsov identifies 4 types of stamps:

1. Stable phrases like “get involved in the struggle (for something)”, “take the necessary measures”, “show initiative”, “achievements and successes”, “play a role” and “have a meaning”, “in these conditions”, “To keep in sight”, “to take place”, “it is difficult to overestimate”, “it is impossible not to notice”, “in the spotlight”, “for today”, etc.

3. The so-called "new" prepositions, turns of the type "in business", "in the direction", "on the issue", "in connection" (with something) or "in this connection", "in the field", "in force ”,“ for purposes ”,“ in part ”,“ along the line ”,“ in the light ”,“ in the context ”.

4. The deliberate, most often inappropriate use of such bookish words as “worker” and “toiler”, “happened”, “to have”, “to appear”, “conquest”, “epicenter”, “forum”, “to link” and “ agree ”,“ incident ”,“ given ”,“ implement ”and“ implement ”and much more (see 76, pp. 29-30).

Stamps exist both at the level of linguistic units and at the level of the text. A similar stamped text was satirically depicted in the novel "The Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov when describing the solemn meeting in Stargorod on the occasion of the opening of the tram line:

Comrade Gavrilin, chairman of the Starkomkhoz, began his speech well and simply.

“To build a tram,” he said, “is not to buy an eshaka.

Ostap Bender's loud laughter was suddenly heard in the crowd. He appreciated this phrase. Approved by the reception, Gavrilin, himself not understanding why, suddenly started talking about the international situation. He tried several times to put his report on the tram rails, but with horror he noticed that he could not do it. Words by themselves, against the will of the speaker, turned out to be some kind of international. After Chamberlain, to whom Gavrilin devoted half an hour, the American Senator Bora entered the international arena. The crowd became limp ... The inflamed Gavrilin spoke ill of the Romanian boyars and went over to Mussolini. And only towards the end of his speech, he overcame his second international nature and spoke with good business words:

- And I think so, comrades, that this tram, which will now leave the depot, thanks to whom has it been released? Of course, comrades, thanks to you, thanks to all the workers who really did not work for fear, but, comrades, for conscience. And also, comrades, thanks to an honest Soviet specialist, chief engineer Treukhov. Thanks to him too! ..

They began to look for Treukhov, but did not find him. The representative of the Oil Center, who had been burning for a long time, squeezed to the railing of the rostrum, waved his hand and spoke loudly ... about the international situation!

Finally, towards evening, Treukhov was found and taken to the rostrum:

- The floor is given to the chief engineer, Comrade Treukhov! - Gavrilin announced happily. - Well, tell me, otherwise I was not saying that at all, - he added in a whisper.

Treukhov wanted to say a lot. And about subbotniks, and about hard work, about everything that has been done and what else can be done. And you can do a lot: you can free the city from the contagious import market, build covered glass buildings, you can build a permanent bridge instead of the temporary one that is annually demolished by ice drift, you can finally carry out the project of building a huge slaughterhouse.

Treukhov opened his mouth and, stammering, spoke:

- Comrades! The international position of our state ...

A.F. Pisemsky, A.I. Herzen, A.P. Chekhov, and then K.I. Chukovsky sharply criticized the abuse of clerical and bureaucratic turns. For example, A.F. Pisemsky ridicules the bureaucratic addiction to verbal nouns and the instrumental case of the subject of action in a parody phrase Crow flying in and breaking glass... A.I. Herzen, reproducing the name of the "important" government paper: "The case of the loss of no one knows where the house of the volost government and the gnawing of the plan thereof with mice."... But at the same time, the writers themselves did not exclude such linguistic means from literary works - in the event that these elements fulfill the function known to us as a negative speech characteristic of the character. For example, passing in the story "Anna on the Neck" the speech of a bureaucrat, A.P. Chekhov makes the following author's remark: "And long periods stretched out: to the extent, proceeding from that position, in view of what has just been said." K. Paustovsky continued this satirical tradition in the story "Crushed Sugar" ("He spoke tongue-tied, like a mediocre business executive:" limit travel costs "," make a photo "," organize a snack "," cut off the norms along the timber rafting line ") and article "Living and Dead":

In one of the Central Russian villages where I had to live, the chairman of the village council was a certain Petin - a small, sweet, always agitated person. Petin's conversation in everyday life was full of apt words, comparisons, jokes, humor. But as soon as he went up to the podium for the next lecture and drink at the same time - following the example of big speakers - a glass of yellowish boiled water, as he transformed and, holding on to an unusual tie, like an anchor of salvation, began his speech something like this:

- What do we have today in terms of the further development of the dairy product line and the elimination of its backlog in terms of milk yield?

And now an intelligent and cheerful man, stretched out and holding his hands at the seams, carried for two hours a murderous nonsense in an unknown barbaric language, because only our most cruel enemy could call this language Russian.

Paustovsky's article partly touches on the psychological reasons for the emergence of a cliche, which, according to L.I. Skvortsov, a lot. “This is the fear of the audience, and the danger of saying something“ wrong ”, wrong, and internal uncertainty from insufficient preparation, and a kind of striving for“ smoothness ”of speech at all costs” (76, p. 28). However, there are actually linguistic reasons for the stereotyped and clichéd speech. And the main one is that it is impossible to constantly talk about new things and express yourself in an original way. Such a speech would look mannered, it would be difficult to listen and understand. In a normal communication situation, we always prepare the unfamiliar by referring to the already known. In the speech of an experienced and skillful speaker, "known" and "new" for the listener should be balanced

K.I. Chukovsky, speaking at the Second All-Union Congress of Writers, very caustically and categorically spoke about the power of stencils and templates in literary works:

Due to some sad delusion, many authors of literary books and articles believe that the more often they use ... official phrases, the more scientific their books, dissertations, articles will be ... If you ... wrote "reflect", you need to add "brightly" ... If "Protest", then "sharp", if satire, then "angry and sharp". A dozen and a half of such ready-made formulas are often imposed on students at school ... I, for example, know a textbook on literature for the 9th grade, which said that such and such a writer creates such and such “bright” images, and such and such “bright "Reflects such and such a psyche, and such and such" brightly "had such and such qualities, and such and such a" brightly "depicted such and such character, and such and such in itself is a" bright "exponent of something ... Is it any wonder that already on the fifth page this “brightness” begins to be felt as “dullness”, and on the sixth page it finally goes out, and we remain in darkness, for who does not feel that behind this mechanically repeated and therefore deadly epithet lies the indifference of lazy minds , not even trying to say their own, fresh, heart-warming word about the wonderful Russian writers ...

The writer, who has always remained a true patriot and connoisseur of the language, rings the alarm, calling on all persecutors of borrowings, jargon and barbarism, all obvious and imaginary fighters for the purity of their native speech, to switch their attention to a more dangerous ailment, which has long and gravely been ill with the Russian language, and diagnoses this pathology like this:

Much more serious is that serious illness, from which, according to the observation of many, our colloquial and literary speech has not yet been eliminated. This disease is a thousand times more pernicious than any jargon, since it can lead - and it does! - our modern speech to thinness, sclerosis and frailty.

The name of the disease is clerical (I give this disease such a name after the model of colitis, diphtheria, meningitis).

We must rise to the fight against this protracted, debilitating and intractable ailment with united forces - we are all who cherish the greatest heritage of Russian folk culture, our wise, expressive, gei-picturesque language (97, p. 152).

The author of the book "Alive as Life" gives many examples of inappropriate use of bureaucrats, including stamped phrases such as "What activities are taking you for bite enhancement? " (in the address of a fisherman to a neighbor), “Do not litter the sidewalks public use waste smoking process"," Shame on the disruptors of the campaign for the struggle to fulfill the plan of organizing the campaign to fight for the sweeping of the streets! "; pseudoscientific formulations “The burial belonged to a subject oriented with his skull to the east” (this is how the archaeologist expressed this idea in pursuit of imaginary scientificity, instead of writing: “In the burial mound I excavated lay the dead man with his head to the east”) or “Concerning the nature of the change in the bathyse erosion and the geomorphological structure of the region of the possible Khorsko-Anyui bifurcation "(instead of the simple and clear title of the scientific article" The shape of the surface of the upper reaches of the Anyui River "); shabby stencils "We wish you new achievements in work", "We wish you creative luck and success ...", "Death snatched from our ranks ..." sticks), "Hosiery", "Souvenir products", "Soap detergents", "green array" (instead of Forest).

Chukovsky appropriately quotes V.G. Kostomarov, who exposes the pleonasticity of some well-worn epithets:

We often congratulate on achieved successes, correct available errors, consider received suggestions get hold of real skill, discussing the results carried out elections, warmly applauded invited guests, etc., although no one would have thought of congratulating them on the successes that they did not achieve, correcting mistakes that did not exist, considering proposals not received, mastering fake skills, discussing the results of canceled elections, or applauding guests who were forgotten to invite.

The just indignation of K.I. Chukovsky is caused by cliches and gross speech errors that arise as a result of the clericalization of linguistic consciousness and are often found in literary works: “The atmosphere in which the poet's childhood passed, it is impossible not to admit very unfavorable "," The period of stagnation and decline did not go on the line of absence talented performers "," It is necessary to eliminate the lag on the front of misunderstanding of satire», « Followed by behind this item followed paragraph next content, afterwards withdrawn "(obvious multiple tautology)," We were convinced that the knowledge of the dynamics of the image of Andrei Bolkonsky by the students of the experimental class turned out to be ... " the house of the nephew of the coachman's wife the doctor's brother) and p.

As if supplementing Chukovsky's observations, B. Timofeev sneers at the stamped speech of some orators:

... he will say not “today”, but “for today”, not “necessary”, but “must”, not “also”, but “equal”, not “in relation”, but “along the line,” not “ask ", But" to sharpen the question "or" to raise the question with all its acuteness. "

This bureaucratic language loves cumbersome, compound, artificial words such as "cargo capacity", "rat-tightness", "underdispersion", the words "provide", "at the expense", "agree", ... "keep within", "real", etc. .d. And his true favorites are the verb forms “is” and “is” and the expression “to lower the directive” (80, p. 160).

In modern language, some words can be distinguished, the semantic fields of which provoke the appearance of cliches, for example: “a question - on a question ...” (often where there is no question); "Line - along the line ..." hence the "line" school, educational, physical education, use, service ", etc .; Wed "Business" (in various meanings), "moment" or "front" (in relation to a long process). You need to be extremely careful when using such cliché-dangerous words in your speech and try to avoid stereotypes when constructing an utterance, although this is sometimes very difficult, since we all think and speak mainly in ready-made forms. Therefore, we can only talk about the fact that this form is not evaluated by you and those around you, as beaten and colorless (i.e., as a stamp).

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