Nikolay The second is the last Russian emperor, who became a story as the most weakweight king. According to historians, the management of the country for the monarch was a "heavy curb", but this did not prevent him from making a mortgage in the industrial and economic development of Russia, despite the fact that in the country during the reign of Nicholas II, a revolutionary movement was actively increasing, and the foreign policy situation was complicated. . In modern history, the Russian emperor is mentioned by the epithets "Nikolai Bloody" and "Nikolai Martyr", as the assessments of the activities and the nature of the king are ambiguous and contradictory.

Nikolai II was born on May 18, 1868 in the royal village of the Russian Empire in the imperial family. For his parents, and he became the eldest son and the only heir to the throne, which from the earliest years taught the future cause of his whole life. The Englishman Karl His was engaged in the upbringing of the future king from birth, who trained young Nikolay Alexandrovich freely in English.

The childhood of the heir to the royal throne took place in the walls of the Gatchina Palace under the clear leadership of his father Alexander III, who brought up his children in a traditional religious spirit - he allowed them to play and stir into the measure, but at the same time did not allow the manifestation of laziness in their studies, preserving all the thoughts of sons about The future throne.

At the 8th age, Nikolai second began to receive a general education at home. His training was conducted within the framework of the general gemnasic course, but the future king did not show a special zerry and desire for study. His passion was a military business - already in 5 years he became the chief of the Life Guard of the reserve infantry regiment and gladly mastered military geography, legal state and strategy. Lectures at the future monarch read the best scientists with world names, who were personally picked up for the son of Tsar Alexander III and his wife Maria Fedorovna.

Especially the heir succeeded in the study of foreign languages, so in addition to English, he owned French, German and Danish languages. After eight years, the general gymnasium program, Nicholas, began to teach the necessary higher sciences for the future statesman, part of the Economic Department of the Legal University.

In 1884, at the achievement of the majority, Nicholas II brought the oath in the Winter Palace, after which he entered the actual military service, and in three years he began to regular military service, for which he was awarded the title of Colonel. Completely moving away to the military case, the future king easily adapted to the inconveniences of army life and transferred the service in the army.

The first acquaintance with state affairs at the heir to the throne took place in 1889. Then he began to attend the meetings of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers, in which the father introduced him to the case and shared experiences how to manage the country. In the same period, Alexander III made numerous journeys with her son, which began from the Oil East. Over the next 9 months, they traveled Greece, India, Egypt, Japan and China by the sea, and then throughout Siberia, they returned to the Russian capital.

Climbing to the throne

In 1894, after the death of Alexander III, Nikolai, the second joined the throne and solemnly promised to guard the autocracy also firmly and steadily as his late parent. The coronation of the last Russian emperor took place in 1896 in Moscow. These solemn events were marked by the tragic events on the Khodynsky field, where during the distribution of royal gifts there were mass riots, picking up life thousands of citizens.

Because of the massive crush, the monarch who came to power wanted to even cancel the evening ball on the occasion of his climb on the throne, but later decided that the Khodyan catastrophe is a real misfortune, but it is not worth overshadowing the holiday of coronation. These events, the educated society perceived as a challenge, which was the bookmark of the foundation into the creation of a liberation movement in Russia from the king dictator.

Against the background of this, the emperor in the country introduced a tough internal policy, according to which any dissent among the people was pursued. In the first few years of the reign of Nikolai second in Russia, a population census was conducted, and a monetary reform was carried out, which established the Golden Standard of the ruble. Golden ruble Nicholas II was equated to 0.77 grams of pure gold and was half a "harder" brand, but twice the "easier" dollar at the rate of international currencies.

In the same period, "Stolypin" agricultural reforms were held in Russia, factory legislation was introduced, several laws on the mandatory insurance of workers and universal primary education were adopted, as well as the tax fee from the landowners of Polish origin and canceled the penalties, such as a reference to Siberia.

In the Russian Empire, large-scale industrialization was held during Nicholas, the rates of agricultural production were increased, coal and oil production started. At the same time, thanks to the last Russian emperor, more than 70 thousand kilometers of the railway were built in Russia.

Board and renunciation

The reign of Nikolai second in the second stage passed during the aggravation of the internal political life of Russia and a rather complex foreign policy situation. At the same time, he in the first place was the Far Eastern direction. The main obstacle to the Russian monarch to predominance in the Far East was Japan, which, without warning in 1904, attacked Russian escardu in the port city of Port Arthur and due to the inaction of the Russian leadership, defeated the Russian army.

As a result of the failure of the Russian-Japanese war in the country began to rapidly develop a revolutionary situation, and Russia had to give Japan southern part of Sakhalin and the rights to the Liaodan Peninsula. It was after this that the Russian emperor lost authority in the intelligent and ruling circles of the country, who accused the king in defeat and connections with the unofficial "advisor" of the monarch, but those who were considered a charlatan and a fraudster, who had a complete impact over Nikolai second.

The first world war of 1914 was the turning point in the biography of Nicholas II. Then the emperor was trying to avoid the bloody slaughter with all the forces on the advice of Rasputin, but Germany went to Russia to Russia, which was forced to defend themselves. In 1915, the monarch took over the military command of the Russian army and personally went to the front, inspecting the military units. At the same time, he made a number of fatal military mistakes, which led to the collapse of the Dynasty of the Romanov and the Russian Empire.

The war aggravated the internal problems of the country, all military failures surrounded by Nicholas of the second assigned to him. Then in the government of the country began "treason nest", but despite this, the emperor, together with England and France, developed a plan for the general onset of Russia, which was to end the military confrontation by the country to the summer of 1917.

Nikolai's plans were not destined to come true - at the end of February 1917, mass uprisings against the royal dynasty and the current government began in Petrograd, which he initially intended to stop the power methods. But the military did not obey the orders of the king, and the members of the Sweet Monarch persuaded him to renounce him from the throne, which allegedly helps to suppress unrest. After several days of painful reflections, Nicholas II decided to renounce the throne in favor of his brother, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich, who refused to take the crown, which meant the end of the Romanov dynasty.

Shot of Nicholas II and his family

After signing the king of the manifesto on renunciation, the provisional government of Russia issued an order for the arrest of the royal family and its approximate. Then many have betrayed the emperor and escaped, so only the units of loved ones from his environment agreed to divide the tragic fate of the monarch, who, together with the king, were sent to Tobolsk, from where, allegedly, the Nicholas family should have been shipped to the United States.

After the October Revolution and coming to power, the Bolsheviks, led by the royal family, transported to Yekaterinburg and concluded in the "House of Special Forces". Then the Bolsheviks began to enter the plan of the lawsuit over the monarch, but the civil war did not allow their intention.

Because of this, in the upper echelons of Soviet power, it was decided to shoot the king and his family. On the night of July 16, July 17, 1918, the family of the last Russian emperor was shot in a semi-basement room of the house, in which Nicholas II was imprisoned. The king, his wife and children, as well as several of his approximal, brought to the basement under the pretext of evacuation and were shot without explanation, after which the victims were taken outside the city, their bodies burned with Kerosene, and after buried in Earth.

Personal life and royal family

The personal life of Nicholas of the Second, unlike many other Russian monarchs, was the standard of the highest family virtue. In 1889, during the visit of the German princess Alice Hesse Darmstadt to Russia, Zesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich paid special attention to the girl and asked the father of blessing to marry her. But parents did not agree with the choice of the heir, so the son refused to son. It did not stop Nikolai II, who did not lose hope of marriage with Alice. They were helped by the Great Princess Elizabeth Fedorovna, the sister of the German princess, having made a secret correspondence with the young in love.

After 5 years, Zesarevich Nikolai again persistently asked the consent of his father to marriage with the German princess. Alexander III in view of a sharply deteriorating health allowed the Son to marry Alice, which after the world-building became. In November 1894, a wedding of Nikolai Second and Alexandra took place in the Winter Palace, and in 1896, the spouses accepted coronation and officially became rulers of the country.

In marriage, Alexandra Fedorovna and Nikolai II were born - 4 daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia) and the only heir to Alexei, who had a serious hereditary disease - hemophilia associated with blood coagulation process. Tsearevich's disease Alexei Nikolayevich forced the royal family to get acquainted with Gregory Rasputin widely known at that time, who helped the Tsarist Heir to fight the attacks of the disease, which allowed him to acquire a huge impact on Alexander Fedorovna and Emperor Nicholas Second.

Historians report that the family for the last Russian emperor was the most important sense of life. He always spent most of the time in a family circle, did not like his secular pleasures, especially cherished his peace, habits, health and well-being of relatives. At the same time, the emperor was not alien to the worldly passion - he was glad to hunt, participated in riding competitions, rode ice skating and played hockey with Azart.

It would seem that it would be difficult to find new evidence of the creepy events that occurred on the night of July 16th, 1918. Even distant from the ideas of monarchism people remember that this night became fatal for the royal family of Romanov. This night was shot by Nikolai II, the former Empress Alexander Fedorovna and their children - 14-year-old Alexey, Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia.

Their fate was divided by the doctor E.S. Kotkin, the maid of A.dmeidov, the cook of Kharitonov and Laki. But from time to time there are witnesses, who after many years of silence report new details of the killing of the royal family.

A lot of books are written about the execution of the royal family of Romanovs. To this day, there are no discussions about whether the murder of Romanovs was planned in advance and whether it was in Lenin's plans. And in our time there are people who believe that at least the children of Nicholas II were able to escape from the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg.

The accusation of the murder of the royal family of Romanov was a wonderful trump card against the Bolsheviks, gave the grounds to accuse them in inhumanity. Is it because most of the documents and evidences that tell about the last days of Romanovs, appeared and continues to appear in Western countries? But some researchers believe that the crime in which the Bolshevik Russia was accused, was not committed at all ...

In the investigation of the circumstances of the shooting of Romanov from the very beginning there was a lot of secrets. By relatively hot pursuit, they were engaged in two investigators. The first consequence began a week after the alleged murder. The investigator concluded that the emperor actually was executed on the night from the 16th to July 17, but the former Queen, her son and four daughters retained life. In early 1919, a new consequence was held. He was headed by Nikolai Sokolov. Could he find indisputable evidence that the whole family of Romanovs was killed in Yekaterinburg? Hard to say…

When examining the mine, where the body of the royal family was dropped, he found a few things that for some reason did not fall into his eyes to his predecessor: a miniature pin, which Tsarevich used as a fishing hook, precious stones that were sewn in belts in the great Prinjon, and a skeleton of a tiny dog, probably the favorites of Princess Tatyana. If you remember the circumstances of the death of the royal family, it is difficult to imagine that the corpse of the dog was also transported from place to place, in order to hide ... Human remains of Sokolov did not find, except for several fragments of bones and the sliced \u200b\u200bfinger of a middle-aged woman, presumably - empress.

1919 - Sokolov ran abroad, to Europe. But the results of his investigation were published only in 1924. A fairly long term, especially considering the many emigrants interested in the fate of the Romanovs. According to Sokolov, all Romanovs were killed by the fatal night. True, he was not the first, assumed that the empress with children could not be saved. Back in 1921, this version was published by the chairman of the Yekaterinburg Council Pavel Bulls. It would seem that you could forget about the hopes that any of the Romanov survived. But in Europe, and in Russia there are constantly numerous impostors and impostors who declared themselves by the children of the emperor. So there were still doubts?

The first argument of supporters of revision of the version of the death of the whole family of Romanov was the announcement of the Bolsheviks about the execution of Nicholas II, which was made on July 19. It said that only the king is executed, and Alexander Fedorovna with children sent to a safe place. The second is that the Bolsheviks at that time were more profitable to exchange Alexander Fedorovna on the political prisoners held in German captivity. Rumors about negotiations on this topic went. In Yekaterinburg, Sir Charles Eliot, the British consul in Siberia visited the Emperor's death after the death of the emperor. He met with the first investigator in the case of Romanov, after which he informed his authorities that, in his opinion, the former Queen and her children left Yekaterinburg by train on July 17.

Almost at the same time, the Great Duke of Ernst Ludwig Hessian, Brother Alexandra, as if told the second her sister, Marquise Milford-Heven, that Alexander is safe. Of course, he could simply comfort the sister, to which they could not have rumors about violence over the Romanov. If Alexander with children actually exchanged on political prisoners (Germany would be willing to take this step to save their princess), all newspapers and old, and new lights would be prohibited. This would mean that the dynasty bound by blood bonds with many oldest monarchies of Europe was not interrupted. But no articles followed, because the version that the entire royal family was killed, was recognized as official.

In the early 1970s, English journalists Anthony Summers and Tom Menshld familiarized themselves with official documents of Sokolov's investigation. And they found many inaccuracies and shortcomings in them, which were questioned by this version. First, the encrypted telegram on the execution of the entire royal family, sent to Moscow on July 17, appeared in the case only in January 1919, after removing the first investigator. Secondly, the bodies still did not find. And to judge the death of the empress on the only fragment of the body - a severed finger - was not entirely correct.

1988 - It would seem that an irrefutable proof of the death of the emperor, his wives and children appeared. The former investigator of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Writer Helium Ryabov received from the son of Yurovsky (one of the main participants shooting) a secret report. It had detailed information about where the remains of the members of the royal family were hidden. Ryabov started searching. He managed to detect greenish-black bones with traces of burns left by acid. 1988 - he published a report on his find. 1991, July - to the place where the remains were found, presumably belonged to Romanov, the Russian archaeologists cameras arrived.

9 skeletons were extracted from the ground. 4 of them belonged to the servants of Nicholas and their family doctor. Another 5 - the king, his wife and children. Install the belonging of the remains was not easy. At first, the skulls were compared with the preserved photographs of the members of the imperial family. One of them was identified as a skull of the emperor. Late, a comparative analysis of DNA prints was carried out. To do this, it took the blood of a man in relation to the deceased. Blood sample was provided by the British Prince Philip. His native grandmother on the mother line was the sister of grandmother of the Empress.

The result of the analysis showed a complete coincidence of DNA in four skeletons, which gave the basis to officially recognize the remains of Alexandra and its three daughters in them. Tel Cesarevich and Anastasia did not find. On this occasion, two hypotheses were put forward: or two descendants of the genus Romanov still managed to stay alive, or their bodies burned. It seems that Sokolov was still right, and his report was not a provocation, but to real lighting of facts ...

1998 - the remains of the Romanov family with the honors were transported to St. Petersburg and buried in the Petropavlovsky Cathedral. True, they immediately found skeptics who were confident that there are remains of absolutely other people in the cathedral.

2006 - held another DNA analysis. This time, samples found in the Urals of skeletons with fragments of the relics of the Great Princess Elizabeth Fedorovna were compared. Doctor of Science, employee of the institute of the general genetics of Ran L. Zhivotovsky engaged in the research series. American colleagues helped him. The results of this analysis turned out to be a complete surprise: DNA Elizabeth and the alleged empress did not coincide. The first idea that came to the head of researchers - the power stored in the cathedral actually belonged to do not eat, but to someone else. However, this version had to be excluded: the body of Elizabeth was found in the mine near Alapaevsky in the fall of 1918, it was identified by people who were closely familiar with her, including the Hedgehog of the Grand Prince Father Seraphim.

This priest subsequently accompanied the coffin with the body of his spiritual daughter to Jerusalem and would not allow any substitution. This meant that, in the extreme case, one body no longer belongs to the members of the Romanov family. Later there were doubts about the identity of the remaining remains. On the skull, which was previously identified as a skull of the emperor, there was no bone corner, which could not disappear even after death after death. This note appeared on the Skull of Nicholas II after the attempt on him in Japan. In the Protocol of Yurovsky, it was said that the king was killed by a shot in emphasis, while the executioner shot. Even if we take into account the imperfection of weapons, in the skull certainly had to stay at least one hole from the bullet. However, it does not have both input and outlet holes.

It is possible that the 1993 reports were fake. Need to detect the remains of the royal family? Please, here they are. Examination to hold, to proof their authenticity? Here is the result of the examination! In the 1990s, all conditions were for myth-making. Not in vain so cautiously the Russian Orthodox Church, not wanting to recognize the discovered bones and rank to the number of martyrs of the emperor and his family ...

The conversations began again that Romanov did not kill, but hid to use in the future in some political game. Could Nikolai live in the Soviet Union under a strange name with his family? On the one hand, this option cannot be excluded. The country is huge, there will be a lot of corners in it, in which Nicolay would have identified. The family of Romanovs could settle in some kind of refuge, where they would be completely isolated from contacts with the outside world, and therefore are not dangerous.

On the other hand, even if the remains found under Yekaterinburg, the result of falsification, this does not mean that there was no execution. Destroy the bodies of the dead enemies and dispel their dust be able to be able to disappear from time immemorial. To burn the body of a person, it is necessary to 300-400 kg of wood - in India every day thousands of dead buried exactly by the method of burning. So are the murderers who have an unlimited margin of firewood and a fair amount of acid, could not hide all traces? Regard not so long ago, in the fall of 2010, while working in the vicinity of the old copotakov road in the Sverdlovsk region. They found places in which the killers were hiding jugs with acid. If the shooting was not, where did they come from in the Ural Wilderness?

Attempts to restore the events that preceded the shooting were carried out repeatedly. As you know, after renunciation, the royal family was settled in the Alexander Palace, in August transported to Tobolsk, and later - to Yekaterinburg, in the infamous Ipatiev house.

Avianener Peter Duv in the fall of 1941 was sent to Sverdlovsk. One of his duties in the rear was the publication of textbooks and benefits for the supply of military universities of the country. Lacking with the property of the publisher, Duv got into the Ipatiev house, in which several nuns lived and two older women archivis. When inspecting the premises, Duv accompanied by one of the women went down to the basement and drew attention to strange furrows on the ceiling, which ended in deep deepening ...

On the work of Peter often visited the house in Ipathiaevsia. As you can see, the elderly workers felt confidence in him, because one evening showed him a small camork, in which a white glove was hanging on the rusty nails, the lady of rusty nails, a few buttons of a different size ... Little Bible was lying on a chair in a chair And a couple of books in ancient binding. According to one of the women, all these things once belonged to members of the royal family.

She told about the last days of the life of the Romanovs, who, according to her, were unbearable. Chekists who protected prisoners behaved incredibly rudely. All windows in the house were skipped. Chekists explained that these measures were taken for security, but the interlocutor of the dank was convinced that this was one of the thousands of ways to humiliate "former." It should be noted, the reasons for concern from Chekists were there. According to the memoirs of the archivist, the Ipatiev house every morning (!) The locals and monks who tried to transfer to the king and his close note were offered to help with the affairs of the house.

Of course, this does not justify the behavior of the Chekists, however, any employee of the special services, which is entrusted to the protection of an important person, simply must limit his contacts with the outside world. But the behavior of the guards was not limited to "prevention" to members of the family of Romanovy sympathizers. Many of them were simply outrageous. They were particularly pleasure to shock the daughters of Nicholas. They wrote obscene words on the fence and in the courtyard in the courtyard, they tried to podkash the girls in dark corridors. No one has mentioned such details. Therefore, Duv carefully listened to the story of the interlocutor. About the last minutes of the life of the imperial family, she also reported a lot new.

Romanov ordered to go down to the basement. The emperor asked to bring a chair for his wife. Then one of the conversions came out of the room, and Yurovsky took out the revolver and began to build all in one line. In most versions it is said that the executioners were shot by volley. But the inhabitants of the Ipatiev house recalled that the shots were chaotic.

Nikolai was killed immediately. But his wife and Princess was destined to be more severe death. The fact is that diamonds were sewn into their corsets. In some places they were located in several layers. The bullets ricotheli from this layer and went to the ceiling. The execution was delayed. When the Grand Duchess were already lying on the floor, they were found dead. But when one of them began to raise, to immerse the body into the car, the princess groaned and moved. Therefore, the Chekists began to finish her and her sisters with bayonets.

After the execution in the Ipatiev House, no one was allowed within a few days - as you can see, attempts to destroy the body took a lot of time. A week later, the Chekists allowed to enter the house with several nuns - in the premises it was necessary to clean up. Among them was the interlocutor of the ditch. According to him, she remembered a picture with horror that opened in the basement of the Ipatiev house. On the walls there were many choices from bullets, and the floor and walls in the room where the execution was performed, were in the blood.

Subsequently, experts from the Chief State Center for Forensic Medical and Family Experties of the Ministry of Defense of Russia restored the shooting picture with an accuracy of minutes and to a millimeter. With the help of a computer, relying on the testimony of Gregory Nikulina and Anatoly Yakimova, they were established, where and at what point were the executioners and their victims. Computer reconstruction showed that the Empress and the Grand Duchess tried to close Nicholas from the bullets.

Ballistic examination set many details: from which weapons were eliminated by the members of the imperial family, how much the shots were made approximately. Chekistam needed no less than 30 times the trigger ...

Every year the chances of detecting the real remains of the royal family of Romanov (if you recognize the Yekaterinburg skeletons with fake) melting. So, pays hope ever to find an accurate answer to the questions: who died in the basement of the Ipatiev house, managed to escape someone from the Romanov and what was the further fate of the heirs of the Russian throne ...

The Emperor's family was executed into one of the summer July nights from 16 to the 17th number in the largest of the cities of Russia - Yekaterinburg. The place was chosen appropriate: the basement of the usual at the time of the house, one of the locals - the engineer of the Mining Throughout Nikolai Ipatiev. Not only the whole family, including children, but also approached: Evgeny Botkin, who served as King Liebe doctors; Alexey Torproup, known as Campner; Anna Demidova - servants; Ivan Kharitonov - at that time he served the king in the face of the cook. Did Nikolai estranged 2 execution, did it know about the inevitable death, could you actually protect the family, did the royal family be hidden? These questions still disturb historians, but there are documentary evidence that it is difficult to refute.

Nikolay 2: execution of the royal family, events to the bloody massif

1. The date of the beginning of the armed uprising, touched Petrograd, will subscribe on March 12 (if you take into account the old-Russian calendar, then in those years it accounted for February 27). The consequence of him was the renunciation of the throne on March 15 of the Tsar Nicholas 2 (as well as his son Alexei). The refusal was in favor of his brother Mikhail, who was younger than Nicholas. It happened in 1917, a year before the tragedy.

2. The renunciation assumed the arrest of a family, so since the end of the summer (August a month) of 1917, the king with his family arrived in the Alexander Palace, which was located in the royal village. The temporary government creates a special commission that was found by finding materials for the citizenship of the Emperor family for the state treason. Certificates or evidence did not manage to find it, so the decision was made in favor of the Link Nikolai 2 with the whole family to the UK area.

3. However, the plans changed will change: in the same August, the king and his loved ones were sent to Tobolsk. This decision was made to hold an open trial of the prisoners, but did not occur in fact, and only in the spring (April month) of 1918, the SCIK was decided to translate the royal wards to Moscow. Despite the fact that led by the decision was Lenin, concerns from the "Belog Guard plots" were not given to the temporary government of rest. There was a high probability of the abduction of the imperial family. That is why the prisoners crossed the Urals to the city of Yekaterinburg and posted a none of famous Ipatiev in the house.

It is not known how much a family is still located in the territory of Yekaterinburg in imprisonment, if it were not for the beginning of the uprising of Barochov, which led to the offensive of the White Guards on the city. It only accelerated the decision on a bloody massacre above the king.

Everything happened in a hurry, so I was entrusted to Yakov Yurovsky, then he performed a special purpose commandant. Documentary confirmation (sources) of that terrible night with a detailed description of the events are preserved. They said that the decree on the execution of the king and his loved ones was taken to their place of residence for midnight (at 1 o'clock 30 minutes of a night) from July 16 to July 17, 1918. When the document was delivered, Liebe Medic Botkin woke up the royal family. The fees took place for about 40 minutes, then all the prisoners spent in the mixture room. All, except for the son of Nicholas (Alexey) descended to the room for execution on their own. The father of the father carried in his arms due to illness. Two stools were brought to the basement at the insistence of Alexandra Fedorovna (for themselves and her husband), all the rest were located along the wall. The commandant first started a smaller team, and then the deadly sentence.

Later, Yurovsky will describe the scene of the king's execution in his own words, adding details and details. Based on his words, it was so ... Yurovsky insisted that the arrestants rose from the chairs and took the central and side walls of the basement, because The size of the size was very small. Tsar Nikolai was located back to the commandant. The sentence of Yurovsky was credited and then the team for execution. From the first shot to death was killed by Nikolai, and then a long time heard a pallet. She accepted the turnover of disadvantage, taking into account the rickests from the wooden walls, thanks to which she had to stop her for a while. During this short period, it was possible to understand that not all the arrestants were dead: Botkin already in a lying state had to finish a shot from a revolver, Alexey, Anastasia, Olga, Tatiana and Demidov were among the living. It was decided to finish with them with the help of a bayonet, but failed due to diamond accessories, on the form resembling underwear (bodium). They were shot by everyone in turn after a few minutes.

In this video, documentaries of the life of the royal family are collected during the arrest.

The documentation suggests that the corpses of all the shocked immersed on the truck and around the 4th night and took out. The remains only in 1991 were found not far from Yekaterinburg. It was possible to identify on them: Nikolai 2, Alexander Fedorovna, Olga, Tatiana, Anastasia, also among the remains found the environment of the king. After the corresponding examination, they were burned in the walls of the Petropavlovsky Cathedral in 1998. A little later managed to find and identify the remains of Mary and Alexey: July 2007.

But today there are plenty of theories that do not agree with documentary certificates and the shooting of Nicholas family 2. There are hypotheses about his staging, with the aim of exporting the emperor. Is there any confirmation?

One hypothesis is based on the fact that in those days in the immediate vicinity of the house where the arrestants were located, the factory stood. Her owner in 1905, fearing the capture from the revolutionaries, made an underground tunnel under it. Existence confirmed the failure of bulldozers, in those years when Yeltsin decided to destroy the construction.

The theory appeared that Stalin and intelligence officers helped with the export of the royal family, determining them in various provinces. It could take place when the White Guards on Ekaterinburg, in the process of evacuation of Soviet institutions. In those days, they rescued first and foremost documents, values \u200b\u200band property, where the property of the Romanovs fell.

The temporary government feared the simulation of the execution and instructed the captain of Malinovsky to enjoy the investigation of the Ganina pit. He led him for a week, along with officers, after which, a year later expressed suspicion that all the facts he observed in the investigation process were talking about the drafting of execution.

In this video, assumptions are expressed about where and how the royal family lived after salvation. Be sure to leave your questions and wishes to the article.

Bolsheviks and execution of the royal family

Over the past decade, the theme of the execution of the royal family has become relevant due to the detection of many new facts. Documents and materials reflecting this tragic event began to actively publish, causing various comments, questions, doubts. That is why it is important to analyze the available written sources.

Emperor Nicholas II.

Perhaps the earliest historical source is the materials of the investigator on particularly important cases of the Omsk District Court during the activities of the Kolchakov army in Siberia and the Urals N.A. Sokolova, who on hot pursuit spent the first investigation of this crime.

Nikolai Alekseevich Sokolov

He discovered footprints, bone fragments, pieces of clothing, jewels, other fragments, but did not find the remains of the royal family.

According to the modern investigator, V.N. Solovyov, manipulation with the corpses of the royal family because of the sluggishness of the Red Army teams would not fit into any schemes of the smartest investigator on particularly important cases. The subsequent onset of the Red Army reduced the search time. Version N.A. Sokolova consisted that the corpses were dismembered and burned. On this version, those who denied the authenticity of the royal remains are based.

Another group of written sources are the memories of the participants in the execution of the royal family. They often contradict each other. They clearly traced the desire to exaggerate the role of authors in this atrocity. Among them - "Possed by Ya.M. Yurovsky, "which was dictated by the Jurovsky head keeper of party secrets Academician M.N. Pokrovsky back in 1920, when information about the investigation of N.A. Sokolova has not appeared in print.

Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky

In the 60s Son Ya.M. Yurovsky handed over to the museum and archive of copies of the memories of his father, so that his "feat" was not lost in the documents.
The memories of the head of the Ural Workers' squad, a member of the Bolsheviks Party since 1906, the NKVD officer since 1920, paragraphs Ermakova, who was instructed to organize burial, for he, as a local resident, knew the surroundings well. Ermakov said that the corpses burned to the ashes, and the ashes were buried. Its memories contain many actual errors that are refuted by the testimony of other witnesses. Memories refer to 1947. It was important for the author to prove that the commissioning of the Ekaterinburg Executive Committee: "Shot and Surgery So that no one and never their corpses," the graves do not exist.

A largest confusion also created the Bolshevik leadership, trying to check the traces of the crime.

It was originally assumed that in the Urals Romanovs will be waiting for the court. In Moscow, the materials were collected, the prosecutor was preparing to become ld. Trotsky. But civil war exacerbated the situation.
At the beginning of the summer, 1918, it was decided to take a tsarist family from Tobolsk, as the Soviet Soviet was headed by Esers.

Transfer of the family of Romanov Ekaterinburg Chekistam

It did on behalf of Ya. M. Sverdlov Extraordinary Commissioner of the All-Russian Emergency Commissioner (He is - Yakovlev, Stanovich).

Nicholas II with daughters in Tobolsk

In 1905 he became famous as a member of one of the most daring gangs, which robbed trains. Subsequently, all the militants - the colleagues of the muck - were arrested, put in prison or shot. He is also managed to escape abroad with gold and jewels. Until 1917, he lived on Capri, where he was familiar with Lunacharsky and Gorky, sponsored underground schools and the printing house of the Bolsheviks in Russia.

Myakin tried to send the royal train from Tobolsk to Omsk, but the detachment of Yekaterinburg Bolsheviks, accompanying the composition, learning about the change in the route, blocked the road with machine guns. The Ural Council has repeatedly demanded to give the royal family at their disposal. Mother, with the approval of Sverdlov, was forced to give up.

Konstantin Alekseevich Myakin

Nicholas II with his family was taken to Yekaterinburg.

This fact reflects confrontation in the Bolshevik environment on the question of who and how to solve the fate of the royal family. With any scenario, it is hardly possible to hope for a humane outcome, given the mood and a track record of people who have decisions.
Another memories appeared in 1956 in Germany. They belong to I.P. Maeer, who was sent to Siberia as a prisoner soldier Austrian army, but the Bolsheviks freed him, and he joined the Red Guard. Since Meyer knew foreign languages, he became an authorized person of the International Brigade in the Ural Military District and worked in the Mobilization Department of the Soviet Ural Management.

I.P. Meyer was an eyewitness shot of the royal family. His memories complement the picture shot by substantial details, details, including the names of the participants, their role in this atrocity, but do not allow contradictions that arose in previous sources.

Later, writing sources began to be complemented by material. So, in 1978, Geologist A. Avdonin found burial. In 1989, he and M. Kochurov, as well as the filmmature of Ryabov told about their opening. In 1991, the dust was recovered. On August 19, 1993, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation opened a criminal case in connection with the detection of Ekaterinburg remains. The investigation began to lead the prosecutor-criminalist of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation V.N. Solovyov.

In 1995 V.N. Solovyuva managed to get 75 negatives in Germany, which were made on hot pursuit in the Ipatiev house by investigator Sokolov and were considered lost forever: toys Tsarevich Alexey, the bedroom of the Great Prince, a shot room and other details. Unknown scripts of Materials N.A. were also delivered to Russia Sokolova.

Material sources allowed to answer the question whether the burial of the royal family existed, and whose remains were discovered under Yekaterinburg. For this, numerous scientific research was conducted, in which more than a hundred most authoritative Russian and foreign scientists took part.

To identify the remains, the latest methods were used, including expertise on DNA, in which some of the currently reigning personnel and other genetic relatives of the Russian emperor were assisted. To eliminate any doubts about the conclusions of numerous examinations, the remains of Georgy Alexandrovich, his brother Nicholas II, were exemppeded.

Georgy Aleksandrovich Romanov

Modern achievements of science helped to restore the picture of the events, despite some discrepancies in writing sources. This gave the opportunity to the Government Commission to confirm the identity of the remains and decently buried Nicholas II, the Empress, the Three Grand Duzhon and the courtiers.

There is another controversial issue associated with the tragedy of July 1918. For a long time it was believed that the decision on the execution of the royal family was adopted in Yekaterinburg the local authorities at their own risk and risk, and Moscow learned about this after the sighted fact. This must be clarified.

According to memories I.P. Meyer, on July 7, 1918, a meeting of the Rev QUCOM, at which A.G. was chaired Beloborov. He suggested sending F. Goloshchekin to Moscow and get the decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the WTCIK, since the Ural Council cannot solve the fate of Romanov.

It was also suggested to give Gulchochkin to the accusative paper with the statement of the position of the Ural authorities. However, by a majority of votes, the resolution of F. Goloshcheyukin was adopted that Romanovs deserve death. Holyurekin, like an old buddy Ya.M. Sverdlova, was still commoded to Moscow for consultation with the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Chairman of the Sverdlov VTCIK.

Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov

July 14, F. Goloshchekin at a meeting of the revolutionary tribunal made a report on his trip and talks about the negotiations with Ya.M. Sverdlovy about the Romanovs. VTCIK did not want the king and his family to be delivered to Moscow. The Ural Council and the local revolutionary headquarters should decide what to do with them. But the decision of the Ural Revkoma was already made in advance. So Moscow did not objected to Gulchochkin.

E.S. Radzinsky published a telegram from Yekaterinburg, in which a few hours before the killing of the royal family about the upcoming campaign reported V.I. Lenin, Ya.M. Sverdlov, G.E. Zinoviev. Safarov and F. Goloshchekin, who sent this telegram, asked urgently to inform if there were no objections. Judging by further events, no objections followed.

The answer to the question, but by whose decision was predicted by the execution of the royal family, LD was also given. Trotsky in the memoirs belonging to 1935: "Liberals were inclined, as if, to the fact that the Ural Executive Committee, cut from Moscow, acted independently. This is not true. The decision was made in Moscow. " Trotsky reported that he offered an open lawsuit to achieve a wide propaganda effect. The process of the process was to be transmitted throughout the country and commented every day.

IN AND. Lenin to this idea reacted positively, but expressed doubts about her feasibility. Time could not be enough. Later, Trotsky found out from Sverdlov about the execution of the royal family. To the question: "And who solved?" Ya.M. Sverdlov replied: "We solved here. Ilyich believed that it was impossible to leave us a live banner, especially in the current difficult conditions. " These diary records ld Trotsky was not intended for publication, they did not respond "on the evil of the day," they were not expressed in controversy. The degree of reliability of presentation in them is great.

Lev Davydovich Trotsky

There is another refinement LD. Trotsky, concerning the authorship of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe rearbide. In the drafts of unfinished heads of biography I.V. Stalin he wrote about the meeting of Sverdlov with Stalin, where the last one spoke for the death sentence of the king. At the same time, Trotsky relied not to his own memories, but quoted memoirs to the West of the Soviet functionar of the conversational. These data need verification.

Message J.M. Sverdlov at a meeting of the Central Executive Committee on July 18 on the shooting of the Romanov family was encountered by applause and recognizing that the Ural Regional Council received in the established situation. And at a meeting of SCNLov, Sverdlov announced this by the way, without causing any discussion.

The most complete ideological rationale for the shootings of the royal family with elements of Paphos was outlined by Trotsky: "Essentially, the decision was not only appropriate, but also necessary. The severity of the reprisal showed everyone that we will fight mercilessly, without stopping before. The execution of the royal family was needed not just to confuse, terrible, deprive the hopes of the enemy, but also in order to shake their own rows, show that there is no digression that there is no complete victory or full of death. In the intelligent circles of the party, probably there were doubts and swinging their heads. But the masses of workers and soldiers did not doubt a minute: they would not understand any other decision and would not accept. This Lenin felt well: the ability to think and feel behind the mass and with the mass was in a higher inherent in him, especially on great political turns ... "

The fact of execution is not only a king, but also his wife and children have tried to hide the Bolsheviks for some time, and even from their own. So, one of the prominent diplomats of the USSR, A.A. Ioffe, officially reported only about the execution of Nicholas II. He did not know anything about his wife and children of the king and thought they were alive. His requests to Moscow did not give results, and only from the informal conversation with F.E. Dzerzhinsky he managed to learn the truth.

"Let Jofoff know nothing," said Dzerzhinsky, Vladimir Ilyich, "he will be easier to lie there in Berlin ..." Text of the telegram about the execution of the royal family, they intercepted the White Guards, who joined Ekaterinburg. Investigator Sokolov deciphered and published it.

Tsarist Family on the left - right: Olga, Alexander Fedorovna, Alexey, Maria, Nicholas II, Tatiana, Anastasia

It is of interest to the fate of people involved in the elimination of Romanov.

F.I. Golosholekin (Isaai Guloshkin), (1876-1941), Secretary of the Ural Regional Committee and a member of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the Military Commissioner of the Ural Military District, was arrested on October 15, 1939 at the direction of L.P. Beria and Shot as the enemy of the people October 28, 1941

A.G. Beloborod (1891-1938), Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Council, participated in the twentieth years in the internal party struggle on the side of L.D. Trotsky. Beloborogene was provided by Trotsky his housing, when the latter was evicted from the Kremlin apartment. In 1927, he was excluded from VKP (b) for fractional activities. Later, in 1930, Beloborodova was restored in the party as a repentant oppositionist, but it did not save him. In 1938 he was repressed.

As for the direct member of the execution, Ya.M. Yurovsky (1878-1938), a member of the College Regional CC, it is known that his daughter Rimma suffered from repression.

Assistant Jurovsky on the "House of Special Forces" P.L. Zaovki (1888-1927), the People's Commissar of Supply in the Government of the Urals, when appointing in 1924, the Ambassador of the USSR could not receive Agreman in Poland for a long time, since his personality was associated with the execution of the royal family.

Peter Lazarevich Vokov

G.V. Chicherin gave the Polish authorities but this occasion is a characteristic explanation: "... hundreds and thousands of fighters for freedom of the Polish people who died during the century on the royal gallows and in Siberian prisons, otherwise they would have to be detected from the destruction of Romanovs than it could be concluded Your messages. " In 1927 P.L. Forge was killed in Poland with one of the monarchists for participating in the massacre over the royal family.

Another name is of interest in the list of persons who participated in the execution of the royal family. It is imma. The leader of the Hungarian events of 1956 was in Russia, where in 1918 he joined the RCP (b), then served in the Special Department of the Chechki, later collaborated with the NKVD. However, in his autobiography, it is stated not to stay not in the Urals, but in Siberia, in the region of Verkhneudinsk (Ulan-Ude).

Until March 1918, he was in the camp of prisoners of war in Berezovka, he entered the Red Guard in March, participated in battles on Baikal. In September 1918, his detachment, located on the Soviet-Mongolian border, in Troitskosavsk, was then disarmed and arrested by Czechoslovaki in Berezovka. Then he found himself in a military town near Irkutsk. From the biographical reference, it can be seen how the movable lifestyle was in the territory of Russia the future leader of the Hungarian Communist Party during the execution of the royal family.

In addition, the information specified by them in autobiography did not always correspond to personal data. However, direct evidence of the involvement of Imre Nadia, and not his likely namesake, to the execution of the royal family, are currently not traced.

Conclusion in the house of Ipatiev

house of Ipatiev

Romanov and their servants in the house of Ipatiev

The family of Romanov placed in the "House of Special Purpose" - a requisited mansion of the military engineer retired N. N. Ipatiev. Here with the family of Romanov, Dr. E. S. Botkin, Camera Lacia A. E. Torprop, Maid Empress A. S. Demidov, Covar I. M. Kharitonov and Cook Leonid Sednev.

House is good, clean. We were allocated to four rooms: the bedroom is angular, restroom, near the dining room with windows in the garden and overlooking the lowland part of the city, and, finally, the spacious hall with an arc without doors. As follows: Alix [Empress], Maria and I are three of the bedroom, the restroom is general, in the dining room - n [Utah] Demidov, in the hall - Botkin, Somodurov and Sednev. Near the entrance room of the guard officer. Karaul was placed in two rooms near the dining room. To go to the bathroom and W.C. [Watercloset], you need to go past the watch at the door of the guard room. Around the house built a very high down fence in two seedlings from the windows; There was a chain of watch, in kindergarten too.

The royal family spent in the last 78 days.

A. D. Avdeev was appointed Komentant "House of Special Forces".

Shot

From the memories of the participants of the execution, it is known that they did not know in advance how "execution" will be carried out. Different options were offered: to ride arrested by daggers during sleep, throw the room with garnets with them, shoot. According to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, the question of the procedure for the "execution" was solved with the participation of ULOLLC employees.

At 1 o'clock, 30 minutes from July 16, July 17, a truck was arrived at the House of Ipatiev for the transport of corpses, which was late for an hour and a half. After that, Botkin's doctor was awakened, which was reported to all urgently move down due to anxious situation in the city and the danger to remain on the top floor. The fees went about 30 to 40 minutes.

Evgeny Botkin, Life Medic Ivan Kharitonov, cook Alexey Torpropp, Campner Anna Demidova, Maid

they switched to the semi-base room (Alexey, who could not go, Nikolai II of the hand in his arms). There were no chairs in the mixture, then at the request of Alexandra Fedorovna, two chairs were brought. Alexandra Fyodorovna and Alexey sat on them. The rest are located along the wall. Yurovsky introduced a focusing team and read the sentence. Nicholas II managed only to ask: "What?" (Other sources transmit the last words of Nicholas as "ah?" Or "How, how? Re-read"). Yurovsky gave the team, a random shooting began.

Facials could not immediately kill Alexey, Nikolai II daughters, Maidnotees A. S. Demidov, Dr. E. S. Botkin. Anastasia crying rang out, Demidov's maid rose to his feet, Alexey was alive for a long time. Some of them were shot dead; Survived, according to the investigation, he finished the bayonet P. Z. Yermakov.

According to the memories of Yurovsky, the shooting was disorderly: many were probably shot from the neighboring premises, through the threshold, and the bullets were bouncing with a ricochet from the stone wall. At the same time, one of the squambles were easily wounded ("the bullet of someone from the shooters came from behind my head, and I don't remember, I don't remember, my hand, my hand, did not hit the finger and shot").

According to T. Manakova, during the execution, the rising two dogs of the royal family were also killed - French Bully Bully Tatiana and Royal Spaniel Jimmy (Jammy) Anastasia. The third dog - Alexei Nikolayevich Spanieel, named Joy - life was saved, as she did not take it away. Spaniel later took to himself Guard Lethemin, who because of this was identified and arrested white. Subsequently, according to the story of Bishop Vasily (Rodzianko), Joy was taken to the UK an emigrant officer and transferred to the British royal family.

After execution

Battle of Ipatiev's houses in Yekaterinburg, where the royal family was shot. GA RF

From the speech of Ya. M. Yurovsky in front of old Bolsheviks in Sverdlovsk in 1934

The younger generation may not understand us. They can reproach that we killed girls, killed the boy's heir. But today, the girls' girls would grow up ... in whom?

In order to drown out the shots, near the house of Ipatiev, a truck was brought, but the shots in the city were still heard. In the materials of Sokolov, there are, in particular, the testimony about this two random witnesses, the peasant Buvid and the night Storage Tsetsegov.

According to Richard Pipes, immediately after that, Yurovsky rigidly stops attempting to store the jewelry discovered by them, threatening the execution. After that, he instructed P. S. Medvedev to organize the cleaning of the premises, and he left for the destruction of the corpses.

The exact text of the sentence spoken by Yurovsky before execution is unknown. In the materials of the investigator N. A. Sokolov, there are testimony of the prequering guard Yakimov, who claimed, with reference to the Security Council observed for this scene, that Yurovsky said: "Nikolai Aleksandrovich, your relatives tried to save you, but they did not have to. And we are forced to shoot you yourself. "

M. A. Medvedev (Kudrin) described this scene as follows:

Mikhail Alexandrovich Medvedev-Kudrin

- Nikolay Alexandrovich! Attempts by your like-minded people save you were not crowned with success! And so, in a hard manner for the Soviet Republic ... - Jacob Mikhailovich increases the voice and hand rubs the air: - ... the mission is entrusted to us to end the romanian home!

In the memoirs of Assistant Jurovsky, P. Nikulina, this episode is presented: Comrade Yurovsky said such a phrase that:

"Your friends are coming to Yekaterinburg, and therefore you are sentenced to death."

Yurovsky himself could not remember the exact text: "... I immediately, as far as I remember, I said about the next following that his royal relatives and close to both in the country and abroad, they tried to release him, and that the Council of Workers' Deputies decided to shoot them "

On July 17, during the day, several members of the Uloblovet Executive Committee contacted Moscow on Telegraph (on the telegram marked that she was adopted at 12 o'clock) and reported that Nikolai II was shot, and his family was evacuated. Editor of the Ural Worker, a member of the Uloblsove Executive Committee V. Vorobyov later argued that they were "it was not very necessary when they approached the device: the former king was shot by the decision of the Presidium of the regional council, and it was not known how this" self-government "will react Central power ... ". The accuracy of this testimony, wrote G. Z. Ioffe, is not verified.

The investigator N. Sokolov argued that they found the encrypted telegram of the Chairman of the Uzoblly Commander A. Beloborodov to Moscow, dated on July 17, which was allegedly able to decipher only in September 1920. It was reported: "Secretary of the Sovnarkom N. P. Gorbunov: Pass Sverdlov that the whole family has suffered the same fate as the chapter. Officially, the family will perish with evacuation. " Sokolov did the conclusion: it means that in the evening of July 17, Moscow knew about the death of the entire royal family. However, in the minutes of the meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee on July 18, only about the execution of Nicholas II.

Destruction and disposal of remains

Ganinic ravines - the burial place of Romanov

Yurovsky version

According to the memoirs of Yurovsky, he went to the mine at three nights on July 17. Yurovsky reports that, must be Gulchochkin instructed to carry out the burial of P. Z. Yermakov however, it was not so smooth, as it would like to: Ermakov brought too many people as a funeral team ("Why so much, I still don't know , I heard only individual cries, - we thought that we would give them here alive, and here, it turns out, dead "); Truck stuck; The great princess jewelry was discovered in the clothes, some of the people of Ermakov began to assign them. Yurovsky ordered to apply to the guards truck. The bodies overloaded to the spars. In the way and about the scheduled for the burial of the mine met outsiders. Yurovsky highlighted people to catch the area, as well as to communicate in the village that in the area there are Czechoslovaki and that it is prohibited from the village under the threat of execution. In an effort to get rid of the presence of an overly big funeral team, he refers part of people to the city "as unnecessary." Orders to decompose fires to burn clothes as a possible material proof.

From the memories of Yurovsky (ORFography stored):

On the daughters there were bodies, so well made from solid diamond and other valuable stones, which were not only contained for values, but at the same time protective armor.

That is why neither bullets nor the bayonet have given results when shooting and blowing the bayonet. In these of their deathflows, by the way, besides them, no one is no longer anyone. These values \u200b\u200bturned out to be only about (sex) Pone. The greed was so great that in Alexander Fedorovna, by the way, was just a huge piece of round golden wire, bent in the form of a bracelet, weighing about the pound ... those parts of the values \u200b\u200bthat were detected during excavations were undoubtedly sewn separately and when burning remained In the ashes of fires.

After the removal of values \u200b\u200band burning clothes, the corpses in the mine were dismissed at the fires, however, "... New Moroka. Water is a slightly covered body, what's there? ". The funeral team was unsuccessfully tried to enjoy the mine with grenades ("bombs"), after which Yurovsky, according to him, finally came to the conclusion that the burial of the corpses were failing because they were easily discovered and, moreover, witnesses were that something happened here . Leaving the security and taking value, about two hours in the afternoon (in an earlier version of the memories - "hours at 10-11 am") July 17, Yurovsky went to the city. He arrived in the uloblybolkol, reported on the situation. Gulchochkin called Ermakov and sent to extract corpses. Yurovsky went to the city executive committee to his chairman S. E. Chutkayev for the Council regarding the place for the burial. Chutskayev reported on deep abandoned mines on the Moscow tract. Yurovsky went to inspect these mines, but it was not possible to immediately get to the place because of the vehicle breakdown, it was necessary to go on foot. Returned on requisited horses. During this time, another plan appeared - burn corpses.

Yurovsky was not quite confident that burning will be successful, therefore, as an option still remained a plan for the burial of corpses in the mines of the Moscow tract. In addition, he had a thought in case of any failure to bury the body with groups in different places on a clay road. Thus, there were three options. Yurovsky went to the Commissioner of the Ural Zhakov's supply to get gasoline or kerosene, as well as sulfuric acid to disfigure faces, and shovels. After receiving it, immersed at the training and sent to the location of the corpses. There they sent a truck. Yurovsky himself remained waiting for a twin, "Special" by burning, "and waited for 11 o'clock in the evening, but he did not come, because as Yurovsky found out later, fell from a horse and damaged his leg. The watches at 12 Night Yurovsky, not counting on the reliability of the car, went to the place where the bodies were killed, riding, but this time the other horse gave her leg, so he could not move an hour.

Yurovsky arrived at night. We walked on the removal of bodies. Yurovsky decided to get buried several corpses on the road. By dawn on July 18, the pit was almost ready, but a foreign person appeared nearby. I had to refuse this plan. Having waited for the evening, plunged on the cart (the truck was waiting at such a place where he should not get stuck). Then we drove on the truck, and he stuck. Midnight approached, and Yurovsky decided that it was necessary to bury somewhere here, as it was dark and no one could witness the burial.

... Everything so devils are tired that they didn't want to dig a new grave, but, as always in such cases, the two-three came to work, then others started, the bonfire was built, and while the grave was preparing, we burned two corpses: Alexey And by mistake instead of Alexandra Fedorovna burned, obviously, Demidov. At the burden of burning, the pit was pulled out, lay the bones, stumbled, again lit a big bonfire and all sorts of traces hid aside.

Before folding the rest of the corpses in the pit, we poured them with sulfuric acid, the pit was filled, the sleepers were closed, the truck was empty, somewhat raised the sleepers and put the point.

I. Rodzinsky and M. A. Medvedev (Kudrin) (Medvedev, on his own admission, were also left their memories of the burial of the corpses (Kudrin) (Medvedev, who was personally did not participate in the burial personally and retracted the events from the words of Jurovsky and Rodzinsky). According to the memories of Rodzinsky himself:

The place where the remnants of the alleged bodies of the Romanov were found

We now lit up this bog. She is deep God knows where. Well, here the part laid these the most darkens and began to fill with sulfuric acid, disfigured everything, and then all this in a quagger. Nearby was the railway. We brought rotten sleepers, the pendulum was laid, through the bole. Spasched these sleepers in the form of a bridge of such an abandoned through the bog, and the rest at some distance began to burn.

But I remember, Nikolai was burned, was this very Botkin, I can not tell you now, now the memory is already. How much we burned, or four, or five, whether six people burned. Who, it's already accurately I do not remember. Here Nicholas I remember exactly. Botkin and, in my opinion, Alexey.

Execution without trial and consequences of the king, his wife, children, including minors, became another step but the path of lawlessness, neglect of human life, terror. With the help of violence, many problems of the Soviet state began to be resolved. Unleashed terror Bolsheviks themselves often became his victims.
The burial of the last Russian emperor after eighty years after the execution of the royal family is another indicator of contradictory and unpredictability of Russian history.

"Temple on the blood" on the site of the house of Ipatiev

Shot was not, and all the female half of the royal family was taken to Germany. But the documents are still classified ...

For me, this story began in November 1983. I then worked as a photoconduct of one French agency and was sent to the summit of the heads of state and governments to Venice. There, I accidentally met the Italian colleague, who, having learned that I was Russian, I showed me a newspaper (it seems that it was "La Republik"), dated the day of our meeting. In the article to which the Italian drew my attention, it was about the fact that a certain nun died in a very old age, a sister Pascaline. Later I found out that this woman occupied an important post in a Vatican hierarchy when daddy Xii (1939 -1958), but not the essence.

Mystery of the Iron Lady Vatican

This sister Pascaline, who heard the honorary nickname of the "Iron Lady" of the Vatican, called the notary with two witnesses before his death and in their presence, I was given the information that she did not want to carry into the grave: one of the daughters of the last Russian king Nicholas II - Olga - was not Shot by the Bolsheviks on the night from July 16 to July 17, 1918, but lived a long life and was buried in the cemetery in the village of Marcotte in the north of Italy.

After the summit, I and the Italian friend, who was me and a driver, and a translator, went to this village. We found a cemetery and this grave. It was written on the stove in German: "Olga Nikolaevna, the eldest daughter of the Russian king Nikolai Romanova" - and the dates of life: "1895 - 1976." We talked with a cemetery watchman and his wife: they, like all villagers, perfectly remembered Olga Nikolaevna, knew who she was so, and were confident that Russian Great Princess was under the protection of the Vatican.

This strange find is extremely interested in me, and I decided to figure it out in all the circumstances of the shooting. And in general, was he?

I have every reason to assume that there was no shooting. On the night of July 16, July 17, all the Bolsheviks and them, sympathetically left the railway to Perm. Outlou in Yekaterinburg, leaflets were disclosed with a report that the royal family from the city was taken away - so it was. Soon the city took white. Naturally, the Investigation Commission was formed "in the case of the disappearance of the sovereign Nikolai II, Empress, Cesarevich and the Grand Duzhon," which did not find any convincing traces of execution.

The investigator Sergeyev in 1919 spoke in an interview with one American newspaper: "I don't think everything was executed here - and the king, and his family. In my opinion, the Empress, Tsarevich and the Grand Duchess were executed in the house of Ipatiev." Such a conclusion did not suit the Admiral Kolchak, who by the time the "Supreme Ruler of Russia" had already proclaimed himself. And the truth, why is the "Supreme" of some emperor? Kolchak ordered to assemble the second investigative brigade, which comes to the point that in September 1918, the Empress and the Grand Princesses were kept in Perm. Only the third investigator, Nikolai Sokolov (led the case from February to May 1919), turned out to be defiant and issued an on-Mount of a well-known conclusion that the whole family was shot, the corpses are dismembered and burned on the bonfires. "The part does not give in to the action," wrote falcons, "destroyed with sulfuric acid." What was the hardest in 1998 in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in this case? Let me remind you that soon after the start of perestroika on the piglet log under Yekaterinburg, some skeletons were found. In 1998, in the generic tomb of Romanov, they were solemnly reburied by numerous genetic examination. And the guarantor of the authenticity of the royal remains was the secular power of Russia represented by President Boris Yeltsin. But the Russian Orthodox Church refused to recognize the bones of the remains of the royal family.

But back in the times of the Civil War. According to my data, in Perm, the royal family was divided. The path of the female part was lying in Germany, the men - Nikolai Romanova himself and Tsarevich Alexei - left in Russia. Father and son kept for a long time under Serpukhov on the former dacha of the merchant Konshin. Later in the NKVD reports, this place was known as the "object N 17". Most likely, Tsarevich died in 1920 from hemophilia. Regarding the fate of the last Russian emperor, I can not say anything. In addition to one: in the 1930s, the "object N 17" visited Stalin twice. Does this mean that in those years Nikolai II was still alive?

Men left hostages

To understand why the XXI century events are possible from the point of view of the XXI century and find out who they needed, will have to return to 1918 again from the school year of the Brest World. Yes, on March 3 in Brest-Litovsk between Soviet Russia on the one hand and Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, a peace treaty was concluded. Russia lost Poland, Finland, Baltic States and part of Belarus. But not because of this, Lenin called the Brest world "humiliating" and "sick." By the way, the full text of the contract has not yet been published in the East or in the West. I believe that because of the secret conditions available in it. Probably, Kaiser, who was a relative of Empress Mary Fodorovna, demanded to convey Germany of all women of the royal family. The girls did not have rights to the Russian throne and, therefore, could not threaten the Bolsheviks. Men stayed hostage - as guarantors that the German army does not fall east further than spelled out in a peace treaty.

What was then? How was the fate of women exported to the West? Was therecing their silence with a prerequisite for their immunity? Unfortunately, I have more questions than answers.

By the way

Romanov and false Romanov

In different years, more than a hundred "wonderfully saved" Romanovs appeared in the world. And in some periods and in some countries there were so many that they even arranged meetings. The most famous false Anastasia - Anna Anderson, who announced himself with his daughter Nicholas II in 1920, the Supreme Court of Germany finally refused to her only 50 years later. The latest in time "Anastasia" - Tsvetny Natalia Petrovna Bilodze, who continued to play this old play as much as in 2002!