When the responsibility enters the contradiction with the desires of buyers, we are often asked: "Why does Whole Foods Market sells some not the most useful products?" Good question: we have both quality standards that do not give us to sell many products and desire

Selection of correct keywords in the CMS ad team for the success of a group of ads with targeting on the CMC is necessary that the keywords contained in it indicate a specific topic. These are words, often mentioned on the pages that, in your opinion, most

4. Create a Working Group. Invite the action plan. Invite the Working Group of the Action Plan - this will facilitate joint activities. The procedure may be as follows (if necessary, discuss it

Selection companies in group 10? We applied three comprehensive selection principles to allocate for the study exclusively successful companies: 1. These companies have reached outstanding results, during the observation period, they became obvious winners in the stock market and in

Visualization makes a working group smarter for the work of groups, and point of view is important for holding meetings, and promising thinking. If all participants in the group are equally aware of the goal, their work will be more efficient. If the group can see different

84. A generalized risk index and a risk matrix 5? 5 Tools "What should be used before resorting to the" Sun and Tuchi "diagram?", - You may ask you. A lot of other tools used to estimate risks, each of which

Group companies have enough titles and even more definitions. We will define and we are with this concept to be clear about what groups will be discussed in the present work.

A group of companies are organized and / or controlled by one or more people of two or more independent economic entities related or unrelated by legal or other relations managed from one center in order to profit.

Such a definition of a group of companies (hereinafter - the Group), according to the author, actually reflects the Russian specifics of groups. Based on this definition, the group may consist of a minimum of two economic entities, and the maximum number of participants in the group is not limited. The number of participants in the groups of companies can reach several million.
The group may include Russian and foreign individuals, individuals and legal entities, between which relationships can be fixed legally, and may not be fixed in this way. The main, organizing group factor, is to manage the Unified Center.

For example, in Russia in trade among small groups of companies, the following structure of ownership is widespread. The organizers and business owners are located in one of the country's regions. To distribute products in other regions, they either establish business companies or organize trade through individual entrepreneurs, using the benefits of preferential taxation systems. At the same time, locals become founders and directors of regional structures, as well as individual entrepreneurs. The owners control the regional business supplies of the goods, without which regional structures simply do not have to do. The revenues from the business legally not belonging to them are transferred to the desired destination by using certain treaties with the participation of dubious organizations, well, and, of course, simply in bags and bags.
If we design a model of the ownership structure of a similar group, then it can be noted that the owners of the trading business may not be legally denoted in any regions, but in fact they own and manage the entire group. No Holding and Financial and Industrial Groups. A legally group is not visible to the state, but it exists, and it is possible to determine it on managing from a single center.

Large groups of companies are no exception. Even those that, due to certain reasons (IPO, the implementation of external borrowing in other forms) made their ownership structures transparent for third parties, have a certain latent part of the business, which is not legally related to the structure disclosed. This is achieved, for example, with the use of trusts, offshore companies and nominee.

In more detail about the groups, the principles of their construction, management, as well as a lot of other, the reader can learn from other books of the Series of the Group of Companies. Now we will concentrate on the owners of groups - individuals. This will help us with the following scheme:

Owners of groups of companies

1.1. "Employees"

This category of business owners is quite small and represented by members of production cooperatives and shareholders - employees of the so-called "national enterprises". According to different estimates, at the moment there are no more than 150-200 national enterprises in Russia and there is even such an organization as the Russian Union of People's Enterprises (RSNP). Today, the RSNP includes more than 50 industrial enterprises of various sectors of the economy, most of whom are national enterprises created by transforming open joint-stock companies in accordance with the Federal Law of July 19, 1998 No. 115-FZ "On the peculiarities of the legal status of joint-stock employees (folk enterprises ) ".

Production cooperatives (agricultural artels, fishing artels, cooperative farms, other forms) and "People's Enterprises" are practically not used to build groups. There are, of course, the exceptions to which the rules are related to, for example, the first national enterprise of Russia Closed Joint-Stock Company employees "People's Enterprise Embankment-Chelin Cardboard and Paper Combine", consisting of several manufacturing enterprises. The same thing at one time could be said about MNTK "Microsurgery Eyes" (Institute S. Födorov). Perhaps there are still some groups of companies, which contains people's enterprises or production cooperatives, but there are practically nothing unknown about them.

The very idea of \u200b\u200battracting workers to business management, in principle, is not bad, since one of its main goals is the removal of social tension. The contrast division of society on rich and poor in modern conditions forces the economies of developed countries to look for more flexible forms of business. Here, it is just possible to use the formation of the middle class of owners.

So, in China, the property of employees - collective and collective-share - has a steady growth trend. In 1992, her share in industry exceeded 38%. In Europe, there are more than 14 thousand companies in Europe, which fully transmitted work personnel. In the US, about 500 largest companies sold their employees on preferential conditions from 20 to 40 (in some cases up to 50-60) percent of the shares. And over 11 million Americans (12 percent of US workforce) are already co-owners-owners of their enterprises within the framework of legislatively approved by the US Senate Special Programs, in particular the ICOP program adopted in 1974.
In Russia, the situation is still quite different. And it's not even that we have a small amount of this kind of organizations - this is a consequence. Just the level of the economy is not yet the collective enterprises to have chances to survive in modern Russian conditions. The redistribution of property in Russia is still far from completed and, in particular, the people's enterprises are a tuning piece for those who want to convince someone else's account. After all, ideally, folk enterprises with a hard-in form of control of employees over operational management do not allow to bring resources through offshore companies and other mechanisms for foreign accounts of management, and, on the contrary, contribute to an increase in the cost of the production and social base. This is where the hunters for someone's good appear.

Russian legislation also does not contribute to the creation of national enterprises, since the law on national enterprises mentioned above allows for the only way to create them - by transforming a commercial organization. At the same time cannot be transformed into national enterprises: 1) state and municipal unitary enterprises; and 2) OJSC whose employees own less than 49% of the authorized capital. Where is it now to find such JSC in which employees own 49% and more authorized capital? Well, and, of course, cannot be transformed into folk enterprises non-profit organizations.

It is impossible not to say about one aspect, in no way contributing to the increase in the number and increase in the efficiency of the work of people's enterprises. Management and control of business is very subtle art. Employees - shareholders all day fulfill their production functions at their workplaces. But how to manage and control the activities of the leadership? Where to take knowledge and skills? With the control, partly understandable: you can, if you're lucky, find the right managerial. However, how to control it so that financial flows do not flow past owners - workers? Below in subsection 6.3.3. This work is given an approximate mechanism for monitoring the owners over the business, but here's how this control will build and implement "employees"? Very big question!

And finally, before drawing a portrait of one of several types of business owners - "Employee", a few words about the basic legal peculiarities of popular enterprises:

Employees of the national enterprise should belong to the number of shares of the national enterprise, the nominal value of which is more than 75 percent of its authorized capital.

Employees of the people's enterprise, more than 45 percent of the authorized capital of which belongs to individuals who are not his employees, and / or legal entities should belong to the number of shares of the national enterprise, the nominal value of which is more than 75 percent of the authorized capital, no later than the end date of the tenth financial of the year after the year of creating a people's enterprise.

Employees of the people's enterprise, from 35 to 45 percent of the authorized capital of which belongs to individuals who are not his employees, and / or legal entities should belong to the number of shares of the people's enterprise, the nominal value of which is more than 75 percent of the authorized capital, no later than the end date Fifth fiscal year after the year of creating a people's enterprise.

The share of the national enterprise shares in the total number of shares, which can be owned together at the time of its creation, the participants of the transformed commercial organization who are not its employees should be less than 25 percent of the statutory capital of the people's enterprise, if the agreement on the creation of a people's enterprise is not provided otherwise.

One shareholder of the national enterprise, which is his employee, can not own the number of shares of the national enterprise, the nominal value of which exceeds 5 percent of the authorized capital of the people's enterprise.

The average number of employees of the people's enterprise cannot be less than 51 people. With a decrease in the specified number, the people's enterprise is obliged to bring it into line with the specified number or transformed into a commercial organization of a different form.

The number of employees who are not shareholders of the people's enterprise, for the reporting fiscal year should not exceed 10 percent of the number of employees of the national enterprise.

Decisions on the main activities of national enterprises are accepted on the principle of "one shareholder - one voice".

Thus, the "worker" - as a business co-owner, a phenomenon in Russian economic life is quite rare. Taking into account the general level of economic and managerial skills of Russian workers with a greater degree of probability, it can be stated that an effective system of management and control over the business "employees" to build is incredibly difficult. This also contributes to the fact that national enterprises are not supported by the state, and they are actually doomed to economic extinction. Such leaders, as the late S. Fydorov, who was able to work out the effective mechanism of interaction between "employees" and the management link, now almost not found. Therefore, "workers" have no one to organize, defend, teach. From here their passive position in the field of business management and control, although legislatively laid the foundations for the more active position of employees as business owners.

1.2. "Random owners"

This category of owners includes people who have become the owners by quite by chance. Before becoming the owners, they did not even think about it. But suddenly, as a result, for example, the privatization of state property or inherited, they received shares or their shares were transferred to economic societies. In such cases, they simply do not know what to do with the property received. From here their complete passive position in relation to the group of companies.

This category of owners often becomes the object of processing raiders, since the "random owners" is the easiest way to buy out shares (shares) of the company. However, and find "random owners" every year becomes more difficult and more difficult, since in this direction not one dozen stakeholders works.

1.2. "Investors"

"Investors" more professionally approach their possession, unlike the "random owners", but also from many other categories of owners. The task of "investors" is profitable to invest and get profitable. They are interested in an exclusively investment aspect. "Investors" acquire shares on stock exchanges, put projects in the over-the-counter market seemingly profitable. Investors are interested, of course, in effective management at the investment facility, but not so much to make efforts to establish control over such management or take part in management. They are passive in terms of management and control, similar to "random owners". The owners of "investors" will remain smooth as much as their investments will be considered effective.

It should be noted that "investors", in turn, are also divided into several categories: institutional, individual, analysts, portfolio.

By the way, it is this category of owners ("Investors") is a quantitative leader among American millionaires. Normal for the state is the situation when, for example, a cook in some eaters in the break between the preparation of dishes calls on the phone to his broker and gives instructions, what stocks to buy which - sell. In principle, here we can talk about the psychology of the nation as a whole.

In this regard, the book "Quadrant of cash flow" of American authors Kiyosaki R.T. And Lecter Sh.L. There are shown indisputable advantages of "investors" compared with other categories of persons participating in business: a) employment; b) those who provide themselves; c) having their own business. The path to financial freedom, according to the authors, is the way to the category of "Investors".

Participation in management and control "Investors" is not necessary in principle. They do not want to take over this burden. A person lives once, and he should not serve money, they must provide him - here is the philosophy of "investors."

1.3. "Invisible"

In many groups of companies, there are deputies, officials, politicians, criminals and other persons who, for different reasons, do not want to be in sight and designated as owners. Instead, their relatives, acquaintances, other persons, or no no one acts as the owners of the owners. Confidentiality here is placed at the head of the corner.

"Invisible" are five categories: "Officials", "Deputies", "Criminals", "Real Owners" and "Other Invisible".

1.3.1. "Officials"

The main problem of "officials", who want to participate in business in one way or another, is that Russian legislation, in particular, the Federal Law of July 27, 2004 No. 79-FZ "On State Civil Service of the Russian Federation" prohibits them to participate in paid The basis in the activities of the management body of a commercial organization (with the exception of certain cases established by law), carry out entrepreneurial activities and acquire in cases established by federal law, securities for which income can be obtained.

Undoubtedly, the specified law does not close for "officials" of all possible ways to participate in business, but certain inconveniences of the "servants of the people" still creates. Therefore, they are trying to participate in business incognito. But the "official" would not be an official if in many cases it would simply see the law, and participation in groups here is no exception.

For example, on the website of the newspaper "Time" provides information according to which the prosecutor's check, which ended in the Sverdlovsk region recently revealed more than 60 cases of combining state posts with entrepreneurial activities. According to the senior assistant to the prosecutor of the regional prosecutor's office, Sergei Morozov, in the founders and management of a number of commercial structures, were listed, in particular, the mayor of Krasnoufimsk, the deputy mayor of Kamensk-Uralsky, a number of heads of district administrations of Yekaterinburg and the ranking of Ring. The income of one of the officials of the Beloyarsky district was only in 1999 amounted to about 700 thousand rubles.

Regarding the Ural officials, it is indicated that according to the information of the Prosecutor's Office of the region, the head of the Treasury in the Central District of the City and the Deputy Chelyabinsk Head of Construction was included. Chairman of the Property Management Committee of the Agapovsky district administration was founded by the Raduga LLP founder, and The head of the administration of Minyar was led by the company "Elista".

However, according to the materials of the site, the inclusive record holder in the number of violated violations looks like Magnitogorsk. Even the head of the city was a founder of several economic societies. And his deputy was the founder in eight commercial organizations, in the two of which it consists of director.
Of course, completely ignore the requirements of the law not only the Ural "officials". Almost all the officials of the brethren, including the highest echelon, settle them. Some of them, and perhaps, many, close the framework of the domestic business, and they are not averse to expand the geography of their own ownership.

It is appropriate to remember the sensational history with the former Minister of the Russian Federation for atomic energy Evgeny Adamov. Thus, RIA has reported that Mr. Adamov, being Minister, combined his state post with the ownership of the following overseas companies:

Energo Pool ("Energo Pool" ("Energo Pool" was registered in January 1993 in Pennsylvania, United States),

Energo Pool ("Energo Pool", registered in November 1997 in the state of Delaware, USA),

"Agloski International Ltd." ("Agloski International Ltd.", registered on the Bahamas),

"CMB", Monaco),

"Omeka" ("Omeka" was registered in 1994 in Pennsylvania, USA).

In general, two categories of "officials" can be distinguished: "Quiet benevolers" and "Gray Cardinals".
The heyday of the "quiet benevolers" was the end of the last century. Perestroika, cooperatives and so on. Without the consent of officials at that time, the step was impossible to step up. Commerce at the beginning of the restructuring did not even know how the rules are playing: the regulations have not been published anywhere, and they have accounted for all the truth and inconsistencies to endure from the judicial authorities and other important instances. On obtaining various kinds of permits, licenses and did not have to talk! Distance between business and officials decreased to a minimum. Now, of course, everything is not already, but here, then there you can witness a new exposure of the "honorary" state husband who illegally engaged in business activities.

The "quiet benevolers" may also include representatives of the state participating in major commercial organizations.

So "officials" it is important to sit quietly, like mice, and get revenues. They are not interested in their rights, management and other technical business issues. They only need to receive and give them, give as long as they are in their place. After the solemn wires retirement, re-election or rapid fall from the height of their post ("in connection with the transition to another job"), "quiet benevolers" some time convulsively try to cling to anyone ability to own a business, but gradually a grip weakens, and they are "disconnected From oxygen. "
"Gray Cardinals" is the second kind of "officials", but not passive, as "quiet benevolers", and active and more powerful. They have little to occupy any state post, position. They are closely closely. They are well protected, thanks to their position, they have countless necessary contacts and most importantly, what they possess - a strong administrative resource.

The whole essence of the "gray cardinals" is subordinate to make money. The rest is just covering, mask, roles. Dring for one or another thread in the complex web of the relationship created by them, they easily change directors in well-known companies, control and distribute financial flows, determine financial policies. Well, and, of course, have the most important thing for them: the ability to receive such income, the digital equivalent of which is not even studied in high school. "Gray Cardinals" - deeply worded in the owner and management echelons of the business of the face whose participation is almost impossible to prove, and few people want to do it.

Unlike the "quiet benevolers", representatives of this category do not suit the formal deals with their position, and they actively use their administrative and creative potential. Possessing a practically limitless administrative resource, "Gray Cardinals" in most cases are the foundation and guarantor of the Group. Without them in the group everything would be different and significantly worse.

For example, at the beginning of the summer of 2006, the media reported the detention of the mayor of Volgograd E. Enhesko. On site 05.06.2006. On this occasion, it was stated that a criminal case was initiated against the Gradorchnik, a criminal case was initiated on three articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - 285 ("abuse of official powers"), 286 ("Exceeding authority") and 289 ("illegal participation in business activities").

It is on the relationship with the representatives of Pyaterochka, according to the author of the specified material, the mayor and regained. During the searches on a yacht worth about 3 million euros belonging to the mayor, the investigators found "secret contracts" of the city and "Pyaterochka", according to which the profits of stores are divided by half - 50% of the owners of the department, as much as the mayor personally, and not the city budget . Such "love" of the city holder and business led to the fact that 60 Pyaterochka's stores appeared in Volgograd on the best platforms of the city. For all other trading networks wishing to build their stores in the city, the officials of the players did not find.

Undoubtedly, the court will establish, the E. Histko is to blame for himself in guilt, or not. We also in connection with the question under consideration, the fact of the participation of the mayor of Volgograd in possession of the business group of companies is interesting. It is hardly possible to call the "gray cardinal" of the group of companies "Pyaterochka" as a whole, but in the territory of Volgograd, he may, and was such, if, of course, the fact of possession of a part of the business network "Pyaterochka" will be installed and Proved in the process of trial.

1.3.2. Deputies

Government men in the representative and legislative bodies of the country have greater freedom of maneurus than "officials", since the legislation does not prohibit them to own shares and shares in economic societies. But many of the "deputies" would not like to designate their belonging to one or another business, as it may be randomly found that they receive income from this business, while the law prohibits them to engage in any paid activity, except for teaching, scientific or other creative activities (see, for example, the Federal Law of May 8, 1994 No. 3-FZ "On the status of a member of the Federation Council and the Status of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation"). In addition, this income needs to declare.

Yes, and then, journalists can raise a hound in the press, they say, such a deputy "caresses" such a business, also the statistics of this deputy at meetings of the state body. It will be not good! So it turns out that the "deputies" have its reason to remain invisible in business.

Here, of course, too, not without exception. For example, many businessmen at a certain stage of business development feel the need for greater protection and great opportunities. Therefore, using one of the possible options to achieve the above, they try to get the mandate of the deputy. Having achieved the goal, these persons are not trying to legally exit the group, which is owned. Everything already knows that they own this group. Why becomes invisible if the law allows you to be in sight?

1.3.3. "Crime"

If "officials" and "deputies" are designed to perform work in the interests of the state, then the "crime" in service does not consist and does not work in state institutions and organizations. Representatives of this category prefer to remain in the shade of either their specific position, or by virtue of the specific situation of the business. And this, in turn, is overwhelmingly in most cases when it comes to some kind of criminal business, as well as in the implementation of legal business, when the norms of tax legislation are grossly violated, or when illegal entrepreneurship is carried out.

A typical example of the Crime business is the trade in consumer goods, vegetables and fruits in large and small markets. All Vietnamese, Chinese, Central Asian and other brethren have huge trading networks for the sale of their goods. If they are forced to legalize any part of their business, then for this purpose they use our compatriots who are far from business and for symbolic remuneration are ready to do anything. The same group of persons can trade in various regions of Russia. A large number of participants, artificial chaos, bribing officials and at the right moments the misunderstanding of the Russian language are trump cards when conducting a shadow business, income from which are calculated billions. You will not find any of these individuals in the founders, directors of Russian organizations. No paper - no responsibility. However, the business is carried out, the Group of Companies is obvious, revenues are regularly divided into the Russian budget, the Office is made from the Unified Center.

1.3.4. "Real owners"

Many actual business owners for confidentiality reasons do not like to be denoted as owners. For the purpose of legal ownership, they prefer to use their relatives, acquaintances or their offshore companies. Such their desire is strengthened when the group consists of a large number of companies, and the business owner is either one or their very little.

Go to the site of any Russian group of companies, which is famous for its openness. Almost any of them you will not find the beneficiary owners of the group or its individual participants. Instead, they can be released on various CJSC and Ltd., in which, if you continue the search for owners, you will get to the next level of CJSC, LLC or offshore companies. Regarding the disclosure of information and confidentiality, read the chapter 7 of this book.
A characteristic example of this type of "invisible", if you believe the media, is B. Berezovsky, who, using offshore companies, performed certain transactions in the territory of the Russian Federation. Thus, American Capital, incorporated on O. Men and controlled by B. Berezovsky, in 1998 acquired the Kommersant newspaper. The director of this island company was Kiya Jurabchyan, Iranian entrepreneur. The same gentleman on behalf of the other offshore company Media, Sports and Investment Limited, registered in August 2004 on O. Men, acquired the leading Brazilian club Corintians (São Paulo). In the construction of financial labyrinths by MSI (Media, Sports and Investment Limited) and other offshore companies: Just Sports, Ggaw, Devetia (all registered on the Isle of Maine) and Global Sports Agency (incorporated in Gibraltar). The Prosecutor's Office of Brazil became interested in the activities of MSI and interrogated Mr. Kiya Jurabgyan and Mr. B. Berezovsky for the origin of funds used to purchase "Corintians". However, Mr. Jurabian refused to inform the names of the owners of the company, saying that he was asked to observe a commercial secret, and that he respects the request of the owners. And Mr. Berezovsky generally denied his connection with MSI. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" in the meantime reported that at present, MSI is 20% owned by R. Abramovich, who is forced to use this company for its football projects, since according to international football laws, one person cannot own several teams.

1.3.5. "Other invisible"

To "other invisible" includes all those who did not fall into any of the above categories of "invisible". They are those business owners who were accidentally legally fixed as owners or their "accidentally" did not designate other owners. This category also includes those owners who deliberately, based on their motives, are trying to be legally invisible. There are such, and there are a lot of them. Someone from "other" can be legally present in the group through proxies, and someone does not use or trusted or attorneeers.

1.4. "Activists"

Activists have always been in any field of activity. Previously, in Soviet times, there were significantly more of them: wherever you go, it's just nowhere to go from activists. Now the times are different, but sometimes there is no no no, let me meet some meticulous, but where they are not waiting for him. Such a few ironic characteristic of "activists" can be given to persons who accidentally received the ownership of the action, shares in economic societies. It suddenly becomes interesting: what it is, how to manage and everything in this vein. And if suddenly such a person will accidentally find out about his shareholder rights (participant), then hold on: no one will leave anyone. They have a lot of noise, but they do not extract much benefit from this noise. They are just "ordinary activists." By the way, it is one of the favorite tactics of Greenmel lovers: to take possession of the minimum stake in the company (share) of the company's company and achieve a permanent intervention in the case of the repurchase of this meager package for a lot of money, and if you succeed, then in general to grab the management of the company in your hands.

But there are "activists" and other kind - "Professional activists". For example, the owner with a smaller fraction in the group to defend its interests professionally and methodically leads to work among other owners, so that with him, despite its smaller share, was considered. In this he helps perseverance and professional approach. And it should be noted that "professional activists" have very strong position in business.

Thus, the "activists" most often there are those persons who have smaller interests in business and are trying to maximize the available opportunities. Another question is that alone do more professionally than others.

1.5. "Managers"

Probably the most numerous class of owners, in any case, in small and in the middle business is "managers". Often they are found in large business. This category includes owners who manage, and managers who own. These two categories can be called "managing owners" and "own managers". They differ from each other because the "managing owners" initially owned and managed their business, and the "owners of the managers" at their time began to work by managers, but subsequently managed to become the owners.

"Manager owners" is important not only to control, but also to manage. Management and control can be implemented formally, through participation in the company's bodies, or informally. Sometimes the "managers" do not want to be legally denoted in the management bodies of the Group and put employees instead of themselves. The problem is that these workshops are not professional managers in principle, as well as the Managers themselves. They are needed only in order to perform the instructions of the "managing owners", "rake" a daily "small one" and, of course, carry all the completeness of the company's affairs or group of companies.

In the same cases, when "managing owners" legally and actually manage the group, management efficiency depends on different circumstances. There are many cases in business when a person, being a professional in any area and having special knowledge of management, organizes his own business, while owning and managing it so that any top manager will envy. It happens, but, unfortunately, not very often.
"Ownership managers" also quite a lot in Russian groups. It is difficult to even say who is more. As soon as one or another group, due to certain circumstances, is forced to disclose the structure of its own ownership, then the "owners of the managers" appear in it, like mushrooms after the rain. So, in the article "Billionaire - Invisible" it is indicated that a third of EuroShargolding belongs to the former physics of Alexander Frolov. What exactly he is the younger partner of Alexander Abramov, under the control of which there is more than 65% of the Group's shares, the value of which she herself is assessed at $ 4.7-6 billion.

In the material of the site, it is noted that in the preparation of the group to IPO, the main owners of the group were disclosed, which is almost completely consolidated in the hands of two people - President of EuroShargolding Alexander Abramova (65.26%) and senior executive vice president of Alexander Frolov (31, one%). In December 2004, another 2.08% of the shares acquired the Senior Vice-President of Eurorasholding Valery Khoroshkovsky. After the additional issue, their packages will be reduced to 59.11%, 28.18% and 1.88% of the shares, respectively. Who owns about 1% of the shares, do not disclose the company.

The fact that the Frolova has such a large package, for many has become a surprise. "Abramov has always been a public figure, and I never even have seen Frolov. We only communicated by phone, "- are given on the website of the word top manager of a large metallurgical holding.

1.6. "Profi"

"Profi" is an elite category of business owners. Such owners directly control over it. They not only invest resources in business, but also know how to organize his work, concentrating in the main directions. "Profi" always keep the desired distance between themselves and its business. They are not there, but their omnipresent eye and the punishment hand is invisibly present in all matters of management. They are afraid, they are listening, they respect them. These are real professionals who in difficult Russian conditions can put things in need. Honor and praise them for it! About how they do it, let's talk in the appropriate chapter.

1.7. Other classifications of team owners

There are other classifications of team owners. So, whatever simple or supere-free circuits, only three categories of owners can be placed on the top of the group:

Individuals;

Legal entities;

State.

There are also various combinations of them:

Here I would like to make one important remark. In fact, for each legal entity, including public and other organizations, in respect of which their founders (participants) do not have property rights, facilitates who directly or indirectly control the situation in such legal entities and manage it. The same in certain cases can be said about the state when it participates in a commercial organization, and representatives of the state hold a policy in it, taking into account their personal interests. But, in general, the state as the owner is considered in this paper, here under the owners of groups will be understood only by individuals.

As an example, where all three categories of the above-mentioned owners are combined, Gazprom can be cited. As of December 31, 2004, the structure of ownership of OAO Gazprom looked like this:

At the end of 2005, the press reported on the following adjustments in the structure of

Create a rock band is not easy, because it is necessary not only to find people who play well and want to compose music in the same styles as you, but also choose such a composition that can be family. Yes, yes, a group is a family: you spend a lot of time, rehearse, stand up, travel, you also have children ... Your songs. You know a lot about each other enough to be called friends, and you can easily spoil everything in one fell like, because you get closer and vulnerable to each other. Therefore, there are moments that you need to take into account by collecting a group. If you, of course, want her to live for a long time and was friendly ...

Vocalist

It is important to understand that the level of vocalist who agrees to remain in your group depends on the level of all other musicians. If the songs are learned by the musicians very slowly, and they are not composed of at all, to keep a good vocalist will be almost impossible. What is included in the concept of "good vocalist"? The ability to manage your voice and get into notes, a good range that allows you to play as much as possible by the number of tonalities, an interesting voice timbre, a memorable manner of execution, the ability to sing quite loudly (but so that you do not have a sick from this) and talent to the composition of texts. The best way to choose a vocalist is to arrange a listening on which all those who came would fulfill the same song, and better two: slow and dynamic. If it is difficult for you to immediately understand the fake vocalist or not, try to record singing on the voice recorder, and then compare with the original. If the difference unpleasantly cuts the rumor, continue to listen in anticipation that horror is about to end, it is not worth it. Having chose that whose voice, in the soul, all participants of the group should pay attention to his behavior and quality of character. Most often, a vocalist is a child who does not mean anything in a talle diploma, believes that it is possible to compose a song for 5-10 minutes, and flows into extremes from Euphoria to depression.

There is an opinion that all vocalists are narcissistic and egocentric, because all the attention of the public gets first of all. If you caught such an instance - think 10 times before taking it to the group. If he has a wonderful voice and he is really talented - tolerate and nurse him. Or look for a vocalist with another extreme - a complex of inferiority, because you can't find an adequate anyway. As a rule, the talenter of your nightingale, the stronger he eats itself from the inside for the slightest slip. Ruthless self-criticism, perhaps, one of the main indicators of talent. If the vocalist looks self-confident and relaxed on the stage, and at rehearsals are ready to plow until it falls and is able to criticize yourself - this is what you need.

guitar player

The guitar is a very popular tool, so the number of guitarists per square meter can be overwhelmed, but finding the only one who will force his solo to knock the heart faster, almost impossible. How to determine whether the guitarist is good? Very simple - let him play with the drummer and with bass guitarist. If he does not climb and does not forget about the rhythm even poketing the half-hour solo, it will be easy with it. It is worth paying attention to his ability to play the drive, to force the guitar to sing, play fast, while not absorbing notes on each other. Musical verbs - Most guitar diseases. Choose such that can stop and enable others to show yourself. How to define a talented guitarist? Ask him to play something sad, cheerful, thoughtful, evil.

Guitarist's talent is to be able to transmit emotions through the tool. If a vocalist is easy to do this (you can give absolutely everything with a voice, then you need a guitarist for this at least to grow with your instrument. Most often it is the guitarist - the soul of the group and the composer who writes for the whole group, so if you have already found what they were looking for, then do not let go ...

Bass guitar player

There are few of them ... And those who play well need to look for as diamonds. And even if you find a bass guitarist, you will have to quickly convince him that he should play with you. But if convinced still managed, this person can become the cement of your group. Without a bass guitar, you will not "swing" and do not make listeners dance. In addition, getting a talented bass guitarist to his team, you can surprise your music.

You do not have to wait for some "skins" from the bass guitarist. Although the jokes about bassists suggest that all of them are not from this world, such cases are very rare. Even if your bass guitarist "catches signals from space", it is a person who can count on.

Drummer

No rock music drums will not work, and indeed any music begins with a rhythm. Therefore, the drummer is an indispensable person in any group. It must be rhythm and be able to play with a groove, and most importantly - not to abuse the lips and do not drown out the volume of all other members of the team, especially vocalist. The main thing for the drummer is not to swim in the rhythm and in the strength of the attack. Otherwise, finding a common language with drummers is very simple, but find free drummers is difficult.

Very often one drammer plays in 2 or even in 3 groups. And this happens because few people learn to play on the impact installation, because no one is eager to sit behind the whole group and get less attention from the public. Although in fact the drummer is almost the most important member of the group and may suffer such a star disease that has not dreamed of any vocalist. But this is the same rarity as the bass guitarist, who does not give anyone on the stage and insert notes.

Keyboardcher

It should be understood that the keyboard player is a person who has resistant for 7 years in a music school and after that he did not lose the desire to do the music. If you found it and he is ready to play in your group - this is a real gift.

The main thing for the keyboard player is to blame it with a guitarist, because they can compete with each other almost in every song. And also, see the keyboard player with a vocalist left into his separate project, as they can feel beautifully and without other team members.
Well, of course, when choosing musicians for your group, listen to your heart ...
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The Baltic Sea is the sea in the north of Europe, deeply populating into the mainland and the incoming atlantic pool. On its shores there are countries such as Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Finland, as well as Russia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, but in the Baltic States, that is, "during the Baltic" includes only the last states.

Peter the first wanted the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, as a result of which Sweden stopped controlling all the shores. The sea that the Russians previously called Varangian or Svaysky, ceased to be a stranger. Russia began the process of "discharge" of the Eastern Coast of Baltic, liberating the National Language and Culture. In 1884, the sea was given the name of the Baltic, and all the provisions on his shores, which included in Russia became known as the Baltic. This name has been preserved and the Soviet Soviet: Baltic States officially included the Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian SSR and the Kaliningrad region. In 1990, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent states.

Peoples of Balci

The first people on the territory of the Baltic States appeared in the X Millennium BC, but only a few thousand years later, quite large cultures and developed tribes began to appear here. Representatives of the Volosovskaya culture are considered the ancestors of modern Baltintians. Some tribes occurred from Slavic or German peoples. For many millennia, they lived mixedly, did not have isolated territories, exchanged in the tribes of the Black Sea and other territories. Only in the middle of the first millennium BC The separation began: Finnish tribes settled in the north, in the south of Baltic. But it is still impossible to call them nations, it was the scattered tribes under the Kurschi, Zemgava, Yatvägi, Latgals, villages and others.

The great resettlement of peoples did not have a significant effect on the population of the Baltic States: most of the tribes remained in place, the peoples moved here from the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Baltic peoples continued to evolve, their community is now called the Balt. They were divided into Western (Mazura, Kurschi, Yatvägi) and Eastern Balts (Lithuania, villages, Latgals). Many of them were destroyed during the time of the German invasions.

In the Pskov region as of October 30, 2006, 17 people died from the "toxic hepatitis". In general, 487 people appealed to the area of \u200b\u200bthe area, 427 hospitalized, 90 people discharged. About 150 people, poisoned by an unknown alcohol-containing liquid, were hospitalized in Kirov Hospital. All of them hit the infectious branch of the local hospital with the same symptoms: yellowed skin, high temperature and severe headache. Usually such complications cause acute toxic hepatitis. Hepatitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the liver, and what is toxic or how else is it called a non-revructural or medicinal hepatitis and why is it associated with the use of surrogate alcohol?

It is known that the use of technical alcohol turns the liver into the process, which practically does not fulfill its functions; This is an already dying body that doctors call is a white liver. That is why the danger of the disease toxic hepatitis and complications increases in those who use alcohol. Toxic hepatitis is due to the impact on the hepatic tissue of certain chemical compounds. Sometimes it is associated with infectious or systemic diseases.

The clinical symptoms of hepatitis include pain in the right hypochondrium, an increase in the size of the liver and jaundice (yellowing of the skin).

Toxic hepatitis can be caused by a random use of industrial toxic substances (for example, pesticides) and vegetable (poisonous mushrooms) of origin, as well as under the influence of certain drugs: carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene as a result of their overdose.

Depending on the amount of adopted substance or medication, the symptoms of the liver damage usually appear no later than 48 hours and they are similar to the symptoms of viral hepatitis (loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, possibly pain in the abdomen, clay colors, sometimes with an admixture of pus) . Poisoning by some chemicals is characterized by certain signs; For example, in the poisoning of carbon tetrachloride, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, the blood supply is worse. Thorazine overdose causes rise temperature, skin rashes, abdominal pain.

As a rule, toxic hepatitis is diagnosed with blood test, liver biopsy can also be used.

In some cases, toxic hepatitis quickly progresses and causes cirrhosis of the liver, but most of the diseases are usually recovering. First of all, doctors remove a harmful substance using stomach wash, hyperventilation of the lungs and causing vomiting. If the poisoning is caused by Tylenol reception, the doctor may assign antidote. Typically, corticosteroids are used with drug poisoning. Mushroom poisoning is now successfully treated with tilomic acid, a new drug undergoing clinical trials. Doctors, of course, are fighting for everyone, and many people manage to save, but they know that patients saved by them are already potential people with disabilities.