Atamasha Marusya hermaphrot. Civil War Fury Ataman Marusya

Black shadow of the revolution (M. G. Nikiforova)

B.I. Belyankin

Anarchist stained yesterday
Harf tetkin.
Oh, he taught him
Mr. Kropotkin!
Sasha black

What only she was not attributed and not attributed! Sherself and she herself - a fair mythomank, and a grievous and hoochier to the legend-horrors of contemporaries-inaders, and ideological opponents - both white, and the Bolsheviks, ready for anyone inherent in themselves, attribute to the defeated distemper ... As a result, both today is quite scientific Editions, encyclopedia are placed on her pages all nonsense.

Let's try to connect everything in our narration, or almost everything that was about her told by her contemporaries, everyone who knew her personally or heard about her. Let's try to bring together the facts of her stormy biography. Let's try, where it is possible to separate (or at least check out) the truth from the speculation ...

Options for its biography are quite different.

Her Maria Grigorievna Nikiforova called her. This doubt is not subject to. She was born in the Yekaterinoslav province in the city of Alexandrovsk. This is also indisputable. But then ... then she is the daughter of an officer who glorified in the Russian-Turkish war. That is the former dishwasher of the vodka plant, then the graduate of the Smolny Institute, then ... All these "then ..." Vladimir Amphitheratrov-Kadashev: "Maruska Nikiforova. On the latter there are whole legends. They assure: She is a general daughter for something blowing his "circle"; or - illegitimate, who announced the war to society at all, is the "black shadow of the revolution." All this is Bredny and nonsense. The Biography of Maruska is pretty notable, but on the other hand: seventeen year old girl is a promising The creature has already fallen on a cowboy for a semi-column, half-political "ex", which at that time (1910) there was a lot. " Everything is noticed true. Error only in the date: In 1910, Marusya had no "Excenes" did not accomplish ...

During the first Russian revolution, Marusya, according to the testimony of some, sympathized and adjacent to socialists-revolutionary, according to the testimony of others, was already a convinced anarchist, and in the part of the anarchists consisted from 16 years.

From some sources it follows that it was sentenced to the death penalty, replaced by a permanent carriage, which was serving in the Peter and Paul Fortress, was sentenced to death in 1904-1905. If you believe the most common version, in 1910 it was transported to Siberia, and from there she, like Bakunin, was running through Japan to America. From other, more reliable, sources it follows that it was convicted in 1908 for participating in the terrorist act - the murder of the fellowship - sentenced to 20 years of KORGI and the punishment was serving in the Moscow provincial women's prison.

It is known that in May 1909, Marirew from Butyrov was transferred to Novinsky prison. In the chamber, where she got, they were mainly held by young revolutionaries: most of them belonged to the party of Social Democrats, but there were social democrats, and anarchists, and non-partisan. Together with several crimizers in the chamber there was a man twenty. By the time Nikiforova in full swing was preparing a group of concluded escapes. Among the leaders of this group, the aristocratic beauty of Natalia Klimov was allocated - in the future a close friend, or rather, Boris Savinkov's mistress, the wife of the famous terrorist and robber of banks Esra-Maxima Sokolova-Bed. Being auxiliary-maximalist herself, she took part in organizing the very bloody terrorist act in the pre-revolutionary Russian history - the explosion of the cottage of Prime Minister P. A. Stolypin at the pharmaceutical island on August 12, 1906 ... Another activist of this group, the same Ixo-Maximum Activist - Ekaterina Nikitina, left detailed memories of the preparation and implementation of mass escape from Novinsky prison. (By the way, on the will in the preparation of escape participated with households and young Vladimir Mayakovsky. A significant part of the clothes for bess was sewn to his family.) Below we present a few rather extensive quotes from Nikitin's memories, which, in our opinion, give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe appearance of nineteen years. Marusi. About her arrival in Camera Nikitina recalled like this: "The appearance of it we took as a catastrophe ... Threat and gray face running a brown eye, brown hair, chosen in a bracket, a low chunk figure, swallowing convulsive movements, a breaking uneven voice - such" political "Type We have not seen yet! For ordinary questions: Where does anyone know? According to which case? - I was going immediately. And if it's lying about the case, a bad sign: a criminal chant, you can not believe anything ... An exaggeration is new, her willingness to" Packaging "(We were all on" You "), attempts to hug and so on. - We were more than cold. Must make a reservation that there were no discrepancies: Most saw only a scribal shik, hysterical excitability and Lightness. Others - and there was a minority - clearly felt something ugly, hostile to common sense and unacceptable in an angular figure and especially in an old and together boyfriend Ice. " Someone from the models united in active hatred of Marus, someone treated her with suspicion, someone with curiosity, someone with pity. No one showed sympathy to her. A request was sent to the will - what kind of Nikiforova? Soon, a certificate came from her defender, a certificate was confirmed that Maria Nikiforova was judged by the Starobeli case, but he was sentenced not to execution, as Marusya said to Maramnikov, and to Katorga, for 20 years, he kept unevenly - then defiantly, with tears ... clarify that the so-called Starobelski case was to kill the local bailiff in 1907 by a group of revolutionary youth. In ideological terms, the group (and from the point of view of the authorities and man in the streets - the robbing gang) united sympathizing and esera, and anarchists. In addition to the murder of the bailiff in the Stokee, the group attacked the house of the local priest. Nikiforova was one of the leaders of the "Shaiki", in the indicated and other "enterprises" operated disguised into a male dress and under the pseudonym "Volodya". And she was then, as he comes in a song, 17 years ... And she was attracted, as not to spin, on the "death" article ...

But back to Moscow, in the chamber of the Novinsky prison, the ladies are wonderful in all respects, to selfless revolutionary, who prepared a risky enterprise - escape to the will. Nikitina recalls: "Obviously, something hid not only from the court, but in general ... it means that it was something to hide ..." Let us interrupt the quotation. This Nikitina, of course, argues in the back - about "something hid something," then, when it turned out, what was the case, I had to look for explanations and reflect on my own blindness and naivety ... but continue the quotation. So: "She obviously hid from us: undressed under the blanket, did not wash, like all of us, in the restroom to the belt, the corridor popped up, I definitely making sure that everyone is sitting in the chamber ... etc. The vague suspicion of an incredible, impossible position wondered In my head. There was a note from the Butyrsk prison from her co-merchant; very carefully he reported that Manya Nikiforov he knows for a good and honest comrade, but there is one circumstance ... "She will tell you myself" ... again the circumstance! ... and I expressed your assumption :

This is not a girl, but a man, the most faithful - spy. "

If you believe nikitin, the remaining models are suspected of similar Marus. Having consistent, decided to interrogate. Marusya, apparently, possessing outstanding artistic abilities and not devoid of fantasy, considered for some reason no one favorably disappoint and confirm suspicions about her sex. She passed her with three boxes. That, returning to the commercials, shared heard. Nikitina so outlines this dying evaporative episode:

Indeed, the boy, but the story is quite special, and not a provocateur at all, but participated in the killing of the bar, then disappeared in the female dress, was so arrested and convicted; Singing in Chernigov, alone, then in bottles - too, knows technologies, and those know him, in general, unhappy and asks, for the sake of God, to understand and regret, crying ...

The camera is frown ... it is impossible to say that everyone understands a clear position: the majority became interested in the romanticity of the incident and found our fears exaggerated. However, they started discussing and decided the following: Manya will remain mana that he is a boy or a man - we don't care. We put her an appropriate bed at the table at the table ... Forbid sing, jumping, shouting, walking to the doctor, to the restroom, when there is someone there and, of course, in a bath ... Manka called, all this was reported to her and demanded an oath promise. She cried, blew his nozzle, promised ... And on the other purpose, the day was singing in all the throat with a strong boyish altitude: "Poltavi on the market ...".

So, naive women, as we see from the memories of Nikitin, were ready to believe in a lot ... The main thing is that it was romantic and not trite ... Although in Marusins \u200b\u200b"stories" something else was true. For example, for which I was sitting and where it was sitting. But the truth did not interest anyone even after many decades. And from one biographical reference to another wander, apparently those who later became the circumstances of her life later: and the liberty of the Petropavlovsk fortress (it turns out that it was sitting there for a few years!), And the sentence (for three years earlier than her Actually judged) to the death penalty, and the translation to Siberia, from where she fled to Japan, then to America and Western Europe ... Keener Marusya knew how! But what happened, we learn everything from the same Nikitin:

"The atmosphere in the chamber was glowed. In addition, we were very nervous by Manya. I had to devote it to the possibility of escaping, and she completely lost her head: he pested all with questions and suggestions, showed the techniques of struggle, was not considered either time or with The place, nor with other people's eyes ... And the eyes were, and rumors crawled in prison: some kind of wonderful political sits: the girl is not a girl, a man is not a man. And they hide it ... I personally believed. that it was a "man": no man would have preserved a week, without manifesting himself, locked among 20 women who mostly were young, careless and naive to stupidity. Rather, this freak, hysterical, false and cunning Creation, and what we know - do not follow the Tarasova (the guard who participated in the preparation of escape) and our assistants in the wild? She could send a letter, whisper in the corridor of the eldest, cause to the office ... and we, painfully surviving everything these doubts tried not to lower her ridiculous even media and criminal shape. "

In this place, Nikitina follows a footnote, and we will return to it. In the meantime, we note that, with all the bias, bias the memoirovka and its undisguised disgust to Nikiforova, the story of escape, that is, what Nikitina was directly witnessing and the participant, sufficiently scrupulously and truthfully. As for the escape itself, he passed quite successfully. On the night of July 1, 1909, 13 people ran from Novinsky prison. Three women, including, of course, and Marusya, changed clothes in the boys, four in the ladies, alone - in the lady, alone - in the girl, two - in women from the people. Nikitina herself, since her clothes harvested on the will (we remind - the Mayakovsky family; curious who got clothes, sewing the young man Volodean Mayakovsky, - Maybe Marusa?), I didn't have enough, somehow craved into the dress built from the "Prudnial" material For a pregnant woman. The climax of escape is described in this way (we give this passage, in order to convince the reader that it happens only in the "steep" kinol agents):

"The lattice door at the end of the longitudinal wall of the room joined it with the office, so that all that came up to her, was visible as a widen career, who was sitting at the table in the middle of the office. We knew it and grated her head under the boss, dressed her in a black coat and a big hat. . Tarasova, going according to the charter ahead, revealed the door to her, and she went straight to the sleepy cheerleh. That he raised her head - at that moment Gelma grabbed her throat. Zina, Natasha, Nina rushed to the rescue. Wild plump looked A large strong woman embraced by meaningless fear, hung up, as under a knife. Flying chair, teller telly spinning on the floor. She calmed down, asked, threatened - everything was in vain: she could not stop, obviously could not and was silent only when she was kicked by her mouth.

At this time I felt that Marusya, whose hand I did not let down, begins to tremble, as in fever. "Shorts now!" - a terrible thought flashed. I turned to her in rage: - Marusya, I will kill you! Stop shaking! Marusya swallowed the air, jerked, but stopped trembling. Manya, who all the time rushed into battle, ran away, finally, in the office ... "

Above, we talked about footnote in the text of Nikitin. So, footnote:

"To finish with Maria Nikiforova - I will tell her further history: it was not a boy and not a girl, but a complete and rare type of hermaphrodis - more competent of us, about it guessed and called him (!)" It ". He was not a provocateur, But, of course, sexual ugliness affected the entire psyche - hysterical, perverted and immoral. Abroad, where he got after escape, he was focused on anarchists, he lived in a strange thing in a man, then in a female dress, had appropriate novels, got some Funds. We all dispersed with him. In 1917, he returned to Russia ... "

Further, a completely mythological version of the subsequent biography of Marusi, we omit. According to the words known in his time, the writer-anarchist Andrei Andreev, who knew Nikiforov well, Left Aerica Betra Babina fully confirms the fact that Marusya was hermaphrodite. The same is confirmed by the materials of the investigative case, headed by Marusu CC in the summer of 1918. It contains the testimony of the memorial detachment of the Anarchist of Artemy smooth. He claims that he knew Marus in Paris when she wore the name of Volodya. Andreev also recognized that he heard from people who knew it closely in Paris, as if, in those years, one of the first in the world in the world of transplanting the hormonal glands was made and it turned into a woman (the operation, apparently, was successful, for Marusya subsequently Taki married) ...

As for the lives of our heroine abroad, or rather, in Paris, reliable facts (and not rumors) a little. Some sources indicate that after escape she lived in France, where he was engaged in sculpture and drawing from Rodin and at the same time continued to work in the anarchist organizations of Western Europe. Others - what lived in France, England, Germany, Switzerland, spoke freely in many European languages, was an active participant in socialist congresses. There are also quite reliable information that in Paris Marusya finally joined the organization of the Communist Anarchists created by Apollo Kareynia ... Some characterize it as a rapid, recalcitrant nature, by conviction - anarcho-terrorist, as a good speaker and the organizer of Expropriation and Terror .. . Someone claims that in France "she was taught under political, and here she got already on French cautious business for things: again, armed with a robbery (about this amphitheatrov-Kadashev told some kind of hyacinthov, who was sitting allegedly in a cautious prison in Marseille together With "Maruska", with the only difference that Hyacinth was a victim of a judicial mistake, and "Maruska sat down". - B.B.), and in 1917, the term of Maruskina Kathers ended, and she rushed to Russia ... "Someone Writes that during the First World War, Nikiforov under the name of Volodya was recorded in a foreign legion (in 1914), finished the officer school in Paris and received the rank of officer.

Most likely, Marusya actually acquired some kind of skills in terms of drawing abroad, for it was known that at the end of 1918 it was pregnant in Moscow in the break. But about this later ... it is more significant that in emigration she, apparently, met by V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko. Dating it turned out to be very useful and had important consequences for Marusi.

After the February Revolution, Maruska returned to Russia, where immediately with his head plunged into the whirlpool of revolutionary events. In the flaming of her anarchism no one no longer doubted. By the way, Marusya - participant of the first congresses of the Soviets ...

First of all, she allegedly went to Ukraine to the station of Polov, Alexandrovsky County, where her mother lived, and on the ruins of the anarchic group created a strong terrorist organization in the south of Russia. In May 1917, she expropriated from the Alexandrovsky breeder Badovsky million rubles (it is possible that this episode does not apply to May, but by July or September 1917). During the July 1917 events in Petrograd Nikiforov headed the metropolitan delegation of anarchists to Kronstadt, where he tried to incline sailors to the uprising to support the allegedly began in Petrograd armed performance of a local proletariat. Her performances had a noticeable success and found sympathy and response in the sailor audience. Some believe that it was her campaign that contributed to the participation of a significant number of sailors and a soldier of the Kronstadt garrison in the July events in Petrograd.

In August 1917, Nikiforov again leaves for Ukraine. In Gulyaipol, where she often visited, met the local anarchist Makhno. From the memories, Makhno is known that "August 29 an anarchist from Aleksandrovsk M. Nikiforova conducted a peasant rally" (under his, Makhno, the leadership). During the rally, Marusya tried to arrest the former Gulipol police bailter, but Makhno alleged presets of this initiative.

At the beginning of September, Makhno also hesitated, thinking how the agricultural coup, but the marked instant in Gulyaipol, who had gorges on the eve of Marajus demanded immediate action. Nikiforova, who later consisted in Makhno on the second roles for a long time, at that time he used much loudestly fame than Makhno himself ... she had collapsed Hrad reproaches in the gradiation, agreement and departure from the Bunlet Right.

In addition, such a story of the participant of the described events also includes:

"Once in the club, we argued - to be or not to be Makhno at the head of Gulipol organizations. Suddenly, Marusya Nikiforova comes to us with some three anarchists. She opposed the group and Makhno, accusing us in the fact that we were striving to lead the village, little preached Anarchism ideas and weakly oppressed landowners and trading bourgeoisie.

We need direct violence over the bourgeoisie to destroy the foundations of the bourgeois revolution and fight against Ukrainian chauvinism, "she said. - It is necessary to mined funds for literature, you need to capture weapons.

But where to take a weapon? We asked. Marusya proposed to disarm the part of the Preobrazhensky regiment, standing near Guliapol. We agreed.

The numbers of September 10, 1917, we, a man 200, left by train to Orekhovo. Weapons, with the exception of the ten rifles and so many revolvers taken by the police, we did not have. At the Orekhovo station we hooked the warehouses (supply) of the regiment and in the Tsehghauses found a rifle. Then surrounded in the town of headquarters. The commander managed to flush, and the lower officers Marusya personally shot. The soldiers surrendered without a fight and willingly folded the rifles, and after the houses were driving.

Marusya went to Alexandrovsk, and we came back with a weapon in Gulipol. Now it was not scary.

Suddenly, one comrade arrives from Alexandrovsk, I do not remember the last name, and says that the other day Marusya Nikiforova is arrested by the county commissioner Michno. We have not been thinking for a long time, they called him on the phone and asked if it was true. He replied that he was arrested because she put the conferption on the Badovsky breeder and promised if we would not submit to him, arrest us.

It was seen that Micho Nikiforov is not going to release. It was necessary to force him by force, therefore, to go to him.

Micho, having learned that we are moving to Alexandrovsk, freed Nikiforov, as I told us on the telegraph (...).

Part of our "Black Guard", choosing Savva Makhno commander, under the general command of Nestor, the number of January 4th, left for the aid of the Alexander working and anarchic detachment Marusi Nikiforova. Marusya then worked with the Bolsheviks in the revolutionary headquarters, which consisted of the left socialist revolutionaries and the Bolsheviks, where they were invited to N. Makhno, choosing him by the Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Investigative Commission. "

In autumn, she is the organizer and commander of the Black Guard. Marusya is an ideologist of the "impossible" destruction of government agencies, not excluding (after the October coup) and Soviet. Already until 1918, she is known in Ukraine with its atrocities ... so it is or not, but by the end of 1917, Marusya, which, once again, we would use at that time much more loudness than Makhno, it seems to be Advantage in the territory of Eastern and South Ukraine, where he conducted an active anarchist work. (According to other sources, at the end of the year she worked as a sister of mercy. What is doubtful.) The combat activities of Marusi most likely began with the formation at the end of December 1917 in Elizavetgrad (now Kirovograd) batteries. This battery has grown into the "1st Elevation Fighting Council to Combating Council".

The first majority of the detachment was taken in January 1918, Alexandrovsk (now Zaporizhia). Then the Elizavetgrad and Znamenka were captured. "The 1st Elevation Detachment on the fight against counter-revolution" was part of the parts of the simply created Red Army under the command of Antonov-Ovseenko. Some later interpreters love to indicate that Marusin detachment badly obeyed the orders of the latter. But the problem was not at all. In the same way, in many sources, it is only said that the taking the detachment of Marusi of one or another city was necessarily accompanied by robbery, terror, various kinds of increasing ... less often there are sources pointing to high combat qualities of her detachment, the discipline in it in it ...

The activity of Marusi as the commander of the "1st-Communion" began to quickly felt rumors and legends: then she robs pastry, cafe and fats with cakes, then she expropriates laundry stores ... Vladimir Amphitheatres-Kadashev heard about her: "Already reigned Sovde, as in the Kherson lips. (Moruska's homeland; By the way, she was not at all the daughter of the general of course, but just a girl from the small family) "Wolly Cossack Detachment Anarchists", led by Maruska. The girl is beautiful, certainly Lyhaha, she dressed in the half-man The costume, in a short skirt, in high boots, with a revolver at the belt, horse racing, exciting the delight in different passing masters, who made her whip. Initially, it was founded in Elizavetgrad with a solid intention to clean this rich city. Fortunately, workers of a huge plant " Elvort "did not allow it to do this; in the victims arising between them and Maruska the winners were workers, so she should La hastily retire to the east, on the road robbing Aleksandrovsk, where he was chosen by the requisition in his favor of all silk stockings in the city. "

In the spring of the 18th squad Nikiforova acted in various cities of Ukraine and Russia - from Odessa to Rostov-on-Don. "So, in Elizavetgrad in the period of establishing the Soviet power, the presence of a well-armed squid helped the Red Guards Helply take power," after the establishment of this fact, the authors of ideologized and mythicized notes about Marus (no others!) Go to the statement of the following with the help of the opponation Union "however ":" However, soon "free fighting squad" ("1st high-battle squad to combat counter-revolution". - B.B.) began to defeat the stores and distribution of goods to the population. Only a decisive opposition from local authorities and the population. The cities stopped the robbery "... if the ideologist" melt destruction ... "is the ideologist, if it is ideological anarchist, then" however "here is inappropriate. Yes, and about "decisive opposition ... population of cities" - too, everything is not so definitely. We will give better the word Antonov-Ovseenko - his attitude to Nikiforova, although contradictory, but the actual side of the case, he sets out the most correct.

"The growing decomposition of the Muravyevsky rear (M. A. Muravyev - at that time, the Glerk of the Southern Front. - B.B.) a lot contributed to the actual inconsistency, committed by some of the partisan detachments. These units, who were named by most of the anarchist, composed of various adventurers and dark The elements of the cities and the towns of Right Bank were engaged in unrestrained requisitions, raped and simply robbed. One of these units in 40 people, loose-based at Art. Dolinskaya, caused the parcel against himself a special expedition from Ekaterinoslav. The disgrace of an anarchist detachment Marusi Nikiforova (from Guliai-Polish district ) In Elizavevend, were one of the reasons for the success of the uprising organized in the city of White Guards and Petlyurian agents ... Counter-revolutions helped, in moderation of their promiscuity, some anarchist elements. "

It seems the picture is drawn unequivocal. But immediately, Antonov-Ovseenko leads the following data: "It turned out that the Muravyev himself was expelled to the aid of Belenkovich (commander of Soviet forces in the area of \u200b\u200bElizavetgrad. - B.B.) Echelon anarchists under the command of Marusi Nikiforova, which terrorized the population from Elizavevegrad to Ekaterinoslav. .. Everywhere there was a conversation about robbees and executions. In the awareness, the anarchists were accused of Belenkovich. The MonherNotens rebelled and beat Belenkovich from the city ... When Belenkovich retreated, the bourgeoisie very saddled the workers and the peasants and advanced the slogan "Down Anarchy". From all the villages were convened The soldiers who said that they were going to fight against Marusi, and enthusiasm was noticeable in the ranks ... The Hydamakov Station was dismissed, a detachment Marusi Nikiforova was particularly distinguished. Many victims on both sides were destroyed by Polgorod.

"And those and other reports are about Marus Nikiforova," Antonov-Ovseenko summarizes: they were true: she had brave guys, only completely dismissed. " Next, according to the facts caused by Antonov-Ovseenko, the events developed as follows. On March 11, "Elizavevdress airplanes spread the appeals, in which it was said that in the city the power belongs to the workers and so that the provocations were not given in and they were against the robberies Nikiforova ... By March 13, Elizavetgrad was busy again ..."

In modern studies, the events of March 1918 in Elizavevend are outlined as follows. A commission was formed in the city to resolve relations with an anarchist detachment, which suggested the "1-e-combat detachment" to leave the city. This requirement of Nikiforov was forced to obey, since the Military Revolutionary Committee who was in the city had already had significant armed forces at its disposal. After the start of the German offensive in connection with the evacuation of Soviet institutions and the troops from Elizavevegrad, the right-wing esera and Mensheviks managed to unite their strength and create a temporary committee of the revolution. Troops of this committee under the slogan: "All power to the constituent assembly!" They defeated the Red Guards, and then with the appearance in Elizavevegrad, Nikiforov's squad (250 people, 1 gun, armored person) in the city began even more fierce battles. The Temporary Committee of the Revolution attracted a significant part of the population, "tackling" their robbeles and pogroms committed to that Marus. Marusya attracted to his side the sailor armored train. The result was 86 killed and 140 wounded. In addition, Marusya itself was injured. (On the same days, a detachment of Marusi was arrested by a teenager gymnasium, the future poet of Arseny Tarkovsky. Interrogation, who was successful in Nikiforova, ended for the future poet successfully: treated sweets and let go ...)

I will add a picture of Elizavetgrad's events by the story of Belenkovich, outlined by Antonov-Ovseenko: "Marusya with his detachment was engaged in Elizavetgrad with rallies and self-confiscations. Belenkovich, on the instructions of Muravyov, suggested to go to the front. She followed ... And the mood in the city has improved (those No less due to the flight of the Revolutionary, who tried to take from the city of Treasury money, the power passed into the hands of the "democratic self-government", nagged on the "Union of Frontovikov" and "Samoochan" .- B.B.) ... Nikadanno - Semafora Marusya Nikiforova; passage; It was wrapped on the banner, "To purchase the necessary supply". The car with her was in the city of Frances, Marusya was wounded. Her "Brother" began the shelling of the city (from two armored cars, the fire was opened, including the building of Elizavevdigrad Council - the first in the history of the shooting " Houses of Soviets ", produced in addition to the use of heavy armored vehicles! ... - B.B.). Belenkovich managed to stop this shooting. In the negotiations By the relatives of the self-government, he achieved a promise to comply with neutrality and promote weapons with irregular parts, subject to sending our detachments to the front. Our detachments were sent. In response, urban self-government organized a secret military headquarters, who moved white detachments to the station to capture the station and Belenkovich ... Hearing shooting, turned to Elizavend and Marusya ... From our side, it was fought to 400 people. (...) Before 6,000 whites, under the guidance of former officers. Ours were crushed. Detachment Nikiforova half exterminated ... "

Most of the interpreters converge on the fact that Nikiforov, fighting at the time on the side of the Soviets, as a result, as a result, he set up most of the population against Soviet power and that this happened not only in Elizavevegrad, but also in other cities of Ukraine, where Morusi detachment was.

This is the same as she remembered an anarchist wonder: "It was a woman of thirty-two or thirty-five years old, medium height, with a perfect prematurely created face, in which there was something from a squat or hermaphrodite, the hair is sked in a circle. Cossack boss With gazells. Wheel is hoping white dad. "

During the retreat, she got close to the left esera, because he retreated to Taganrog together with the detachment of the left Eser of Ivan Rodionov. On the occurrence of the Germans to Ukraine, another Left Ercer, People's Commissar of Justice Steinberg, Colorfully wrote in his memories: "There were separate trains with almighty passengers armed before the teeth, stations, mail, telegraphs, direct wires were captured by any caprise. Around these Battle of the Dutch, who often seemed by the resurrected groups of Landsknecht, were created legends. One Maroussia Nikiforova, a bold and cruel colt, like a meteoro, flying from the point to the item, devastated for his needs stores of ladies and other outfits, who speaking under the protection of machine guns and armored cars, degraded tips, Let's make him stop in the future on this excerpt of the Russian revolution with pain and bitterness.

After a number of fights with the Germans and Gaidamaks, in which Marusya participated together with Soviet detachments (at the end of March, the 1st Elevation Council participated, in particular, in the capture of the apostolovo railway station and in the offensive in Dolginsevo), her A squad at the beginning of April (according to other data - in the second half of April), 1918 arrived in Taganrog. It should be noted that the rapid spring offensive of the German army on the territory of the left bank of Ukraine did not allow Nikiforovsky detachment to take anything serious. Even attempting together with still not very famous then Makhno and, on the contrary, with the famous Petrenko commander to save from the capture of Gulyaipol did not led to anything.

This is how this episode describes in its "memories" N. I. Makhno:

"A squad of Mary Nikiforova approached the Tsarevoconstantinovka station. I told her about what happened in Gulyaipol (the arrest of comrades and members of the root. Committee (...)). She now caused the commander of the Krasnogvardeysky commander of the semi-pool (...). Nikiforova He offered him to return to Careconstantinovka to take advantage of the offensive on Gulyaipol (...). Nikiforova and Petrenko (the commander of the Siberian squad) decided to return to the half and power to take a gulyypol to release all the arrested anarchists and non-partisan revolutionaries in it, and withdraw deceived The armed forces of the peasants, if they wish, or take a weapon, so that it does not get Germans (...).

I expressed the opinion that it's too late to step on Gulyaipol. The Germans obviously have already taken it. And you can not knocked them out of Gulipol, you can not (...). Comrades Nikiforova and Petrenko, although we laughed at me, calling me anything that in the case of their strategy and not knowing the combat capability of their detachments, but were forced to transcend the same minute and rush to translate the locomotives of their echelons from the Pologovsky direction towards the Volnowakha station, And about the cannon and Gulipol stopped even talking to me.

On my question: "What are you for a hot one? What did you probably get any disturbing information about this site?" "Nikiforova declared me that the Germans were taken by the station and the upper Tokmak stations and cut off over the top Tokmak - Berdyansk anarchic detachment of Comrade Mokrusov.

"If you want," Nikiforova added me, then sit down in my car. I am now doing the disposal of Echelon to move on in the direction of Volnovakha - Yuzovka, "right away in the direction of Volnovakha, apologative, half of the way, told me:" You are absolutely right, with the onset of Gulyaitepol We were late, all the approaches to it are already engaged in German troops. "

Meanwhile, having learned about the unauthorized pogroms and executions made by Marusy in Elizavetgrad and Alexandrovsk, the Ukrainian Bolshevik government, who was in Taganrog, ordered Nikiforov, and disarming her detachment.

"I contacted some members of the Federation of Taganrog Anarchists, as well as with other friends and engaged in those who were spent in those days in Taganrog the business of a commander of one of the Anarchist detachments of Mary Nikiforova ...

Lenin and Trotsky were completely different, defeated anarchist organizations in Moscow, announced a campaign against anarchists (...). The Ukrainian Bolshevik-Levteserovsky authorities hurried to act against the Nikiforovan anarchist squad, who was together with their Red Guard detachments in Taganrog.

The Ukrainian government ordered a detachment under the team of the Bolshevik Kaskina (in fact, the left Esra A. Kaski. - B. B.) arrest anarchist Maria Nikiforov, and her detachment to disarm. Soldiers of Kaskina arrested Maria Nikiforov at my eyes in the building of the Ucyc of the Soviets. When her was taken out of this building in the presence of an unsolved Bolshevik Zatonsky, Marusya Nikiforova appealed to him for clarification: for which it is arrested? Zatonsky hypocritically revealed: "I don't know what." Nikiforov called him a petitioner. "

Incidental Commission was created, which included two representatives of the Taganrog organization of the Bolsheviks, two representatives of the Taganrog Anarchist Federation and one representative of the CEC of Ukraine. We note the justice of the comments Makhno that the arrest of Nikiforova coincided with the defeat of the Bolsheviks of anarchist organizations in Moscow and other cities.

Because of the attempts of the Bolsheviks, disarm the detachment Marusi Nikiforova, who, by the way, like many others, differently on the party "approval", in the height of the fighting was to Taganrog on vacation, "the first conflict with the authorities from Nestor Makhno occurred. He also described in detail everything that happened after the arrest of Marusi:

"The detachment of Nikiforova did not scatter and did not go to the ministry in the squad of the Bolshevik Kaskina. He persistently demanded from the powerful response, where they were picked by Maria Nikiforov and for which he was disarmed.

All receding from Ukraine to Taganrog and Taganrog anarchists joined this requirement. The Taganrog Committee of the Party of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries will support Anarchists and Fighters of the Nikiforovian squad ... At the same time, many telegrams protesting against the Act of the authorities or simply sympathetic Nikiforova and her detachment, went to Taganrog from the front from the Bolshevik, Leveteservical and Anarchist Bar detachments and their commanders.

Ekaterinoslavsky (Bryansk) Anarchist armored train under the team of Anarchist Garina arrived in Taganrog to express his revolutionary protest of the revolutionary front of the authorities ...

Such a state of affairs prompted the central authority to collect false data against Maria Nikiforova and its detachment, the data that had been supposed to be allegedly in the plunder of Elizavetgrad, when she took it in March 1918, the Ukrainian chauvinists from him. Thus, she created a criminal case.

In the twenties of April, a revolutionary court over Maria Nikiforova took place. The court occurred at open doors and wore the character of the court of revolutionary honor.

The central government has been configured from fugitives a lot of witnesses against Nikiforova, trying by all truths and untrue to push her a criminal offense and execute. But the court was truly a revolutionary, impartial and, most importantly, politically and legally mostly independent of the provocation of government hired agents ...

As a result of the proceedings, the court decided to judge Nikiforov for the robbery of Elizavetgrad there is no reason. The court decided to immediately release her from custody and, returning his armament and equipment selected by a detachment of Kuskina, and give her the opportunity to make an echelon and go to the front, especially since she was striving for it. "

Makhno in his memoirs also notes that he wrote about the leaflet, "which heased the central Ukrainian Soviet power and commander Kaskina in falsification of the case against Nikiforova and hypocritically inferior to the revolution itself."

So, the Investigation Commission met the actions of Nikiforova, decided to release it and cancel all the measures taken against the "1st-high-combat detachment". This decision was influenced by the fact that Antonov-Ovseenko positively characterized the actions of anarchists against the Austro-German troops. The Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Red Front Antonov-Ovseenko wrote in a telegram sent to Taganrog:

"The anarchist detachment of Maria Nikiforova, like Comrade Nikiforov, I am well known. Instead of dealing with disarming of such revolutionary combat units, I would advise you to create them." (Later, True, Antonov-Ovseenko not without irony dubbed Marus Nikiforov "energetic and stupid" warrior ...)

Despite the Commission's positive decision for Marusi, it caused protests among soldiers and workers. The general meeting of the soldiers of the first revolutionary battalion of the Ukrainian Soviet troops decided: "To consider the decision of the Investigation Commission on the case of Mary Nikiforous hasty and the investigation of incomplete ... to demand the immediate appointment of the new investigative commission."

Only the approach of the German troops prevented to bring the work of Nikifor to the end. The decision of the Presidium of the Executive Committee on Disarmament was as a result of the unfulfilled and because the anarchist detachments of the Black Guard were an impressive force. In addition, dozens of other dius and detachments of the Black Guard arrived at the local anarchist detachments of the local anarchist detachments.

In the meantime, the "1st Elevation Detachment on Combating Council" went to Rostov-on-Don. Anarchists literally terrified the local population of the city, and on the eve of the passing of Rostov-on-Don, the Germans were engaged in the destruction of "capital": on the square, they dumped into a bunch of shares, bonds and various securities taken from banks, and began to burn them. Here both in Novocherkassk, according to the interpreters of those events, the troops of the anarchists were engaged in robbery, searches and arrests in any innocent people.

Numbers on March 6 or 7 with Marija in one train, who was walking from Rostov, turned out to be Tritons. His son, the famous writer Yuri Trifonov, writes about it like this:

"On the same locomotive turned out to be the" famous "Marusya Nikiforov, the head of the anarchist squad, a young drunk (?!) And a psychopathist. More recently the pupil of the Smolny Institute (?!), And now the famous Ataman loved to drive around Rostov in white Cherkhee with gazery and white Lochmata Papakh. The detachment disheveled her German, along with her only a few soldiers ... "

At about this time, an impostor began to appear on the territory of the Central and South Russia, who gave themselves to the legendary Marus. The detachments of such "Marus" acted in accordance with the legends attributed to the Genuine Marus. From Voronezh to Rostov-on-Don "Marusi" with his gangs undramed and killed. Allegedly after Rostov-on-Don traces of Nikiforova are found in Voronezh. By this period there is such a portrait of anarchist attamasi: "The crew rushes down the street with a rabid speed. Calmlessly breaking down, sits in him a young brunette in a bastard bowed to the village of Kubanka, beside him, hanging on the footboard, a shoulder guy in the red hussar rates. Brunette and her bodyguard are hurt weapons. What is here just not! Sabli, Mauser in a wooden holster, hand grenades ... ".

It is known that after Rostov-on-Don, Merusi detachment moved towards Tsaritsyn. There was also a friendly detachment of Petrenko. By the time, between Petrenko and the Bolshevik authorities, including in the face of Sergo Ordzhonikidze, a conflict was growing due to the expropriated by the detachment of Petrenko of values \u200b\u200b(the golden stock of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic - several echelons with gold). Two echelon, laid by gold and soldiers, drove up to Tsaritsyn, where Petrenko raised the uprising ... Marusya, naturally, rose to the side of his combat comrade. "In a week, coming to Tsaritsyn, - as the same Y. Trifonov notes, - Marusya took part in the fleece Anarchist Bunte, who raised Petrenko ..." (elsewhere trophone: "... In the same night, Tsaritsyn became Sepid and bomb the famous Marusya Nikiforov ").

But as described Tsaritsyn episode, the wife of Sergo - Zinaida Ordzhonikidze:

"Early in the morning, our armored train arrived in Tsaritsyn. Slightly forced dawn. Suddenly, cannonade began nearby. It was rebelled by Petrenko's gangsters who arrived on the first two echelons that we failed to catch up on the way.

Sergo sat in the car and drove to the collision site. The peeled gangsters categorically refused to fold the weapons and declared the war of Soviet power. They united with anarchists from the gang of Marusi, which I saw before in Rostov: she, accompanied by drunken robbers, drove around the city in white Cherkess and a white shaggy dad.

Krasnoarmeysian detachments occupied positions in the cemetery. This battle began, in which Sergo accepted the most active participation ... "

The faithful advisses were only the untrained detachments of the Red Guards, and Petrenko with Marusi commanded one of the most combat-ready compounds of the Ukrfront ... Tsaritsyn Rebellion, as two drops of water, looked like a Elizavetgrad history: a straight flooring from large-caliber guns from the echelons was injected in the city center, where There were all institutions of Soviet power. But in the end, Petrenko was surrounded, he surrendered, and he was shot. Private Petrenkovtsy and Marius did not touch. If you believe the newspaper "News of the Councils of the Moscow Region", the squad "of the famous anarchist" Marusi "at the end of May 1918 was disarmed in Tsaritsyn." The Marusian Fighters of the newspaper wrote the following: "Appearing in some city, they loosely indulged, drunkenness, self-esteem and props. The whole city in which they managed to settle, was in the most terrible position. They broke out normal life, they were often attacked by Workers. Something nightmarish was worried in the cities during the stay there "Maruski." Drunk Vakhanalia, Terror, a breakdown, spread by Mr. Nikiforova, cannot be described. " And feeding in the main rumors V. Amphitheators-Kadashev recorded about her in his diary: "Then dangled with the Bolsheviks on Don and Kuban, after taking Tuapse fled to the mountains - and the trace disappeared." ...

In fact, in June 1918, Marusya was arrested in Saratov, according to the decision of the Saratov Council, it was brought to Moscow and concluded for several months to a Butycan prison (in one of the options for its brief biography, such information is given: "In the summer, 1918 Nikiforov commanded his" Friend "in Voronezh - Bryansk - Saratov fronts. In September 1918, he was arrested by decision of the Saratov Council" for illegal actions ", taken to Moscow .."). From custody, Nikiforov was released in September on the orders of the CEC member, one of the leaders of the Russian anarchists of Apollo Karelin and the commander of the Soviet troops in Ukraine, Antonova-Ovseenko. The group of political immigrants returned from France, including Witold Bzhetk, Anarcho-Communist, an employee of the Commissariat of Trade and Industry (in the past, the famous Polish anarchist is "Anarchist"). Soon after the liberation, Marusya marries Bzobeg. According to the memories of Andrei Andreeva: "This woman (Marusu) of Bzhetk, loving gently, sometimes wore on her hands on the room" ...

In anticipation of the court and sentence, she began to work, as we said, in the crawler, more precisely, there was a learning painting there. The first wife Maximilian Voloshin - Margarita Sabashnikov recalled with horror, as the "Commissioner of BZhOSTEK" appeared in the crawler. According to her, art should be grateful to Marus for the fact that she eventually decided to leave the artist's career ... At the same time, Marusya participated in the congress of anarchists in Moscow and was elected to the Secretariat (secretary of the All-Russian anarchist federation).

The court over Nikiforova took place in January 1919. The Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal in the indictment (the prosecutor at the court acted as notorious Katanyan) pointed that "M. Nikiforova, without the knowledge of local councils, conducted in many cities of the Requisition of the products of the intensity, private shops and societies, imposed on the landowners to confinition on large sums, took the weapons and guns left by Gaidamakov. When the advice protested, she threatened them, surrounded by the building of the Councils by machine guns, arrested members of the Executive Committee. She was shot by the military officer, she sentenced the orders for the failure to fulfill the chairman of the chairman of Elizavevdigrad Council. "

Member of the Central Committee of Ukraine Pyatakov, who formed on behalf of the Government of Ukraine, showed that the last "disorganized very often defense against the Germans and White Guards, that she forced many communists to fight against her, was engaged in robbery and is simply a bandit opened under flag of Soviet power. "

To some extent with the conclusions of the court, anarchists were agreed. One of them in the newspaper "Anarchy" wrote about Marus: "Glory about her detachment thundered throughout the front and glory loudly ... Without a doubt, Marusya sometimes made something non-ananchical, but it was explained in part and what was found to find a feature where the discipline is not It would be to the detriment of freedom, it was very difficult and, I would say, it is impossible even. "

The Military Tribunal recognized Mary Nikiforov the guilty "in discrediting the Soviet power with his actions and actions of its squad in some cases: in unobliness to some tips in the field of military operations." The accusation of robbery and illegal requisitions Tribunal decided to be illegal, since it was based on rumors who were not confirmed ("hysterical appeared, which, called her name, and committed crimes"). Considering M. Nikiforov guilty of two points, the Tribunal found it a deserving condesception (silver things found in her pile car could belong to someone from the fighters of her squad) and sentenced "to deprive the right to hold responsible posts within six months from the day of sentence ".

Such a soft sentence of the Tribunal issued a merit of Nikiforova in the struggle for the Soviet power and against the Germans. In addition, the court did not have good evidence on the facts of robbery. Yes, and the requisition of goods was not at that moment something out of a series of outgoing, such methods were mined the provisions forces formed and the Bolsheviks, and the left ester, and anarchists.

Braver Nikiforov on the orders of Karelin characterized her at court as "idealist in the best sense of the word" (by the way, Maraksya received money during his stay in Moscow from the same Karelin). He also called her "disinterested" and argued that she would not take a penny for himself: "Everything that I had, she would have given all herself even to unfamiliar comrades. She gave the latter ... I, rather, I admit that the Communist Party will accept the program "The Union of the Russian People" than I believe that Comrade Nikiforov will take at least a penny of bad money. " Karelin argued that she was an enemy of all sorts of expropriations that she was an absolute sober, that her phrase: "We need to disperse advice, because they sit on some fidels" - the top of the nonsense ...

Shortly after the trial, Marusya left the capital. "Now again emerged in Ukraine," the rumors of Amphithemators-Kadashev fixes, - again there are inhuman cruelty: under the Melitopole, after an attack on the train, I personally shot up 34 officers! Next to her, I will fly Makhno, also a cortex, former People's Teacher. " In reality, everything was somewhat different.

In the rebel army, Batki Makhno, who fought against the troops of Denikin on the side of the Soviets, Marusya was engaged in the Makhnovskaya "capital" - Gulipol - schools, hospitals, children's gardens. It was not allowed to participate in the leadership of combat detachments, as Makhno decided to prevent her to military work. He influenced this, probably the decision of the Military Tribunal in Moscow.

If Majus Mahno and removed from military affairs, then only the interference of coarse strength could excite it from the rostrum. She continued to use the tribune under all conditions. Makhnovets Chubenko subsequently argued that Maria Nikiforov arrived at the anarchist area made an unfavorable impression at the rebels, trying to impress their report on the repression of the Bolsheviks, who were expressed in condemning it for six months of conditional punishment. "When Makhno," recalls Chubenko, "he came in Gulyaitepol, then the first duty demanded that the 2nd District Congress was convened. The famous anarchist Marusya Nikiforova, who asked out of the queue (...), as she was only That arrived from Moscow (...), was under arrest and that it was condemned for 6 months conditionally. Of course, it was not clear for the peasants and the Red Army teams, and many of them protested, saying that they were waiting for something like, but She tells us a fairy tale about the white bull. Makhno loved to support the peasants in such cases, and therefore he stated the congress that if Nikiforov was judged by the Communists, then it deserves this: "And our business (...) to fight and beat white, and not disassemble who is right, and who is to blame. "

In the 20s of April 1919, the Commander of the Ukrainian Front of Antonov-Ovseenko visited Gulyaigepol with inspection purposes. Makhno presented a high guest of the members of the Gulipol executive committee and his headquarters. "Immediately," recalled the Complert - Political Commissioner Brigade, and the old familiar Marusya Nikiforova. " The inspection of the Makhno Brigade was superficial - the Antonov-Ovseenko did not have time to see a lot, to feel, as in the division, too, who also fought on the side of the Soviets of Grigoriev. But Makhno the commander knew longer, Makhno was clearer. The regiment forming in Gulyaipol, Antonov-Ovseyenko noted to himself: Dressed something like, but the view is cheerful ... After the staff meeting, Makhno showed the commander of his favorite village: three schools, "targets", hospitals, where a thousand wounded was not One professional, experienced doctor. Schools and kindergartens ("... as it is ridiculous," writes one of the researchers) he managed to Marusya Nikiforov, "Prima Anarchist of 1918, which Makhno removed from the conduct of military operations."

"In the evening, - continues his memories of the Complert," there was another huge rally. The performances of the Complert, Makhno and Marusi Nikiforova. All speeches were under the slogan: "With all the forces against the general enemy - Bourgeois generals." In a statement by the chairman of the Ukrainian government X. Rakovsky Antonov -Ovesenko regarding Makhno specifically notes: "Marus Nikiforov does not let military case, finding that her place - the deeds of Mercy.

D days after the visit of Antonova-Ovseenko in the army of Makhno arrived L. B. Kamenev, sent to the proposal of Lenin to Ukraine to solve the problem of accelerated promotion of food cargoes to Moscow. Nikiforov simplified Kamenev to send a telegram to Moscow with a request to cut half the sentence.

Kamenene Sech as follows as follows the stay of his cartridge in the "Threatened Area":

"The train of the expedition, well armed with machine guns and fighters, arrived in Gulyaipol early in the morning on May 7th. The train met Marusya Nikiforov, Adjutant Makhno Pavlenko, Verperbelnikov (Veretelnikov Boris) and the other post-Makhnovets. The conversation began with the loyal Morusi Nikiforova, and soon moved to Marusi. The topic of CC and props.

Kamenev. Your rebels are heroes, they helped to drive the Germans, they were driven by the Rumor's landowner, they fight the skin and helped take Mariupol.

Pavlenko. And took Mariupol.

Kamenev. So you are revolutionaries.

Marusya Nikiforova. Even offensive, well, right.

Kamenev. However, the fact that often your parts are requisitioned bread designed for starving workers. (...)

Voroshilov with a grin asks Marius Nikiforov, for whom it was dominated by the whole shops of laundry in Kharkov. Makhnovtsy smile. Marusya dishes his hand and blushes. "Any nonsense come crayons," she says, "you don't delve into the essence of things."

"I'm the first," says Marusya, "the detachments introduced in Yekaterinoslav, I disarmed 48 people. You can tell the legends about Makhnovtsev, I will tell to the end ..." It's hard to force Marusus to stop the list of your feats ...

Before the departure, Kamenev sent the following telegram to Moscow:

"VTCIK. Serebryakov. I propose for military merit to reduce half the sentence Marusi Nikiforova, convicted for half a year of deprivation of the right to hold responsible posts. Decision to telegraduate in Gulizipol, Nikiforova and me."

(Marusya Nikiforova hinted herself. The approximate Makhno whispered to Kamenev that Makhnu was not allowed to the headquarters).

Meanwhile, the relationship between the leaders of the Makhnovsky movement and the surrenders of the anarchists was becoming more and more intense. The culmination was the conflict at the rally on May 1, where Makhno fell on them and even pulled Nikiforov from the Tribune, accused of the Bolsheviks in the treachercy of the revolution. The uncompromisingity of many urban anarchists contradicted the realistic views of the leaders of the movement preferred to compromise in relations with the Communists ...

Then Nestor Makhno opposed the Soviet power, and a number of anarchists, including Nikiforov, allegedly disagree with this decision of the Batiki, left Makhnovev. However, the genuine motifs of the departure Marusi from Guliypol are not quite clear. It is known that Marusya fastened from the real command in the Makhnovsky headquarters, something like "Anti-Bolshevik Lobby", which includes the head of the headquer, the right maximalist, the former Cossack officer of Yakov Ozerov and the head of the operative department of her long-time familiar Left Eris Ivan Rodionov ... Memoirists and Historians interpret the separation of Makhno and Marusi in different ways, while some details are not joined.

Shortly after the departure, Kamenev was a strong breakthrough of the Shkurovtsev, "recalls Chubenko," and we had to take a position behind the position and, without having connections with the left flank, where the headquarters of the 14th Army stood, we had to pass Gulipol. And so, when it was handed over to Gulyaipol, Makhno and all his approximal were announced outside the law (...). Makhno was subdued to the big Tokmak so that I had reported the reporting of the new supply chief (...). By sending me, Makhno gave me an order that if only reporting would not be correctly handed over, he would shoot me. It was said because the Soviet government does not say that we took the money and did not report for them (...).

When I passed the reporting, Makhno was on the front, and at that time an anarchist came to Marusya Nikiforov and began to ask me how much money I had. I answered her that I had 3 million money that Makhno did not tell me anyone to give. She answered me that she should receive this money and send them to Moscow for an underground organization of anarchists (...) that she has 30 anarchist terrorists here at the station, and she will not be considered with me, and if I I will not give, then it will do expropriation. With these words, she came out of the car, where there was a cash desk with money. I approached the duty officer at the station, I ordered that after 15 minutes my car with one steam locomotive sent to the Fedorovka station, which is south-west of a large Tokmak in 50 versts. So it was done.

On the second day, Makhno arrived from the front (...). When I arrived in Big Tokmak, Makhno began to scold me why I left (...). I began to tell him (...) that I wanted Marusya Nikiforov to make expropriation. That's why I left the big Tokmak, because with her a person is 30 terrorists, and I am alone. They can come and pick up money at any time. Makhno listened to me and said: "For such a thing you need to shoot Nikiforov, because this money is needed in order to raise the uprising in the rear of the white, because the communists do not be able."

At that moment Marusya Nikiforov entered and began to say Makhno that he would give her the money to her, since she needs for underground work in Moscow. Makhno, not to say a word, began to scold it with a square brand and, catching the revolver, I wanted to shoot her. But she obviously premeditated, because she was ready with the revolver in his hand. For a long time they swear, and then she began to ask Makhno at least on the road to these people who were with her. Makhno did not want to give first, and then I took a pack of 1,000 sheets of the Nikolaev currency 5 rubles of dignity (...), threw it in the window about the window of her people and said: "Nat you with this money, and so I have not seen you here. Wherever Want to go there and go (...). We know what terrorists you are. The finished bread is capable of eating and only. " And Marusu Nikiforov kicked out absolutely from the car and did not give her a penny.

Other sources of the same story are transmitted otherwise. In some, it is said that Makhno went to the big Tokmak, on the way there the rally, calling the rebels and the population to support his performance against the Bolsheviks. But he was poorly listened to him, and he with his squad entered the big Tokmak, where he had some success, both among the population and among the red battalion. Here he met Marusi Nikiforova, by that time organized a group of 60 anarchist terrorists who were in the Makhnovsky counterintelligence, alternating detachments and fur coats. She urged to give money to the face of the underground, but Makhno denied her, they almost attached, and at the end of Makhno gave up 250 thousand rubles to the group.

From other sources it follows that when a group of militants from counterintelligence of Chernyak, who assumed, divided into three groups, to make a number of terrorist acts, to blow up the Kharkiv check, kill Kolchak and Denikin, - they demanded 700 thousand rubles. And Makhno gave the amount required by them.

It is known that in fact, the group was divided into three detachments and from the Fedorovka station was drove in three directions. One - in 20 people led by Nikiforova - went to the Crimea, from where it was supposed to move to Rostov and blow up Denikin's bid; Another - in 25 people led by Kovalevich, Sobolev and Glagzon - went to Kharkov to liberate the arrested Makhnovtsev, and in case of failure - for the explosion of the Emergency Tribunal, and the third - led by Chernywoman and Gromov, went to Siberia to explode the rings of Kolchak.

Part of the Kharkov group popped up later in Moscow among the "Anarchists of the Underground". It happened after Kovalevich's squad from Kharkov decided to go to Moscow, in which he saw all the "evil". In a short time, he organized his printing house and distributed the pogromic appeal by the signature of the All-Russian Organization of Anarchists Underground. These militants were preparing to blow up the Kremlin and expropriate banks in Moscow, Tula, St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Ivanovo-Voznesensk and other cities.

The role of Nikiforova in the activities of the so-called anarchists of the underground, which committed September 25, 1919 in the building of the MK RCP (b) in Leontiev Lane, remains not quite clear. As a result of this terrorist act, the purpose of which was the elimination of V. I. Lenin, 12 people were killed, including the Secretary of the MK RCP (b) V. M. Zagorsky, and 55 Communists were injured, among which such prominent Bolshevik leaders like A. F . Myasnikov, M. S. Olminsky, M. N. Pokrovsky, Yu. M. Golov, E. M. Yaroslavsky and others. As a result of the investigation of the circumstances, the case found out that the "Anarchists of the underground" headed by D. A. Cherepanov used the Moscow apartment of Nikiforova. However, whether it was an accident or Marusya knew about the upcoming terrorist act, while he remained a mystery (among the leaders of the Anarcho-underground workers, who were not able to arrest, was arrested, a certain "senior anarchist of Volodya" was listed ...).

The Siberian detachment was then lost somewhere, whether he drove for the Urals and took part in the rebel movement in the rear of Kolchak.

Nikiforov in the summer of 1919 was in the Crimea, it is possible to prepare on the site of terrorist attacks against the White Command, and maybe, from there, together with her husband, V. Bzhosphecom get to Poland. According to some information, she applied for monetary help to the Crimean anarchists. Soon she was captured by white counterintelligence in Crimea and heated in Sevastopol (August - September 1919). According to other information, at the end of July, together with her husband was identified and heated in Sevastopol General Salazkov, and her detachment from the Crimea allegedly moved to the Caucasus and participated in the movement of green.

The version recorded in the diary of V. Amphitheatova-Kadashev, written in the diary of V. Amphitheatova-Kadashev, was quite convincing: "Maruska Nikiforov hung in Sevastopol. It turns out that she did not have time to jump out of the Crimea during the class of his volunteers and lived, hiding, somewhere on the ship with his new husband. By her Words, she no longer interfered into any policy. Once, two guy, who used to participate in her gangs, and now - the soldiers of the Dobramia. The desire to survive, as well as the evil on Maruska for the fact that she once told them to fluff out, forced them The guys track it down and bring to the bosses. In court, Marusya kept perfectly: he was completely calmly adopted a death sentence, saying: "Yes, you can still do with me - just take it!" She also calmly met her and executed. Saying goodbye to her husband (he sentenced To the Eternal Katorga), she, however, I cried, but then kept resting, cheerfully began on the bench, myself put on my loop myself on the neck ... "Andrei Andreev also remembers that Marusya Nikiforova with great worthy I kept in court and my heroism deserved respect for whites. Before execution, she did not leave the courage, and she exclaimed: "Long live anarchy!"

After the liberation of the Crimea, the remains of the "heroic underground workers Marusi", as reported in the press, were solemnly reburied by the Soviet authorities ...

From others, already completely dubious sources it follows that she was arrested, being disguised into officer clothes, in Kiev in June 1919, and only then in Sevastopol, the military-field court was convicted of the death penalty.

The conversations were later to appear that Maria Nikiforova was neither shot, either heated by white, and returned to Moscow and there, being a recruited CC authorities, allegedly sent with the relevant tasks to France ...

The image of the desired anarchist Atamishi Marusi was so imprinted in the people's memory that rumors about the pogroms and robbery signed by her appeared in 1920-1921 during the peasant uprising under the leadership of Esra A. S. Antonov in Tambov province. However, when checking it turned out that a certain Maria Kosovo was hidden under Marusi, who headed one of the Antonovsky combat groups, distinguished by approximately the same actions as the "1st Elevation Council" ... in the last three months of Makhnovshchina (summer 1921 ) In the area of \u200b\u200bthe action of the detachments, Makhno allegedly operated as a certain Maruska, which was then connected with him, and after the care, Makhno in Romania disappeared somewhere, as the water round ...

Finishing our story, we note that, if she is hanged by white, her, even a little later, would let the redest idealism, who pushed Marus to adventures, in the state of the winning Bolshevism would never have come to the court. But the "fine terror", the practitioner of which it was, - in its own way interpreted, - became an integral part of the regime. But already without Marusi.

Legends went about her, they were afraid, they tried not to come across her eyes. There were rumors that every night there is plenty of units for which the night of love becomes the latter in their lives.

Blue beard in female kindergarten, monster of the revolution, Atamysh Marusya Nikiforova with his numerous gang arrived in Taganrog. On the calendar was April 1918 ...

The first at Marusi was at the age of 15, he simply told her something offensive, and immediately fell on the ground with a converted throat. No one bold her to reap! Many she sent to that light ...
Desperate courage and an exacerbated sense of justice led Marius Nikiforov to the Radical Anarchist Stan. Here, in the territory of modern East Ukraine, where she was born, Marusya began his bloody path of Liya Atamishi. Robbery and murder, expropriation and execution with unprecedented cruelty became her branded sign.
Within two years of underground activity, she managed to quit several bombs - in the passenger train, in the cafe, to the store. The anarchist often changed the place of residence, hiding from police surveillance. But, after all, the police managed to attack Maria Nikiforova and delay it. She was arrested, accused of committing four murders and several robbery and sentenced to death.

However, like Northar Makhno, her countryman, and in the future and the nearest allegations, Maria Nikifor's death penalty was replaced by an indefinite cata machine. Most likely, the verdict was due to the fact that at the time of his Mary Nikiforov, as well as Makhno, did not reach the age of majority, according to the laws of the Russian Empire, which occurred at the 21st age. From the Petropavlovsk fortress Maria Nikiforova was steady in Siberia - to the place of departure of the cattle, but managed to make escape. Japan, United States, Spain - here is Mary's Travel Points before she was able to settle in France, in Paris, where it was actively involved in anarchist activities. During this period, Marusya took part in the activities of the anarchist groups of Russian emigrants, but collaborated with the local Anarcho-Bohemian medium. It was here that she was fascinated by the ideas of sexual liberty, and communicating with prominent anarchists alternated with unbelled bdsm orgy ...

As soon as the February Revolution comes in Russia, Maria returns to Native Alexandrovsk, and with fierce and fury is included in the work. Even Nestor Makhno considered her, as they would say today, frostbitated. She killed without any reasons for the sake of pleasure, she was afraid of their own, and terrible rumors passed on the fate of the cute young men transmitted from the mouth to mouth.

In the center sits Fedor Schus, to the left of him there is Nikiforov

Numerous gangs of infurders furred by the expanses of Elisavetrrad Province, but Maria was the first among them. Some of it even arrested the Bolsheviks in Aleksandrovsk, but thanks to the intercession of Antonova-Ovsienko, with whom Maryus associated relatives and passion for the Sado Mazo, let them go.
With a gang of 300 bayonets in January 1918, the legendary Ataman takes Elisavetgrad. The city washed in the blood, killed and robbed without parsing, and the news about the approaching Germans met as a gift of fate.

Upon approaching the Kaiser troops, the entire Bolshevik-anarchist bastard moved to the east.

In Taganrog, they took the best mansions, and Taganrog himself began at the time the capital of the revolutionary and gangster Ukraine.
The CEC Councils of Ukraine is located in one of the best buildings of the city on the street. Frunze, 41, the former palace of a lope.

On the threshold of this house Nikiforov and arrested

Arrived in Taganrog and Marusya Nikiforov. In the city's dashing Tachanka, she drove around the city around the city, for the purpose of entertainment he shot passersby, went to the houses you like, and he took everything that would like. In the city went to walk rumors about her love jits ending with the death of young partners.
The city is measured in anticipation of fear. The Bolsheviks did not want to give the power to the unintelligent anarchists, they turned to Makhno Northor, who arrived in Taganrog, but he could not cope with the insane Ataman. And then the large squad of the Bolshevik was caused to the city, and also a criminal, Kuskah.

Makhno, behind him F.

Remembers Nestor Makhno:

This was the time when Lenin and Trotsky missed them completely, defeated anarchist organizations in Moscow, announced a campaign against anarchists in other cities and villages. The left socialist revolutionaries in the center did not oppose this. That is why the Ukrainian Bolshevik-Leveteservical authorities hurried to act against the Nikiforova anarchist squad, who climbed along with their Red Guard detachments in Taganrog.

The Ukrainian government ordered his concerned from the front to the Krasnogvardeysky squad under the team of the Bolshevik Kaskina to arrest anarchist Maria Nikiforov, and her detachment to disarm. Soldiers of Kaskina arrested Maria Nikiforov at my eyes in the building of the Ucyc of the Soviets. When it was taken out of this building in the presence of a not-sensitive Bolshevik Zatonsky, Maria Nikiforova appealed to him for clarification: for which it is arrested? Zatonsky hypocritically revealed: "I don't know what." Nikiforova called him a petitioner. So, Nikiforov was arrested, and her detachment disarmed.

However, Nikiforov's detachment did not scatter and did not go to the ministry of Kaskina Bolshevik. He persistently demanded from the power of a person's answer, where they were picked by Maria Nikiforov and for which he was disarmed.

All of Ukraine joined the Taganrog and Taganrog anarchists to this requirement. The Taganrog Committee of the Party of Left Socialist Revolutionaries supported anarchists and fighters of Nikiforov's squad.

I strongly gave for my own and Maria Nikifor signature by the telegram by the Commander-in-Chief Ukrainian Red Front of Antonov-Ovseyenko with a request for his opinion on the anarchist chip of Maria Nikiforova and a request to make an order where he should be released by Nikiforov, return her to the arms, and specify the part of the combat front, where The detachment should go on receiving its weapons and equipment.

The Commander-in-Chief of Antonov-Ovseenko on our telegram gave an answer to the authorities who were settled in Taganrog, with a copy of us at the address of the anarchists. Telegram wore a purely business character of the experienced commander:

"The anarchist detachment of Maria Nikiforova, like Comrade Nikiforov, I am well known. Instead of dealing with the disarmament of such revolutionary combat units, I would advise you to create them." (Signature.)

At the same time, many telegrams protesting against the deed of the authorities or simply sympathizing Nikiforova and its detachment, entered the Taganrog from the front from the Bolshevik, Leveteservical and Anarchist Returns and their commanders who have proven themselves in battles.

Yekaterinoslavsky (Bryansk) Anarchist armored train under the team of Anarchist Garina arrived in Taganrog to express his revolutionary protest of the rushing, behind the revolutionary front, authorities.

Clouds were condensed over the city, everyone expected a bloody fight between two gangs.
Still, the trial of Maria Nikiforova took place.

Nestor Makhno continues:

In the twenties of April, a revolutionary court over Maria Nikiforova took place. According to Party, the court seemed to two left socialist revolutionary societies of the Taganrog federation, two Bolshevik communists of the Taganrog organization and one Bolshevik-Communist from the Central Bolshevik-Leveteservo government in Ukraine.

The court occurred at open doors and wore the character of the court of revolutionary honor. Here it should be noted that the left socialist revolutionaries revealed themselves as impartial in relation to the accused Nikiforova, as far as merciless in relation to the agents' prosecutors from the authorities.

The central government has been configured from fugitives a lot of witnesses against Nikiforova, trying by all truths and untrue to push her a criminal offense and execute. But the court was truly a revolutionary, impartial and, most importantly, politically and legally largely independent of the provocation of government hired agents.

The court used as witnesses from many of the free visitors to the meeting room, giving the proceedings of this case almost the nature of the stands from which it was possible to speak freely.

I remember today: one of those who knew Nikiforov and her squad on the front spoke before the court of Comrade Garin. He in hot speech told the judges and to all the citizens who were present at the trial that he was convinced that "if the comrade Nikiforov was sitting on the dock now, then only because she sees in most judges direct revolutionaries and believes that, coming out of Courts, she will receive his own and his detachment weapons and go fight against counterrevolution. If she did not believe in it and foresees that the revolutionary court would go in the footsteps of the government and its provocateurs, then I would know about it and declare on behalf of the entire armored train team that we would free her strength ... ".

This statement Garina outraged revolutionary judges. Nevertheless, they answered him that the court had formed on the basis of complete independence from power and would bring the case to a logical end. If Maria Nikiforova is guilty, she will receive his own from those who arrested it. If the data against it is incorrect, the court will take all measures to ensure that Nikiforov receives its weapons and equipment and left Taganrog to the front or where she wants ...

As a result of the proceedings, the court ruled, to condemn Nikiforov for the robbery of Elisavebrad there is no reason. The court decided to immediately release her from custody and, returning her armament and equipment selected by a detachment with a detachment of Kuskina and to grant her the opportunity to make her echelon and go to the front, especially since she was striving for it.

The next day, Nikiforov was already in the Federation of Taganrog Anarchists. We released a leaflet signed by the Council of Anarchists, who exposed the central Ukrainian Bolshevik power and commander of Kaskina in falsification of the case against Nikiforova and hypocritically inferior to the revolution itself. This leaflet was written in person personally and did not approve of some of the comrades for its sharpness against Kaskina.

Then, while Nikiforov's detachment was formed, I, Nikiforov and one friend from the Taganrog federation, on behalf of the Federation, a number of large rallies on behalf of the Federation: at the Taganrog leather and metallurgical factories, in the city center, in the Apollo Theater and in other areas of the city. The theme of the rallies was: "Protection of the revolution at the front against the expeditionary counter-revolutionary, German-Austro-Hungarian armies and the Ukrainian Central Rada and in the rear - against the reaction of power, which is strong in the rear and helpless on the front." Everywhere, on the bills and on rallies, I performed under the pseudonym "modest" (my pseudonym at Katorga). In this matter, many rallies were supported by Taganrog leftie. We had tremendous success.

I remember, the Bolshevik "Celebrities" of Bubnov and Kaskin from the Social Center "Center" came to one of the rallies (on the leather plant). With which disappointment, the Bolsheviks were forced to stop their speeches and shout, drowning with legs, for thousands of workers' masses, when the masses shouted: "It's enough to fall asleep us with questions! We ask a comrade modest on the stands, he will answer you! .. "When I answered the mainly Bubnovaya (Nikiforov answered Kuskina), the masses of the workers were writing Bubnov and Kaskina, shouting:

"Comrade is modest, chase them from the stands."

After the Taganrog rally speeches, Nikiforova took up the preparation of his squad to the front of the front.

Nikiforov left the city, and was shot dead a year later in the Crimea.
Nestor Makhno managed to spend a conference in Taganrog ...

And the inhabitants of the city of Taganrog sighed with relief, when a week after the events described, on May 1, 1918, the occupation German troops went to the city. Taganrog met them as delighters.

In the history of the revolutionary movement in Ukraine, the personality of Maria Nikiforova still causes fierce disputes.

Some historians claim that she was unbalanced special, which became famous for his cruelty. Others tend to believe that the Bolsheviks deliberately poured her mud in order to distort the real story.

Time passed when in movies, literary works and in the memoirs of contemporaries, Nestor Makhno was depicted by a hysterical and vengeful man who was horror in the district. Historical studies allowed to establish that this is not true.

However, many comrades of Nestor Ivanovich still look robber with a large road. For example, in the famous TV film "Adjutant His Excellency", a certain Batka angel, whom Anatoly Papanov played, appeared by a semi-graphic bandit, who was guided by the motto: "Bay Red, until they beat, Bey White, until blushing." With the famous Ataman Evgeny Petrovich, this cinematic image, of course, has nothing to do.

But most of all the frank lies and the most disgusting rumors are embossed around Maria Grigorievna Nikiforova, whose name once thundered throughout Ukraine.

Pupil of Auguste Roden.

She was born in 1885 in the city of Aleksandrovsk (the current Zaporozhye) in the family of the Hero of the Russian-Turkish War of Staffs-captain Grigoria Nikiforova. It is reliably known about her childhood and youth that, at the age of 18, Maria joined the combat organization of the ECOV party and took part in numerous terrorist acts. In 1908, she was arrested and sentenced to twenty cortics.

Photo: Bust Mary Nikiforova work of Auguste Rodin

There she fell under the influence of anarchists - immigrants from Russia, worked in the editors of anarchist newspapers "Forward" and "Voice of Labor", published in Russian. Under different pseudonyms, she published articles on the anger of the day and sharp fekelons in which her journalistic talent showed brightly. Maria also participated in the organization "Union of Russian Workers and Canada".

Three years later, Maria Nikiforova was tired of this routine. Being an active and decisive nature, she went to Spain, where he headed the squad of Spanish anarchists. During the unsuccessful robbery of the bank was injured and by fake documents were transferred to treatment to France. In Paris, Maria Nikiforova, as far as known, banks for the needs of the revolution did not expropriate. But she took lessons from the Great Auguste Rodin, and the elderly sculptor considered her one of the most talented his student.

Anarchist Artemy Smooth arguments that I saw Maria Nikiforov in Paris, dressed in a male suit. For those times, women who had put on pants without a special police permission (for the entire XIX century in France, nine such permits were issued in France, with one of them the writer Georges Sand), threatened a major penalty for violation of public morality. Women allowed to wear a male costume only in two cases - if they ride a bike and do horseback. Maria Nikiforova had the right to carry Galifa, as under a false name he studied at the officer's cavalry school. According to some information, in Paris, she married a professional revolutionary anarchist Czech Witold Bzhostk.

At the end of 1916, Maria Nikiforova received an officer rank and as a military instructor was aimed at the Balkans, where military actions unfolded. But learning that the revolution occurred in Russia, Maria hurried to return to his homeland.

In April 1917, she came to Petrograd and, together with his girlfriend, Alexander Kollondtai, who met still in Paris, actively performed at rallies, swaying the temporary government, which, in her opinion, was usurped by power in the country.

In early July, she went to Kronstadt, where he called on the sailors to go under the black banner of anarchy at the storm at the Winter Palace. However, the attempt of the Bolsheviks and Anarthocommunists to carry out a coup ended in failure, Lenin disappeared in the spilling, Kollondtai went to jail, and Maria Nikiforova returned to Alexandrovsk.

Court of revolutionary honor

The few months were required by Maria Nikiforova in order to create combat-ready black squads in Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslave (now Dnepropetrovsk), Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson, Melitopol, Yuzovka (now Donetsk), Nikopol and other cities. In the fall of 1917, she essentially controlled the entire south of Ukraine, which actually became independent of Petrograd and Kiev. Nikiforov herself called it the "second revolution", designed to dismantle the state as a violence device. She acted not only in a word, demonstrating an outstanding oratorical talent, but also.

For example, in order to provide weapons with a detachment of Nestor Makhno, it carried out a brilliant operation on disarmament of the whole battalion of the Preobrazhensky regiment. Being trained as a French officer, Maria Nikiforova understood that it was necessary to ensure the smooth supply of the "Black Guard" detachments not only with weapons, but also food and fodder, otherwise they will take care of the civilian population. I had to impose on bankers, merchants and landowners a greater contribution. It is known, for example that the Badovsky's Alexander Breeder has expropriated a million rubles.

In response, the injured orders poured Petrograd and Kiev complaints in which the imaginary brutality of the broken anarchist was painted. In September 1917, on the orders of the Commissioner of the Provisional Government in Alexandrovsk, Maria Nikiforova was arrested and entered into custody. The same day, all enterprises of the city stopped work. The authorities were forced to free Maria, and the workers in their arms reported it from prison to the building, where the city council of workers, peasant and soldiers' deputies were located.

Maria Nikiforova turned into a folk heroine in his eyes, in the symbol of the struggle for freedom and independence. Even her enemies admitted that she easily found a common language not only with the workers and representatives of the intelligentsia, but even with the White Guard officers.

It should be especially noted that, being ideological anarchist, she avoided violence. Now in some popular publications, you can read that during the campaign in the Crimea, Mary Nikiforova distinguished himself by the brutal murders of officers and even plundered the Livadia Palace, but these are just rumors that are not documented. But it is known that Mary was worthy to perform at a rally in Feodosia, as she was immediately elected in the executive committee of the county peasant council. In addition, she created in the city of the Black Guard squad. Equally welcoming Maria Nikiforov met in other cities and villages of Crimea, where she promoted anarchist ideas.

In February 1918, Maria Nikiforov left the leadership of the Black Guard detachments and devoted himself to propaganda work, clarify the population of the principles of anarchism. However, in the second half of February, the troops of Germany and Austria-Hungary moved to Ukraine. Maria was again forced to head the detachment, which had 580 people, had two guns, seven machine guns and armored vehicles. She and her fighters participated in heavy battles with the Germans, but the forces were unequal.

In April, Maria Nikiforova, with his detachment, was in Rostov, where he was arrested by the Bolsheviks, accuse of her in the robbeles of the civilian population. Nestor Makhno addressed the support of the commander of the Soviet troops of the South of Russia to Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, and he sent a telegram: "The anarchist detachment of Maria Nikiforova, like his friend Nikiforov, is well known to me. Instead of disarming such revolutionary combat units, I would advise you to create them. "

The court, held at the end of April, was held at open doors and was called the "court of revolutionary honor." Nestor Makhno recalled: "We must say the truth: the Bolsheviks are good masters on the fabrication of lies and for any meanness against others. They made more than it was necessary, data against Maria Nikiforova. " However, five judges, among which there was not a single anarchist, unanimously justified the revolutionary, all charges against her were removed.

"The damn was beautiful!"

Maria again led his squad, successfully fought against the whiteboas of Bryansk and Saratov, but he behaved extremely independently and defiantly. A prominent Bolshevik C. Raksha recalled, as Mary Nikiforova looked at that time: "She sat in the table and malls in the teeth of a cigarette. The devil was beautiful: years of thirty, gypsy type, black-haired, with a magnificent breast, highly raised the gymnaster. " Another contemporary described her appearance in Voronezh in the diary: "The crew rushes on the street with a mad speed. A young brunette is casually sits in a bastard ringer Kubanka. "

To the Soviet government, Maria Nikiforova was critically, and did not hide it. It is not surprising that she soon was in prison. Having learned about this, a group of former political emigrants turned to the Bolsheviks with the message: "We, former political emigrants, returned from France, are outraged by evil, vile rumors that spread bourgeois seal, about Comradist Maria Grigorievna Nikiforova. Knowing it on emigration, confident in its unconditional political honesty and personal selflessness: I consider it a harmful and inhuman in prison in a difficult moment. "

The meeting of the revallement in the case of Nikiforova was held in January 1919. For "disorganization and discredit of Soviet power", she was sentenced to deprive for six months "Rights to hold responsible team posts in the RSFSR".

Shortly after the trial, Maria left Moscow. "Now again emerged in Ukraine," said Belogvardeysky journalist Amphitheatrov-Kadashev, - again there are inhuman cruelty: under the Melitopole, after the attack on the train, it is a person's personally shot by 34 officers! " It was another lie: in Gulipol, Maria Nikiforova was engaged in educational work, organized schools, nursery and hospitals. At the end of April, Antonov-Ovseenko visited Gulipol and sent a telegram to Moscow: "Nikiforov is not allowed to military affairs, finding that her place is mercy."

However, the Bolsheviks, knowing the active nature of Nikiforova, expected some regular Caverza from her. Now the version is put forward that it was involved in the explosion of the Moscow Committee of the RCP, as a result of which 12 people died. But this happened on September 25, and Maria Nikiforov left Gulipol at the end of August and went to the Crimea with her husband. The reason for the departure was its disagreement with the actions of Nestor Makhno, who began to flirt with the Ukrainian nationalists.

In Crimea, she intended to organize the "third revolution", creating anarchism outpost on the peninsula, but in September 1919 Nikiforov and her husband were arrested. The Military Field Court of the White Army, who took place in Simferopol, accused her in preparing an attempt on General Slazzhev and sentenced to death. Amphitheatres-Kadashev told: "In court, Nikiforova kept perfectly: he was completely calmly accepted the death sentence, saying:" What can you still do with me - just overlapping! " Saying goodbye to her husband, she, however, cried. "

The death of Maria Nikiforova caused a new wave of a wide variety of rumors and woven. In all of Ukraine, a false Marusi appeared, who gave themselves for Nikiforov (Marusi called her coming comrades), and the tricks of these Marus later began to attribute a great anarchist. There were even rumors that she was seen in Paris, where she was engaged in disruptive work on the task of OGPU.

And in 1926, the magazine "Katorga and the link" was published by Nazky Paskvil, telling about the stay in Nikiforova in the Novinsky prison. A certain half-handed hard guard unexpectedly remembered that Nikiforov was not at all a woman at all, since he never removed the top shirt with other women and did not go with everyone to the bath. This rumor, despite the obvious absurdity, has spread widely and still in the go.

As you know, Joan D`ark before execution was subjected to medical examination, which made it possible to refute similar rumors. Maria Nikiforova, before the execution, the doctor also examined, and if some pathology were found, it would be immediately known about this, especially since the authorities feared Bunt.

Most likely, the appearance of Paskville was dictated by the desire of the Bolsheviks to compromise the anarchist, about which legends in the south of Ukraine still went long. All her photos were even destroyed, with the exception of prison. However, the Bolsheviks never succeeded before the end to renew the memory of this outstanding woman.

Women begin to manifest themselves in the political life of Europe in the second half of the XIX century. The reason for the origin of the traffic of intellectuals was published in 1869 the work of the English philosopher John Stewart Mill "Subordination of Women." After submitted by Queen Victoria, Mill was very longly noticed in his treatise, that "legislative support for the subordination of one sex is harmful to another ... and there is one of the main obstacles to the way to universal improvement." Already a few years later, Emmeline Pankherst baskets "the organization in defense of public and political rights of women", which occurred, by the way, up to 5 thousand members. The followers of Pankherst - fusion (from the English word Suffrage - the right to vote) - they advocated the equality of women in the rights, marriage, in the free choice of the profession, obtaining a full-fledged education.

Nikiforova exploded bombs in expensive shops, restaurants and racetracks

In pre-revolutionary Russia, women did not have political rights (like most other estates), however, property rights were guaranteed significantly better than in the United States and European countries. Therefore, the birth of the female movement was associated, first of all, with the struggle for freedom of receipt of higher education and access to qualified and professional work. Already at the turn of the centuries, Russian "feminists" were actively involved in the pan-European wave of movement for the equality of the election rights of men and women. Gradually, representatives of the beautiful sex - "Valkyrie Revolution" are beginning to play in the Russian intelligentsia environment - "Valkyrie Revolution" by Alexander Kollondtai or "ESEROVSKAYA Virgin" Maria Spiridonov. This series can be safely continued by the work of the famous anarchist, Nestor's companion, Marya (Marusi) Nikiforova.

English fusion storming parliament, 1907

The future "Thunderstorm Bourguev" was born in 1885 in the Zaporizhia city of Aleksandrovsk. Her father was the hero of the Russian-Turkish war, however, this fact from the pedigree did not put Nikiforova to join in 18 years to one of the combat cells of Serc. It was for this revolutionary terrorist activity in 1908, she was arrested and sentenced to 20 years of cortic. Already in conclusion about Nikiforova began to go legends: one of them is associated with the history of its presumptive escape from the Narymsky Ostrogen, where she organized a riot of prisoners, as a result of which she managed to get to Vladivostok, and from there to cross the fake documents first to Japan, then in America . By the way, Escape from Narym Korigi for contemporaries was a real feat, because this institution entered the story as the main place of the content of political criminals, starting from the Decembrists. A truly huge scale reference to the Narym region, which is 500 kilometers from the North-west of Tomsk, acquired in the 1930s - there were numerous fists-specials.

Nikiforova took lessons at the famous Roden sculptor

In America, Nikiforova appears in the circles of anarchist emigrants, working in the editorial office of radical publications "Voice of Labor" and "Forward". Here, hiding under a variety of pseudonyms, she printed topogy fens, "so she managed to quickly acquire fame as acute to the publist's language. However, the journalistic routine did not suit a decisive anarchist, because she decides to go to Spain, where black and red brigades begin to formally at the moment. From Spain Nikiforov moves to Paris, where it starts to classes in Auguste Rodin, who, by the way, considered it one of the talented his students. In France, Nikiforova, in general, behaved very extravagantly, seeking to attract as much attention as possible to his own person. So, there is evidence that it publicly went into the world in a male costume (probably imitating the ideological founder of the female movement, Georges Sand), not fear of a solid fine for violation of public order and morality.

Bust Mary Nikiforova work of Auguste Rodin

Soon after the February Revolution, Nikiforov returns to Petrograd, where, together with Alexandra Kollondtai (his girlfriend is still in Paris), it begins to actively participate in a variety of rallies, making angry statements against the Ministerial Government. A little later, her talent of a public speaker manifested itself in violent campaigning among Kronstadt sailors. In the fall, Nikiforova returns to his native Aleksandrovsk, where he begins to rapidly organize combat anarchist cells, which extend throughout the south-western Ukraine (in Ekaterinoslava, Odessa, Nikolaev, Yuzovka, Kherson), and as a result, it becomes the actual ruler of the South of Ukraine, which came out From under control both the Bolsheviks and the Kiev government. At the time of the beginning of the October coup, Marusya Nikiforova was actively "collected tribute" from local landowners and bankers to ensure anarchism case required by finance. There is a case with an expropriation of a million rubles from the Badher's Bader's cashier - this clearly self-warrant act of the former orders caused sympathy among the locals, as a result of which the authorities were forced to free the arrested Nikiforov, which the crowd literally carried out on his hands from prison. She had an amazing talent to find a common language with people of diametrically opposing political aspirations, equally successfully negotiating with white movement leaders and explaining the principles of anarchism to ordinary people.

Nikiforova had its own "army" - the free battle squad of Ataman Marusi

From February 1918, Nikiforov organizes a combat detachment - a personal "squad", numbering 580 people and equipped with two guns, seven machine guns and even armored vehicles. As he remembered one of the Bolshevik agents I. Matusevich, "the view of the ... Footage of the detachment was, to put it mildly, unusual ... Officer Frencie was also here, and the machine-gun ribbons were passioned, and famously fragmented lattice hats. Someone flashed in to the brilliance of gloomy good-quality boots, for whom the Circassian knives blended. From under the unbutton soldiers and officers, the civilian jackets and peasant shirts were visible. Nikiforova and Nikiforov was also to be his army. Thus, the "thunderstorm bourgeois" was able to again show his passion for her shock, provocative behavior and conscious designing his own public image. Even in the fields of the Civil War (or the "Second Revolution", as she called this period herself) Nikiforova managed to create his personal unique image: "She sat in the table and meals in the teeth of a cigarette. The devil was beautiful: years of thirty, gypsy type, black-haired, with a magnificent breast, highly raised the gymnaster. " Or another memories of the contemporary: "The crew rushes on the street with a mad speed. A young brunette is casually sits in a bastard ringer Kubanka. "

In the center of the right hand of Makhno - a former Lincher sailor« John Zlatoust» Fedor Slap. Next to him, the Black Guards of Foma Kozhin (Right) and Alexander Taranovsky

In April, Marusu Nikiforov and her fighters arrest the Bolsheviks, however, the court (among whose members did not have a single anarchist) unexpectedly justifies it, removing all the prosecuted prosecution. True, already in the next, 1919, Nikiforov for the "disorganization and discredit of Soviet power" was deprived of "the right to hold responsible team posts in the RSFSR." The negative advantage of Bolsheviks also joined the differences with Makhno, who sought to enter into a coalition with Ukrainian nationalists. As a result, Nikiforova decides to leave to the Crimea, where she intended to spend the "third revolution", creating a real stronghold of world anarchism on the peninsula. However, this revolutionary ideas were not destined to be implemented - in September, the White Guardians are arrested for involvement in the attempt on the general of Slazkheva, and then sentenced to the death penalty.

After bringing the sentence to execution, the liari-Marusi is beginning to appear throughout Ukraine, seeking to use the heroic reputation Nikiforova, up to the fact that rumors began to appear about her accommodation in Paris, from where she allegedly sends secret deposits to the Soviet OGPU. The preserved memory of the legendary anarchist is so impressed by the imagination of the Bolsheviks that in the 20s there was an order to destroy all photos of Marusi, with the exception of images from her criminal case.

France
Makhnovtsy Battle / War

Maria Grigorievna Nikiforova, or Marusya Nikiforova (-), the leader of anarchists on the territory of Ukraine, the companion of Nestor Makhno. Joined anarchic movement at 16 years. Known under the name Marusia. During the civil war, it becomes one of the most visible and respected commanders of anarchist units in the south of Russia.

Biography

early years

Maria was born in Alexandrovsk (now Zaporizhia, in Ukraine, in 1885, Mary's father was an officer and hero of the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878). At the age of 16, Maria left the parent house. Worked Nanny, writing, soap bottles on Liquor-vodka factory, where he joined anarcho-communist movement.

Maria easily adopted the concept of an unmotivated terror. He participated in a number of expropriations, including robbery of banks. The most famous terrorist accommodation with Marusi was the explosion of a Cafe Libman and a haberdashery store in Odessa, as well as a first-class wagon explosion on the train near Nikopol. A little later, an administrator of one plant, and the plant itself was stopped for two weeks, died from an explosion of a bomb.

After capturing Alexandrovsk in January 1918 by the Red Army, she, together with her new ally, Nestor Makhno began negotiations with the Bolsheviks on the provision of place anarchists in the city revolutionary council. Soil for allied relationships with Makhno was originally anarchism. But soon "Marusya began to blame Nestor in ignoring the ideas of anarchism ... She called for the bloody fight against operators, to the fight against Ukrainian nationalism" .

In the Council of Nikiforov, the Vice-Chairman of the Verkvaya was taken by the Chairman, the Chairman was elected Bolshevik T. Michelovich). Nestor Makhno got, he said, "dirty" position of the chairman of the Military Revolutionary Commission. Makhno obliged to solve the fate of people arrested by the Bolsheviks accused of counter-revolutionary activities. A few weeks later, he refused such cooperation due to the insufficient radicalism of the Council.

Druzhina

In December 1917, the Black Guard Marusi helped establish Soviet power in Kharkov, Ekaterinoslavl (Dnepropetrovsk) and Alexandrovsk (Zaporizhia). Thanks to the support of the leader of the Bolsheviks in the area of \u200b\u200bAntonova-Ovseyenko, Marusya received support in the organization "Free Battle Druzhina". This part actively fought with the White Guard, German Occupational Forces and Ukrainian Nationalists in the establishment of Soviet power in Elisavetgrad (Kirovograd).

In April 1918, Nikiforov received gratitude from the leadership of the Bolsheviks for its revolutionary activities. Antonov-Ovseenko, the commander-in-chief of the Bolshevik forces in the south of Russia, was a supporter of Nikiforov since their first meeting in Paris. He provided her both financial and political support. Nikiforov twice was judged by the Bolsheviks for the unsubsitations of their command and the looting of its parts: the first time in Taganrog in April 1918 and in Moscow in January 1919. In the first court, it was justified as many witnesses and Antonov-Ovseenko, who sent a telegram, spoke in her Support. On January 25, 1919, the newspaper "Pravda" reported on the decision of the Moscow Tribunal. Marusu was recognized as guilty of discrediting Soviet power, in the uncleaning of local advice in the field of hostilities. Charges in the organization of illegal robberies and in carrying out illegal props of the Tribunal could not prove and therefore they were canceled. Marusya was sentenced to a very peculiar punishment - deprivation of the right to hold responsible posts within six months from the date of sentencing, and was transferred to the lead a member of the CEC A. Karelin and V. Antonov-Ovseenko.

Returning to Ukraine, she went to a gulya-field, which was now an autonomous region under the control of Nestor Makhno. Not wanting to quarrel with the Bolsheviks, Makhno did not dare to break the sentence against Marusi, he refused to appoint it to the "black" guard commander in the revolutionary rebel army of Ukraine. For six months, Marusya prepared Makhno speech, organized propaganda work.

Capture and execution

In June 1919, the army of Makhno was announced by the Soviet government outside the law. Avoiding the war on two fronts against the White and Red, Marusya changed the tactics of the struggle. Nikiforov began to create field terrorist groups that should be the main force of anarchic struggle. These cell groups acted in the rear of whites - in the Crimea. Soon her with her husband traveled in Sevastopol counterintelligence white. They were arrested, on September 16, 1919, the court sentenced them to death. Although in the newspaper "Kiev Life" from 11 (24) September 1919, in the heading "in the liberated Russia", a contradictory report called "execution of M. Nikifirova". In it, in particular, it means: "In Sevastopol, by the sentence of the military field court, the famous Marusia Nicorova (Maria Brzhostsk), the commander of the" Anarchist Communist Anarchists ", which has produced bloody shootings and reprisals. The indictment incriminates her participation in such rules: in Rostov, Odessa, when taking the city of Petlura, Melitopol and other places. Nikiforova was defiant on the court, and, after reading the sentence, began to scold judges. It dispelled only when goodbye to her husband. Her husband, Witold Brzhostk, accused of hiding, also shot. "

How did she look

In memories, Marusus describe as an unattractive woman, sometimes it was issued for an intersex. Musicov, former Makhnovets, wrote in 1918: "It was a woman of thirty-two, or thirty-five years old, medium height, with a perfect prematurely created person in which there was something from Skobc or hermaphrodite. Hair is sked in a circle. It was cleverly sat Cossack bosst with gazells. Wheel is hoping white dad. " The year later in 1919, Alexey Kiselev described it in his memories as follows: "" About thirty years old. Slender with an expedited perfect face, I made the impressions of the old dressed ridges. A sharp nose. Valid cheeks ... on it a blouse and skirt, a small revolver hangs on her belt "Kiselev claims that Marusya Marusi Marusi Malcolm Archibald (Malcolm Archibald), believes that Bolshevik biographers deliberately created an unattractive image of an anarchist" Description Nikiforova is divided into two categories: in someone - a repulsive woman, and in others - beauty. The exception is the description of Marusi, left by the prominent Bolshevik C.Raist, in the spring of 1918. The Partburo in the spring of the Dnieper Krasnogvardeysky squad: "They said that she was beautiful, and that her adjutant headquarters-captain Kozubchenko, also a handsome man and a shoe, does not descend from her . I found them both. Marusya sat at the table and meals in the teeth of a cigarette. The devil and really beautiful: years of thirty, Gypsy Who type, black-haired, with a magnificent breast, highly raised the gymnasther. "

Maulus considered "their" workers and Makhnovtsy, sailors and the White Guard officers. She undoubtedly possessed an outstanding mind, the versatility of interest, perfectly owned the speaker's craft, as well as unusual women courage and the gift of influence on people. Possessing a great power of will, Marusya was a challenge, recalcitable nature. "

see also

Notes

Literature

• Chop V.M. Marusya Nikiforova. - Zaporizhia: RA Tandem-U, 1998. - 68 p.
• Belenkin B. I., Leontiev Ya. V. Memories and messages. "Black shadow of the revolution" (Atamanha Marusya Nikiforova) // Domestic notes. - 2002. - P. 169-178.

Links

Civil War Commanders

Commanders of the Red Army People's Commissar on Military and Maritime Affairs: L. D. Trotsky Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic: I. I. Vacetyes (09/01/1918-09.07.1919), S. S. Kamenev (1919-1924) Head of Chamber of Commerce: N. N. Stogov (18.05-02.08.1918), A. A. Cushkin (02.08-22.10.1918), N. I. Rathel (22.10.1918-10.02.1921). Head of Field Staff RVSR: N. I. Rattel (02.10.-22.10.1918), F. V. Kostyaev (22.10 1918-16.06.1919), M. D. Bonch-Bruevich (16.06.-13.07.1919), . P. Lebedev (07/13/1919-14.02.1921). Commanders fronts Eastern Front: M. A. Muravyov (13.06 - 07/13/1918), I. I. Vacetyes (07/11/1918 - 28.09.1918), S. S. Kamenev (09/28/1918 - 05/05/1919, 29.05.1919 - 07.07 .1919), A. A. Samojo (05.05.1919 - 29.05.1919), M. V. Frunze (19.07 - 15.08.1919), V. A. Olderogge (08/15/1919 - 15.01.1920) Northern Front: D. P. Parsky, D.N. Rod (11/26/1918-19.02.1919) Turkestan front: M. V. FRUNZE (August 1919 - September 1920), G. Ya. Sokolnikov (September 1920 - February 1921), V. S. Lazarevich (February 1921 - January 1922), V. I. Shorine (January- November 1922), A. I. Cork (November 1922-1923), S. A. Pugachev (July 1923 - April 1924), M. K. Levandovsky (April 1924 - November 1925), K. I. Avksenseevsky (1925- 1927) South Front: P. P. Satent, P. A. Slavven (November 1918 - January 1919), V. M. Gittis (January-July 1919), V. N. Egoryev (July-October 1919), A. I. Egorov (October 1919 - January 1920), M. V. Frunze Southeast Front: V. I. Sheorine (November 1919 - January 1920) Caucasian Front: V. I. Shorine (1920), V. M. Gittis (05/15/1920-29.05.1921) Western Front: D. N. Reliable (19.02.1919-22.07.1919), V. M. Gittis (July 1919 - April 1920), M. N. Tukhachevsky (April 1920 - August 1922) South-West Front: A. I. Egorov Army commander 1st Equestrian Army: S.M. Budy 2nd Equestrian Army: O. I. Gorovikov, F. K. Mironov Commander White Army Supreme Commander of the Russian Army: A. V. Kolchak † Don Army: P. N. Krasnov · A. P. Bogaevsky ·