In order for the building to be built more than one year, it is necessary for both a reliable foundation and a strong roofing system opposing the weather becoming. The roof should with dignity to withstand heavy loads: strong snowfalls, sharp gusts of wind, abundant shower. The rapid roof system is best suited for this.
Stropyl roof farms and its types
The rapid system is the base of the roof that focuses on the bearing elements of the structure and also serves as a frame for various types of materials for the roof: insulation, waterproofing, various coatings.
The dimensions and construction of the rafter depend on:
- acquired material;
- the size of the structure;
- dimensions of the house;
- building materials for rafters;
- individual preferences of the customer;
- relevant for a certain roof load region.
The rafter system has:
- cinema - bars, in the perpendicular direction stacked on rafal legs;
- screeds that perceive stretching efforts;
- tree racks located in a vertical position;
- mauerlat - Bar, the installation of which is carried out along the wall, the stopper focus on it;
- stropile legs are a kind of tree beams that make up the main load of the roof.
Each of the resulting factors is very important because it is necessary to understand what type of the rafter system will be optimally suitable for a particular situation.
When it comes to low-rise buildings, the greatest prevalence is obtained by structures from wood. In many cases, three types of rafter farms are used: hanging rafters, sprinkled rafters and a mixed system of rafters.
Characteristic hanging rafyl
Hanging rafters are the most elementary type of rafter systems, their characteristics:
If the roof of the house of a complex design, the types of rafters can be alternate. For example, in the presence of a support or the middle main wall, they make the installation of spots, and in the absence of such elements - hanging rafters.
Features of the revolving rafalle
For the sling of the rafted, the house must be additionally equipped with a bearing wall located in the middle. Distinguish with sputum rafters on such grounds:
The design of the combined system is the most complicated, since it includes the parts of the two other types of rafted - hanging and the ulissory. It is used for the attic roof. The walls of the rooms that are on the second floor form vertical supports, these supports are and intermediate racks for rafting beams.
Part of the rafter that connects one end of the racks, functions as a rigle for the skates, located on the side, and for the upper part of the design, they are tightened.
At the same time, horizontal bars perform such functions: for the upper rods - Mauerlat, for the side - the ski bar. In order to increase the strength of the roof, the struts are mounted, which connect the side skates and vertical racks.
The combined system of sling in the manufacture of the most complex and time-consuming, but these shortcomings are completely compensated by an increase in the roof carriers in the absence of unnecessary supports, especially when there is a need to overlap significant spans in the building.
It is possible to increase the carrier quality of the roof using a mixed rafter system. Stropil farms for different types of roofs
During the construction of a certain building, rafter systems of a particular type are necessarily used, and the roof type will fully depend on the project of the future structure.
Stropil Farm for Duscate Roof
The bartal roof is the usual roof construction for residential buildings that have no more than three floors. Preference is given to this design due to the technical characteristics of the inclined form of the rafter system, as well as due to the fact that the installation works are carried out easily and simply.
The composition of the rafter system of the bartal roof includes two rectangular inclined planes. The upper part of the building from the end side resembles a triangle. The main components of the duplex roof are Maurylalat and rafting legs. In order to properly distribute the load on the raps and walls, the struts, rigleels and racks are mounted, due to which you can create a durable, hard, elementary and light design of the structure for a bantal roof.
The bartal roof is considered the simplest system for the roof, use it for residential buildings no more than three floors. On top of the rafted can be mounted a rarefied inches or solid, and then attach a bitumen coating, tile or any other type of material on it. The rafter and the shelter itself is usually made from bars or boards, which fasten with nails, bolts or connective parts from metal. Metal profiles can be applied as a rafted, thereby overlapping significant spills. It does not need to use extra racks and sores.
The device of the rafter system for a bantal roof allows you to evenly distribute the entire existing load on the perimeter of the building. The lower ends of the system make focus on Maurylalat. They are fixed with fasteners or metal brackets. At the corner of the tilt of bars for rafters, it is possible to determine, at what angle will be touched by the rocks of the roof.
The rafting system for a bartal roof allows you to evenly distribute the load from the roof around the perimeter of the building Slinge system for holmic roofing
When setting up a system for a holmic roof, a set of different types of rafters will be required:
- nasi members (shortened);
- side;
- walm main;
- sound (diagonal elements that form a triangle shape).
The rafting legs, located on the side, are made from the board, and they are mounted, they are identical to the details of the traditional pitched roof with a slope or hanging design. Walm main rafters are the sleeves. For these narons, boards or bars are used, fastened not only to Mauerlat, but also to diagonal beams.
To install this type of construction, the angle of inclination is precisely calculated, as well as the cross section of the invoice beams. From the length of the span depend on the size of the parts.
To the hip roofing is not deformed from a strong load, you should accurately calculate the angle of inclination of diagonal beams for rafters Observe symmetry when installing diagonal beams for rafters, otherwise the roof is deformed from a significant load.
Slinge system for broken roof
The broken roof is a construction of rafters that consist of several separate items. At the same time, they should be located at different angles relative to the horizon. And since the lower lines is almost vertically, the attic room of the building receives an additional area, which can be used as a residential. The device of this type of roof is performed during the construction of a four-orxcade construction of the rafter.
Calculate the four-fold system of rafters need professionals, but it can be done with a bustling broken roof independently, since its installation is very simple. To do this, you need to install a reference frame, which should consist of runs, as well as racks. Horizontal parts are fixed with hanging rafters. But to Mauerlata, the supports of the broken roof with shortened legs rafters are fixed.
The assembly of the rafter for the broken banta roof is under the power to perform and non-professional, since the installation of such a roof is very simple "Cuckoo" in the rafter farm
The so-called cuckoo on the roof is a small protrusion that is on the attic floor. Here is a window for better lighting of the attic room. The installation of "Cuckoo" is carried out carefully, while controlling the parameters of the entire design: the depth of the mesh, the angle of inclination and other factors. However, before this makes the necessary measurements.
The first stage of work begins with the installation of Mauerlat (a timber with a cross section of 10x10 cm, which is needed for the support of the sling). The rafting system acts as a skeleton for roofing material. To give the structure of stiffness, struts are used, which are mounted between the two legs of the rafted.
After the installation of the rafter farm is completed, the presence of which depends on the purchased roof coating. Mounting dohes is done solid or with a definite step. For her, boards, OSB and plywood sheets are usually used. In addition, the installation of roofing material should be identical throughout the roof.
The main difficulty in the installation of such a system of rafters is the location of the inner angles. Snow can accumulate in these places, and therefore the load will increase, because of which they make a solid doom.
"Cuckoo" on the roof called a small protrusion on the attic floor, under which an additional window is located Farm rafted roof chalet
The peculiarity of the device of such a design is the removal of visors, as well as the soles outside the home. In addition, there must be rafters and beams for the roof, produced up to three meters from the side of the building. Each of these elements is fixed by the bracket to the wall of the structure at the bottom. Next tied the edges of the beams. They serve as a support for covering the roofing of the structure.
But creating large sinks, it is necessary to install the reinforced belt in parallel with the installation of studs for Mauerlat. It is necessary to make anchors that contribute to console fixing. In this case, the rafter is perfectly fixed by anchors and, moreover, inserts.
To make side eaves, the skiing bar is made, after which the beams are made at the Mauerlaland level, which must be identical length of the skate. The design of the design details is based on the farm, and in the future - building material for the roof.
When designing the structure, the roofing angle is calculated based on the characteristics of the local climate and other factors. At the corner of the skate, about 45 o do not take into account the load from snow, because at this option it will not be delayed on the roof. At the same time, the canopy roof will endure the burden of snow, but it is necessary to do the installation of a reinforced rafter farm. Before installing the roofing chalet, a building is prepared, because the originality of the roof itself, as well as long eaves and its sinks obliges to this.
For the roof in the style of the chalet, visors made a few meters beyond the house Stropil Farm Designed for Soft Blood
The soft roof is made in various ways, however, there are general characteristics in technological methods. Initially, it is necessary to prepare. Having placed the root for the house of foam concrete or other material, first install Mauerlat, then in the upper crowns of the building produce a word under the ceiling beams in a step of up to one meter. The distance between the boards is calculated based on the type of rafter design.
- Mount individual parts of the rafter system. In order to completely exclude the risk, the planks of the rafter legs on the ground are attached with screws. After creating a rafter farm, it is raised to the top of the building.
- All elements of rafters are fixed with ceiling overlap, internal boards, diges, as well as rigels. Next, this base for the roof will become a single whole design.
- The next stage is a doomer, which is installed under a soft roof with small gaps or without any. Not more than 1 cm are allowed. Quite often on top of the boards, installation of aligning plywood is made. Her sheets are steel according to the brickwork method. The resulting joints are not combined with gaps between plywood and board.
If the lengths of the boards do not have enough doomes, the keys must be placed in different places. In this way, you can correctly distribute the sections that were weakened.
Independent manufacture of the rafter system
Before the installation of the rafter system is started, to the longitudinal walls it is necessary to fasten Maurylates anchors. Next, you need to decide on the desired cross section of the legs for rafters, depending on the distance and their length. If there is a need to increase the length of the rafters, then connect them with various mounting elements.
When using various insulation, you need to select the perfect distance between the rafted elements in order to reduce the amount of heat insulation trimming.
Installation of the rafter system must be performed in this order:
- A template is made for which a farm is going. Two boards are taken, corresponding to the length of the rafted, and are connected to each other with the edge of the edge of the nail.
The template for rafters called "Scissors" will help quickly collect the entire roofing system - It turns out the design called "Scissors". Her free edges are put on the supports in the places of contact of the rafter feet. As a result, a final angle should be turned out, that is, the angle under which the shelter's skate will be tilted. It is fixed with several long nails and transverse boards.
- The second template is made, thanks to which the installation of marbles on rafters is performed. It is made of plywood.
- Special mounting is cut on the rafters (used for these purposes a prepared pattern) and connect them at the angle of inclination. There should be a triangle rising to the roof along the stairs. Next, it must be attached to Mauerlat.
- Initially two lateral frontal rafters are mounted. The correct installation in the vertical and horizontal plane occurs due to the time ducts attached to the rafters.
For the correct installation of the entire rafter system, the first pair of rafters on the roof is installed - Cord stretches between these vertices of the rafted. He will indicate the future rustle and the level of other rafters located in the interval.
- The remaining rafters at the originally calculated distance, which should be at least 60 cm from each other.
- If the cumbersome construction of the rafter is envisaged, then it is additionally strengthened with pins, pouiffs, and so on.
The cumbersome construction of the rafter is additionally strengthened by pins and backways - On special supports, the ski bar is installed, to which not only short, but also diagonal, and intermediate elements of the rafter are fixed.
Proper mounting of the skate timber ensures the reliability of the entire system of rafters
Typical nodes of the standard rafter system
The strength of the construction of the rafter depends on the perfectly selected cross section of the boards, as well as from the high quality of the rafter nodes. The connection of parts for the roof design is made according to the established rules.
Main typical nodes in the rafter system:
- support node rafted on Mauerlat;
- skidding;
- node for combining the upper tightening and the entire rafter system;
- fixing pan, racks, as well as rafters and beams.
After the design of the rafter system was chosen, it is necessary to make a plan in which all the nodes are highlighted. In each design, they are made in different ways, since it depends on different nuances: the type of roof, its size, angle of inclination.
The rafter from the profile pipe is a metal structure that is assembled using lattice rods. The production of such farms is a very time-consuming process, however more economical. For the manufacture of rafters, pair material is used, and the jacks are connecting elements. The design of the rafter from profile pipes is assembled on Earth, and clans or welding are used.
Thanks to such systems, any spills overlap, but it is necessary to produce the right calculation. Provided that all welding work will be made qualitatively, in the future it remains only to transfer the design elements to the top of the building and collect them. Bearing rafters from the profile pipe have many advantages, such as:
Rigel in the rafter system
Rigel is a fairly broad concept, however, in the case of roofs, it has a definite meaning. Rigel is a horizontal bar that binds rafters. Such an element does not give the roof "Space". It is made of wood, reinforced concrete, and metal - everything depends on the type of structure. And serves a beam for the load distribution, which the rafter system has.
It can be secured in a variety of places between the legs of the sling. There is a straight pattern - if the rigl is fixed above, the bar for its installation must be selected with a large cross section.
The methods of fixing the riglel to the rafter system set:
- bolts;
- nuts;
- stiles with washers;
- special fasteners;
- nails;
- mixed fasteners when different types of fasteners are used in parallel.
Fastening exists with insert or overhead. In general, the rigleel is a calculated node, as, however, the entire roof sling system.
Rigel in the rafter system is designed to enhance the design of the roof Fastening the rafter system
To ensure reliability of the system, the rafter should be initially found out how they are fastening with supporting roofs and a skate. If the mount is made to prevent the roof deformation during the shrinkage of the house, then the hinge plate is fixed on top of the rafter or a bolt with a bolt with a sliding support from below.
Hanging rafters need a more dense and reliable fastening of the skate, so in this case you can apply:
- overhead metal or wooden plates;
- wide method;
- connection with long nails.
In the rolling system, the rafting legs are not connected, as they are attached to the skate run.
The attachment of the rafter to Mauerlat occurs by deforestation, which is done in the rafter foot. Thanks to this method of fastening, the roof support will not weaken. Cutting is also done when installing rafters on the beam overlap. In this case, the cut is made in the support beam.
Video: how to make rafters do it yourself
Thus, the perfectly selected system of rafters and their design features will help create the basis for the reliable roof for your home.
The easiest to execute the duplex roof is both the most reliable. The availability of execution does not give a reason for self-confidence - before you begin to work, you need to thoroughly familiarize yourself with the design features to qualify to make decisions and execute them.
Scheme and features of the device of the bone roof
The bartal is the roof formed by the intersection of two rectangular skates at a certain angle. Such a device is the most reliable and simple, therefore, even a person with medium carpentry skills may even mount the duplex roof.
The roof base is a rafting system that performs the role of support for roofing pie and finishing coating. The term of operation of the roof and comfort of living in the house depends on its strength and reliability. A rapid system, subjected to regular wind and snow loads, must be reliably fixed on the building of the building. This task is solved with the help of Mauerlat, which is firmly fixed to the upper plane of the walls of the house. Thus, a practically monolithic system is created, reliably protecting the inner space of the house from any manifestations of the external environment.
Photo Gallery: How can I use space from a duplex roof
Under the duplex roof you can arrange a living attorney 
The bartal roof with the Danish semi-haul ennobles the exterior of the building and allows you to increase the size of the attic 
Mansardo over the garage can be used for storage of spare parts, recreation room devices or equipment warehouse equipment equipment 
The area of \u200b\u200battic under the duplex roof depends on the height of the skate and angle of slope
Design of the rafting system of the bone roof
The roof with two opposite skates is the most common design of used in individual housing construction. The intersection line forms a horse, and the side loops of the extreme rafting legs are used for the device of the frontones - vertically located walls, creating a closed manner space. For a solid and durable design, a plurality of retaining and strengthening elements that attach additional rigidity to the entire construction is used. At the heart of the bartal structure lies a triangle - the most hard geometric figure. The rafter system consists of the following main elements:
- Maurylalat is a wooden bar, which performs the role of a binder element between the house of the house and its rapid system. It is attached to the walls with threaded studs, anchor screws or wire harness. The size of the cross section of the bar is from 100x100 to 150x150 mm and depends on the size of the building, its floors and the shape of the roof.
- The rafting leg is a wooden beam with a size of 50x150 or 100x150 mm, connecting at the upper point of the roof with a skate and opens with the opposite end to Mauerlat. The rafted is the main carrier element of the roofing system, which perceives all types of external loads: wind, snow, rain and its own weight design.
Stropyl farms form a power frame of the roof and determine its geometric shape
- Liezer - a timber bar stacked horizontally with a support on the inner bearing wall. The size of Lenzny is usually equal to the size of Maurolalat. It is a support for roofing racks.
- The tightening is an element used in hanging rafter systems. His appointment is compensation for stretching efforts arising at the lower ends of the rafter feet.
- Racks - bars of square section, transmitting part of the load from rafted on a liter.
- Slopes - structural elements transmitting part of the load from rafter footsteps. Thus, a farm is formed, which has increased strength characteristics.
- Controlling - Wooden bars with a size of 25x50 to 50x50 mm, pounded on the top rib rafted. Purpose Controlling - the formation of a ventilation gap between the shapper and the waterproofing film. This element is required when a roofing cake on the attic.
- Dooming is the support base for the installation of the finish coating of the roof. The drywood is solid or rarefied and can be made of a 25 mm thickness board, waterproof plywood, OSP sheets and other similar materials. The choice of the design of the root depends on the characteristics of the finish coating.
- Cracker is a horizontally located beam, which is crossing the opposite skates.
- Svet roof - is a continuation of the rafted to a distance of up to 40 cm from the walls of the building. Protects the walls from wetting, and also serves to accommodate sofits that are an integral part of the system of ventilating space. In case of insufficient length, the Svet rafter is formed by additional details for their elongation - by the lumps.
The slingful system of the duct roof consists of triangular farms based on Mauerlat and rolling, doomles and several auxiliary elements that enhance the design
Calculation of the load on the rafter system of the bartal roof
The rafter system is experiencing certain loads that can be divided into two types.
- Permanent loads that act independently of any other factors. Their value is determined by the design of roofing pie and consists of weight of waterproofing and vapor-protective films, insulation, challenges, fasteners and any other roofing elements, including the finish. In practice, the average weight of all components of the roof of the house is about 40-45 kg / m 2. More accurately, this value can be calculated by losing the values \u200b\u200bof the specific load of each material used that can be taken from reference tables. Holding the weight of the roof, it is recommended to lay a margin of the strength of 10%.
When calculating the load, the weight of each element of the roofing cake is taken into account
- Variable loads. These include the effects of wind and snow depending on their intensity. In fact, the roof of the house is a sail that perceive the load from the wind. The power of direct impact on the roof of the normal depends on the angle of inclination of the slope - than it is less, the lower the load. At the same time, there are twirl on the weathered skate, and the load on the roof with a reverse vector of exposure appears. With hurricane winds, an outfit force can reach 630 kg / m 2. Variable loads include snow effects. It should be noted that they also have clearly pronounced regional indicators.
Wind loads are a risk factor for roofs, as they create large tearing and tipping efforts
It is obvious that the careful calculation of loads from snow and wind, taking into account local climatic conditions, is vital when choosing a design and roof materials. These loads can be determined on the map compiled on the basis of SNiP 2.01.07-85.
On the map you can determine the magnitude of the wind and snow load in the construction region
Marked on the maps of snow and wind load values \u200b\u200bfor each district are called normative. In order to obtain the estimated snow load, the regulatory value must be multiplied by a special coefficient that takes into account the angle of inclination of the roof. This coefficient is:
- 1 with a bias of less than 25 o;
- 0.7 at an inclination corner from 25 to 60 o;
- 0 for coolest slopes.
The estimated wind load is determined by multiplying the normative value to the coefficient, taking into account the height of the building and the type of terrain, which contains construction.
Table: correction coefficient for the calculation of wind load (taking into account the height of the building and the type of terrain)
The specific load of the most popular roofing materials can be taken from the following table.
Table: Weighing indicators of some roof materials
It is possible to take into account the features of the effects of different types of loads, only in the aggregate, so the calculations of this nature should be entrusted with an experienced specialist.
Video: Calculation of the rafter system
Types of rafter systems of a bone roof
On the principle of device, the rafter systems are two types:
- Hanging.
- Cover.
Hanging rafters are used for buildings in which carrier supports are located at a distance of up to 10 meters in the absence of an intermediate wall inside the building box. For other cases, it is necessary to use a sling lines.
Features of the device hanging rafter
Support for hanging rafters are outer walls. Since the arch has a connection at the top point, when exposed to vertical loads on the lower supports, driving loads are created. For their compensation, tightening are used - horizontal ligaments between the bottom ends of the rafter legs. The result is a rigid power triangle. When the deviation of the attic room, the beams of overlapping are used as a tightening. Various constructive solutions of hanging rafter systems are possible:
- Simple three-stroke arch. It is a construction in the form of a triangle. In this case, the tightening works only on stretching and is not supporting. Therefore, it can be replaced by an ordinary metal beam. The compound of the carnism assembly in this case is performed by simple orthogonal insert using wooden linings or metal plates.
Treated Arch is the most simple design of a rapid farm for a bone roof
- Three-walled arch with amplification. Such a scheme was previously used in the construction of industrial buildings, when the length of the span exceeded 6 meters. The tightening is hanging on a grandmother from wood. The connection of the nodes is made using metal parts and is supplied with devices for adjusting the tension. The main load in such a system falls on the roof rustle. In individual housing construction, such rafal systems do not apply.
Three-walled arch with amplification differs from the simple presence of a vertical ribbon rib (grandmother) and the possibility of adjusting the tension in places of compounds
- Hinged arch with raised tightening. In this embodiment, the rafter foot is partially unloaded through the roof cover with a lifted tightening. It rises at a height of at least 2.2 m from the floor level attic. Such a system is ideal for the devices of an attic room in a subcoase space. A tightening with rafters is made by cut-in, as a result of which the connection in the node becomes fixed.
Hinged Arch with Raised Tightening Perfect for Dersighted Luxury Device
- The three-stroke arch with the rigel is used to enhance the rafter system using the creation of an additional power triangle. The system is applied with significant driving loads. The connection of the riglel with the rafter should be fixed, otherwise the entire system will not have the necessary rigidity.
An additional horizontal element (reigleel) gives the system a greater resistance to driving loads
Rigel, unlike lower tightening, works on compression, and not for stretching.
In addition to the listed, other elements are also used to enhance the roofing skeleton. The soils and racks located in the field of the largest load on the rafter are very popular.
In the most loaded places, rafter farms can be enhanced by pink and racks
Video: Stropil System Step
Slim systems of the utility type
Slot rafters are used for building widths more than 10 meters. They are characterized by the presence of a bearing wall inside the building, which is an additional support for the solo system. Crowing structures are several species:
In the faded sleeve systems, the main load from the roofing frame is transmitted to Mauerlat
Determination of the step of the rafted double roof
The task of ensuring sufficient strength of the rafter system is solved by the selection of material for the manufacture of its elements and the calculation of the parameters of their installation. The step of the rafter is one of these elements and is selected depending on the weight of the roofing cake. The distance between the support beams is usually established in the range of 0.6-1.5 m. The real step between the rafters depends on the geometry of the roof and is calculated as follows:
- The number of rafter feet is determined. To do this, it is necessary to take advantage of the ratio n \u003d L / D 1 + 1, where n is the number of rafting legs, L - the length of the roof of the skate, D 1 is the desired distance between the rafters.
- The estimated distance between the rafters is calculated, for which the roof length is divided into the amount obtained in the previous paragraph: d \u003d L / N.
For example, we consider the option with a roof length of 13 m with a preferred distance between the rafters of 750 mm (the option for the roof with ceramic tiles).
- The amount of rafter legs n \u003d 13000/750 +1 \u003d 18.33. Since the number of rafters should be sold as a whole, round this value to 19.
- Step rafted d \u003d 13000: 19 \u003d 684 (mm).
Thus, on the roof selected, the rafter must be installed in 68.4 mm increments.
It should be remembered that the result obtained is the distance between the rafted axes.
Nodes of the sling system of the bone roof
The main types of compounds in the nodes of the roof structures we have already considered higher. But it makes sense to dwell on the auxiliary materials, allowing to make the solo system more reliable and durable.
Strengthen the fastening of parts during the installation of the rafter system using metal plates and corners of various shapes.
Such products are made of galvanized steel with a thickness of up to 1.5 mm. They have a different configuration and can be installed on any form of connection.
Photo Gallery: Types of compounds in the nodes of the rafter system of the bartal roof
In the skunk part of the rafter legs are usually connected by flat plates on bolts 
To enhance the design of the rafter system, you need to select metal plates corresponding to the configurations of the fastener 
Sliding knot conjugation unload the truss design 
Adjustment units in the rafter system can be further enhanced by metal inserts. 
Depending on the type of rafter system used, there are different methods for fastening the skate assembly. 
On flat connections working under large loads, it is convenient to use nail plates
All the docking nodes of the rafter system carry the strengthening function of the rafter due to the redistribution of loads and hardening the bearing elements. Thus, in the lower part, the raftered is based on the Mauerlat at a right angle, for which the corresponding sings are performed.
To enhance the rafter system, it is trying to use compounds with a maximum bearing capacity, for example, the cutting of rafters in Maurylalat at right angles
In addition, metal mounting plates are used for additional gain in the docking nodes. The same principle is used and when installing the subchoves to the rafter. In any case, the interfaced details should work "on the emphasis" and not shift during operation.
Any details must be lit along its axis.
You can call three main types of nodes in the rafter system:
- Sking connections. This is a docking of two rafting legs at a given angle along the crossing line of the skate. May be hinged or deaf. The first are used in the device of the rafter system on brusade or log houses, which are inclined to see and lift depending on the season during the almost entire period of operation. The deaf compounds are used in the rafting systems of houses from the construction stone. In such buildings, the reinforced belt is installed on top of the wall, which takes on side loads.
- Fastening the lower ends of the rafter feet to Mauerlat. Since they are located at an angle to the support veneer, a sliding vector is created, directed into the external part of the side. For his compensation in Mauerlate, the cut-in is made, and on the rafye - the heel. The rafter is inserted into the grooves with a focus on it and is attached to the nail through the rib beams in Mauerlat. Additional support details from bars also apply. In cases where the rafter beam should move (on wooden logs), sliding mounts are used. They make it possible to compensate for seasonal changes in the height of the walls.
- Other nodes. All other details of the rafter systems are in essence resistant elements that work on compression rarely - for stretching. They are installed by cutting in conjugate details to prevent their displacement under load. These details include riglels, sores, racks, stops and other similar details.
For a more durable compound, additional items mentioned above are used.
Installation of the duplex system
Currently, the construction market offers services for the manufacture of rafting farms in individual execution for specific buildings. It should be noted that such a service has a number of advantages:
- Guaranteed quality products provided by the use of special equipment and assembly technologies.
- Fire safety safety, since all Ferm details are exposed to flame retardant.
- Increased service life, which is achieved by antibacterial processing of products with special compositions.
- Easy installation of finished farms.
The only disadvantage of such a method of installing the rafter system is the relatively high cost of products.
For self-erection of a double roof, you can use ready-made rafter farms ordered from professional manufacturers.
Assembly of rafting farms on earth
The assembly of the rafted on Earth is used in cases where directly at the house has an smooth area of \u200b\u200bsufficient sizes for the manufacture of farms. At the same time, not complete farms are mounted, and hard structures of three or four parts, which can be raised to the place of installation of two-three-person efforts. The rise is made with the help of ropes on the downs. The advantage of this assembly method is the possibility of using a single template, which ensures high accuracy of the manufacture of each design element. The possible option of partial installation of farms at the bottom is as follows:
- Make a strife for assembling farms. It is three platforms, the distance between which corresponds to the length of the conjugated parts. They can be collected from several boards or bars disposed in one horizontal plane.
For the convenience of assembling the rafal frum on Earth, a free plot of a certain size and auxiliary elements are required, on which you can place the parts of the design.
- For the assembly of the first farm you need to take two rafting legs and tightening - lower or upper.
- Declaring the details on the stapel, place them in accordance with the drawing of the farm and grind up nails. Check the harvesting of the farm for compliance with the size specified in the technique. If necessary, adjust the location of the components.
- Fulfill the final fixation of parts in the farm nodes using additional mounting plates. The nail plates can be installed using power clamps, applying additional linings from the thickness steel under its sponge.
Power clamp allows you to pre-tighten the nail plates, and then fix them in any convenient way.
- To lay the details of the second farm on top of the first and fix with clamps, exactly repeating the contours of the lower farm, which plays the role of the template. After assembling the second farm, remove it to the side.
- Make the required number of farms, repeating the operations from the previous paragraph. This ensures complete compliance of all produced farms.
In the manufacture of truss farms on one template, they will exactly repeat the dimensions and form of each other.
Installation of the rafter system at the place of installation is made as follows:
- The first two farms are rising on the roof. To do this, you can use inclined flooring from several bars and rather strong ropes.
- The first are the frontal farms at the end of the roof. They need to be put strictly vertically and consolidate to Mauerlat by temporary dashes.
First you need to install frontal farms
- Between the frontal farms, the construction cord is stretched perpendicular to the arrangement of the rafter feet.
- Each subsequent farm is established in compliance with the previously calculated string step.
In order for all the rafter farms to be installed exactly, the twine is stretched between the extreme structures
- After installing the last farm, the entire design of the rafting system is strengthened by run, after which temporary mounting is dismantled.
- Next, the remaining structural elements are mounted - drives, skiing timber, ice, racks, etc., provided in the project line.
Extra strength of the roof gives a doomer, pushing the last place.
Assembly of rafting legs directly at the installation site
The assembly of rafters on the place is used on the roofs of a small size. At the same time, bruks are applied upstairs, from which the necessary parts are cut. Installation is taken from bottom to top, starting with the installation of the rafter feet. The horizontal level of the rafter system is controlled by stretched cords, and the verticality of the farm assembly is a construction plumb. The installation order is the same: first the front-distance farms are mounted, then the rest in any convenient order.
The assembly of the rafting system directly on the roof begins with the installation of the racks and the skate run, to which the rafters are stacked
In accuracy, fulfilling the requirements of the drawings, you can mount the solo system yourself. Alone is almost impossible to do it, so the participation of one or two assistants is necessary.
Video: installation rafters do it yourself
When assembling a rafter frame for a duplex roof, it is important to adhere to certain rules:
- All wood used for the installation of the rafter system must be processed by antiseptic and fire-fighting compositions.
- When working with manual power tools, it is necessary to comply with the security requirements specified in the instructions.
- The installation of nail plates cannot be performed by shaking with a hammer, it leads to their deformation. When installing you need to use a clamping tool.
- Under Mauerlat, a layer of waterproofing should be laid. Traditionally, the runneroid is used for this.
- When installing the rafter system, you need to use fasteners with a protective coating.
- Installation of the rafter system should be produced into dry windless weather.
Video: Duscate roof for metal tile
Like any roofing system, the bartal roof requires a careful and responsible relationship. Errors in the construction of such roofs are usually expensive. Not only careful selection of materials is important, but also competent use. Nevertheless, the bulk of works can be performed independently. I wish you success!
The duct roof is very popular, as its construction is considered a relatively simple and rapid stage in the construction of the house. Different types of bartal roofs allow you to choose the appropriate option for a specific building. Put such a roofing structure will not be much difficulty if there is even a small experience in construction, but alone, of course, can not cope. All work is carried out in stages, taking into account the peculiarities of such a roof.
Features
When erecting a double roof, a rafting system and the main parts of the roofing design are installed. This refers to a frame (in the form of a rafted with a pink), Maurylalat. Make them from high-quality wood - it is a bars of 150x150 mm and a cross-section of 50x150 mm. Traditional is the divertile roofs of a symmetric type, having straight rods (nipper roof). The angle of inclination of such a roof comes up to 45 degrees, which avoids loads on the design (for example, at snowfall and wind).
Other types of bartal roofs, for example, with broken rods, allow the attic under the roof.In this case, the rocks on top of the roof are more commonly slopes, and below - with a sharp bias. The broken rope roof should be erected into a more complex and durable design. During the construction of an asymmetric roof of the roof, the roof is performed with a displacement from the center. This is done taking into account the design features of the building.
Views
The skeleton design of the duct roof can be:
- climbing;
- hanging.
It is characteristic that in most buildings, a rafter system of the utility type is used, inside which there are bearing walls. The frame, thus, serves as an intermediate support. With the width of the roof, no more than 10 m is usually used one support. The roof of a width of more than 10 m has several proportionately located supports. The frame in the form of a rafter system of a hanging type is possible in the case when the structure can do with one support, without having inner bearing walls. Such a roof is built out of two belts - upper (two rafters), lower (rigidly connected tightening). Relieved rafters on Mauerlat, and the ends of the rafter go to the outer walls.
The bartal broken roof may have an increase in the form of support frames that do not allow the inclined roof. So you can get a stronger design. Hanging broken roof has additional supporting frames to which the walls of the attic are installed. The support frame, which is located under the bearing wall inside, takes part of the load, which allows a little relief design of the roof.
Device
The design of the bartal roof is distinguished by the presence of inclined surfaces on both sides. The roof base area has a rectangular surface. Skates do not allow to gather on the roof of the snow and melt water. The roof is naturally cleaned. The roof consists of constructive assemblies: Maurolat, Systems of rafters, skate and fake, soles of the roof, trenches, tensions, crates and racks. It should be understood as all the elements of the bantal roof design are characteristic.
Mauerlat is necessary for the correct distribution of the load on the bearing walls from the rafter.To this end, it is usually chosen by durable wood - a bar (it may be oak, larch, pine). The choice of a bar in cross section is determined by the type of wood (solid or glued). For example, 100 per 100 mm or 150 to 150 mm. It is worth noting that when choosing a metal rafting system, Maurylalat must also be made of metal.
The main element of the system of the bone roof is the rafter foot.These elements are made of durable bar and logs. When the rafter, a farm with a different type of intermediate support is formed on top of above. An important role is played by the parameters of the rafters and construction sites.
The tighten is necessary for connecting the rafter system (rafting leg) and to give strength and the necessary stiffness of the structure.
The run is two types: the skunk, in which the installation is made at the place of the rafter (in this place, the roof lobe is installed), and the side run, which provides roofing elements (farm) additional rigidity (sizes and quantities of such runs will depend on the load on the design ).
Racks for rafters in the form of a vertical bar also take on a significant part of the load from the roof.The rack for rafted a bone roof is usually located in the center. If the width of the span is more ordinary - then also on the sides. When erecting an asymmetric roof, the rack is set depending on the length of the rafted. For the broken roof, the installation of the racks is performed on the sides, while free space remains. If two rooms are planned under the roof, the racks of the rafter put in the center and on the sides.
Troops are supports for racks. With a subpatch at an angle of more than 45 degrees of the roof, it is better protected from deformation (snow, wind). Depending on the climatic zone, both longitudinal and diagonal crackers with a plumbing pair on the same plane can be installed.
Lena serves as a reliable support of the racks. This is the place of attachment of the pan.
The drybet is necessary for fixing the materials and structural elements of the roof. The crate is set perpendicular to the rafting legs. One of the important destinations of the crate is the redistribution of the load from the roof on the rafter system.
Requirements for building materials
The choice of materials for the rafter system is an important stage in preparing for the arrangement of roofing design. When calculating the material on the bartal roof, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that it should be high-quality wood, the material does not have bitch, damage and worm, is well processed and impregnated with special compositions (for safety and reliability during operation). For the reliability of the design there must be a steady connection of the elements of the entire rafter system. The roof must be a solid construction from modern quality materials.
Such wood rocks, as larch, cedar, spruce or pine are easily processed, so they are most often used in the rafter system. The rafters are made from a bar width from 10 to 15 cm and a thickness of 5 cm. At the same time, a cured bar is usually used, which will no longer change the form after arranging the roof. This is necessary to increase the stability of the structure. In addition to timber, boards are taken for rafters, especially if it comes to shooting the roof of a private house.
Multi-storey construction used metal rafters. The minus of the metal rafter system for private houseworks is that such a design is not able to maintain heat. Wood in this plan more advantages - the material is distinguished by a high degree of thermal insulation and energy saving. Wood is distributed over varieties. The primary material goes to the creation of hanging rafters and tightening. From the material both the first and second grades, racks and soot are performed.
Projects and drawings
In the process of planning a double roof, a drawing is prepared. This is a scheme of a future design, where there are rocks, frontoth, horse. In fact, the plan is a drawing with worked elements in different projections, which displays rafaling methods. Drawing of a duplex roof is performed taking into account all stages of work.
The scheme of its construction includes:
- bars for crate;
- beams and rafters;
- laying the heat and waterproofing scheme;
- roofing scheme;
- installation scheme for additional mounts;
- drawing of the installation of the ventilation system, chimney.
A competently composed roofing plan will reduce the cost of the cost of purchasing building materials. To create a project of any type, one or another type of materials is used, based on the calculations and taking into account the reliability of the coating. The size of the roofing coating is also taken into account. During the drawing, a part of the rafter system is necessarily prescribed, which makes it possible to understand how much the load on the roof can be.
The plan also includes:
- livnevy plan (storm sewage of a certain length);
- elements of connecting rods;
- construction area;
- diagram of places of roof adjoining (clamping profile).
In the design scheme, the type of roof should be clearly displayed. Detailed details on the scheme will allow you to perform work faster and better.
Drawing up the scheme
Depending on the features of the roof (single or duct, form, etc.) compiled project documentation.
This work takes place in several stages:
- a sketch of the future roof is compiled (at this stage, the drawing should have a finished type of roof with the study of the style design);
- the main roofing elements are being studied (the degree of load and the number of materials are displayed on the drawing);
- the scheme displays the construction of the roof.
It is worth considering that the differences in the scanty structures are associated with the type of rafters (hanging or voted), with uneven angles of inclination, with the sizes of the eaves of the cornice. It is also worth considering and errors in designing. One of the most common of them is an error with the calculation of the consumption of materials for the entire complex. The process of drawing up drawing schemes is best to entrust specialists. Roofing design is erected in accordance with the accepted construction norms. In addition, it is important to minimize possible errors and defects. So, if the choice of type of roof and the installation method is incorrect, it will cause the roofing structures. With an incorrectly drawn bias and its construction, there is a risk of increasing the load on the roof. Although errors are allowed when the ventilation elements are design. The drawing itself should not be difficult to be difficult, but the rules for the installation of all roofing elements should be followed, respectively, they must be spelled out. Professionally executed roof plan increases design safety.
Payment
It is impossible to underestimate the importance of calculations of the rafting system of the bone roof. In the design process, it is necessary to calculate the useful area and based on the data obtained to decide how high the vertical racks will be. In this case, several factors are important.
When the roofing structure is erected, it is important to calculate the maximum load on the roof of the house, on all rafters and beam overlaps. It may be necessary to strengthen the rafter, then adjustments are made to the project. For example, it may be necessary to use additional linings or timber with a large cross section than was planned. The weight of the entire rafter system is important. In this case, the calculation is carried out taking into account not only the cross section of sawn timber, but also the density and humidity of the wood, the distance of the step between the rafters is determined.
To date, there is a special classification of loads on the roofing system:
- The main burden concerns the weight of the rafter design, load temperature, snow and other weather factors.
- Additional load concerns the calculations of the impact of wind and ice.
- Force major loads are associated with man-made circumstances (modern roofing should withstand everything).
The limiting calculations of the rafter system, taking into account all loads, are built on two criteria (limits or states): the limit in which the design is possible, and the limit at which the probability of deformation and deflection is taken into account.
Bias
It is important to competently calculate the angle of slope. With a standard width of the house at 6-8 m, the angle of the skates is 45 degrees, but this is not enough for the space in the attic. At the angle of inclination at 60 degrees, the design will cost more, but the whole roof will be performed successful. With 45 degrees of tilt, you can choose any roofing materials. If the row roof is initially planned asymmetric, then in the attic space you can safely equip the living attitudes, but for this it is necessary to calculate the useful area. The standard duplex roof is usually selected. At the same time, it is important to take into account the load on the roof due to wind and snow. With increasing angle of inclination of the skates, the consumption of materials will increase. But the operational characteristics of such a roof will be profitable. If you plan to build a duplex roof with unequal corners of the skates, then all the work can be performed in the original design. However, when designing it is better to repel from the classic design in the form of a symmetric roof with an equilibried triangle at the base.
Step
The step of the rafter used in the creation of the roof is one of the fundamental designs. There is a dependence of the step of the rafting system from the roofing material. The latter uses professional flooring, slate, soft roofing or metal tile.
Shelf slate is used everywhere.This roofing material is distinguished by relative strength, low cost and resistance to temperature differences. However, the material has a certain weight, respectively, it is necessary to ensure the roof of a powerful rafting system. It is worth considering that for a slate roofing should be at least three points of support (centered and around the edges).
In recent years, the metal tile has been quite large among the roofing materials. The material is easy to install and is distinguished by an attractive appearance. Metal sheets for the roof are convenient to use, as they have low weight. In this connection, the distance between the rafters may be greater (for example, 600-950 mm with a 150x50 mm sectable timber).
The coating of the professional flooring can be made of galvanized steel sheet with a special protective coating (from external weather influences). Modern professional flooring is different in color, corrugation width. Externally, such a coating differs in design. The step between rafters under the professional flooring will depend on the type of profile, from the angles of inclination and the roof configuration. For the rafter system in this case, the timing is used by a cross section of 50-75 mm. It may be a board of 20-50 mm wide.
Instruments
When installing the rafter system, a set of tools is required. To this end, it is usually customized by traditional tools - electric saw (it can be a hacksaw), hammer and screwdrivers. Plotting of the roof with metal sheets is performed by special metal scissors. It is impossible to cut the material with a polymer coating with a simple grinder so as not to damage the top layer with the protection of the sheet. Otherwise, the trim will become quickly rust. To cover the roof of the rubberoid need a barrel in which bitumen will be melt.
Undoubtedly, when performing assembly and any construction work, it is not without a reliable staircase. It is also worth thinking about your own equipment. For example, during operation you need shoes with a non-slip sole.
Installation
Do it yourself installation of a rafter system of a bone roof better with helpers, and many design elements cannot be installed alone. The installation of the rafter system is performed in several steps.
Consider them step by step:
- First you need to make a template. Stropil farms are collected by the template. So, you need to take two boards with the same length as the rafter foot. They are attached to each other with the edges by one nail. As a result, the design of "scissors" is obtained.
- This design is needed by other edges in those places where there are supports on rafting legs. The angle thus obtained (tilting the roof rope) is fixed into several nails. The attachment of the corners must be made on an additional crossbar between the boards.
- Next is preparing another template. With it, you can further collect the design. Installation of marbles on rafters. The pattern itself is easier to do from plywood.
- The pressure is cut on rafters using a template. The connection of the elements occurs at the angle of inclination. Ready triangle and there is a rafter farm. She is raised to the roof and attach to Mauerlata (there will be lads, stairs).
- The fastener of the rafter system to Mauerlat is made with nails, brackets, corners. And wooden "shortcuts" help consolidate the design from displacement along the axis, they must be set over the entire area.
- At the initial stage, two frontal farms at the edges are installed. Installation and correct fixation horizontally and vertical is performed using temporary ducts to which the design is attached.
- For reliability and convenience at the edges (between the tops of the farms), the cord is stretched. It is necessary to attach it in such a way as to designate a place for the future skate. Also, the cord is needed when installing intermediate rafters.
- At the next stage, the installation of the remaining rafting farms is made (at a certain distance (usually 0.6 m) from each other).
- If there are cumbersome structures, if there is a need to strengthen the structure, they are strengthened by the rigels, pins and subhips.
- Run (skate timber) put on special supports. It is then attached to the rafters of different types (short, intermediate or diagonal).
The framework of the carcass is Mauerlat. Its manufacture and assembly is the basis of roofing design.
Mauerlat fasteners
The framework of the rafters is fixed to the beams of overlaps. However, in this case, the load on the rafter design is distributed in the beam mounting places. Such an approach when installing roofing design is possible for small and lightweight buildings. Mauerlat is needed for uniform distribution of the roof load in the top of the walls. Maurylalat is assembled parallel to the skate of the future roof. This is the main framework. The manufacture of Mauerlat is a wooden timing by a cross section of 150x150, 100x100 or 100x150 mm.
The rapid row roof system is considered one of the most simple in a purely constructive plan. In its composition, only a few elements, the number of which decreases or increases due to the size of the roof itself. But with the apparent simplicity, the process of erection of a double roof requires knowledge of some nuances that affect the quality of the final result.
Slinge system for a bone roof
What is the bartal roof
From the title it becomes clear that the roof design is two slopes that have a rectangular shape in the plane. More often, the skates have the same dimensions, but there are so-called asymmetric structures in which the skates in size differ from each other.
At the same time, the skates are set to each other at a certain angle, which is called the slope. The line of contact is the skiing bar, which is part of the rafter system. It is easily called the skate, and it is the highest point of the roof.
Side planes formed by skates are called frontons. They have a triangular shape. After the construction of the roof of the sidewall, they are lined with sheet or panel materials: plywood, osp, even boards and so on.
What is the rafting system of the bone roof
The basis of the rod structures are the rafter legs, they are rafters. They are made by either lumber (timber, boards), or from a steel profile (corner, channel). In private house-building apply wood. It is easier to work with her, plus lumber cheaper.
The device of the sling system of the bone roof is not only rafters. In addition to them there are some more mandatory elements. In the photo below, all elements of the bartal roof are shown. Denote them.
Each of the elements of the roof has its own purpose.
Elements of the rafting system of the bartal roof
Mauerlat.. In fact, it is a beam, which resumes rafters. Its appointment is to evenly distribute the load from the rafting legs on the walls of the house. If Mauerlat does not use, then the rafters will put pressure on the walls point, that is, in places of installation there will be large stresses, which will lead to cracking of the walls.
Rafylamounted under the tilt.
Konk, He is the ski bar or run. His task - to form a place of docking of the rafter feet. The skiing bar is an optional element of a bone roof. There are designs in which it is not installed. But about it is slightly lower.
Tightening. Not always used, but only on hanging rafters or if the rafter system is installed on a wide house.
Overlapping beamsthat form the ceiling in the room and the floor in the attic.
One of the ceiling beams called legene. It additionally performs the base functions for supporting racks that support rafters. Used not always.
Support racks, they are grandmothers supporting rafting legs. They are installed only if the length of the span of the house is at least 6 m.
Scrollish, they are diagonal backups. They are used only if the support racks cannot provide the overall reliability of the rafter system.
There is another element that is clearly visible in the photo below. These are support racks for the skate run. They are installed if the design of the rafter system has a lot of weight. That is, the entire structure is assembled under heavy roofing material, for example, under ceramic tile.
Slot rafters with support racks under the skate run
You may be interested! The warm roof is an important item in the construction of an energy efficient home. From the article on the following link you can find out.
Types of Stropil
The lines of the roof (duplex) can be collected from the spots of rafters or hanging.
Current
They received their name because they rest on the bottom ends on the walls of the house, the upper on the ski run. At the same time, the rafting elements are subjected to loads that bend them. Design reliable, durable, with a large bearing capacity.
In the photo above, the rafter system of the revolving type is shown. It is clearly seen that the legs rest in the upper part of the horse. At the same time there are two types of attachment of the rafted themselves at the top:
fastening is made to the skate:
the mount is made with each other with a focus on the horse (photo above).
Hanging
It is necessary to immediately designate that this type of the rafter system can be used if between the walls of the house does not exceed 12 m. Because the rafters are resting on the walls on the walls, and the upper only among themselves (the skne run in the design is missing). Hence the low carrying ability with a big time.
Hanging rafters for the roof have one purely constructive drawback - a large reference load on the walls of the house. To reduce it, a tightening is installed between the legs to get a hard triangle. Often, the tightening functions are performed by carrier beams of overlapping.
If necessary, strengthen hanging rafters, install racks and soars.
Hanging rafted roofs
Installation of the rafting system of the bone roof
Two types of the rafter system define two types of their assembly technologies. Consider each separately.
Installation of rolling rafalle
There is a certain sequence of assembly of the sling.
There are two extreme support racks under the ski bar. They will not only sign the bar, but also be elements that form the frontones of the building. Fasten them at the bottom to Mauerlat. In this case, it is strictly exhibited by vertical, and the upper ends in one horizontal plane. For this, there is a solid thread between the racks, the levels check it into horizontality. If there are deviations, then one of the supports (low) is lifted using wooden backups.
By horizontally stretched threads, intermediate support racks are mounted in a step of 2-2.5 m. So that the racks are not shifted, they are supported by temporary fastening elements: backups or tightening.
On the racks, the ski bar is placed, which is attached to them.
Produced in pairs installing a rafted bone roof. Installation can be started on either side. The mount is immediately carried out to Mauerlat and the skate. The main thing is to withstand the distance between the legs, which is determined depending on the severity and the bearing capacity of the roofing material. Usually in the project of the house this parameter is indicated.
If there is a need, intermediate support racks and saws are mounted.
Installation rafted on a tensioned thread
Installation of hanging rafal
The technique of attaching hanging rafters is different. For this, the whole design assembled from two rafters and tightening is going on the ground. That is, roofing farms are prepared in the required quantity, which are then rising to the roof. Sometimes the masters collect farms on the roof. Assembled one - installed, collect the following.
It should be noted that such farms have a significant mass. It is difficult to raise them manually and is dangerous, so use lifting crane services. And this increases the cost of the structure.
Collected on Earth Slim Farms of Hanging Type
The most difficult thing is to expose the farm. All of them are installed at the place of installation with the planned step, where they are temporarily fixed by bodies and backups. Then the thread is stretched between extreme farms. It must be set up so that it, first of all, was stretched strictly along the horizon, secondly, according to the design, which is higher than the rest.
It remains only to raise the rafter structures, which were lower than the tight level. And the last - installation of the crate, which will secure all the farms in one rafter system. Please note that at the bottom of the rafter will be fixed to Mauerlat.
You may be interested! When the installation of the rafter system is completed, there is a turn of roofing works. From the article on the following link you can find out.
Calculation of timber
length of the rafter feet;
step of their installation;
the cross section of the timber used.
With a length, everything is simple, for this you will have to use the Pythagora theorem, based on the formula: C 2 \u003d A 2 + B 2, where C - triangle hypotenuse (this is rafted), a and b - cathets. The latter is the height of the roof and half the width of the house. All parameters can easily be measured.
The length of the rafters is equal to L 2 + H 2
In the installation step is more difficult, because much will depend on the mass of the roofing material and the loads from natural precipitation. The more both loads, the smaller the installation step. But, as practice shows, this parameter varies from 60 cm to 2 m. The last indicator is used if the roofing material uses a professional flooring with large corrugations parameters, for example, H75.
As for the cross section of the rafter legs, here, as in the case of the installation increment, the loads are taken into account, as well as the length of the legs and the step of their installation. Here, the dependence is this: the greater the load, step and length, the greater the cross section.
Video Description
In the video installation process of the rafter system:
And one moment. The rafters for a bartal roof are stacked at a certain angle (the photo indicates the letter "A"). The slope is selected with the calculation of the selection of roofing material. That is, some coatings can not be laid on the roof, if the angle of inclination is less than the required. Here are some ratios:
the minimum inclination angle of the rafter system for slate - 22 °;
for professional flooring - 12 °;
for metal tile - 14 °;
soft tile - 15 °.
Roof slope ratio to roofing type
On our site you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of designing and repairing a turnkey roof service. Directly to communicate with representatives, you can visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-rise country".
Generalization on the topic
Duscal roofs are traditional designs. But from the article becomes clear that there are two rafter systems that fall into the foundation of the roofing. It is selected that comes under the size of the house. As the selection criterion, the loads coming on them are taken into account. Therefore, it is important to correctly relate, given the nuances of building processes.
In previous articles in which the roof device was described, we have already said that hanging rafters with the bottom end relied on Mauerlat, and the upper ends of adjacent rafters are resting (either directly or through the skateboard) in each other. In the simplified version, this is shown in Fig. 1:
Picture 1
I think it is obvious to all that with such a layout, the sawing loads on the walls appear. To reduce them to the rafter farm add tightening. But let's all in order.
As an example, take a house with a half-gang in the Volgograd region. The amount of snow and wind loads is 155 kg / m 2. Dimensions of the house box 8x10 meters. The thickness of the walls is 50 cm. The angle of inclination of the row - 40 ° (see Fig. 2):
Figure 2.
STEP 1: Install. In this design, in addition to ordinary loads, driving forces will act on it, seeking to move it from the wall. For more reliable fixing, you can add more metal mounting plates to the anchor bolts (or studs) (see Fig.3). It can be fixed to the wall of the plate, for example, by frame anchors, and it is possible to the Mauerlat with nails, and self-stakes, and "fucking".
Figure 3.
Step 2: We define the desired cross section of the rafted. We produce calculations in the "The" tab "(see Fig.4):
Figure 4.
The cross section of the rafter is taken 50x200 mm in 60 cm increments.
Here it may immediately have a question. Where do we take the distance from the skate to the tightening (Rigel). It we have 2 meters. Earlier on the site, we have already said that before you begin to build the roof, we need to make it drawn on paper, be sure to scale (in compliance with all proportions). If you can, you can draw on the computer. Further on this drawing, we define all the size and corners that interest us.
Tightening are installed between hanging rafters to reduce the sawing loads on the walls. The lower the tightening is worth, the more benefit from it. Those. The smaller the operating load falls on the walls. But since in our tightening example, the ceiling beams of the attic floor, the height of their location we determine on the basis of the ceiling heights we need. I took this height of 2.5 meters (see Fig. 5):
Figure 5.
Step 3: We make the pattern of the bottom drove the rafter. To do this, we take the cutting board of the secting we need about a length of about a meter, we apply it to Mauerlat under our inclination of 40 ° (focus on the frontton) and make the markup, as shown in Figure 6:
Figure 6.
We need vertical and horizontal lines (shown in blue) We carry out with a level. Depth washed 5 cm.
So make a pattern.
Step 4: We install the skateboard, through which all rafters will be interconnected. First you need to set the place of its installation.
We take the temporary template and apply it to Mauerlat. We are interested in the size shown in Figure 7 (here it is 18 cm):
Figure 7.
The bottom point on Mauerlate will call the point "A".
Transfer the resulting size to top of the front, we make markup in accordance with Figure 8:
Figure 8.
The lower right corner is denoted as the point "B". Now we can measure the distance from the floor of the attic floor to the point in (length of temporary racks).
Installing strictly vertically temporary racks from the 50x200 board and put on them the skateboard of the same section. Under the racks for fixing them, you can put the board, fixed with simple dowel with nails to the ceiling plates (see Fig. 9). I don't need to fix much, then it will remove it. The distance between the racks is not more than 3 meters.
Figure 9.
To the frontones of the skateboard, secure metal brackets. Standing racks are provided by dosy.
Perhaps you could see somewhere like hanging rafters are installed without a skunk board (see fig. Left). I am great for me perfectly familiar, before we did it too.
But when we tried the option with a skateboard, stopped on it. Despite the fact that some time leaves for the installation of racks and a skunk board, the subsequent installation of the rafter to perform much more convenient and faster. As a result, you win. In addition, the design is obtained more stable and more geometrically smooth.
Step 5: We make and install rafters.
Make the rafter like this: take the board of the desired length, we apply a template to one end, mark and do the bottom drink. Then the roulette measure the distance between the points "A" and "B" (see Fig.7-8). We carry this size on our workpiece and make the top drink. The angle that we need for the top washed, there is on our template (see Fig. 10). We have it 90 ° + 40 ° \u003d 130 °
Figure 10.
So we put all the rafters (see Fig.11)
Figure 11.
The connection of the rafted with Mauerlat here does not look like, for example, I think you already understood that this is due to the presence of driving loads, which in that particular it was. However, in future articles you will see that this option is only one of the possible, and not the only right one. We will use and more familiar to us. The main thing is to reliably fasten the rafters on Mauerlate.
At the top point, the rafter will be played for the skateboard. You can drive small bars between them, and you can leave as it is. This, in principle, the role does not play (see Fig.12):
Figure 12.
To the skate rafted the crepim nails or self-draws. What additional fasteners are not necessary here. In general, in this design, thanks to the lower drum, the rafters are obtained as if clamped between Mauerlat and the skating board.
Step 6: Installing tightening.
We make them from the boards of the same section as rafters. Some languages \u200b\u200band the guilt here is not necessary. Tightening we make superimposed on rafters. Confirm them with several nails and we are tightened with a threaded pin with a diameter of 12-14 mm (see Fig. 13):
Figure 13.
Thus, we set all the tightening and remove our temporary racks that the skateboard was set:
Figure 14.
Now you can guess the appointment of small windows at the top of the front. Through them will be carried out by the insulation, which will lie on the ceiling of the semi-garde floor (between the tightness).
Step 7: We attach to the lower ends of the rafted the funerals of the cornese swell (see Fig. 15). We make them from the board with a cross section of 50x100 mm. Making the Film Length to get the backbone of the width necessary to us (40-50 cm), and so that it is superimposed on a rafter at least 50 cm. Fresh a felon with several nails and tighten 2 threaded studs. In the middle part, for an additional stop on the wall, it is possible to fix with nails or self-drawing to the small bar of the mare.
Figure 15.
Note, in the place of connecting the mob of the sink with Mauerlat, we do not make it on it, because This will reduce it without a big cross section. Here we pre-make a small cut in Mauerlat (see Fig. 16):
Figure 16.
So that the eaves turns out to be smooth, use the lace. First put the extreme fuels, then tighten the lace between them and put everything else. Figure 17 lace is shown in blue.
Figure 17.
Step 8: The following actions are already known to us in the past articles. Expose the FRONTON FRONTON and KREPIM wind boards (see Fig. 18):
Figure 18.
Step 9: Now we can leave cornices in the form in which they are located.
Let's see another embodiment of the cornese sinks (see Fig. 19):
Figure 19.
Such "rs' are made from an inch boards 10-15 width. Brepping them with the help of self-tapping screws.
Thus, now we can need to climb to the eaves from the bottom of the belt for siding; consolidating the protective film on the rafters, make a control and a doom; Cove the roof roofing material. These steps we considered in past articles. I think to repeat here and when considering other designs of roofs in the future, there is no point.
