Suffix or ending?
L.S.Stepanova
In most of the textbooks and teaching benefits of the Morphem, an indefinite form of verbs (-t, -th and - ) They call the "end of the infinitive" or "indicator of an indefinite form." This point of view is found, for example, in the textbooks. Barhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech.
In the manual M.T. Baranova, TA Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova "Russian. Reference materials "(M.: Enlightenment, 1987) says:" The verbs in an indefinite form have the following endings ... "(p. 104). The following is a table whereLove and -th. are called endings, and- - suffix, after which the zero ending. In the "Collection of exercises in the Russian language for entering universities" D.E. Rosental (Publishing House of Moscow University, 1994) We also read: "The uncertain form is formed by the endor -ti "(p. 109).
However, in the same "Collection of exercise ..." D.E. Rosental in § 17 "The composition of the Word" says: "The words of the Russian language from the point of view of the morphological structure are divided into words that have forms of word imposition, and words that do not have the forms of word. The words of the first group disintegrated into two parts: the basis and ending, or flexion; The words of the second group are a clean basis "(p. 37-38). And further: "Ending, or flexy, is a variable part of the word, which indicates the ratio of this word to other words, i.e. It is a means of expressing the syntactic properties of the word in the sentence "(p. 38). We also find the manual "Russian. Reference materials »M.T. Baranova et al.: "In the changing independent words, the basis and the end is distinguished ... and in unchangeable - only the basis ...". And then: "The end is a variable significant part of the word, which forms the form of the word and serves to communicate words in the phrase and sentence ... The immutable words of the endings do not have" (p. 34).
There is a contradiction: if the uncertain form of the verb has a termination, then in accordance with the above definitions, it must be a grammatical category, having a form of word forms, i.e. It is necessary to then recognize the uncertain form of the verb changing. However, in all given publications, we can easily find an unequivocal indication on the immutability of the infinitive. In the "phrase" section, when determining the adjoining, naturally, examples of the inspection of the infinitive are given, and in the Russian language tutorial. Barhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech for the 8th grade is explicitly said: "The dependent word when the adjunct is immutable (the adverb, an indefinite form of verb, verbalism)".
It is likely to avoid this irreconcilable contradiction, in the textbook of the edge. V.V. Babaitseva ("Russian language. Theory and practice." M.: Education) Finite Final Morphemes-t, -th and - Defined as suffixes. These morphemes are also defined and in the reference publication "Russian. Encyclopedia "(ed. 2nd, recreation. And add. Ch. Ed. Yu.N. Karaulov. M.:" Large Russian Encyclopedia "," Drop ", 1997). Here in the article "Infinitive" says: "The infinitive consists of the fundamentals and suffix" (p. 158).
But here we are faced with another contradiction - with the traditional definition of the foundation as part of the word without ending. It turns out that in the uncertain form of the verb, the suffix is \u200b\u200bnot based on the basis.
However, all contradictions are removed if in the school program to introduce a long-adopted division of suffixes on word-forming and word substitution, or forming ones in linguistics. In the quoted edition "Russian. Encyclopedia "in the article" Suffix "read:"The suffixes may be word-educational (employees for the formation of individual words) and word-importing (employees for the formation of the word forms) ... the suffixes are comparative and excellent degree.(strong-her, strong-yyysh)Last time(Non-Lh), Infinitive (Non-Ti), communities (Non-Zhu-Xi, Nes-sh-Xi, brought-enny) And Tempecistry (Look-I, writing-lice)...» (p. 547). In the textbook for students of higher educational institutions "Modern Russian" ed. D.E. Rosental, Part 1. (M.: Higher School, 1979) Value Improvement Affixes are called forms:"By ... Your function affixes are divided into word-forming and forming ... Formative affixes of new words do not form, they do not change the lexical meaning of the word, but are used to form the forms of the same word" (p. 146). In the same textbook, quite definitely says: "Most verbs forms an indefinite form with suffixes-t and -st ... verbs represent a small group in modern language ... ".
It is clear that in this case the base is changing somewhat. Since the forming suffixes are not maintained the word, then the very concept of the foundation can be determined as follows:the basis is part of the word remaining after cutting off the end and the forming suffix(Pisa-in, Pisa -l, Pisa -VSh-Ii) . In practice, the basis has always been determined (explaining students, for example, the formation of the form of verbs of the past time, the teacher said that it is formed by adding the suffix of the past-L- ), Therefore, it is more worth eliminating confusion in theory.
Based on the foregoing, I propose to make the following changes in the course of Russian language at school.
1. In the section "Word Education" to give the subdivision of suffixes onword-formativeand Forming1 .
Word-formative Suffix serve to educate new words, changing the lexical meaning of the word:house - House-IR (small house), learn - know-va (The verb acquires the value of duration / multipleness and incompleteness), etc.
Forming Suffix serve to form the forms of words and do not change the lexical meaning of the word. Forming suffixes differ from the ending primarily by the fact that they cannot serve to express the communication of words in phrase and offer. The formative suffixes include the following:
o. sufifixes comparative and excellent degree- Eya, -E. (fast - quick-it, fast-o - quick-it; read-e),-Yesh-, -yis (boring-bobbing-eysh, great, great - great-aish);
o. the suffix of past verbs-L- (Pisa-L, Side Lh);
o. infinitive suffixes(Pisa-T, Non-Ti, Bere -
o. infinitive suffixes(Pisa-T, Non-Ti, Bere - (In this case, in the case of suffix- The application of the imposition (applications) occurs when- At the same time belongs to the root and suffix (historical. Changes:bere - Bere);
o. switchy suffixes-the ,- ,- ,- ,- (Pish-Xi, Chita-Yuschi, Straw-Yi, and breathing),-Sh-, -the-, -n-, -nno-, (Ned-sh-Xe, Pisa-VSh-Iy, spoded-nnt, buy-enny, trait-s),-th, -th-, (praise, Vedas-Ohm, Gon-imh);
o. sufifixes of Temperics-Ah, -I (shouting, Chita-I), - (Krand-learning, regret, Yuchi),-It, -t, -h (See-in, Wam-lice, sch);
o. imfifix imperative challenge-and (in the verbs with the basis of the inf. BP. for consonant)(PLEASE-I) 2.
2. With a graphic morphem and word-forming analysis, denote the forming suffixes by the usual, adopted to indicate the suffixes icon ^3 .
3. With a graphic morphem and word-forming analysis, do not include the forming suffixes in the framework of the word(Wash, read, read-in, Bud-Shuchi).
4. Change the definition of the base.The basis is part of the word, expressing his lexical importance and remaining after cutting off the word endings and forming suffix. In those inclined or hidden words (except for the communities, the excellent degree of adjective and past, the verbs) is determined when cutting off from them(MIR -E, hurry, autumn) . In the communions, adjectives of excellent degree and verbs of the past time, in addition, in determining the foundations, forming suffixes are cut off(Bush-Iy, fresh-Jay, brought-a) . In a comparative degree of adventure and adjectives, in the verbists, infinitives and the imperative inclination of verbs, the formative suffixes are cut off when determining the foundation(Fast - it, Priigra -W, open, brought-and-and).
5. Of course, such a definition of the foundation will require a somewhat different than adopted now, the procedure for studying the morpheme composition of the word. The concept of a word basis and its practical finding will be possible only after the student acquaintance with the category "Suffix" and "Forming Suffix".
All listed changes will allow, in my opinion, not too complicating the Russian language training in school, to avoid irreconcilable contradictions and confusion in this matter, mechanical memorization of the words of the morphoral composition of the word, and will also help bring the level of school study of the Russian language to university requirements.
1 The term "Forming suffixes" seems more successful than "word-substitution", primarily because the word-substitution morphem is the ending, which actually serves as a means of changing words in accordance with the syntactic requirements. The ending as a word-only morpheme is only in changing (inclined or hidden) words. Forming suffixes are also present in unchangeable words and do not perform a syntactic function. They exactly form special forms of words.
2 The suffix of the imperative inclinion is highlighted as a forming in a quoted earlier textbook D.E. Rosenthal for students of higher educational institutions, t. 1, p. 258. In some other work, it is defined as the end of the verbs of the imperative inclination (see "Russian. Encyclopedia", ed. 2nd, p. 346). However, in my opinion, this morphem does not correspond to the definition of the end, because Does not serve to express the syntactic links of this word with other words in phrases and offer.
3 In some of the latest work, you can find the "^" icon ("house") to designate the final infinitive morpheme. This is motivated by the fact that this morphem combines signs of suffix and ending. However, it seems to me this point of view is inconclusive, because The end is a word-only morpheme, which serves to express the syntactic relations of the coordination and management of this word with other words of phrases and suggestions. The forming suffix never performs and cannot perform such a syntactic function, i.e. It is deprived of the main properties and signs of the end.
Sufifix or end is (-th) in an indefinite form of verb?
(-Th) is a forming suffix, as it forms an infinitive form: read-th, incoming. Infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb) is an immutable form, so the end of it simply cannot be, because the end is the variable part of the word. Cut-off-in (-th) we obtain the basis of the infinitive, from which many verbal forms are formed: building-stroke-l, building-VSh.
In the school textbook on the tradition of (-th) stands out as endings.
In the new benefits there is a two-way option, when (-th) stands out and as an end, and as a suffix. Apparently, the most reasonable decision for the teacher will be learning to distinguish this morph, as recommended in the textbook, explaining its nature at the same time. Students should know that this is a forming suffix.
And here - at the end of the infinitive at all is not a separate morphemist, enters the root . Compare: Pek-y, furnace, oven.
How to distinguish a suffix from postfix?
In words with the end, the suffix, as a rule, stands before the end. But the suffix may be after graduation. It is called postfix.
Postfixes are observed in the verbs and in certain categories of pronouns: washing-smi, who formed-Xia, eat-ka, someone, somehow, came. They can be written with the word and numbered (the first two examples), and through the hyphen (other examples).
By origin, all post fixes are independent words.
To distinguish the postfix from suffix, you just need to remember all postfixes. There are few of them in the examples above, they are all named.
What is the familiar to allocate postfixes?
There are several selection options: 1) as suffix, 2) in no way, 3) as "the prefix on the contrary" (in the other direction).
The most logical, in our opinion, is the allocation of postfix by the sign of the suffix, since, according to definition, postfix is \u200b\u200ba suffix facing after graduation. But in words you need to explain that this is a special morpheme and call it right.
Are postfixes enter the word?
The verb postfixes and the word- and form-forming, in pronomies are only word-forming. Forming postfixes are not as the basis of the word, word-forming - enter.
The verbal postfix is \u200b\u200b(s) requires a special comment. It may be a word, and forming. Formaking it, if it is forms the form of a pledge: pour, smiling, angry, throw-Xia. In some cases, the affix is \u200b\u200bacquiring the meaning of the word-forming morpheme and is based on the basis, which in this case becomes intermittent (it is interrupted by the end and / or forming suffix): the melt-th, it is observed, L-Xia, Razkule-VSh smiling. It is easy to distinguish such verbs: they are not used without.
Tell me, please, what is it, ti, in the infinitive of the verbs with a suffix or ending, and is the basis of the word?
Infinitive indicator -t (fuck) The basis does not enter.
If the end is determined as a forming morphor, expressing at least one of the grammatical values \u200b\u200bof the genus, the number, case, then the infinitive indicator ( -t, -th.) It should be considered a forming suffix (as well as the suffix of the past time - l.-). This approach is convenient for the rationale for some spelling phenomena. For details, see this in the textbook E. I. Litnievskaya "Russian: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren." However, there is another point of view in science according to which -t. and -ti Determine as the end.
| Question number 302003. | ||
Good day. Here I am two sentences: amplitude movements, as if the pendulum, (the formation of the image is based on the process of action; that with the pendulum monotonous, the same type of movement, that when applying the wound with a knife), the body permanently permed with a knife; And he waved his huge hand, as if Bulava, intending to say something ... Please tell me, in meaning, structure, the correctness of the preparation, and the understanding of the imagery, these offers are acceptable? Are they logical? Can they be used in the text? And now I came up with several variations to these offers: he waved his huge, as if Bulava, hand, intending to say something ...; And the monotone movements like a braid, (as the basis of the image of the image of the action; that when working oblique, the same type is performed, monotonous actions, which, when applying the wound with a knife), pierced the body once. And these options will be the same logical and understandable? Sorry I wrote so much)). Just it is very important for me to know, thanks.
Russian reference service response
In the proposal about the knife from the point of view of the Russian language, both options are possible. Only verb pierced It does not fit here; pierce- true. As for the images, this is perhaps the question is not quite in the "Help". But we note that the pendulum and the spit move horizontally. If the knife moves vertically, such comparisons can be knocked down the reader.
In the proposal about the hand, the comparison is better to put after the adjective: He waved his huge, as if Bulava, hand, intending to say something ... As for comparison, the approximate length of the grinding of Bulava, if you believe "Wikipedia", from 50 to 80 centimeters. The length of the hands of a man of medium height is about 70 centimeters. It turns out, the hero does not have such a huge hand.
| Question number 300619. | ||
Hello! Tell me, please, in the verbs of the type to watch, see, keep, mow what is E, and, but, in word-forming or forming affix? What are the opinions of linguists? Thank you!
Russian reference service response
These vowels are founded, refer to word-forming morphems.
| Question number 299920. | ||
Sorry, I asked whether the words formaking suffixes are the basis of the words and whether such suffixes are excellent degree of adjective, but did not receive the answer. And the question is fundamental for me, since questioning the level of my teacher competence.
Russian reference service response
This is what E. A. Litnievskaya writes: "All kinds of forming morphemes (the ending, forming suffix) are not as the basis of the word. The basis is the mandatory element of the morpheme structure of the word, expressing the lexical meaning of the word. Forming morphemes, expressing grammatical values, do not change lexical meaning of the word. "
At the same time, we believe that it is impossible to give an unequivocal answer to the question, whether the suffixes of the excellent degree of adjectives are as follows or not, since such suffixes express a value that can be considered both grammatical and lexical (degree of severity of the attribution).
| Question number 294651. | ||
Hello. Please tell me how to divide the word pig to transfer. Is this option: Svet-Nya? And, if possible, please indicate what rule should be guided by transferring this word. Thank you.
Russian reference service response
Your transfer option is the only possible. Here is an excerpt from the arch "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Full academic reference book "(Ed. V. V. Lopatina. M., 2006).
The transfer rules is based on a syllable principle. However, in some cases, the word membership is taken into account on significant parts.
§ 211. It is not allowed to leave on the line or transfer one letter to the next string. Eg it is impossible carry a-kation, Akatsi I.
§ 212. It is not allowed to leave on the line or transfer to the next line an alphabet chain that does not contain a vowel letter. Eg it is impossible carry t-Ox, Sun-ice, price-TP, Tre-Art.
§ 213. It is not allowed to separate from the preceding consonant letter kommersant and b. Right transfer: sing-ride, Kohl-Tso, Perch-yami, Boule-He; Transfer: from-hide, count, per-ryami, Bul-ryon.
§ 214. Not allowed to separate the letter j. from the preceding vowel letter. Right transfer: ray-he, howl, stand-cue; transfer: ra-Jon, in-yna, hundred-yki.
§ 215. It is not allowed to separate the vowel letter from the previous consonant letter if this consonant is not the last letter of the console. Right transfer: chu-duck, ka-min, up-of-my, Sha-moon, Ba Lyk, Ple-Ner, Ple-shadow, Ho-ball, Bi-Ryuk; transfer: mi-Ak, Kam-in, Bir-Yuk etc.
If the prefix ends with the consonant, and there should be a vowel letter behind it, the transfer in accordance with this rule is possible, but it is possible to also be a transfer that corresponds to the word membership on significant parts. Allowed, for example, not only transport bE-Zavarynaya and bez-Varyny, Ra-Zoru and different to break, dare and think but also without emergency, time-weapon, under-learning.
Note. If, after the console, a cumulative letter, follows the letter sT. allowed Only transfer after a vowel letter: ra-Zygry. or some-grate.
§ 216. Warned by the transfer of double consonants, included in the root or forming root and suffix bog, for example: bhuz-to press, MAS-SA, horse, spring, rus-sky. Transfer: zhu-zhgorp, ma-ssy, which, weighing, ru-ussky or russian.
However, after the prefixes, double consonants may not be divided during transfer; possible, eg, transport cozy, quarrel and coolas-wnea.
§ 217. A group of unequal consonants in the middle of the words included in the root or forming the root and suffix bog can be broken by the transfer in any way, for example: cE-CE, SES-TRA and sister; Tse-Nratic, price-trawling and central; birth and birth; Decision, Children's Children and childhood; noisy and noisy.
If in the consonant part group belongs to the console or if the entire group begins the second part of the substracted word, it is preferable to take into account the word membership on significant parts. Preferred transfers: under-beat, under-throw, at-sly, from-to-judge. Permissible transfers: to edit, subbreed; asshole; Out-Thuragon and pull-raise.
§ 218. At the junction of parts of a complex or comprehensive word, only such transports are possible, which correspond to the word membership on significant parts, for example: auto-trailer, le-co-steps, new-administration, two-atomic, three-grams, Py-Ti-gram, special-clothes, specialist, san node, state-property, Child-Nursery.
§ 219. Not subject to transfer: a) abbreviations writing (in whole or in part) with capital letters, eg: DOSAAF, UNESCO, KAMAZ; b) graphic abbreviations, eg: bd, zh.-d., p / sch; c) writing, which are a combination of numbers and endings of words, eg: 20th, 365th.
Optional rule. When transferring, the difference between the writing of words is pouncently and through the hyphen; Wed: military-obliged (Writing military Racheled) I. naval (Writing naval). To preserve the differences, it is necessary to repeat the hyphen in the second case at the beginning of the transferred part: military / Limit. This rule applies at the request of the writing.
| Question number 293905 | ||
Dear employees of the portal, help deal with the question of particles, either, or something. The percentage particles are word-forming and are based on the word or am I mistaken? Many morpheme analysis portals do not include these postfixes.
Russian reference service response
These particles are based on the word (i.e., participate in the word formation, and not in the formation of the forms of the word).
| Question number 291736. | ||
I am very pleased to answer, well, please))) I'm not sure that he controls the word "reunification". What should be the end of him? It was, I corrected on, but maybe, after all? What case should be in the word "reunion (-e; -th?)" In this sentence? Since then, there has been a lot of important, but the January decision of the residents of Crimea in the distant 1991 formed the basis of the main historical event, to which the republic went to several decades - reunification with Russia.
Russian reference service response
You wrote true: fore a base(What?) Reunion with Russia.
| Question number 288725. | ||
morphemal analysis of the noun "thicket" and verb "Thickets"
Russian reference service response
To disassemble these words in composition, it is necessary to use the following algorithms.
Hearing a noun:
1) By changing the word by cases, allocate the ending and foundation;
2) picking up single words, highlight the root;
3) Select the prefix and suffix.
Leading verb:
1) determine the form of the verb;
2) By changing the verb, finding forming morphemes: end and suffix;
3) Select the foundation (Tip: The basis does not include all forming morphemes);
4) pick up single words, highlight the root;
5) select the console.
| Question number 286026. | ||
Good day! An argument arose: Does the connecting vowels enter the basis of the word?
Russian reference service response
The basis of the word is part of the word without forming morphemes. The connecting vowel forming is not, so it is based on. In "Russian grammar" (M., 1980) it was said that only the foundations containing post-fixes are intermittent foundations (except -those), eg: watching (the foundation looking ... sm), any (the foundation like ... either) and under. At the same time, at school, quite often connecting vowels do not consider part of the foundation.
| Question number 276512. | ||
Your resource indicates that the rules of the Russian language are the rules of 1956. (http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/)
And what is this - "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Full academic reference book ", Edition 2007 (http://www.ozon.ru/context/detail/id/3189654/)
Why do the rules exist in two different versions?
What of them is the rules?
Russian reference service response
Full academic reference book "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" ed. V. V. Lopatina - the result of many years of work of the Orphographic Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, aimed at clarifying the existing rules of Russian spelling. This work went in the 1990s - early 2000s; It was assumed that its result will be the approval of the new Code of Rules, which would regulate the writing of new words that appeared in Russian after 1956 (for example, words with the first parts video ... Media ... Internet ...), some contradictions of the 1956 Code of 1956 were removed, some unjustified exceptions were eliminated, explicitly obsolete spellings were eliminated, which in 1956 were caused by ideological reasons (for example, writing names related to religion).
However, no reasons for those independent of linguists did not happen. The official approval of the new version of the rules did not take place, first of all, due to the negative reaction in society on some originally proposed changes. In many ways, this reaction was provoked by the unscrupulous work of journalists: the media wrote as if preparing "reform of the language", "legalizing illiteracy", etc., although no radical changes to the linguists were offered. As a result, the text of the Russian spelling rules prepared by the spelling commission was based on a full academic reference book "Rules of Russian Spelling and punctuation" in a few years. He came out for the rights of the reference book (not a general obligatory), complementing and clarifying the current "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" of 1956 in accordance with the modern practice of the letter.
The official status of general spelling rules is maintained by the 1956 Code (which in some cases is contrary to modern written practice, such a paradox).
| Question number 273427. | ||
Hello!
What part of the word is, it is, etc. in uncertain forms of verb (infinitives)?
Thank you. Olga.
Russian reference service response
"T" is an indicator of an indefinite form (infinitive), and the preceding vowel enters the basis of the verb.
| Question number 266694. | ||
Hello, correctly disassembled in the composition of the word rang out.
Once - prefix
Yes - root
L - Suffix.
Sia - Postfix
Distributed - the basis ???Thank you.
Russian reference service response
The problem is based. Faithful selection: distributed. The suffix "L" is not based on.
| Question number 262974. | ||
Good day!
Tell me, please, how to write "spinal? Brain"? ("Dlyinously or separately? (The experience of the dictionary-directories" gives through a hyphen, but the adjective is formed from the phrase "spinal cord", is not typical in the dictionary?)
Russian reference service response
Spelling rate: spinal.
Defisc writing in the dictionary you are talking about is not typical. The fact is that the authors of the dictionary (B. Z. Bona, L. P. Kalakutskaya) are offered special (must be recognized, a very reasonable) approach to solving issues of the fusion / defice writing of complex names of adjectives (it is not by chance that a book bears a subtitle "Vicultua's Experience -praven "). Tell about this approach.
As is known, according to the current "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" of 1956, the main criterion of the fusion / defice writing of the adjectives is the relationship between the base: adjectives formed from two words are picked together, according to their subordinate to one another ( railway -from railway), through the hyphens, the adjectives formed from two or more fundamentals denoting equal concepts are written ( interest-free winning). However, these rules are very often violated - and not only and not so much because of the ignorance by their writing, as due to the fact that it is not always possible to determine which relations exist between motivating words - submission or an essay (this applies to the words belonging to Different areas of science, technology, culture). But even when these relationships are clear, there are too many drawn writings instead of the rules that required by the rules, so that it is possible to write it only for illiteracy (especially considering that the card file was collected by the authors in the 1970s - 80s, when for competent oral and writing The speech watched much more carefully than now).
Next, we quote the preface to the dictionary: "The authors of this dictionary tried to find out what makes it makes it hard to write through a hyphen, contrary to the requirements of" Rules ", some complex adjectives. Linguistic base for this, the authors consider the formally pronounced grammatical independence of the first part of the complex adjective. ... The first part has suffixes that characterize it as an adjective. "
In other words: the presence in the first part of the suffix of the adjective or the communion affects the replacement of the pdic writing by the disfiscation. Therefore, write naturally scientific(although the word is formed from a combination natural Sciences), medical and physical culture etc.
The authors of the dictionary discovered by the spelling trend were offered to consolidate in the form of rules, which formed the basis of the recommendations of the publication. One of them reads: they are written through the hyphen complex adjectives, formed from two or more fundamentals that have suffixes (or communities) in these bases. That is why the dictionary is recommended to write a word spinalthrough a hyphen: In the first part there are adjective suffix -N-.
Some of the writing caused by the action of this spelling tendency were established in modern written speech and recorded by most dictionaries. These are the adjectives already mentioned above. naturally scientificand medical and physical culture - Today, the regulatory writing of these words (yes, de jure it does not comply with the rules of spelling, but this is due to the fact that the rules themselves are in many ways). However, the writing of most complex adjectives is still based on the "Rules" of 1956 - including words spinalwhich, according to the rules, should be written in a punk (the fusion writing of this word fix almost all dictionaries, including the Russian spelling dictionary, the most complete spelling directory).
| Question number 260502. | ||
Hello!
I have the following question: does the verbal suffix of the last time turn on the basis of the word in the analysis of the word? If there are several parsing systems and both options are acceptable, please specify, in accordance with which systems, this suffix does not include or does not turn on. Thanks in advance!
Russian reference service response
| Question number 259313. | ||
Good evening! Please tell me whether the suffix of the verbs of the last time "l" part of the basis of the word? Thank you.
Russian reference service response
No, it is a forming suffix, it does not fit the word.
1. Suffix - This is a morpheme that stands after the root and usually serves to form new words, although it can be used in the form of a form of one word.
For example: kind - kindness a (suffix - from - word-forming), dobrese, kind (suffix - her - forming, forms the form of a comparative degree of adjective; suffix - eysh. - Forming, forms the form of an excellent degree of adjective).
Note!
In some cases, suffix -j- may not receive in the word special graphic notation. It may indicate vowels E, E, Yu, I'm in the position after a consonant or dividing b, for example: Volga[J] e. [pmvolezhj], Frustration[J] e. [ZUλn'jjj].
2. Most suffixes serve to form new words.
Learning - teacher, teachers about, teachenm.
Forming suffixes in Russian relatively little. The most important among them are the following:
sufifixes of the comparative and excellent degree of adjective: -eis (s), -e, -sh, -yash-, -yash;
Faster, faster, more expensive, older, deepely, Musdarey Ii.
the suffix of the last time the verb is;
Came, found out.
the suffix of the impertness of the verb - and;
Take, lead.
some suffixes of nouns as indicators of the plural and only number;
Wed: citizen (units) - citizens (MN.ch.); friend (units) - friends (MN .H.; it is created not only at the expense of the end - I [A], but also at the expense of the suffix -J- - [friends'j a]); son (units) - sov Ya (MN .H.; It is created not only due to the end of the end [a], but also due to the suffix-one - [sonλv'j a]); ok (units) - a. (MN.ch.).
some nouns suffixes as indicators of indirect cases.
Wed: mother - (not) mater I., time - (not) times and.
The spelling of suffixes depends on the climbing owner of the word and therefore will be considered when the corresponding speech parts are characteristic.
Note!
1) In linguistics there is no unity in determining the status of an indicator of an indefinable form of the verb (infinitive) - -th, -th, - inhate run, carry, take care). Part of the researchers characterizes these morphemes as the ending, others - as a suffix. In this manual we consider infinitive indicator (do, -th, - inhabit) as ending (!).
2) In Linguistics, there is no single point of view on the assassinatory affiliation of communities ( reading Xi, read by, read your, read) and verbalias ( reading, reading). In some allowances, communion and verdicts are characterized as independent parts of speech (and in this case the corresponding suffixes will be described), in others - as special forms of verb (and then the same suffixes will be formative). In this manual, communion and verbalia are considered as independent parts of speech.
3. Like roots and consoles, suffixes can change their appearance. At the same time, as in the roots, there are alternations of consonants and vowels. In particular, "fluent vowels" are possible.
Wed: book-K -A - Book Ek; Slip-to--grade - Slip-ok, Much-n-like - Pray-OK, Star-Еts - old-c -a, dishes-ts-е - ец.
Quite regularly in the suffixes there are alternations of consonants and combinations of sounds (k / h, ov / y).
Wed: book-K -A - Book-sh --K-A, com-OK - Kom-Ok, Pier-ov-not - PIR-UJ.
4. In general, during the isolation of suffixes and suffix complexes, it is necessary to navigate the words from which this word is formed. It is convenient to use periprase with such a single word.
For example:
- Compare the morpheme composition of nouns names: Sasha, Cherry, Morochinka.
In the word Sasha ( Sasha-Paint-A) The root stands out Sasha (Sash-A.) And suffix -Inken(but): « Sasha - diminutive to Sasha but».
In the word cherry ( cherish-K-) The root stands out cherries with fluent vowel ( cherry) And suffix -to(but): « Cherry - Little Vishn. i».
In the word pea ( pea) The root stands out pea with alternating consonants h./sh (peas) And two suffixes: suffix -in- (pea): « Pea - single component of pea "; suffix -to(but): « Pea - Little Gorosa ina.».
- Compare the morpheme composition of the impressive names: dreamy and conscious.
In the Word Dreamy ( dreamy) The root stands out dream (dream) And three suffixes: verb suffix -but- (dream): « Dream - Predy Dream aM"; suffix Hotel with the "Worker" value ( dreamer): « Dreamer - The one who loves the dream aT"; Sufifix adjective -N.(oh): « Dreamy - such as a dreamer; Sophisticated dreamer yu».
In the word conscious ( conscious) The root stands out knowledge (know) With the prefix co- (s-mean), as well as one suffix -Not(oh): « Conscious - Such which is properly created aet, understands the surrounding reality. " Suffix Hotel In this case, it does not stand out because there is no noun in Russian conscious.
Note!
The most typical errors in the selection of suffixes are the following.
1) Referring to the end letters of the suffix to the end. Especially often this happens with suffixes: -News ( e.) - vlad-Yeniy, -tij(e.) - tyj-e, andj(e.) - self-andj-e, -j(e.) - happy-j-e, -j(e.) - star-J-E, -Atsi(i) - deleg-aci-me, andj(i) - arm-andj-i. In all these cases andj. or j. refer to the suffix, not by graduation (!).
2) The attitude to the suffix of the root or part of the previous suffix (usually in the presence of the words of the same sounds and letters in the end).
3) Indemnity of individual suffixes and sums of suffixes.
Wed: kosn-asshole ohwhere kosn.- - root), readyand from ready ohwhere ready- - root), diplomaticast (Wed: Lettering - but → diploma-n - oh → diplomaticost).
These Naughty Suffixes: DiffiCult Questions of Morphemic Analysis
Krylova Maria Nikolaevna.
AZOV-BLACK SEA State Agroengineering Academy
Phd in Philological Science, Assistant Professor of the Professional Pedagogy and Foreign Languages \u200b\u200bDepartment
Abstract
The Article Is Devuted To The Review of DiffiCult Questions of Morphemical Analysis Associated with the Allocation of Suffixes in The Word. This article Discusses Ways Allocation A Zero Suffixes, Variants of Suffixes, Irregular Suffixes, Status -t (-th) In The Infinitive, Suffixoides, Postfixes and Interfixes and Processes of Simplification and Applications Associated with the Suffixes. The Conclusion About Necessity A Creative, Research Approach to the Morphemic Analysis.
Morphem analysis, or the analysis of the words in composition is difficult for many high school students, for philologists and even for teachers. As noted by N.A. Isaeva, "To date, there are real problems of the professional and methodological readiness of bachelor students and teachers in the field of analysis and interpretation of morpho-word-formational concepts presented in school textbooks, and, accordingly, formalism in teaching schoolchildren with this important, system-forming concepts constituting the base For the development of different meta-delta skills. "
Morphem analysis and learning issues were considered by M.T. Baranov, E.A. Zemskaya, N.A. Isaeva, M.R. Lviv, T.G. Ramzayeva, A.V. Tekachev, N.M. Shansk and other scientists and methodologists, but still difficult to solve due to the presence of various interpretations of certain phenomena of the problem of the problem remain.
It is especially difficult to allocate in the word suffix (suffixes), to deliver it from other morphemes. This is due, first of all, so that it is possible to highlight the suffix only at the ability to remove the end and root in the word.
Morpheme - The smallest significant unit of language. The role in the word morphemes are divided into: root, or roots - Basic morphemes andaffixual , or affixes - Additional (from Lat.affixus. - 'Attached'). Types of Affixes: Prefix (Prefix), Suffix, Interfix, Postfix. In other languages \u200b\u200bthere are more affixes such as confix, infix, transfix, etc.
Suffix - Service Morphem (Affix), which is located after the root and serves to form words and their non-associate forms.
According to the functions of affixes are divided into word-forming - express lexical importance, form different words and are less regular, less standard, for example, without -house- n., and forming - possess the highest degree of regularity and standardity, have a grammatical value, form grammatical forms, for example, on the -Pis-A- nN.-and I . The ending is always a forming affix, suffixes may be the word- and forming. Information about the formation of suffixes enters students gradually when studying morphology, and high school students should already be well focused on the formation and know all the forming of Russian suffixes:
1. The suffixes of the degrees of comparison of adjectives and the shorter: -eh, -eh, -e, -sh, -yash-, -yash-, -Yeshe, -yache . For example: good her (good to her), thin shoe, have e., good eysh.-y, tonightaysh -y, deep aishesubmissive lychee .
2. Switchy and verbal suffixes: -the, (-th-),-(-dent-), -Ex- (-sh-), - enno, -n-, -t-, om-, -, , -The, he had, - A, - . For example: run- ace-y, gon- them, set vS.-y, offended eNN, offended indisassembled i .
3. The suffix of the past time - l. -, with which the form of the past time is formed from the basis of the infinitive: offended l., N. (null).
4. The impetus for imperative inclinations - and -, with which the shape of the imperative inclination is formed from the basis of this (future simple) time. For example: choose and, non- and-t, throw and wasy (null).
5. Sufifixes of nouns, with which are formed:
a) Forms of a plural and indirect case (syntactic forms): - -, -er-, -En-, - j. -, - -, - j. - . For example: moon eU-And eP-And, tribe eN-And the brotherhood j. -I'm a cat- yat.-And son ov j. -I;
b) the unique form: - iN. -. For example: citizens iN. .
6. The suffix of the present (future simple) verb time in the zealous challenge: -j. -. For example: read j. - I read-j. - you. The question of this suffix is \u200b\u200bcontroversial, it is not allocated all scientists.
Morphemal analysis is the allocation of all morphems in the word. Producing it, it must be remembered that "a genuinely scientific analysis of the word structure, and not the mechanical division of the word on the morphemes (sometimes not existing) is possible only when the word is considered, firstly, against the background of the birth and one-intensive words at the moment And secondly, in the aggregate of all inherent in the grammatical forms. This is the basic principle of word-forming analysis (like morphem).
It is impossible to describe all the difficult issues of morphmal analysis within the framework of the article. Consider the most complex problems of morphem analysis end of the word. We will imagine the information in the questionable form, which should facilitate perception.
Are there any special ways to allocate suffix?
Before distinguishing the suffix or suffixes, you need to prepare work: determine which part of the speech is the word, since each part of speech has its own set of suffixes; Select the root (if possible) and the ending (required). And only after this to apply the methods listed below, and it is preferably not some one, but all together:
1. Correction of a word with single words and grammatical shapes of the word. For example, the word lysius. with words a fox and fed j. -I and remembering the runaway vowels, we will easily highlight the suffix in it -iY .
2. Comparison of the word with the words of the same composition, the same word-forming type. After all, they are correlated by the same word with single words to highlight the root, why not relate it to the "single-shifux" words to highlight the suffix. For example, glad- ost, sweet ost, fee ost and under.
3. Principle "Matryshka" (termN.M. Shansky) We are necessary when in the word several suffixes. They are highlighted Using the analysis of form and word-forming analysis, step-by-step "undressing" of the word. For example, word-forming suffixes in the word waste It will be explicitly after building a word-forming chain: water → water jan.- → water east→ watery ost . In a word thought We first, analyzing the grammatical form, lay out the formative postfix - sia , ending - and I - And the shaping suffix communion - vS. - and then highlight the verbal suffix - yva -.
In any case, deciding the question of the morpheme composition of one word, you need to simultaneously analyze the word form form (to determine the end and forming suffixes) and word-forming analysis. As N.A. writes Isaeva, "The word-forming analysis should not go after the morphemn, but to precede him and at certain stages organically" stick up "into the fabric of the morpheme analysis is a simple and understandable law of competent analysis of the word structure."
Otherwise, mistakes are inevitable.
Do you include forming suffixes?
Difficulties appear when highlighting the basis of the word, since the formative affixes are not included in the foundation, but the word forming includes. We are accustomed to not to include the end of the end, and forget the forming suffixes to cut off the base. It seems that the truth is somewhere in the middle: the students of junior classes should not be explained that some suffixes may not be included in the basis, and since the 5th grade, it is necessary to gradually enter this new information, which will help the development of the morphology of the Russian language, word methods .
Do you need to allocate zero suffixes?
To solve this question for yourself, you must first find such a suffix in the Word to detect. The fact that zero (materially unrelated) can be completed, everyone knows. Examples: house□ , families□ , lysis □, entertainment □, stand □.Allocate the zero ending with an empty square is mandatory, its non-separation is a serious error. Otherwise, the case is with zero suffixes, as many do not know about their existence at all.
Zero can be two forming suffixes: 1) the suffix of the past -L- in male genus in some verbs, for example, died Æ , non-Æ ; Compare: died l.-And, carried; 2) imfixing impetus -and-, eg, throw Æ ; Compare: non- and . After the zero-forming suffix, it is necessary for the zero ending.
Zero suffix of the past time of the verb and the zero ending after it arose as a result of the loss of weak reduced and disappeared -L- After consonants at the end of the word (compare the ancient Russian sandy-L-K).
In addition, the zero suffix appears as a result of zero suffixation, in this case it is word-forming, and after it may not only be zero, but also financially expressed ending. For example, transition-Æ ¬ move, blueÆ ¬ blue, zickÆ -but-¬ stutterÆ -¬ Five, physicistÆ ¬ physics and under. According to T.Yu. Gavrilkin, word-forming types with zero suffixes in modern language have a high derivational potential.
In the practice of teaching the Russian language, zero suffixes are not accepted to allocate, there is no special icon for them. Entering it or not (one of the options is above) - a complex question, most teachers will say that it is not worth it. Nevertheless, the concept of zero suffix must be introduced, showing its existence by comparing a number of word forms. According to N.A. Isaeva, the concept of zero suffix to introduce into the conceptual apparatus of students is necessary: \u200b\u200b"Although it is not mandatory in school teaching, in the nature of its value and in relation to other words, it is fully fit into the group of" zerule ", studied at school - zero ending and zero ligament "
How not to call the suffix options with different suffixes?
Morphemes are implemented in speeches in morphs, or allomorphs. Part of the suffixes do not have morphs: -The hotel, - . For example: teach televil ostrival nich-t.. There are no difficulties with them.
But most often, depending on the position in the word, the same suffix may have several options with different sound and writing:
-to - and - oK -: memo to-A - memo oK ,
-eC. - and - c. -: cheese- eC. - cheese c.-but,
-n. - and - eN - In the brief form of adjectives: memo eN - Memo- n.-but,
-ov - and - w. j. - In the forms of verb: feast- ov-l, pier w. j. -Yu,
- j. (a) and - iY : jumper j. -I - jumper iY .
If the suffixes change in the formation of words, these are variants of the same suffix, and not different suffixes. Their changes are related to the phonetic processes that have occurred in the language with many existing alternating languages. Comparison of the word forms and knowledge of possible alternations will help us understand that options are various forms of the same suffix: loved eC. - loved c.- Son- oK - son- och-s, dogj. -I, dog iY .
Sufifix or end is - t. (-t.) in an indefinite form of verb?
Undoubtedly Final -t. (-t.) - This is a forming suffix, as it forms the form of an infinitive: read t., incidentally t. . Infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb) is an immutable form, so the end of it simply cannot be, because the end is the variable part of the word. Cut-off - t. (-t. ) We get the infinitive foundation from which many verb forms are formed: construction t. - construction l., building vSh-Iy.
In the school textbook on tradition - t. (-t. ) stands out as endings. In the new benefits there is a double option when - t. (-t. ) It also stands out as ending, and as a suffix. Apparently, the most reasonable decision for the teacher will be learning to distinguish this morph, as recommended in the textbook, explaining its nature at the same time. Students should know that this is a forming suffix.
And here - whose At the end of the infinitive is not at all a separate morphemist, enters the root. Compare: pitch - furnace- Do you bake .
Do you need to allocate suffixes that are not indicated by a separate letter?
This question can be solved in different ways. For example, a word building Specographic is divided into two morphemes ( stro-Yu), and phonetically (that is, in fact) - for three ( build j. -Yu) , - j. - is a suffix. Do you need to highlight it? Undoubtedly, it is necessary, since, first of all, it is in the Word, secondly, in the imperative challenge of the verb, it will be expressed by the letter j. (build j. ), and its selection will allow us to relate to each other forms of verb, formed from one basis - the basis of the present time, thirdly, the graphics and those positions in which the letter will be completely disadvantaged yu Indicates two sounds. Systematic work in this direction will contribute to the fact that students will easily find in the word "hidden" suffix. By the way, the entire suffix can be hidden, but also its part, for example, -j. - in suffixes -E. n.and j.- -N.j.- (repetition, desire). In this case, do not notice -j. - not so scary, because the morphem will still be isolated, albeit in a truncated form, but still it is better to "notice" the hidden part of the suffix, then it will be easier to explain why in words desires, efforts, doubt and under. - iY - This is not the end.
How to find in the word irregular suffix?
Regular suffixes are found in words often, for example, -iK-: iK, home iK, column iK Both. The most regular morphemes - endings and forming suffixes: lamp but, run- hearing. Irregular (unique, Rare) suffixes In the composition of the words are infrequent. For example: paste wow, small uTK-but. Some suffixes are observed in just one word.By definition E.A. Zemstvo, "Parts of the Word, similar to suffixes and filiers for their role in the composition of the word, but single, not repeated, are called unifixes." For example: pET j. -I, post aMT, glass tier, cartridge tash, bush arnhib, goat yul, proletar iY. In case of morphemal analysis of such words, it is impossible to relate the word with other words of the same word-forming type, but it can be correlated with single words and allocate a suffix based on this comparison, for example: glass – glass- tier .
Will the suffix distinguish against the root?
The language is constantly evolving, one of the processes of its development is a carequance - loss by the word of segment on the morphemes. In particular, the suffix can fight with the previous morphem, usually root, for example: pE tuh, Zh. zn, Yes r, P. r (Compare break, live, yes, pi-h). According to E.A. Zemskoy, "most often this is due to a change in the meaning of the word, which usually leads to the oblivion of its composition."
Since with morphem analysis, we allocate in the word of those morphemes that exist in it at this stage of the development of the language, then such "former" suffixes to allocate, of course, do not.ON THE. Isaeva Writes: "It is necessary to clearly distinguish with the study of the Morphem composition of the word at school the facts of synchronies and diachrony and consider the phenomena of the word formation system only on a synchronous cut." But we should not forget that there is also an etymological analysis, producing which and it is necessary to consider suffixes, sprinkled with the root and ceased to be suffixes.
How to allocate suffixoids?
Affixoids are root morphemes acting in the features of affixes. They are divided into prefixoids ( semi-) and suffixoids (- veda, -For. and etc.). Suffixoids have a high degree of standard, like suffixes, for example: glass- var., language ved., color water, forest wHOwine- business, earth cop, television graphvapor image-n-oh. By performing the role of suffixes, suffixoids at the same time they did not cease to be recognized as root morphemes, they are on the way of transition from roots to suffixes, thereby demonstrating one of the examples of living development, language change. According to N.M. Shanskaya, "Affixoids, using both affixes, still continue to remain and clearly realize the root morphems, or the foundations that preserve semantic and genetic relations with the appropriate roots." Therefore, it is necessary to allocate them, apparently, nevertheless, as the second parts of a complex word, that is, to focus on the roots, with suffixes and endings ( steam nth ).
How to allocate suffixes when appliqués?
Application of the root and suffix - the imposition of morpheme, combining the end of one and the beginning of another morpheme. For example, in the word lilitious root lilac and suffix - ovat -, in a word Minsk- root Minsk- and suffix - sC. - and under. It seems that overlay is not a disappearance, and it is necessary to allocate both morphemes, simultaneously explaining that our language is very beautiful, melodic and thus get rid of ungivatic words like lilac, Minsk.
How to distinguish a suffix from postfix?
In words with the end, the suffix, as a rule, stands before the end. But the suffix may be after graduation. It is called postfix.
Postfixes are observed in the verbs and in certain categories of pronouns: wash schforming sia, eat- kawho thatwhat- something, come taki . They can be written with the word and numbered (the first two examples), and through the hyphen (other examples).
By origin, all post fixes are independent words.
To distinguish the postfix from suffix, you just need to remember all postfixes. There are few of them in the examples above, they are all named.
What is the familiar to allocate postfixes?
There are several selection options: 1) as suffix, 2) in no way, 3) as "the prefix on the contrary" (in the other direction).
The most logical, in our opinion, is the allocation of postfix by the sign of the suffix, since, according to definition, postfix is \u200b\u200ba suffix facing after graduation. But in words you need to explain that this is a special morpheme and call it right.
Are postfixes enter the word?
The verb postfixes and the word- and form-forming, in pronomies are only word-forming. Forming postfixes are not as the basis of the word, word-forming - enter.
Verbal postfix -sia (-sch) Requires special comment. It may be a word, and forming. Forms, it is, if forms the shape of the pledge: pint- siaangry sia, quit sia . In some cases affix - sia It acquires the value of the word-forming morpheme and is based on the basis, which in this case becomes intermittent (its termination and / or forming suffix) is interrupted: melt-in-Sia, I am wonded, Razgloga -VSh-Iy. Distinguish such verbs is easy: they are not used without - sia .
How to distinguish a suffix from interfix?
Interfixes are connective morphemes, inserts between other morphemes. First of all, these are connective vowels about and e.that stand out between parts of complex words: earth e.-er, par- about-. Such interfixes do not confuse with suffixes, difficulties in their allocation are associated with the presence of similar phenomena ( meteorvodka, the following) The lack of a special icon for them.
The difficulties appear when the interfixes are insertion between the root and suffix. Sometimes they are also called gaskets. Consider examples: highway → Highway j.- there, there → oshToday, today → today sh, Cinema → Cinema sh- Orel → Orl oV-skaya, Sochi → iN.-skaya. In these words, the interfixes are very similar to suffixes on the position in the word, but they do not participate in word formation, they do not matter, but only inserted between the morphemes to avoid discrepancy (present the words above without interfixes).
To distinguish the interfix from suffix, you need to make sure that the word education process has flown, see the word-forming model. For example, the formation of attractive adjectives from the name of the city with the help of suffix - sC. -: Rostov → Rostov- sC.-y, Tula → Tul- sC.-y. and under. Then the interfix interfix will be explicitly for us: Sochi → iN.-skaya, and appliqué phenomenon: Kursk → Kursk.
In addition, the Arsenal of Interfixes is small, and they just need to remember.
So, we considered complex issues of morphem analysis of the words associated with the release of suffixes and similar to the morpheme. I would like to note that the most important thing in work and the student and, moreover, the teacher should be a creative, research approach to morphem analysis. In a formal approach situation, if the main postulates and the rules will begin, and not a study, let it be only a modest study of the composition of one single word, it is impossible to achieve high results in the training of morphem analysis and form the base for further growth of the student to develop its linguistic competence.
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