Our ideological opponents very often in the polemics that are imposed on us, communists, looking for "revelations" activities I.V. Stalin, refer to the words of Khrushchev. At the same time, he is being passed off as the alleged successor of V.I.’s case. Lenin, although the activities " chief corn grower"was really aimed at destroying the socialist foundations.
Such a misconception (to put it mildly) can easily be explained logically, because, to our great regret, Khrushchev had a CPSU party card in his pocket. Moreover, he became the leader of the Soviet Union shortly after the death of I.V. Stalin. After such counterarguments, it is very difficult for us to conduct a debate, because it is difficult for an ignorant person to explain the difference, for example, between Wahhabism and traditional Islam or a militant monastic order and traditional Catholicism. So it is here. Although today history itself gives us a hint in strengthening the revelations of the activities and words of the hidden Trotskyist and anti-Marxist, which Khrushchev actually was. And the best confirmation of this is
what Yeltsin and Putin
they were once members of the CPSU, just like him. We all remember how Yeltsin made a dizzying career in the CPSU, and eventually ended up in the chair of the President of Russia. So Khrushchev, cleverly hiding behind his party card, with the help of intrigues found himself at the helm of the state - the USSR, which the West respected and feared. And meanly so with your own
accomplices Suslov and Kosygin began to methodically destroy the socialist model of the country's development under sweet calls to build communism, the coming of which the disguised degenerates and scoundrels themselves feared. And the contours of the prospect of building a communist society became more and more tangible under Stalin. After the Soviet Union overcame devastation and famine and the emergence of European countries that declared their commitment to building socialism in their country, the Soviet people, under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, rushed at an accelerated pace to finally build socialism in our country. In the book "140 conversations with Molotov" Fedora Chueva
very interesting facts about Stalin’s life are given: “When Marshal Golovanov and I were sitting at the table at Molotov’s dacha, Alexander Evgenievich said: “If Stalin had lived another ten years, world capitalism would have come to an end. I remember there was an argument in front of him about who was better: Churchill or Roosevelt? “It’s the same thing,” said Stalin, “Churchill, Roosevelt, Nasser, Nehru. Not one of them will give money to the workers.”. Same Molotov testifies: “Before the first post-war session of the Supreme Council, Marshal Vasilevsky I asked Stalin how he imagined communism. “I believe,” said Stalin, “the initial phase or first stage of communism will practically begin when we begin to distribute bread to the population for free.” What was someone like, it seems Voronov, an astonished question was asked: "Comrade Stalin, why - bread for free, this is impossible
business!" Stalin led us to the window: "What's there?" - "River, Comrade Stalin." - "Water?" - "Water." - "Why is there no queue for water? You see, you never thought that we might have such a situation in our state with regard to bread." He walked around and around and said: "You know what, if there are no international complications, and by that I mean only war, I think that this will come in 1960." And so that anyone would have doubts then, God forbid! The country was destroyed, people lived poorly, were starving, and we had a huge gold reserve accumulated, and there was so much platinum that it was not shown on world market, for fear of depreciation!(Recorded 12/02/1971
.)".
Was this the step that the counter-revolution was afraid of? If bread really became free in the Soviet Union (And free distribution of bread will certainly be in the foreseeable future
would become a reality, because Stalin never spoke rash words!), then such an act of Soviet power would mark the country’s transition to the point of no return to capitalist orders, i.e. the final victory of socialism. The Soviet people would have really felt the prototype of communism, which would have knocked the ground out from under petty-bourgeois sentiments. This act
would become a huge stimulus to the avalanche-like growth of revolutionary actions throughout the world. But, alas, Stalin's heart stopped beating on March 5, 1953. The Soviet people did not wait for the free distribution of bread in 1960. Instead of this in 1991 the USSR and the socialist system itself were destroyed
. The beginning of all these destructive
processes are rightly associated with the name of Khrushchev. Did Nikita Sergeevich want the destruction of the USSR? Most likely no. Did he have any idea about the consequences that the years of his reign led to? Perhaps yes. In the late USSR there was one joke: “Armenian Radio was asked a question:
- How many rulers were there in the USSR?
- Vladimir the Wise, Joseph the Terrible, Nikita Balabolka, Lenka the Fabulist and Teddy Bear!” How subtly everything was noticed by popular rumor! And it explains so much. How ridiculous are Khrushchev’s pathetic attempts to appear “ great politician", especially in comparison with Stalin. This is what Nikita Sergeevich was forced to admit in his
report on " cult of personality»: "Stalin is one of the strongest Marxists and his logic, strength and will had a great influence on the cadres and on the work of the party". What about Khrushchev? He just had obvious problems with knowledge (or rather, the complete lack thereof) of Marxism, and not everything was fine with logical thinking. At the same time, Khrushchev’s groveling, resourcefulness, and vindictiveness would be enough for ten. Khrushchev has many references to Lenin's words. But these theses are often pulled out and inserted into the texts at random. This strengthens the assertion about the poor theoretical training of the leader of the CPSU since the mid-50s. Let us remember how often Stalin demanded that communists constantly engage in self-improvement. Here it is at work "Economic problems of socialism in the USSR", written September 28, 1952(six months before his death!), he says: “Some comrades deny the objective nature of the laws of science, especially the laws of political economy under socialism. They deny that the laws of political economy reflect the laws of processes occurring independently of the will of people. They believe that in view of the special role given by history to the Soviet state, the Soviet state and its leaders can abolish the existing laws of political economy, can “form” new laws, “create” new laws. These comrades are deeply mistaken. They apparently confuse the laws of science, which reflect objective processes in nature or society, occurring independently of the will of people, with those laws that are issued by governments, created by the will of people and have only legal force. But they cannot be mixed in any way. Marxism understands the laws of science, whether we are talking about the laws of natural science or the laws of political economy, as a reflection of objective processes occurring independently of the will of people. People can discover these laws, know them, study them, take them into account in their actions, use them in the interests of society, but they cannot change or abolish them. Moreover, they cannot form or create new laws of science... The fact is that to us, as the guiding core, everyone
Every year thousands of new young cadres come up, they are eager to help us, they are eager to show themselves, but they do not have a sufficient Marxist education, they do not know many truths that are well known to us and are forced to wander in the dark. They are stunned by the colossal achievements of the Soviet government, they are dizzy by the extraordinary successes of the Soviet system, and they begin to imagine that the Soviet government “can do anything,” that it “doesn’t care about anything,” that it can destroy the laws of science and form new laws. How should we deal with these comrades? How to educate them in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism? I think that the systematic repetition of the so-called “social” truths, their patient explanation is one of the best means of the Marxist education of these comrades.”.
A Khrushchev he didn’t want, or maybe he wasn’t given the opportunity at all, to understand Marxism as a science. Moreover, not knowing the laws of social development, he began to subordinate the country's economy
own invented laws. Moreover, Khrushchev in practice, in a camouflaged form, implemented Trotsky’s theoretical calculations. This was expressed in the fact that the Khrushchev team, having come to power, immediately abandoned the Stalinist model of state and economic management, violated the decisions of the 19th Congress of the CPSU to update the leadership, and distorted the very principle of Stalinist management. 
The funny thing is that there have been attempts in this direction before. So, immediately after the war, even under Stalin, in July 1948, Khrushchev proposed selling agricultural equipment to collective farms, plowing the peasants’ gardens (their personal half-hectare) right up to the porches, and the remains of livestock in private farmsteads "nationalize", impose additional taxes on collective farmers. For similar "revolutionary" innovation, Khrushchev received a pat on his bald head and a flattering " resolutions": "Our little Karl Marx!"in the presence of the other members of the Politburo. Stalin had to write specifically for the wretched and weak-minded in his last works on economics, talking about" would-be Marxists", who think that perhaps they should, " take power and go to the expropriation of small and medium-sized producers in the countryside and socialize their means of production". "... Marxists cannot take this senseless and criminal path, because such a path would undermine any possibility of victory of the proletarian revolution, would throw the peasantry for a long time into the camp of the enemies of the proletariat". Khrushchev was authoritatively told - “quiet down!” But Khrushchev did not calm down. A few years later, in March 1951 he is again, already in the newspaper" Is it true"published an article about" consolidation of collective farms", for which he again received a slap in the face from Stalin. The second time he was told: " Shut up, you fool!"After this, Khrushchev, in a loyal impulse, tore himself apart" refute" in the same newspaper and wrote to Stalin: “Dear Comrade Stalin! Deeply experiencing the mistake I made, I’m thinking about how best to correct it. I decided to ask you to allow me to correct this mistake myself. I am ready to appear in print and criticize my article... analyze its erroneous provisions in detail. If this is allowed to me , I will try to think through these issues well and prepare an article criticizing my mistakes, I ask you to look at the article in the Central Committee before publication. I ask you, Comrade Stalin, to help me correct the mistake I made and thereby, as far as possible, reduce the damage that I caused to the party with my incorrect speech. N. Khrushchev". And such behavior of self-flagellation was characteristic throughout the entire post-October period of the party’s history for Trotskyists of all stripes.
But Stalin died, Beria was killed - and Khrushchev, who, by the way, in the first place should have been judged as one of the main culprits of the repressions, let loose and began to destroy everything he could get his hands on, and he started with agriculture. However, it was precisely this development of events that the counter-revolution was counting on when supporting Khrushchev. By the way, much later in 1991 at the Soviet-American symposium, our democrats began to squeal about " Japanese economic miracle", a Japanese billionaire gave them an excellent rebuke Heroshi Takawama
:“You are not talking about the main thing. About your leading role in the world. In 1939, you Russians were smart, and we Japanese were fools. And in 1955 we grew wiser, and you turned into five-year-old children. Our entire economic system almost completely copied from yours, with the only difference that we have capitalism, private producers, and we have never achieved growth of more than 15%, while you, with public ownership of the means of production, reached 30% or more. your slogans from the Stalin era are hanging". You really couldn't say it better. (
) But, nevertheless, we will continue.
To begin with, it is worth quoting the words of Khrushchev: “In recent years, when we have freed ourselves from the vicious practice of the cult of personality and outlined a number of measures in the field of domestic and foreign policy, everyone can see how activity is literally growing before our eyes, the creative initiative of the broad masses of workers is developing, how this is beginning to have a beneficial effect on the results of our economic and cultural construction. » N.S. Khrushcheva "On the cult of personality and its consequences" was heard by the delegates XX Congress at the morning closed meeting February 25, 1956) This is how Khrushchev wanted things to turn out. But what was the reality? Fraserism and ringing rhetoric inherent in the Trotskyists became the hallmark of the Khrushchev era. What are they worth? " Kuzka's mother"and the click of a heel on the pulpit shocked the entire world community?!
Having started after the death of Stalin the so-called “the fight against the cult of personality”, the leadership of the CPSU threw the newborn child out of the bath along with the bathwater. Believing in
magical power of party decisions, the Khrushchevites forgot the Marxist truth that social development is determined by objective laws that do not depend on the mind and will of people. And the effectiveness of human actions and political decisions depends on the extent to which people have mastered these laws. A politician becomes free only when he has learned these laws, for it has long been known that freedom is a recognized necessity. Stalin was a Marxist. He understood this perfectly, which is why he spoke prophetically in a conversation with Mao Tse Tung
December 16, 1949 of the year “socialism is a science... that has... general laws and if you just move away from them, the construction of socialism is doomed to inevitable failure”. This is what happened in the USSR and in China itself. Nevertheless, we remember how Stalin carefully, locally and experimentally tested the benefits or harms of a new economic undertaking. Only based on these results were they implemented (or rejected) throughout the country. Khrushchev " swords drawn"I quickly implemented my ideas: 1953.09.03
"On measures for the further development of agriculture of the USSR". Elected First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N.S. Khrushchev(September 3-7)
1953.09.21
"On measures for the further development of livestock farming in the country and the reduction of standards for mandatory supplies of livestock products to the state by farms of collective farmers, workers and employees", "On measures to further improve the operation of machine and tractor stations", "On measures to increase the production and procurement of potatoes and vegetables on collective and state farms in 1953-1955.".
1953.10.10
The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On expanding the production of industrial consumer goods and improving their quality."
1953.10.12
The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted resolutions "On expanding the production of food products and improving their quality", "On measures for the further development of Soviet trade". These decrees were aimed at strengthening commodity-money relations, which were in direct opposition to the economic demands of socialism.
1954.01.25
The CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution " On serious shortcomings in the work of the party and state apparatus". Was killed Beria. The communists who were adherents of Comrade were dispersed. Stalin. This resolution consolidated the redistribution of power in favor of Khrushchev’s group.
1954.02.19
"On the transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR". We only experienced the disastrous consequences of this decree
after the collapse of the USSR.
1954.02.23
The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee took place. Resolution adopted "On the further increase in grain production in the country and on the development of virgin and fallow lands" (February 23 - March 2
). This decree marked the start of the development of virgin lands. The prematureness of this resolution is proven by the fact that the country at that time was in the stage of under-recovery of the entire national economy of the USSR after the Patriotic War. (
)
1954.03.27
. The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On increasing grain production in 1954-1955 due to the development of virgin and fallow lands".
1955.01.25
Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee. Resolution adopted "On increasing the production of livestock products"(January 25-31).
1955.03.09
"On changing agricultural planning practices"After a good harvest on virgin lands in 1956, which produced half of the grain harvested in the country, Khrushchev embarked on the path of adventurous administrative economic reforms and campaigns aimed at obtaining quick and significant results. In 1957
they put forward the slogan " Catch up and surpass America in the production of meat and dairy products in two to three years", which had no real prerequisites for its implementation and led to complete failure. This decision put more than 60% of the total livestock under the knife, despite the fact that by the 50s the country had not yet managed to restore the pre-war livestock. If we also remember that Stalin, summing up the results of the Second Five-Year Plan, said that we still lag behind the developed countries of the world in livestock farming, then this adventure of Khrushchev cost the country too dearly. The USSR was never able to recover from such bungling. The program of forced corn cultivation, which was introduced in areas known to be unsuitable for this, failed. The consolidation of collective farms and their purchase of equipment from liquidated machine and tractor stations led to a reduction in agricultural equipment and had a detrimental effect on the entire agriculture of the country. The welfare of collective farmers was hit hard by the fight against
homestead farms and restrictions on the sale of feed for personal livestock. In truth: " Make a fool pray to God, he’ll bruise his forehead!”. The fool never calmed down.
1956.02.03
About assignment K. E. Voroshilov
title of Hero of Socialist Labor". Khrushchev thus began to recruit to his side " offended and deprived x" under Stalin. Voroshilov was awarded two weeks before the start of the 20th Congress of the CPSU. This " gave"Khrushchev has the right to demand that
Voroshilov said: all the truth"about Stalin's actions near Tsaritsyn.
1956.06.30
Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee " On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences"Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and erroneous policies that almost ended with the liquidation of the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany. The result of this report was unrest in the countries of the Eastern bloc - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956). These events undermined Khrushchev's position, especially after it became clear in December 1956 that the implementation of the five-year plan was being disrupted due to insufficient capital investment.
1956.08.27
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On cash tax from citizens who have livestock in cities”.
1957.01.31 January 31 - February 3- An All-Union meeting on the production of hybrid corn seeds was held in Odessa.
1957.04.08
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR " On awarding the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Hero of Socialist Labor N. S. Khrushchev, with the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" for outstanding services in the development and implementation of measures for the development of virgin and fallow lands". This is after a year ago, from the high rostrum of the 20th Congress, Khrushchev screamed about the inadmissibility of the cult of personality and how Stalin was engaged in exalting his own person.
1957.04.19
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On government loans placed by subscription among the working people of the Soviet Union". Here
the real result of bungling in economic policy.
1957.05.21
A meeting of agricultural workers from the northwestern regions of the RSFSR took place in Leningrad. In his speech, the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N.S. Khrushchev set on behalf of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet government the task of catching up with the United States in the production of meat, butter and milk per capita in the coming years. Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers 1957. and plenum of the CPSU Central Committee 1958. dealt a blow to Stalin's policy of gradually overcoming commodity-money relations between city and countryside. Instead of mandatory supplies of agricultural products, a procurement system was introduced. In 1956 State machine and tractor stations (MTS) were transferred to self-financing, and then completely liquidated. The sale of equipment to collective farms began. In other words, Khrushchev and Co. deliberately gave the means of production the status of a commodity, which, during the act of purchase and sale, passed from the status of public property to the status of private property, and this is already the basic basis of capitalist economic development. Although many high-ranking party members who adopted this criminal resolution knew how Stalin responded in the work “ Economic problems of socialism in the USSR” to the proposal of some economists “ sell to collective farms the main instruments of production concentrated in machine and tractor stations" “Basic
means of agricultural production: cars, MTS, land... are not sold to collective farms.” Stalin's rightness was confirmed by life itself.
1957.06.22 June 22-29- The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee took place. The plenum discussed the issue of the anti-party group G. M. Malenkov, L. M. Kaganovich, V. M. Molotov
. The Plenum removed from the membership of the Presidium of the Central Committee and from the members of the CPSU Central Committee Malenkov, Kaganovich, Molotov
, removed from the post of Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and removed from the list of candidates for membership in the Presidium of the Central Committee and from the membership of the Central Committee D. T. Shepilova
. The Plenum elected the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. Let us remind you that Khrushchev literally shed " crocodile"tears over Stalin's alleged reprisal against" loyal Leninists"in his notorious Report "On the cult of personality" at the XX Party Congress. Less than a year had passed before the reprisal against those undesirables immediately began. This was the payment to those who at one time betrayed Stalin’s cause.
1957.07.04
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the abolition of mandatory supplies of agricultural products to the state by the farms of collective farmers, workers and employees". This resolution was already an open attack of capitalism on socialist foundations.
1957.07.31
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the development of housing construction in the USSR".
1957.09.11
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR " On streamlining the matter of assigning names of state and public figures to territories, regions, districts, as well as cities and other settlements, enterprises, collective farms, institutions and organizations". Once again we see another contradiction between the words from the report on the cult of personality and the adopted documents.
1957.12.18
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the abolition of the tax on bachelors, single and small-family citizens of the USSR, from workers, employees and other citizens with children, as well as from single women without children”.
1959.05.16
Awarded the International Lenin Prize " For strengthening peace between nations" outstanding public and government figure N. S. Khrushchev
. But what about the cult of personality?
1959.10.17
Workers' rallies dedicated to the results of the historical mission began in the USSR N. S. Khrushcheva
in USA. But what about the cult of personality?
1960.01.15
N. S. Khrushchev was awarded an anniversary medal and diploma of the World Peace Council in connection with the 10th anniversary of the peace movement. But what about the cult of personality?
1962.05.17
The Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution to increase purchase (delivery) prices for cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, animal butter and cream and retail prices for meat, meat products and animal butter.
1962.05.17
The Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution to reduce state retail prices for sugar, viscose, staple fabrics and products made from them. Because of his
In an effort to appear more majestic than Stalin, Khrushchev decided to prove that he was the best business executive: “In recent years, when we have freed ourselves from the vicious practice of the cult of personality and outlined a number of measures in the field of domestic and foreign policy, everyone can see how activity is literally growing before our eyes, the creative initiative of the broad masses of workers is developing, how this is beginning to have a beneficial effect on the results of our economic and cultural construction...Now in agriculture we have begun to gradually get out of the difficult situation. The speeches of the delegates to the 20th Party Congress make each of us happy, when many delegates say that there are all conditions to fulfill the tasks of the sixth five-year plan for the production of basic livestock products not in five years, but in 2-3 years. We are confident in the successful implementation of the tasks of the new five-year plan". (Report of the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N.S. Khrushcheva
"About the cult of personality and its consequences"was heard by the delegates of the XX Congress at the morning closed meeting February 25, 1956)
In 1962 It was announced that the price of meat would increase by 30 percent and that of butter by 25 percent. This " stopgap measure"was explained by the need to reduce "scissors" between purchase and retail prices. On the same day Novocherkassk
electric locomotive plant, operating prices were reduced to 30 percent. The boorish attitude of local authorities towards people, combined with a decrease in living standards, caused strikes and mass peaceful demonstrations of workers and students, against whom troops were used, shooting dozens of people. It was not the murderers who were punished, but the participants in the events, over whom show trials were held, ending in death sentences. IN 1963 as a result of crop failure and lack of reserves in the country, the USSR purchased about 13 million tons of bread
Abroad. Dissatisfaction with the fact that Russia has turned from an exporter of bread into an importer was openly expressed in queues.
1962.06.01
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted the resolution " About individual and cooperative construction».
1962.06.01
Published an Appeal from the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR to all working men and women, collective farmers and collective farmers, workers and workers of state farms, the Soviet
intelligentsia, to the entire Soviet people, in connection with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the increase from June 1, 1962, purchasing prices for livestock and poultry and increasing retail prices for meat and butter.
1962.09.22
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR " On postponing the deadline for exempting workers and employees from payroll taxes" This is the price to pay for populist, ill-considered decisions made to satisfy one’s own morbid ambition. And to pay for this " crazy“The Soviet people had to do politics.
1962.11.24
Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: “ On the transformation of the State Economic Council of the USSR into the State Planning Committee of the USSR"; “On the formation of the National Economic Council of the USSR" Stalin often recalled Lenin's words that the strength of capitalism lies “in the power of small-scale production... and small-scale production gives birth to capitalism and the bourgeoisie constantly, daily, hourly, spontaneously and on a mass scale”. This brilliant discovery of Lenin did not become a methodological tool in economic policy either for Khrushchev or for all subsequent general secretaries. And it ultimately led to a social tragedy. Khrushchev's Central Committee did a lot to transfer the socialist economy onto petty-bourgeois tracks. Refused Lenin's warning: “Communism requires and presupposes the greatest centralization of large-scale production throughout the country. Therefore, the all-Russian center must certainly be given the right to directly subjugate all enterprises in a given industry... To take away the right from the all-Russian center to directly subjugate all enterprises in a given industry in all parts of the country... would be regional anarcho-syndicalism, not communism.”. (PSS, vol. 36, p. 392) In the USSR, the liquidation of sectoral ministries and the decentralization of the national economic management system began. Economic councils appeared.
1962.11.27
The Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution “On the formation of the Committee of Party and State Control of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR”.
1963.03.17
A letter from N. S. Khrushchev to the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee on the creation of dairy and vegetable farms around large cities and industrial centers was published.
1964.02.10
February 10-15 - the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held, adopting a resolution "On the intensification of agricultural production based on the widespread use of fertilizers, the development of irrigation, comprehensive mechanization and the introduction of scientific achievements and best practices for a rapid increase in agricultural production" and the resolution" On the struggle of the CPSU for the unity of the international communist movement".
1964.04.16
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR " On awarding N. S. Khrushchev the title of Hero of the Soviet Union"in connection with the 70th anniversary of his birth. But what about the cult of personality?
1964.09.17
The Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution " On approval of the Regulations on the National Economy Council of the economic region».
1964.10.14
The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee granted the request N. S. Khrushcheva on his release from his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR due to his advanced age and deteriorating health. The plenum of the CPSU Central Committee elected First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L. I. Brezhneva
.
1964.10.15
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR satisfied the request of N. S. Khrushchev to relieve him of his duties Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR due to his advanced age and deteriorating health. Appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A. N. Kosygin
.
The height of cynicism and stupidity for a Marxist can be considered the fact that Khrushchev announced in 1961 at the XXII Congress of the CPSU
that by 1980 communism will be built in the USSR - “The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism!” This looks quite ridiculous, because socialism had not yet been built in the USSR during Stalin’s lifetime, and here is such a loud statement in the style of Trotsky. At that time, the majority of people in the socialist bloc (together with China, more than 1 billion people) were enthusiastic about this statement, which was adventurous, populist and divorced from the theory of Marxism.
What is the unforgettable Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev remembered in history? for the common man?
Most likely, three points. This is your Report "About the cult of personality...", corn and "Khrushchev". It seems that the massive construction of apartments under Khrushchev was a boon for
Soviet people. But is it really possible to compare? Stalinists" And " Khrushchev buildings"?! Of course not. And in this approach to construction in the USSR lies a very real confrontation between Leninism and Trotskyism. In the first case, everything is best for the Soviet person, and in the second - “ barracks communism». (
)
Outside the brackets of researchers of Khrushchev’s activities, two points remained practically unexplained:
1.
Departure for the United States for permanent residence of his son, Sergei.
2
. A sharp reduction in the USSR's gold reserves, left behind by Stalin after his death.
So the question arises - aren’t these two circumstances related to each other? Moreover, if we consider it in the light of Khrushchev’s reprisal against those who worked side by side with Stalin and knew the true state of affairs with the USSR’s gold reserves. Behind the external chatter about building communism, Khrushchev and Co.* began to destroy the socialist foundations of the development of society. Therefore, the attempt to far-fetch the assertion that Khrushchev is supposedly the successor of the work of Lenin and Stalin does not stand up to criticism.
Overcoming the stagnant state of society and accelerating its development, he now stated that the need for change is associated with the danger of increasing crisis phenomena in society. Mikhail Gorbachev stated that by the mid-1980s, a “braking mechanism” had developed in the country, holding back socio-economic development and preventing the benefits of socialism from being revealed. The roots of this inhibition are in serious shortcomings in the functioning of the institutions of socialist democracy, in outdated political and theoretical attitudes, in the conservative mechanism of governance.
Gorbachev proposed to the party, instead of the previous concept of “acceleration,” a new strategic line, called “perestroika.”
Perestroika, according to the report of the Secretary General, is “a decisive overcoming of stagnant processes, breaking the braking mechanism, creating a reliable and effective mechanism for accelerating the socio-economic development of Soviet society.” The ultimate goal of perestroika is “to renew all aspects of the country’s life, to give socialism the most modern forms of social organization,” and to unleash the creative potential of the socialist system.
The report stated that the process of perestroika should cover all aspects of Soviet society without exception - the economy, the political system, social and spiritual life. The main means of breaking the “braking mechanism” were proposed to deepen socialist democracy and develop self-government of the people. Issues of improving the work of Soviets, trade unions, and the Komsomol were considered, the need to increase the role of the court, strengthen prosecutorial supervision, ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens was discussed, and it was proposed to reform the electoral process at all levels (hold elections on an alternative basis).
Support for the initiatives of Gorbachev and his like-minded people at the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was largely ensured by the unusual nature of the plenum itself. Previously, the plenum was opened by the general secretary, then the party leaders spoke in accordance with their rank. Between them, to give the procedure the appearance of democracy and collegiality, labor strikers from among the workers were allowed onto the podium. The texts of the speech were discussed in advance; impromptu statements were not allowed. Many first secretaries of regional committees did not have the opportunity to speak for years. This time everything turned out to be different: they performed freely, in the order of registration, regardless of their position.
The plenum of the CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution that emphasized the decisive dependence of the success of perestroika on personnel policy, on how quickly and deeply the party apparatus became aware of the need for revolutionary changes in society. Taking into account the inertia of the party and state apparatus, it was proposed to use a significant expansion of democracy, accountability of elected officials, criticism (especially from below) and self-criticism, ensuring the rights of citizens, increasing the role of the court and the independence of judges, and the influx of new forces into the leadership corps.
Based on the resolutions of the plenum, it was decided to create multi-member constituencies as an experiment at the next elections and hold truly secret elections in them on an alternative basis.
The Plenum was asked from now on to develop glasnost (with the help of which the authors of perestroika intended to awaken public consciousness and activity of the party and society), democratize internal party relations and vest real power in the constitutional Councils. These tasks were expected to be completed in 10-12 years. The result of perestroika was supposed to be the strengthening of socialism.
The January 1987 plenum of the CPSU Central Committee gave impetus to the renewal of the middle and senior management cadres of party and Soviet bodies. A number of prominent leaders were removed from the Politburo and the Central Committee.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
Introduction to the work
A relevance of the topic. Formulation of the problem.
In accordance with the Marxist-Leninist concept, historical development is ultimately determined by economic 5asis. But only in the end. In a real social movement, political, ideological and legal relations actively influence each other and the economic basis. Having relative independence, institutions of state power, political parties, public associations can either accelerate economic development, or slow it down, or, as is more often observed, block movement in some directions, but push it in others. In this regard, the founders of Marxism-Leninism considered the importance of the personal factor in historical development, emphasizing the active role played in it by authorities, leaders and even their characters. K. Marx wrote: “... acceleration and deceleration depend to a large extent on these “accidents,” among which also appears such a “case” as the character of the people who initially stand at the head of the movement.
Historical experience confirms that under socialism, where “the conscious organization of social production with planned production and planned distribution” becomes a reality, the scale and depth of the influence of the personal factor on social progress increases. The success of a business is determined, perhaps, not so much by the prerequisites created, but by the level of their implementation, the correctness and timeliness of the development of a political course, an adequate economic mechanism, and an integral system of ideological, organizational and ideological-educational influence. And therefore, it directly depends on the formed corps of organizers, their target regulations
See: Marx K., Engels F. Soch., vol. 37, p. 417.
Marx K., Engels sh. Soch., vol. 33, p. 175.
Marx K., Engels F., Soch., vol. 2, p. 359. "
innovations, level of competence, abilities and skills. Therefore, communist parties, being the ruling, leading force and political vanguard of a socialist society, always keep in the center of attention the issues of forming personnel policy and monitoring its implementation. From here it is clear how important it is for personnel policy to accurately relate to the patterns of development of the social formation and the dynamics of the leadership role of the party itself, and to adequately express the objective conditions and needs of the specific historical stage. The latter acquires particular significance at turning points in historical development, such as the eighties for our country.
Perestroika, especially of such depth and scale as the one currently being carried out in our country, could not but require leaders of a different type. It is natural to assume that under these conditions the importance of scientific developments in the problems of party personnel policy, forms and methods of organizing personnel work increases. After all, we are not talking about a simple adaptation of old forms to new conditions, but about a radical update and development of a modern concept of Kadgyu policy, methods of selection, assessment, training, and nomination of officials, taking into account progressive trends in world science and practice.
Researchers are faced with the task of significantly increasing the scientific level of studying the problems of modern personnel policy. The decisions of the January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee provided for the development of measures to deepen the theoretical and methodological developments of this issue. In accordance with this policy, an extensive program has been adopted, providing for the holding of All-Union and regional theoretical and scientific-practical conferences, the publication of monographs and textbooks, and the development of targeted comprehensive programs. Scientific leadership is entrusted to the AON and ISHI under the CPSU Central Committee.
Scientific analysis of the real situation, identification of trends, generalization of accumulated experience is more important than ever for party committees today. This is evidenced by the recent interest in the in-depth study of targeted comprehensive programs.
gram, as well as long-term plans for the selection, training and promotion of managers; search for reasonable criteria and methods for their assessment; desire to rationally regulate personnel work; systematically build the selection, training and promotion of reserves.
The degree of development of problems. Historiographically th
oOzor Literature^ "
"
"
The essence of modern personnel policy and the content of personnel work are revealed in the new edition of the CPSU Program, the materials of the 18th Party Congress, the January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the XIX All-Union Party Conference, reports, speeches and articles of the leaders of the party and state? They creatively developed the theoretical provisions of Marxism-Leninism on the leading role of the Communist Party in the selection and training of personnel. The materials outline the essence of the requirements for managers in modern conditions; The dependence of the effectiveness of management on the composition of workers, their correct understanding of their tasks, their ability to organically combine partisanship with deep competence, discipline with initiative and a creative approach to business is determined.
See: Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. New edition. Adopted by the XXIV Congress of the CPSU.-M. :1985, p. 48.76-77; Materials of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.-M.: 1986, pp. 57,60,83-84,114-115,116-117; 190,197,199,203,330: Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, January 27-28, 1987. M., 1987, p. 41 t 66.79-83.85-86.88.93; Materials of the XIX All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, June 28-July 1, 1988 - M., 1988, pp. 38-39,45-54,57-58,77-81,115,126, I3I-I32;I43,151,159-160 ; Gorbachev M.S. Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world.-M., 1987, pp. 83у88-89, 97,103,106,112,123-124,166-169; His own. October and perestroika: the revolution continues.-M., 1987, pp. 16-17,20-22,26-29,40-42; Ligachev E. Human factor, cost accounting and restructuring in the agro-industrial complex. - Communist, 1987, No. 4, pp. 38, 39-42; Razumovsky G. Improve the training and retraining of party leadership. - Communist, 1987, No. 9, pp. 3-14; His party work - to the level of perestroika tasks. - Party Life, 1987, № I2, p.7-8, I2-I3; Yakovlev A. Achieving a qualitatively new state of society and social sciences. - Communist, 1987, No. 8, pp. 12-13,15,16,19-22; Razumovsky G. Democratization of internal party life. - Communist, 1988, No. 13, pp. II-IZ; Slyunkov N. Perestroika and party leadership of the economy. - Communist, 1988, No. 1, pp. 25-26; Shcherbitsky V. Personnel in the conditions of perestroika: experience, problems. - Questions of the history of the CPSU, 1988, No. 2, p. Z-14: Medvedev V. Towards the knowledge of socialism. Answers to questions from the magazine "Communist". - Communist, 1988, No. 7, p. 3.5-6, 13-15.18.
4 - Party documents emphasize that improving management in the context of completing the transition to a predominantly intensive path of development and the economic mechanism of management is closely connected “with a serious reorientation of the thinking, style and methods of work of leading personnel; the importance of professional and ideological-theoretical training of personnel, their mastery of general, economic, political and legal culture, the need for their organic inclusion in the emerging unified system of lifelong education is substantiated. The reports of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev, dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution and at the XIX All-Union Party Conference, comprehensively comprehend the role of the personalities of the leaders of the party and state in the history of our society, and contain an in-depth assessment of L.D. Trotsky, G.E.Zinoviev, L.B.Kamenev, N.I.Bukharin, I.V.Stalin, N.S.Khrushchev, L.I.Brezhnev. The speaker emphasized the decisive importance of the style and methods of modern leadership in implementing the key tasks of perestroika - the democratization of all public life and radical economic reform. In this regard, the need to neutralize the maneuvers of opponents of perestroika was pointed out and at the same time the inadmissibility of skipping stages and the danger of trying to do everything at once was emphasized.
Various aspects of the selection, training and education of personnel were considered at all-Union scientific-theoretical, scientific-practical conferences and seminars on issues of organizational-party, ideological work and leadership of various branches of national art held under the leadership of departments of the CPSU Central Committee.
I. We analyzed the level of development of personnel policy problems both in various chapters of the monograph presented as a dissertation, and in more. later works: M.: Ytskov V.A. Personnel policy of the CPSU: experience and problems. 41.: 1986, pp. 4-b, 9-12,22,27-^9, 35, 42*47, 50, 65,107,169-172; For him, to provide a deeper insight into the essence and historical experience of implementing the party’s personnel policy. - See: Personnel policy of the CPSU in the conditions of perestroika. - M., 1988, pp. 162-173.
5 farms. At the All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the first five-year plan, there was a special section “Planning management and improvement of the training of managerial economic personnel.” At the section there were you-
1. See Problems of the agrarian policy of the CPSU at the present stage. Ma-
materials of the All-Union Scientific and Theoretical Conference, dedicated to
on the 10th anniversary of the March Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee (March 24-2b, 1975).
In 2. t.-M.jI975; Ideological and educational work in production
military team: experience, problems. Based on materials from the All-Union "on
scientific-practical conference "Ways to improve efficiency
ideological and educational work in the production team",
M., 1976; An integrated approach to ideological work. Style and
methods. Based on materials from the All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference
tions in Rostov-on-Don (Aug. 1975 r. J-M., I976; Socio-eco
nomic planning and ideological work. Based on materials
All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference in Leningrad 30
September - October 2, 1975 - M., 1976; Party organization in the conditions
production association. Based on materials from the All-Union Seven
Nara secretaries of party organizations industrial enterprises
tiy. (Gorky, April 1E77) - M., 1977; Village cadres - party
care.-M.,I977l (Based on materials of the All-Union Seminar in Rostov-
on Don, May 31-June 2, 1977); Socialist competition,
the movement for a communist attitude towards work is a powerful environment
the development of creative activity of the masses and education of new
th person. All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference in Le
ningrad, April 12-14, 1979 - Communist, 1979, No. 8, pp. 13-26:
Economic newspaper, 1979, No. 17, p. 4; No. 19, pp. 5-9; No. 20, p.7-Yu; No. 21, p.5-
8; No. 22, pp. 9-16; No. 23, pp. 5-16; Formation of an active life
positions: experience and current problems of moral education.
All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference in Baku, April 25-27
La 1979 - Communist, 1979, No. 8, pp. 27-40; Economic newspaper,
1979, No. 20, p. 14; No. 22, p. 7; All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference
presentation dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the first five-year plan
on the development of the national economy of the USSR and the problems of further
improving planned economic management. Moscow, 17-
May 18, 1979 - True, 1979, May 18; Planning management and
improving the training of management management personnel.
M., 1980; Increasing the role of primary party organizations in
"Development of social and production activity of workers, strengthening discipline, improving work style: Materials of the All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference. Tbilisi, April 7-9, 1983 -I., 1983.
2. See: Planned management and improvement of training
leading economic personnel. Part I. Improvement
systems for training managerial economic personnel. - M.,
1980.
recommendations were made to improve postgraduate training and advanced training of personnel, organizational forms of development of industry, intersectoral and regional training centers, and increase the level of economic training of specialists in technical and natural sciences.
Unfortunately, many meaningless conferences and seminars were held during these years. Particularly “indicative” in this regard are the events held in the late 70s in connection with the publication of L.I. Brezhnev’s works “Malaya Zemlya”, “Renaissance”, “Virgin Land”
In the first half of the 80s, a number of conferences and theoretical seminars were held by the Academy of Social Sciences under the CPSU Central Committee, dedicated to the problems of forming and training party personnel. In 1981, a theoretical seminar “Modern party worker and ways of its formation” was held at the AON on the basis of the research institute. In essence, this was the first extensive discussion on this issue in the country. Its value lies in identifying the range of research problems of this multifaceted topic. Unfortunately, in the future the original plan was not fully implemented in the research work of the research institute and departments of the Academy. And the next two conferences did not become a continuation of the first, which without remove doubts zilo their theoretical level.
See: Creative development of Leninist principles of personnel policy in the works of comrade L.I. Brezhnev “Small Land”, “Renaissance”, “Virgin Land. Materials of the Republican Scientific and Practical Conference. Kiev, December 26, 1978 - Kiev, 1979; Questions of History CPSU, 1979, No. 8, pp. 152-153 (about the Andijan regional scientific-practical conference, May 1979 on the topic “Development of Leninist principles of personnel policy in the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the works of General Secretary Qi; CPSU, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council USSR Comrade L.I. Brezhnev "Ma.!ap" land, "Renaissance", "Virgin Land", etc.
See Shodbor, training and education of party cadres. (Materials of a theoretical seminar). Part I. Theoretical problems of working with cadres. Part P. Party worker and the style of his activity. Part III. Training and advanced training of party cadres.-M. ,1982; Ways to improve the forms and methods of psychological and pedagogical training of party cadres in the light of the decisions of the XXII Congress of the CPSU. Materials of the scientific and methodological conference on May 24-25, 1982 - A0N at SCH CPSU. M..1984,"Modern party worker and ways of his formation. (Materials of the scientific and practical conference of professional teaching staff, students and graduate students of the AOtf under the CPSU Central Committee). - M., 1985.
There were many monographs, brochures and dissertations prepared at this time. Representatives of historical and party sciences studied the structure of personnel policy, the historical experience of its formation, generalized the forms and methods of personnel work of party committees; economists studied the problems of expanded reproduction of engineering, technical and managerial economic personnel, features of the mechanism of personnel work in enterprises
I. See: Morozov PdD. Cadres are the decisive link in the party leadership. - M., 1974; Issues of the work of the CPSU with personnel at the present stage, - M., 1976; Kandrenkov A.A. A key link in the party leadership. - M., 1976; Yatskov V.A. Selection of personnel
ov and verification of execution in organizational activities PSS.-I., 1976; Kudryashov B.S. Cadres are the key link in the party leadership. - Minsk, 1977; Petrenko F.F., Shapko V.M. Party building at the present stage. - M., 1977; Pronin I.I. Management personnel. Selection, placement and education. - M., 1981; Sharapo A.V. Party concern for personnel. - Minsk, 1981; Personnel policy of the Communist Party and its implementation in modern conditions. - M., 1982; Korolev A.M. Personnel policy of the CPSU at the present stage, - M., 1982; Lukyanenko V.I. Party committees and economic cadres. - M., 1983; Opiko V.P. Party committee apparatus. - Kyiv, 1983; Patrushev V., Shilovtsev Y. Work with personnel - on a scientific basis. - Kyiv, 1983; Razumov E.Z. Problems of personnel policy of the CPSU.-M., 1983; Cadres are the decisive force of the party leadership. -M., 1984; The decisive link in the party leadership. Implementation of personnel policy of the CPSU in Ukraine during the period of developed socialism. - Kyiv, 1984; Improve party leadership practices. From the experience of the Leningrad paotic organization. - L., 1984: Feliforev N.A. Improving organizational and party work in modern conditions. - M., 1984.
8 - and in ministries, specialists in the field of state and law - the specifics of selection, training and placement of personnel in the state apparatus, social and legal aspects of their formation^. Theo-
1. Aunapu F.F. Methods of selection and training of production managers
stva.-M., 1971; Management and the problem of personnel. Edited by Popov G.
Javadova G.A.-M. ,1972;Mangutov I.S.Umansky L.IЇOrganizations
and organizational activities.-L., 1975; employee evaluation yi
management. Edited by Popov G.H.-M., 1976; Contents and methods according to;
training of management personnel.-M., I977; Yatskov V.A. Intensification
and increased demands on agricultural managers
enterprises.4!., 1977; Selection and use of management
botniks in industry.-Kyiv, 1978; Bor M.Z. Fundamentals of science]
management of the formation and development of labor collectives T
production sphere.-M., 1981; 0nikenko V.V., Kerb L.P. Comp
lexical personnel management system for production unit
opinions (enterprises) in industry.-Lvov, 1981: Grunskoy I.I.
Head.Field of activity.Labor.-Alma-Ata, 1982;Kabakov
V.S. Bogachev V.I., Osipov A.P. The economic cadres are in charge!
lei. Selection, placement, training. - JI., 1982; Tarasov V.K. Systems
automated certification of managers and specialists
(Experience of social technology). - Tallinn, 1982; Efficiency tr;
and the manager.-M., 1982; Bizyukova I.V. Personnel. Selection and evaluation. L984; Deineko 0.A. Modern production organizer.-M 1984; Ivanov A.P. Determination of the need for specialists and the costs of their training.-L., 1984; Kulagin G.A. Directors b; ni.-M., 1984; Omarov A. SR. Reflections on management style. -M., 1984; System of work with management personnel. - M., 1984; Training and advanced training of senior managers: experience, prospects. - M., 1985; Shakhovoy V.A. Personnel potential of the management system. - M. ,1985.
2. Lebin B.D., Perfilyev M.N. Personnel of the management apparatus in the USSR.
Sociological problems of selection and placement.-L., 1970; Vish
Nyakov V.G. Structure and staff of Soviet state bodies
management.-I., 1972; Socialist management apparatus
State.-M., 1976; Piskotin M.I. Style and methods of work." al
parata of Soviet public administration.-M., 1977;Gosu
gift management in the USSR in the conditions of scientific and technical
revolutions.-m., 1978; Rosenbaum Yu.A. Formation of management
personnel. Social and legal problems.-M., 1982; Sergienko L.A.
Legal regulation of managerial work.-M., 1984.
9 - theoretical issues of social regulation of the behavior of managers, the psychological and pedagogical foundations of their interaction with work collectives, problems of “official” psychology - the range of interests of representatives of social psychology and pedagogy.
A number of authors, based on the correct, in our opinion, methodological premise - to consider personnel policy as a special type of policy of the CPSU, nevertheless, in their developments, especially the principles of personnel policy, they proceeded not from the essence of the leading role of the party and not from the content of personnel policy, but transformed the patterns of management of a specific area of social, political or economic relations into personnel policy. But the question arises: why is the most important instrument in the party leadership system removed from some separate, albeit important, sphere of interaction between the party and society. Thus, Yu.A. Rosenbaum, recognizing personnel policy as one of the branches of the general policy of the CPSU, argued that What its principles constitute a manifestation of the principles of public administration, and only the second group, the so-called special principles, was derived from the content of personnel policy.
Kovalev A.G. Team and socio-psychological problems of management, M., 1975; Mikheev V.I. Social and psychological aspects of management. Style and methods of work of the leader. M., 1975; Shepel V.M. Work collective and manager. Social and psychological aspect. M, 1976; His own. A manual on psychology for foremen and foremen. M., 1978; Kaidalov D.P., Suimenko E.I. Psychology of unity of command and collectivity. Issues of theory and practice of interaction between the manager and the team. M., 1979; Sventsitsky A.D., Tsalobanov V.V. Socio-psychological problems of scientific management of labor collectives (methodological manual). Parts I and P.IG; 1980: Issues of pedagogy and psychology in party work. M., 1982; Kurochkin N.I., Maksimov N.A. The leader is an educator and teacher. M., 1982; Boyko V.V., Kovalev A.G., Panferov V.N. Socio-psychological climate of the team and personality. M., 1983; Dvorskov K.P., Shiryaev S.A. About leadership style and culture. Novosibirsk, 1984.
See: Rosembaum Yu.A. Formation of management personnel. Social and legal problems, pp. 12, 20, 38.
10 -The importance of works summarizing the historical experience of the CPSU in the formation and implementation of personnel policy is undoubted. It cannot be said that this topic has been ignored by historians and party building specialists. Interests of researchers like
I. Buchkin A.B. Activities of the Moscow Party organization in the preparation and formation of economic personnel during the restoration period (I92I-I925). Candidate's dissertation 1.,1982; Borada-chev V.G. Training and education of party personnel during the Great Patriotic War (194–1945). M., 1974; Baibakov S.A. Party leadership of personnel training for the Soviets in Soviet and Soviet-Party educational institutions (1920-1932). M., 1980; Gabdusalimova M. Experience of the CPSU in training national party cadres at the Communist Universities of the working people of the East and national minorities of the West. Candidate of diss.mg, 1932; Gaponenko L.S. Historical continuity and development of Leninist traditions in training personnel in party educational institutions. -Question. history of the CPSU, 1981,! No. 1; From the history of personnel training in party educational institutions. M., 1982; Kabanova I.D. Improving the system of training party personnel under socialism (I97I-I98I).M.,I982; Lytkin V.A. Criticism of the Bournoise falsification of the role and appointment of the apparatus of the governing bodies of the CPSU. - Issues of History of the CPSU, 1987, No. 3; Lyutsko A.V. Activities of the PBC in the selection, training and placement of management personnel (1943-1945). Minsk, 1973; him. Activities of the PBC in the selection, training and placement of management personnel. 1946-1950. Minsk, 1975: Maleiko L.A. Party apparatus: formation and development (19/7-194/). Publishing house of Rostov University, 1981; him. From the history of the development of the apparatus of party organs. Question. History of the CPSU, 1976, No. 2; Milovidov V.L. Activities of the Communist Party in the formation of party-Soviet cadres, in І9І7-І925. Historiographic review. - Issues of history of the CPSU, 1977, No. 5; Mikhailov D.A. Training of leading and theoretical party cadres in the conditions of the construction of socialism (1918-1932 M., 1968; Morozov B.M. Creation and strengthening of the Soviet state apparatus. M., 1957; Leonova L.S. Historical experience of the CPSU in training party personnel in party educational institutions (19/7-1975). Doctoral thesis. M., 1979; her own. The historical experience of the CPSU in the training of party cadres in educational institutions (19/7-1975). M 0, 1979; her same. On the study of the historical experience of the CPSU in the preparation of party cadres.-Issue History of the CPSU, 1985, No. 2; Party leadership in the formation of personnel during the years of struggle for the construction and development of a socialist society. Interuniversity collection of scientific works. Yaroslavl, 1982; Petrosyan L. S. The struggle of the Communist Party for engineering and technical personnel during the period of nationalization of industry in Soviet Russia 19/7-1920. Kad.diss.M., 1983; Perova G.I. Criticism of bourgeois falsifications of the personnel policy of the CPSU. Candidate's diss. M., 1983; Skovpen O.D. Implementation of Lenin's principles of selection, placement and training of party cadres in the initial period of socialist reconstruction of the Hapoj economy. M., 1971; Starodub K.R. Activities of the Communist Party (continued footnotes on next page)
As can be seen from the above list, they were distributed very unevenly. Most dissertations and publications were devoted to the study of the historical experience of forming party cadres, and mainly covered one aspect - the training of party cadres. The importance of this issue is obvious, especially if it happens that modern party educational institutions are undergoing a thorough restructuring.
The most fundamental works in this area belong to L.S. Leonova. Its methodological character is the development of a scientific periodization of the history of party educational institutions in the USSR, the identification of leading trends in the historical experience of training party personnel, the coverage of specific methods for solving a number of problems that are acquiring special relevance today (for example, in the practice of selecting students of party educational institutions, about methodological and critical the work of V.I. Lenin, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on the preparation of the first... teaching aids, on methods of recruiting and training teaching staff) *". However, in the works of most authors in this direction, including to a certain extent L.S. Leonova, nevertheless, descriptiveness prevailed, which reduced the scientific level of generalization of historical facts.The tasks of in-depth research required that specialists more boldly expand the source base and improve research methods.
The history of the formation and development of the party apparatus, the process and results of the party’s search for its most cost-effective structure, the identification of the main stages in improving the structure and functions of the apparatus during the years of construction and consolidation of socialism are presented in the research of L.A. Maleiko in the monograph “The Party Apparatus: Formation and Development (І9І7 -І94І)". The author showed the advantages
continued footnotes: Velorussia in the selection, placement and education of party and Soviet personnel during the fifth five-year plan. Minsk, 1972; Chizhova L.M. Implementation of Lenin's principles of selection and education of party cadres during the restoration period (1921-1925). M., 1969; Hers. Promotion is the most important form of training of leading party cadres (І92І-І937).-Issue of history CPSU. 1573, № 9.
i. named after: Leonova L.S. On the study of the historical experience of the CPSU in the training of party personnel. - Questions of the history of the CPSU, 1985, No. 2, pp. 29, 34.
2. See: Leonova L.S. Historical experience of the CPSU in training party personnel in party educational institutions (19/7-1975). Doctoral diss, pp. 85-126, 139-154, 231, 245.
12 -
and disadvantages of various apparatus construction structures: advantageous
but on a functional basis (in the first period after October
until 1931, a well-known return to it for a short time
period after the 18th Congress); according to production and industry recognition
ku (1934-1939); approval of production and industry
construction in combination with functional units (after ХУШ
party svezda). Of course, today's reading is unlikely to be
falls with such a "positive assessment by the author of the combination
shaped structure of the apparatus of the last period. Due to this
analysis of the real development of companies is becoming particularly relevant.
binned structure of apparatus construction in the 50-60s and 70s,
the origin of which occurred in the early 40s. And again at
it must be stated that the researchers were unable to anticipate
to create a social order for the party. Historical lessons originally
were comprehended in party documents, but not in scientific works.
This is also a lesson that everyone involved in history should not take into account.
co-party sciences have no right.
Sh.S. Ziyamov devoted his doctoral dissertation and several publications to the development of problems of personnel policy during the period of the 70s - the first half of the 80s. However, the analysis shows that the author, unfortunately, did not make a deep scientific analysis of the problems. Appeal to the classics of Marxism-Leninism and documents of the CPSU is often illustrative rather than exploratory in nature. The dissertation essentially lacks a historiographical analysis of predecessors. The methodological helplessness of the author is observed in an attempt to define personnel policy, systematize the qualities of leaders, conduct scientific research and identify truly pressing problems of promoting workers and collective farmers, women, working with the reserve, the activities of party organizations to improve the style of leaders, etc.
I. See: Ziyamov Sh.S. Activities of the CPSU to improve the selection, placement and education of leading personnel in the conditions of developed socialism (on the example of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan). Diss. Doctor of Historical Sciences Tashkent, 1982; him. Personnel policy of the CPSU in action (Activities of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan to improve the selection, placement and education of leading personnel in the conditions of developed socialism). Tashkent, 1980; Lenin's teaching on personnel and topical issues of improving the selection, placement and education of leadership (Materials of the republican scientific and practical conference organized by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, A0N under the Central Committee of the CPSU. Tashkent, September 20-21 " " 1985 - Tashkent, 1985 , pp.134-140.
But there was no deep theoretical and methodological analysis in the two editions of I.I. Pronin’s book. The author lists Lenin's works, but limits himself mainly to citing quotes. Implementation those or other provisions is confirmed mainly by excerpts from documents of the CPSU, statements of party and government officials. At the same time, the main thing is missing - identifying and analyzing trends in real processes.
In the book by E.Z. Razumov, on the contrary, the main attention is paid to the consideration of practical experience in the implementation of personnel policy in the late 70s and early 80s. It summarizes what was new in these years in the practice of personnel work: interviews, internships, reports, forms of ideological and political education, etc. However, by selecting examples and excerpts from documents of the CPSU, the author seems to eliminate the possibility of contradictions arising between normative guidelines and the practice of party political work. In fact, these contradictions grew during this period.
The current situation is undoubtedly more conducive to the emergence of innovative ideas and original proposals among social scientists. Since the second half of the 80s, interest in the historical aspects of the personnel policy of the CPSU has intensified. This is quite understandable, given that until recently we had very scanty, and mostly distorted, information on this matter. Works have appeared where an attempt is made to give a more in-depth analysis of the facts, explain the reasons for their occurrence, and trace their genesis.
I. See: Lazarev B. State apparatus: Lenin’s ideas and modernity. - Communist, 1987, No. 8, pp. 64-71; The main stages of the development of Soviet society. "Round table" of the magazine "Communist." - Communist, 1987, No. 12, pp. 66-79; Maslov N. Theoretical preparation of October. Lenin, revolution, democracy. - Communist, 1987, No. 15 , pp.81-82, 83,85,86-87; Desyaterik V.I. Lenin’s lessons: principles, methods and culture of discussions. - Questions of the History of the CPSU, 1988, No. I, pp. 15-30; Khlevnyuk 0. XIX Party Conference. Time, problems, solutions. - Communist, 1988, No. 1, pp. 27-35; Tyutyukin S. Plekhanov: the greatness of a scientist, the tragedy of a revolutionary. - Communist, 1988, No. 5, pp. 95,96-100; Glotov V.I. 0 some lessons from the historical experience of the CPSU in the second half of the 50s and the first half of the 80s. - Issues in the history of the CPSU, 1988, No. 4, pp. 64-72; Zubkova E.Yu. Experience and lessons (cont.snacks on next page).
14 - Despite all the differences in these publications in terms of goals, selection of sources used, performing arts, differences in approaches and assessments of the events covered, one can note in them some non-
continued footnotes: unfinished turns of 1956 and 1965. - Issues in the history of the CPSU, 1988, № 4, pp.74-88; Mankovskaya I.L., Sharapov Yu.P. The cult of personality and historical-party science. - Questions of the history of the CPSU, 1988, No. 5, pp. 57-70; Bordyugov G.,"Kozlov V. Nikolai Bukharin. Episodes of a political biography. - Communist, 1988, No. 13, pp. 91-109; Stephen Cohen. At a sharp turn. Bukharin and Stalin on the eve of the “great turning point”, - onanimation - strength , 1988, No. 9, p.65-74; Medvedev R.A. The failed “heir” of Stalin (about G.U. Malenkov). - Horizon, 1988, No. 8, p.23-38: Vasztsky N.A. L. Trotsky: myths and reality. - AiF, 1983, * 34, pp. 5-6; Naumov V.P., Ryabov V.V., Filippov Yu.I. On the historical path of the CPSU in the light of new thinking. - Question .history of the CPSU, 1988, No. 10, pp. 37-45, 50-57; Burlatsky F. Khrushev. Strokes to a political portrait. - Literary newspaper, 1988, No. "8, p. 14; Lenin's testament. - Pravda, 1988, March 25; Burlatsky F. What kind of socialism do the people need? - Literary newspaper, 1988, n> 16, p.2; Viktorov B. Conspiracy in the Red Army. - Pravda, 1988, April 29; Ilyin A., Yastrebov G. Democracy and control. Pages of history: reading Lenin. - Pravda, 1988, May 13; Morozov V. “Problem fields” of the last war. - Moscow Pravda, 1988, April 27; Mertsalov A. “Problem fields” or in the jungle of problems? - Mosk.pravda, 1988, June 10; Afanasyev Yu.N. Perestroika and historical knowledge. - Literary Russia, 1988, June 17; Kuznetsov P. Questions for a historian. -Pravda, 1988, June 25; Anfilov V. And tomorrow there was war. - Sov.Russia, 1988, June 19; Leonova L. Historicism against stereotypes. - Pravda, 1988, July 19; Afanasyev Yu. Answers of a historian. - Pravda, 1988, July 26 (see also from the editor); Burlatsky F. Brezhnev and the collapse of the Thaw. Reflections on the nature of political leadership.-Lit. newspaper, 1988, No. 37, pp. 13-14; Amlinsky V. Shadow. Thoughts and impressions about Stalin’s comrade-in-arms, who outlived his leader and his time. - Literary newspaper, 1988. No. 36, p. 12; Stalinism, origins l relapses. "Round table" of "Moskovskaya Pravda", - Mosk.pravda, 1988, September 4; Pages of history. Collectivization: how it happened. - Pravda, 1988, August 26, September 16; Bordyugov G., Kozlov V. Time of difficult Europolls. History of the 20-30s and modern social thought. - Pravda, 1988, September 30, October 3; Vkttenberg E.Ya. The price of an unfulfilled covenant (about the attitude of V.I. Lenin to the cult of personality and about the cult of personality of V.I. Stalin). - Mol.communist. 1988, No. 10, pp.48-57; Power and law.-Pravda, 1988, October 7; Zhuravlev V., Naumov V. Return to truth. - Pravda, 1988, October 9; Podolotov P., Starkov B. Lev Borisovich Kamenev. - Political education, 1988, No. 15, pp. 80-87; Rudnev D. Courage: N.K. Krupskaya against the dictates of Stalin.-Communist, 1988, No. 9, pp. 71-81; Volkogonov D. Triumph and tragedy: a political portrait of I.V. Stalin. - October, 1988, No. 10, pp. 3-55; Startsev V.I. Political leaders of the Soviet state in 1922 and early 1923. - History of the USSR, 1988, No. 5, pp. 101-122; Andrukhov N.R. Elected party bodies and their apparatus. - Issues in the history of the CPSU, 1988, No. 12, pp. 56-65.
15 -
little in common. Firstly, the desire of most authors to re
comprehend historical facts and phenomena, move away from dogmas,
formed during the years of Stalin’s personality cult and later
periods. Secondly, the sharpened actualization of the analysis
for and conclusions. The purpose of, perhaps, each publication was to find answers to the questions that perestroika posed to social scientists. Naturally, not all of them are equal in this regard. Thirdly, the polemical nature of many publications, the rejection of excessive academicism. Social scientists are increasingly realizing that pluralism of opinions and open discussions are a powerful stimulus for the development of scientific thought and, at the same time, a tool for their active influence on the formation of public opinion.
A number of monographs, collections and brochures have been published that reveal the essence of the currently emerging personnel policy and the experience of organizing personnel work under the conditions of perestroika 1 ^. Books of various
I. See: Zakharov SV. Ethics of a party worker. M.., 1986; Lukyanenko V.I. An important factor in accelerating technological progress. (Activities of party organizations of industrial enterprises and associations to increase the role of engineering and technical personnel). M., 1985; Martanus R.V. Social management: personnel and personnel policy. MSU, 1985: Yatskov V.A. Personnel policy of the CPSU: experience and problems. M., 1986; Volkovinsky V.N. Pavel Petrovich Postyshev. Kyiv, 1987; Dyakov I.N. Meroy entrusted: from experience working with personnel in the Krasnodar city party organization. M., 1987: Kletskov I.G. Duty and position. M., 1987; Krasovsky Yu.D. Head of the labor team. M., 1987; Personal potential of the employee: problems of formation and development." (Editor-in-chief. Nesteroz V.G., Ivanko L.I.). M:, 1987; First Secretary. On the duty and calling of the party leader. (Compiled by Kozhemya - ko B.S.). M., 1987; The role of rural district party committees in the implementation of the agrarian policy of the CPSU in modern conditions. M., 1987; Tryakov I.V. Personnel of local Councils: formation, training. Y., 1987; Tsarev V. From the head special demand: from the chronicle of the rural district party committee; M., 1987; Ankudinov Yu.A. Economic manager: style and methods of work. M., 1988; Current issues of modern DPR policy of the CPSU. Collection of articles of the AON under the Central Committee of the CPSU, 1988; Bondar V.Ya. Modern personnel policy of the CPSU: Lenin's theoretical foundations. M., 1988: Isaenko A.N. Management personnel in US corporations. M., 1988; Personnel policy of the CPSU in the conditions of perestroika. M., AON at the PC CPSU, 1988; Lukyanenko V.I. Organizational party work, experience, problems. M., 1988; Plotnikov V.A. Organization of labor of party workers. Kyiv, 1988; Ponomarev L.N., Chichkanov V.P., Kovaleva G.A., Mazyrin V.11. Manager's work efficiency. 2nd edition, revised. and additional M., 1988; Iupkarev N.F. Work with personnel: organizational and technical support. M., 1988; Problems of the party and state system of Islam. Vol. 8. M., 1988, pp. 18-33, 44-105.
planned both in terms of subject matter and in terms of the level of theoretical elaboration, understanding of modern problems, and the ability to identify and generalize the most valuable experience. In the collective monograph “Leader's Labor Efficiency”, for example, three groups of methods of influence of managers on the team are thoroughly examined and foreign experience in personnel work is generalized. In the monograph of a team of authors from the NMD under the Central Committee of the CPSU "The role of rural district committees of the party in the implementation of the agrarian policy of the CPSU in modern conditions" arouses, in our opinion, interest in identifying, on the basis of sociological research, the conditions for the creativity of specialists, self-assessment of labor and social activity, depending on the degree satisfaction with life in rural areas. I.V. Tryakov’s book “Personnel of Local Councils: Formation, Training” examines the political and legal foundations of working with personnel of the Soviet apparatus, reveals the mechanism of their preparation, promotion and evaluation, and analyzes the institution of nomenklatura. In the eighth issue of “Problems of Party and State Construction” (AON under the CPSU Central Committee), a number of authors (Yu.V. Derbinov, N.A. Feliforov, E.V. Okhotsky, A.F. Khutin, V.A. Tsrokoshin) consider types of deformation in the recent past of the Leninist principle of the unity of collectivity and personal responsibility, methods of its affirmation today; the essence of the transition to the construction of personnel psychology; problems of personnel formation in the Soviet apparatus and the agro-industrial complex, etc.
The work of R.V. Martanus “Social Management: Personnel and Personnel Policy” has a number of advantages. For example, the section on the qualities of a leader is informative. However, although the book was published in 1986, it does not essentially touch upon the problems of perestroika. There is not enough depth, in our opinion, in the coverage of modern problems of personnel policy in V.I. Lukyanenko’s monograph “Organizational-Party Work: Experience, Problems.” In the chapter where these problems are discussed, the author poses 20 problems of the widest range in 35 pages of text. And, naturally, it does this rather fragmentarily.
Dedicated to current problems of modern personnel policy and understanding of the experience available in party committees
I.See: Enukidze G. Raise the level of knowledge of management personnel.-Political self-education, 1986, No. 10, pp. 56-63; Kolbin G. Asserting justice, demandingness, efficiency. - Communist, 1986, No. 9, pp. 55-65; Polozkov I. Educate with trust and responsibility. - Communist, 1986, No. 17, pp. 30-41; Sitnikov V. Party Committee, master political methods
manuals. - Party life, 1986, No. 23, p.P-16; Ponomarev L.N.,
Arasov E.N. Party work in the conditions of perestroika.-Issue. History of the CPSU, 1987, No. I, pp. 3-18: Kryuchkov G.K. Personnel policy of the party in the conditions of perestroika. - Issues in the history of the CPSU, 1E87, № 2, pp.17-32; Bobkov V.A. Party cadres: experience, problems, judgments. - Issues in the history of the CPSU, 1987, No. o, p. 18-31; Yatskov V.A. Modern personnel policy of the CPSU. - Knowledge to the people, 1987, № 5, pp.3-8; Gagarov D.N. Course for perestroika. Experience and problems. - Issues in the history of the CPSU, 1987, No. 6, pp. 31-43; Milozidov V.L. Personnel policy of the party and the working class. - Questions of history
CPSU, 1987, No. 8, pp. 29-41; Manaenkov Yu. Political leadership: stages of effectiveness. - Communist, 1987, No. 9, pp. 24-33; Yagodin G. New stage in the development of higher education. - Part, life, 1987, No. 18, pp. 17-22; Month B. Show initiative and competence in all areas. - Party life, 1937, No. 19, pp. 30-35; Sokolov E. Style and methods of work - to the level of modern requirements. - Party Life, 1987, No. 20, pp. 15-21; Bondar V;Ya. Continuity of Lenin's ideas and modern personnel policy of the CPSU. - Issues in the history of the CPSU, 1987, № 22, pp.47-61; Okhotsky E.V. The first secretary and the work style of the regional party committee. - Issues in the history of the CPSU; 1987, No. 12", p.29-39; Eliseev E. The pace and depth of change depend on personnel. -Part.life, 1988, No. 2, p.23-23; Tikhomirov Y. Elections of economic leaders. -Tsar?. Life, 1988, No. 2, pp. 17-22; Sokolova I.F. Manuilsky M.A. How to become a minister (promotion of managerial personnel). - Sociological Research, 1988* № I, p.1b*“25; Degtyarev A. The fundamental principle of party life.
Communist, 1988, No. 6, pp. 9-10, 13.17; Kozinets A. Open public selection of business managers. - Party Life, 1988, No. 3, pp. 35-38; Kapelyush Y.S. Election of leaders: yesterday and today. - Sociol. Research, 1988, No. 2, pp. 44-49; Manaenkov Yu. Turn to the people, to the "living cause." - Party Life, 1988, No. 5, p. 42-46; Torekhov V. Improve the vowel, open selection. - Party Life, 1988, No. 5, p. 47 -50; Degtyareva A. Working with the reserve - democracy, openness.-Part.life, 1988, No. 6, p.24-25; Voronin V. Selection and training of personnel, taking into account the opinions of collectives. - Party.life, 1988, No. 7, p.19-22: Vla-
Islaelev O.A., Popov B.A. Perestroika and personnel policy of the PSS. - News of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Economic series. 1988, № 5, pp.87-102; Khitrun L. Ideology of perestroika and personnel. - Polit, education, 1988, No. 5, pp. 28-36; Kryuchkov G. Principles of the party’s personnel policy in the conditions of perestroika.-Par:?.life, 1988, No. 11,
(see continued footnotes on next page).
18 -They reflect a variety of issues that are relevant in modern conditions. Row. authors (Bondar V.Ya., Gudkov L.D., Derbinov Yu.V., Kitov A.I., Levada Yu.A. Devinson A.G., Sedov L.A., Kryshtanovskaya O.V., Safronova V.M., Manuilsky M.A., Sokolova I.I. turned to the analysis of methodological aspects, rethinking the historical conditions for the formation of personnel policy, identifying criteria for assessing the modern personnel corps. In a number of works (Gorokhov V., Degtyarev A.Ya., Katraev S.L., Kozinets A.P., Kopelyush Ya.S., Kulagin V.I., Tikhomirov Yu.A., Travkin N.I.) the reasons that led to the formation of the bureaucratic management system and methods of struggle are considered with it, experience in holding competitions and elections of management personnel, conditions for developing transparency in personnel work. Selected articles (Voronin V., Gerasimov A.N., Gorokhov V., Eliseev E.A., Kolbin G.I.. Ptitsyn V. ) are devoted to summarizing the experience of organizing personnel work in party committees, including the problems of its planning and programming, formation of nomenclature, improvement of work with the reserve. A number of publications talk about modern problems of formation party cadre ov, the experience of restructuring the system of their preparation is highlighted.
I.Proper beveling from page 17)
p.9-18: Shostakovsky V., Yatskov V. In the mirror of sociology. - Communist, 1988, No. 9, pp. 31-35; Vostrikov Yu.. Khokhlov A., Yatskov V. Communists of Moscow about the progress and ways of restructuring party work. - Issues of History Sh1SS, 1988, No. 6, p. ZZ-41; Kshshtanovskaya 0. Engineers. - Sociological Studies, No. 1988, No. 3, pp. 73-82: Safronova V. Methodological training of personnel "and the style of party work. - Party Life, G988, No. 10, pp. 29-34; Gudkov L., Levada Yu., Levinson A., Sedov L. Bureaucracy and bureaucracy: the need for clarification. - Communist, 1988, No. 12, pp. 73-84; Derbinov Y. Democratic centralism is the guiding principle of the life of Sh1SS.-Part.life, 1988, No. 12, pp. 22-29: Bokarev N. Develop openness, remove obstacles from its path.-Part. Life, 1988, No. 15, pp. 27-30; Berdnikov L., Vostrik6v Yu. To revive in the primary party organizations the atmosphere of integrity, openness” of discussions. - Party Life, 1988, No. 15, pp. 40-43; Party Cadres ( scientific-method.sb.)AOЇі at SCH CPSU, 1988, No. 1: Kitov A. Political qualities of personnel.-Party Life. 1988, No. 16, e.51-55; Kulagin V.I. Directors recommend sociologist-Sociological Research, 1988, No. 4, p. 75-76; Gerasimov A. Master a new style of leadership. Learn to act in new conditions. - Party Life, 1988, No. 17, pp. 15-21; Kolbin G. Elected bodies: act in accordance with their powers.- Party Life, 1988, No. 18, pp. 23-29; Ptitsyn V. Refusing the formal nomenklatura approach to the selection and placement of personnel. - Party Life, 1988, No. 19, pp. 32-37; Travkin N. Ne slow down with perestroika, learn to think, act in a new way.-Party Life, 1988, No. 20 pp. 14-18; Kataev S.L. Attitude of workers of industrial enterprises to the election of managers.-Social Studies, 1988, No. 5, pp. 74-75; Kletskov L. The authority of a party worker. - Communist, 1988, No. 1b, pp. Z-P.
19 - training and retraining (the first issue of "Party Cadres" is dedicated to this, articles by A.N. Gerasimov, L.G. Kletskov., V. Samkov).
Thus, both during the 70s and early 80s, and in the second half of the 80s, various aspects of the personnel policy of the CPSU and the organization of personnel work were quite actively studied and covered. A number of dissertations and publications, as noted, contributed to a fruitful search for ways to improve the selection, assessment, training and promotion of personnel. However, both in theoretical and methodological terms, and from the standpoint of the depth of coverage of the historical experience of the formation of the personnel corps, the level of research into these problems remains rather unsatisfactory. This is especially typical for works prepared in the first of the allocated periods. The authors of most of the books, brochures and articles, as well as dissertations on the historical and party level, limited themselves to illustrating the positions that were established at that time and presenting well-known conclusions. Serious theoretical analysis was often replaced by an abundance of quotes and excerpts from the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, documents of the CPSU, and games of definitions. Most often, there were no useful practical recommendations.
This shortcoming has not been completely overcome even in the modern period. Some authors firmly adhere to the stereotypes formed during the stagnant years, their focus on simple commentary on party and government decisions, and an illustrative rather than analytical approach to covering life situations.
There is an urgent need for works in which personnel policy as an integral category would become the subject of special consideration. Various approaches have been identified, for example, to identifying and systematizing the principles of selection, placement and training of personnel, and criteria for their evaluation. There is an urgent need for research into the problems of the modern mechanism for implementing personnel policy. The task is obviously not to immediately create a fundamental work that claims the monopoly right to dictate a single position. We need a competition of ideas, but undoubtedly - on a more in-depth basis than many modern authors.
Goal and tasks;
The author’s goal was to scientifically comprehend and supplement the development of the categorical apparatus on the subject of research, to identify the specifics of personnel policy in the conditions of a radical renewal of socio-economic and political life of the 80s, to provide an analysis and generalization of the practice of personnel work of party committees and organizations in the 70s and 80s -s years.
Research objectives:
based on identifying the degree of knowledge of the main categories related to the subject of research, provide further development of the logic of construction, systematization of the principles of personnel policy, criteria for assessing personnel in modern conditions;
identify the essential features of successive generations in history, show the specifics of modern personnel policy and personnel situation, the social portrait of the leader of the current generation;
identify the main links in the mechanism of personnel work, analyze its real state, substantiate the project for the effective organization of personnel work in party committees;
conceptually understand current conditions and trends in upcoming changes in the formation of party workers and their training in party educational institutions.
Object and subject of research.
The pace of development of real processes and relationships related to personnel policy also determines the scientific problems of studying this topic. It is necessary to comprehensively comprehend the Leninist concept of personnel policy, its evolution at critical stages of historical development, the genesis of contradictions, negative trends and constructive experience in organizing personnel work. Based on the above, the author includes a scientific understanding of the following aspects in the subject of the research:
study of the logic of constructing personnel policy, analysis of the content of program settings (historical and modern sections);
analysis of the personnel situation, real changes in the socio-political and personal characteristics of the current personnel in comparison with the ongoing changes in
21 -system of public relations;
identifying and forecasting effective forms and methods of implementing the principles of selection, placement and training of personnel;
studying the effectiveness and designing the organizational mechanism of personnel work.
The study of these problems cannot, of course, be carried out in isolation from the specific subject of personnel policy and personnel work. The object of our research in this sense is the CPSU as a whole (as a subject of personnel policy) and local party organizations. The time limits of scientific analysis are mainly the second half of the 70s - 1988. This is fully consistent with the author’s intention to provide a scientific analysis of personnel policy and the organization of personnel work at the turning point of the modern period in the history of the CPSU. The work examines the problems of forming a leading personnel corps (in relation to the party apparatus - leading and responsible employees).
The research was carried out on the basis of Marxist-Leninist theory and methodology of knowledge. Among the theoretical provisions, it is important to identify and understand the Marxist-Leninist concept of personnel policy, reveal the role of the individual in history, the specifics of the work of a leader in various spheres of social practice, and determine the most effective methods of organizing personnel work. The relevant sections of the monograph and this abstract show the scientific value of the developments of the classics of Marxism-Leninism and the collective theoretical thought of the party. At the same time, the author sought not so much for direct quotation (of course, without neglecting quotations in justified cases), but rather for clarification of the conceptual position, identifying the genesis of this or that position and point of view.
The work used a variety of methods of both a general scientific nature (historical, logical, classification and modeling methods), and our own methods of historical and party research. Special historical methods were used: periodization (identifying the succession of generations of management personnel); actualization (assessment of the feasibility of the applied forms of personnel work in the 70s, as well as in modern
developments, clarification of mistakes, miscalculations and shortcomings made during this process), theoretical modeling (building a modern type of leader, a model of an effective mechanism for personnel work). Methods of specific sociological research that the author conducted in the 70s-3s were widely used (questionnaire survey, content analysis of documents, expert assessment, etc.).
From the works of the founders of scientific communism, the main statements have been selected and summarized, allowing them to reproduce their approach to personnel policy as a first approximation (the need for further, more in-depth work in this direction is obvious). In addition to the second edition of the works of K. Marx and F. Engels, the complete (fifth) collected works of V.I. Lenin, we used a number of collections of their works. Noting the usefulness of publishing collections, it should, however, be noted that it would be necessary to prepare a single collection of works by K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin on personnel. The latter would enable readers to reproduce in their entirety the concept of the classics of Marxism-Leninism on this issue.
The analysis and generalization of documents of party bodies and party organizations was carried out by us according to the transcripts of the 19th-20th congresses of the CPSU, the collections of “CPSU with resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee (ed. 8th and 9th additional and corrected), also indicated above collections "V.I. Lenin, the CPSU on working with personnel", publications of materials in the newspaper "Pravda", the magazines "Communist", "Party Life", a number of republican, regional and regional magazines and newspapers. In addition, we have studied part funds of the central archive of the ShL under the Central Committee of the CPSU, relating to the activities of the Belarusian and Georgian republican, Krasnodar and Krasnoyarsk regional party organizations in І97І-І975.
I. Lenin V.I. about personnel.-M., 1971; Marx K., Engels 3>. On the basic principles of party building..-M. ,1972, pp.27-28, 37-38,50,63-64.74.85,87,109,114,121-122,141-142,170,177, ІЄ9-І9І U 202,205,207,2ІІ.2І7; Lenin V.I., CPSU on working with personnel. -K., 1979; Lenin V.I., CPSU on the work of the party and state apparatus. - 2nd ed., additional - M., 19VE; Marx K..Engels F. on the principles of party building.-M..1983.p.76, 81.88,93,126-128.135,139-140,141-142,148,151,174-176,200, 221,256,278-279,281,2Є3.284; Lenin V.I..CPSU on working with personnel.-2nd ed., additional. and revised - M., 1988.
The AUTSR shares the critical position of modern researchers on the need to provide truly free access for specialists to archival sources, and on the low, in some cases, scientific level of publication of CPSU documents. Reasonable, in our opinion, are the proposals to expand the publication of documents and materials stored in archives (Leonova L.S., Maslov N.N., Chernobaev A.A.) about the need to apply reasonable criteria when selecting documents for collections in order to exclude arbitrariness in their publication (Petryakoz G.V., Chernobaev A.A.), on expanding the publication of party and political statistics (Utkin A.I.), on the need for source analysis of each party document, including those in force today (Kuleshov S. .V., Maslov N.N., Obichkin 0.G., Chernobaev A.A.). All this applies to material related to the development and implementation of personnel policy of the CPSU. In particular, it would be possible to revive the tradition of publishing richer materials from congresses and conferences of the CPSU. So far, the conference's proposal to publish transcripts of party plenums remains unrealized. committees. The publication of party statistics is not carried out satisfactorily. Only the most general information about education is provided to the leading cadres of the party; there are no statistics on the age composition, turnover of party cadres, principles of turnover, data on the quantitative composition of the apparatus, etc.
From party and Soviet periodicals used: central and republican magazines - “Communist”, “Party Life”, “Political Education”, “Questions of the History of the CPSU”, “Sociological Research”, “Knowledge to the People”, “Knowledge is Power”, “Young Communist”, Communist of Soviet Latvia", "Communist of Ukraine", "Communist of Estonia", newspapers - "Pravda", "Izvestia", "Soviet Russia", "Socialist Industry", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Literary Newspaper", "Economic Newspaper", "Dawn of the East", "Zzez-da" (Perm), "Banner of Communism" (Odessa), "Industrial Zaporozhye", "Kalininskaya Pravda", "Red Banner" (Syktyvkar), "Komsomol Banner" (Kyiv), "Leningradskaya Pravda", "Lenin's Banner" (Moscow
I. See: documents of the CPSU as historical sources. - Questions of the history of the CPSU. - I983,! K, pp. I52-I58; Leong)va L. Historicism against stereotypes. - Pravda, 1988, July 19.
24 region), "Moscow Pravda" "Hammer" (Rostov-on-Don), "Orlovskaya Pravda","Penza Pravda","Pravda Buryatii","Pravda Severa" (Arkhangelsk), "Pravda Ukrainy","Sovetskaya" Bashkiria", "Soviet Kyrgyzstan", "Soviet Moldova", "Soviet Siberia" (Novosibirsk), "Soviet Lithuania", "Socialist Yakutia", "Stavropolskaya Pravda", "Pacific Star" (Khabarovsk), "Ulyanovskaya Pravda" .
Scientific novelty and practical significance.
The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a problematic analysis was carried out in the sociological, historical and political aspects of the personnel policy of the CPSU as a scientific category. The definition of personnel policy is formulated, the logic of its construction is revealed, and the rationale and characteristics of the system of principles for personnel formation are given. The historical conditions for the change of generations of leadership and their characteristic features are identified, the conclusion about the process of formation of fourth generation leaders that began in the 80s is substantiated, a social portrait of a new type of leader is given, and the concept of personnel training in party educational institutions is substantiated.
The practical significance of the research results is that methodological developments can be used by party committees and personnel services to improve the certification and assessment of personnel, the formation of a personnel reserve, retraining and advanced training of officials. These include a typology of qualities, properties and style of work of the leader of a socialist formation; formulation of basic requirements for characteristics; modeling of the personnel work mechanism; establishing performance indicators for working with the personnel reserve.
Also of practical significance, in our opinion, are the generalizations of the experience of personnel work of party committees and primary party organizations in different regions of the country, widely presented in the monograph, and the results of sociological research.
Approbation l implementation of research results. IuOlikatsyyT
Scientific results on the problems under study are reflected in analytical materials for the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU. Their goal is to substantiate conclusions and proposals for improving personnel policy and the organizational mechanism of personnel work in terms of preparing materials for the 19th Party Congress, the January (1987) Plenum Central Committee of the CPSU and the XIX All-Union Party Conference.
The results of scientific research were reported at the Soviet-Czechoslovak (Prague, 1985) and Soviet-Romanian (Bucharest, 1979) scientific symposiums; 4 All-Union, 5 republican and regional theoretical and scientific-practical conferences.
In total, 50 works were published on the topic of the dissertation with a total volume of 72.6 pp. (together with materials for official use). After defending his PhD thesis, 39 works (49.5 pp) were published in publishing houses, incl. monograph, a number of brochures, articles in the magazines "Communist", "Questions of the History of the CPSU", chapters and sections in collective monographs and collections. The monograph received reviews and responses in the central press: "Communist", 1987, No. P, p. 127 (N. Tyurin), "Questions of the history of the CPSU", 1988, No. 1, p. 108-PS (N. F. Kuzmin ), "Political self-education", 1987, No. 7, p.b8 (0sharina E.). There are also reviews of previously published works (see: A. Titov “Pravda”, 1977, March 24).
This abstract not only sets out the main provisions of the monograph-dissertation, but also supplements and develops some of its ideas, taking into account the author’s publications in 1987 and 1988, new documents of the CPSU, and the achievements of general theoretical thought.
Lisin B.K. PERSONNEL POLICY OF THE CPSU: SOCIOLOGICAL ESSAYS. M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2010. 336 p.
Monograph by B.K. Lisin is a fundamental political and sociological study of the main theoretical and applied problems of personnel policy and personnel work of the main subject of management of Soviet society - the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
The CPSU, by virtue of its constitutional status (Article 6 of the USSR Constitution of 1978) and established political practice, had sovereign, i.e. the exclusive right to resolve personnel issues in all party, state, public, economic and other organizations. At the same time, the leadership cadres played the role of the main lever for implementing the party’s policies in all spheres of public life. Accordingly, both achievements and crisis phenomena in the development of the country are largely a consequence of the corresponding processes in working with personnel, and the study of historical experience in the development and implementation of personnel policy is the key to both understanding the history of the Soviet period and to determining the strategy for the further construction of modern Russia .
Despite the noted importance of effective work with personnel, the level of its scientific support did not at all meet the real needs. Firstly, like all Soviet social science, the study of personnel issues was assigned not only the theoretical-cognitive, instrumental and prognostic function traditional for scientific knowledge, but also the political-ideological, “protective” function. Secondly, given the special importance (and sensitivity) of this topic, the monopoly right to give a general assessment of the state of personnel work in the country was de facto assigned only to the highest leaders of the party and to a very narrow group of high-ranking functionaries responsible for its implementation and not at all interested in an objective assessment of the results of their activities. As a result, science was deprived of the opportunity to exert its guiding or at least corrective influence on personnel practice. The apogee and logical result of the deep crisis in the personnel work of the CPSU and its scientific understanding was the concentration in the highest echelons of power of people who, due to their intellectual, professional and moral qualities, were not capable of either leading the transition of the country to a new qualitative state during the years of perestroika, or of developing and implementing an effective strategies for its development in the post-Soviet period.
In the book under review, work with personnel is analyzed using the methods and tools of sociological science (including questionnaires, interviews, content analysis, participant observation), in contrast to the vast majority of works prepared within the framework of the history of the CPSU and party building and which are predominantly descriptive in nature. The empirical base was made up of materials from many years of sociological research by the author, the object of which were senior officials of party, state, Komsomol bodies and other spheres of activity in various regions of the country.
In the chapter “Personnel in and Behind the Scenes,” the author identified the reasons for the transformation of personnel policy from a powerful lever for managing society into a brake, and then into an obstacle to solving new problems; An in-depth analysis of the real state of work with management personnel was carried out during the period, which was first defined as developed socialism, and later called stagnant. Having defined personnel policy as “a complex mechanism of interconnected goals, motives, traditions, relationships, procedures and structures,” Lisin makes a reasonable conclusion that this mechanism needs systematic prevention and periodic updating,
modernization, which was not implemented in the analytical and practical work of party bodies at all levels over the past decades.
The foundation of the personnel policy, in the opinion of the author, could and should have been made up of numerous instructions and judgments of V.I., distinguished by clarity of presentation and theoretical depth. Lenin on almost all aspects of working with management personnel. Instead, from his entire legacy, only individual theses or “Leninist principles” were widely quoted, which, even in such a truncated form, the majority of party functionaries did not possess and did not use in their practical work. A scientific, objective analysis of the real processes occurring in the field of personnel work has not actually been carried out.
The most informative not only about major shortcomings in the work, but also about the deplorable state of scientific development of personnel issues were the results of preparations for consideration by the CPSU Central Committee of the issue of working with the reserve of leading personnel in the Zaporozhye regional party organization (1981). This study was unprecedented both in the breadth of the problems studied and in the arsenal of methods used to study them. On the one hand, the following were identified: a gap between theoretical principles and their practical implementation; formalism; low demands on persons who allow distortions in the principles of selection, placement and training of personnel; insufficient democracy in the HR procedures used. On the other hand, a range of problems have been identified that deserve special attention: the development and testing of more accurate criteria for assessing the work of managers, their personal contribution to solving the problems at hand; creation and improvement of personnel certification; solving a range of issues related to the training and advanced training of managers, including the introduction of active learning methods, etc.
Of particular interest are the materials in the chapter “Personnel Chernobyl,” which clearly reveals many of the vicissitudes of the struggle between contradictory tendencies in party politics. According to Lisin, the top party leadership (both its conservative and liberal parts) turned out to be incapable of governing the country in the context of the transition to a new development paradigm. Thus, in January 1987, a plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held dedicated to personnel policy, where once again a set of non-binding phrases were voiced, not supported by a clear program of action. The book recounts another episode. In August 1987, Lisin submitted an analytical note to the General Secretary of the Central Committee, which summarized not only the most pressing problems of personnel policy, but also proposed specific, well-founded measures to solve them. Nevertheless, neither the resolution of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Party on this note, nor the subsequent actions to implement it went beyond the long-trodden rut.
And finally, the book presents a detailed analysis of the results of the largest study of personnel problems of the CPSU. In April-July 1989, under the leadership of the author, a survey was conducted of 3,766 managers and employees of the management apparatus included in the nomenclature of the Alma-Ata, Vitebsk, Zaporozhye, Leningrad, Novosibirsk regional committees and the Krasnoyarsk regional party committee (the survey was repeated in 1990-1991), which showed the complete inconsistency of the party’s personnel policy with the new, perestroika conditions.
Of great interest are the pages of the book, covering the short period of the author’s work as head. Department of Personnel Management of the State Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers for Economic Reform, headed by Academician L.I. Abalkin. At this final stage of perestroika, a program for staffing the transition to the market was developed, and a number of appropriate organizational, material and technical measures were taken. Unfortunately, these developments were not destined to be realized.
An important part of the book are appendices, the main part of which consists of materials from sociological studies of various aspects of personnel
war policies carried out by the author and under his leadership since 1969. They provide readers with the opportunity to both verify the validity of Lisin’s conclusions and conduct a secondary analysis of the vast empirical material themselves. The book ends with a name index, including about 300 personalities.
Selection, placement and training of personnel, personnel policy of the CPSU, meeting modern requirements, unswervingly implement the decisions of the party and government aimed at increasing labor efficiency and the responsibility of workers for the assigned work.
The decisions of the January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee regarding the party’s personnel policy indicated the need
The January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was devoted to the problems of perestroika and acceleration, which comprehensively discussed the issue of perestroika and personnel policy of the party. The main idea of our strategy is to combine the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution with a planned economy and bring into action the full potential of socialism 1.
At the January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, it was noted that the decisive criterion for assessing personnel is their attitude to perestroika, the actual actions to implement it. In modern conditions, the moral character and competence of employees, their high professional level, and commitment to everything advanced and progressive are of great importance. The January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee noted significant features in personnel policy, including in research institutes and design bureaus. Development is of paramount importance
At the June (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, it was said that revolutionary changes in society have brought to the fore the contradiction between the demands of renewal, creativity, creative initiative, on the one hand, and conservatism, inertia, and selfish interests, on the other. One of the manifestations of this real contradiction is the discrepancy between the growing activity of the masses and the still tenacious bureaucratic style of activity in a variety of areas, attempts to freeze perestroika. Overcoming this contradiction requires quick and decisive measures - both in personnel policy and in the approval of new approaches and norms of party, state and public life. Personnel policy must ensure a radical improvement in the quality of management.
The January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee introduced many fundamental new things into issues of personnel policy, which cannot but be reflected in the practice of forming and training a reserve of leading personnel. At the Plenum, the need for wider promotion of non-party comrades to leadership work was pointed out. This, said M. S. Gorbachev, is a fundamental question. The political and business growth of the advanced worker, peasant, engineer, researcher, doctor, teacher, service worker, in the constant identification and promotion of talents from the people is one of the strong guarantees of the health and progress of a socialist society.
Such negative aspects in remuneration hampered personnel policy, had a negative impact on labor incentives, and reduced its efficiency. Therefore, as emphasized in the CPSU Program, it is necessary to constantly improve the wage system so that it fully complies with the principle of payment according to the quantity and quality of labor, takes into account its conditions and results, stimulates the improvement of workers' skills, labor productivity, product quality, rational use and saving all types of resources 1.
The Communist Party and the Soviet government constantly pay great attention to improving working conditions and improving personnel policy in the country. January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee outlined ways to improve the selection and placement of personnel in the context of restructuring the national economy along the path of accelerating socio-economic development, in the context of reform of national economic management.
The political urgency of the current moment is reflected in the minds of leaders as a struggle between the new and the old, when each of them is tested by action. The role of the leader’s personality in the work team is increasing enormously. Therefore, in the resolution of the January (1987) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU On Perestroika and Personnel Policy of the Party,
It can be argued that history is made by frames, but history also makes frames. This dialectical unity can be traced through the historical stages of development of our national economy. In the conditions of democratization, the party’s personnel policy needs to be seriously updated, as stated in Resolution XJX of the All-Union Conference of the CPSU On the democratization of Soviet society and reform of the political system.
Adopt the resolution of the January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee on perestroika and personnel policy of the party for strict guidance and implementation.
A unified document flow system was used throughout the country. End-to-end, bottom-to-top planning was in effect (budgeting that even a modern large company can envy. Five-year plans in modern language correspond to strategic development plans. Methods of “project management” specific to socialism were developed; a capital investment system and procedures project reviews (feasibility studies), resource balances, network graphs, capital productivity, etc. As an analogue of modern methods of personnel management, the system of personnel policy of the CPSU operated. For example, instead of the modern concept of a key specialist, the term “nomenclature” was used. country specialist included in the nomenclature lists, his personnel history accumulated i
In the decisions of the XXVII Party Congress, resolutions of the April (1985), January (1987) Plenums of the Central Committee. The CPSU and a number of other resolutions paid great attention to improving management systems for scientific and technological progress and socio-economic development, increasing the efficiency of the country’s entire economic mechanism, and personnel policy. In this regard, economists, managers of science and production will have to revise most of the provisions on the organization and planning of development and production at all levels of management, create conditions for increasing the independence of all lower levels of PSNT, making the most effective technical, social and economic decisions.
In implementing the tasks set by the XXYII Congress of the CPSU to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country, an important role is assigned to managers and specialists at all levels of management - from foreman to minister. The resolution of the January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee indicates the need to seriously update personnel policy, to make it truly modern, inextricably linked with the key areas of the struggle to accelerate socio-economic development. It was recognized as necessary to introduce the election of managers of enterprises, production facilities, workshops, departments, sections, foremen and foremen.
The most important Leninist provisions on the principles of selection, placement and training of personnel were further developed in the materials of the January (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, which considered the issue of perestroika and personnel policy of the party2. Considering the great responsibility for the implementation of the party’s strategic course to accelerate socio-economic development, which falls on personnel employed in the economic sphere, the Plenum drew attention to the need to promote and educate truly competent people. smart, enterprising managers of enterprises and associations who know how to work with people and are able, in new economic conditions, to ensure access to the forefront of scientific and technological progress, a radical improvement in the quality of products, and high production efficiency.