Communion in Russian to this day it is the subject of discussion of linguists: some believe that the sacrament is special verb form, others believe that the sacrament is a separate independent part of speech.
Based on this, participle- this is a special form of a verb (or an independent part of speech) that indicates a sign of an object relative to an action, combines the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective, and answers a question "which?" (what? what? what?)... Like an adjective participle agrees with a noun in number, gender (singular) and case.
Initial participle(like the adjective) - this is the singular form, masculine in the nominative case: flying, standing, running.
Morphological signs of the participle.
1. The participle is inextricably linked with the verb, as it is formed from it, therefore it takes over from the verb such signs:
Transitivity;
Recoverability.
2. Despite the similarity in features with the verb, participles do not have a future tense form. Only participles, which are formed from imperfective verbs, have the present tense form: read (imperfect) - reading (present), reading (past tense); read (perfect) - read (past tense).
3. On behalf of the adjective, the participle has the following signs:
The ability to change by gender (in singular hours), numbers and cases: flying, flying, flying, flying;
The ability to agree with a noun in number, gender and case: a thinking old man, a used opportunity, boiled milk;
Like quality adjectives, passive participles have not only full, but also short form: NS read - read, completed - completed.
Places of participles.
On the lexical basis, two categories of participles are distinguished: valid participles and passive participles.
- Valid participles- participles, which denote a sign of an action performed by an object, object or person referred to in the sentence (text):
The reader will always be one step ahead of what he does not like to read.
- Passive participles- these are participles that indicate a sign that appears on an object, person or object under the influence of another object:
The song sung by the artist is a song that the artist sang, a tree cut down by lumberjacks - a tree that was cut down by lumberjacks.
Features of the passive participles.
- Passive participles have a full and short form: read book - the book has been read; viewed film - the film has been viewed.
- Passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs: watch a movie - a watched movie; listen to music - listened to music.
- Phrases with passive participles can be spread by a pronoun or noun, which are the subject of the action: an abstract written (by whom?) by a student; lasagna cooked (by whom?)
The syntactic role of a participle in a sentence.
Communion like adjectives, can act in a sentence as a definition or :
Nature looked asleep until spring (compound nominal predicate). I have taken from the shelf more than once read book (definition).
Short participles also act as compound nominal predicate:
I read the book in 3 hours.
Outline and sample of morphological analysis of the participle.
Morphological analysis of the participle are carried out according to the following plan:
1) Part of speech;
2) Initial form;
3) Discharge of the participle;
4) Signs of the verb: type, recurrence, tense;
5) Adjectives: full or short form (for passive participles), number, gender, case;
6) Which member of the proposal is?
Example. Our house was built in just six months.
Built - participle, indicates a sign of an object in action, answers the question "what?"; n.f. - built; passive, perfect look, irrevocable, past tense; short form, singular, masculine; acts as a predicate in a sentence.
Places of participles
Educational dictations
1. Zeus Olympic - one of the wonders of the world
Zeus sat majestically on his luxurious throne. In his right hand he held a small figurine of the winged goddess Nike, who seemed to have just flown from the top of Olympus. With his left hand, he leaned on a staff decorated with the figure of a sacred eagle. On the head of Zeus shone a golden crown from the branches of an olive tree. Flowing hair and beard set off his calm, beautiful face. A golden cloak was thrown over the naked torso, decorated with images of lilies, stars and animals. The cloak fell in loose folds to his knees. Zeus's feet, clad in sandals, rested on a bench supported at the edges by golden lions. The head, torso, arms of Zeus, and Nika's figure were all made of ivory.
Everything else: a crown, clothes, Zeus's sandals, a sacred eagle, Nike's wreath are made of the purest gold. (Home, T. Drozdova.)
(112 words. Capital letter. Prefixes. Homogeneous terms after the generalizing word.)
Task Write down the combinations of participles with the defined words. Indicate all morphological signs of the participles. What verbs are they derived from? Emphasize participial phrases as members of the sentence. Reference. The torso is the human torso.
2. The womb of Moscow
Okhotny Ryad got its name back in the days when it was allowed to trade game brought by hunters near Moscow.
In front of the shops, in the square, along the wide sidewalk, were mobile tents and merchants crowded with baskets and sacks filled with various products. There were hunters, hung with ducks, grouse, and hares. The women had the heads of chickens and chickens sticking out of the baskets, piglets squealed in the sacks, which the sellers, taking out of the sack to show the buyer, were sure to raise them above their heads, holding them by their tied hind legs. On the pavement in front of the tents scurried about cakes, pancakes, buckwheat traders fried in vegetable oil. The hitchhikers poured out, at a penny a glass, hot sbiten — the then favorite mead drink, which warmed the cabbies and employees who were frozen in cold shops. (V. Gilyarovsky.)
(107 words. Suffixes of nouns. Adverbs. Participial phrases.)
Assignment Identify the participle suffixes and indicate from which verbs they are derived. Emphasize participial phrases. Specify the conditions for their separation.
Control dictation
At two o'clock sharp, a carriage drawn by six horses drove into the courtyard and rolled around a dense green turf circle. Old Berestov ascended the porch with the help of two Muromsky lackeys. After him, his son came on horseback and with him entered the dining room, where the table was already laid. Muromsky received his neighbors as affectionately as possible, invited them to inspect the garden and menagerie before dinner, and led them along the paths carefully swept and strewn with sand. Old Berestov inwardly regretted the lost work and time for such useless whims, but kept silent out of politeness. (A. Pushkin.)
(87 words. Prefixes. Unstressed checkable and unchecked vowels in roots. Participle suffixes. Participle turns.)
Brief participles
Educational dictations
Not all vegetable gardens in the countryside are strict, businesslike, and unshakable. If the peasant hut resembled the owner in its face, then the garden was the mistress: it testified to her character and skill.
A good housewife has a vegetable garden like a light house. The beds are spread out to the beds with even elegant rugs. The carrot ridges are sprinkled with sawdust so that the aphids do not spoil any, and they rise like butter pies. The furrows between the ridges are deep, everything is planted in place, everything is in a row and in a row. If the vegetables are water-loving, then they are planted closer to the collar; and those that grow from the rain, those - far away, so as not to crush them again, not to trample in vain the earth and furrows. (According to V. Astafiev.)
(90 words. Doubled consonants. Prefixes. Voiced consonants before voiceless ones. Case endings. Dash in an incomplete sentence.)
Task Find participles in short form, define their syntactic function. Label the spelling "H in short passive participles".
5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus - one of the seven wonders of the world
Imagine a huge stepped pyramid made of sumptuous white marble, perched on a wide rectangular dais. Imagine also that the pyramid is cut at about half its height by a horizontal plane, its upper part is raised, and a Greek temple is built between both parts. Thus, the bottom of the pyramid serves as a huge plinth, and its top serves as a pyramidal roof.
The lower part, consisting of twenty-three wide steps, was a solemn, ceremonial staircase leading from all four sides to the temple. Thirty slender, dazzling white columns surrounded the sanctuary of the temple and carried its pyramidal roof. At its very top stood a huge stone quadriga, carved by Pythias - a chariot drawn by four horses. It was empty ... This meant that the controller of the quadriga was no longer in this world, that he was already in the kingdom of shadows. (According to A. Domashnev, T. Drozdova.)
(123 words. Prefixes. Vowels after sibilants and c. Compound adjectives. Letters нн in adjectives. Numerals. Participant phrases.)
Assignment Underline short passive participles, define their syntactic function. Write out combinations of nouns with full passive participles and transform them into combinations with short passive participles. What has changed with the sacraments?
nn in participles and adjectives
Educational dictations
6. Rescued starling
Once the spoiled cat of a tavern woman, a cunning sweet tooth and a toady, a smoky, golden-headed favorite of the whole yard, brought a starling from the garden. The grandmother took away the exhausted bird and began to reproach the cat: "You are not afraid of God, you villainous villain!"
The grandmother cut off the broken wing of the starling taken from the cat, and deftly attached a piece of wood to the place of the bitten off leg and, having cured the bird, began to teach it to speak. (According to M. Gorky.)
(54 words. Prefix ad-. Unstressed vowels in roots. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives.)
Assignment Designate the spelling "neither in participles and verbal adjectives". What verbs are these words derived from? Determine the gender of the noun sweet in the text.
7. Game room
Children's rooms in Count Listomirov's house were located on the south side and overlooked the garden. In one of the rooms, the entire southern part of the walls was covered with toys.
Colorful English painted notebooks and books, cribs with dolls, pictures, chests of drawers, small kitchens, china sets, sheep and dogs on reels marked the girls' possessions. Tables with tin soldiers, a cardboard troika of gray horses, with terribly bulging eyes, hung with bells and harnessed to a carriage, a large white goat, a Cossack on horseback, a drum and a copper pipe marked the boys' possessions. This room was called the playing room.
On Wednesday, Shrovetide, the game room was especially fun. (D. Grigorovich.)
(94 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and verbs.)
Assignment Label the spelling "nn in participles and adjectives." Determine how the words with this spelling are formed.
8. Springs
Some springs were very strong and burst out from the middle of the mountain, others beat and boiled at its foot, some were on slopes and were trimmed with wooden log cabins with a roof. Wide linden logs were hammered into the log cabins, filled with such transparent water that they seemed empty. Water overflowed all over the deck, falling on the sides in glass fringes. I saw peasant women come with buckets, stick out a wooden nail at the end of the log, put the bucket on large stone slabs under the stream of water. In one minute, both buckets were full. (According to S. Aksakov.)
(84 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives. Participial phrase. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling "nn in participles and adjectives." Determine from which stems the words with this spelling are derived.
Verification dictations
9. Lubyanskaya square
The huge courtyard was built up with wholesale shops, where they sold seasonal goods: in the spring - cucumbers and herbs, in the summer - berries, in the fall - fruits, and in winter - frozen fish and all year round - live crayfish, which were brought from the Don in huge wicker baskets.
Once upon a time, back in serfdom, a wooden booth with a simple menagerie and a huge elephant appeared on Lubyanskaya Square. Suddenly, in the spring, the elephant went berserk, tore out the logs from the wall, to which he was chained, and began to destroy the building, triumphantly trumpeting and driving fear into the crowds that surrounded the square. The elephant, irritated by the cries of the crowd, tried to break free. The police had to intervene.
Now the site houses the Polytechnic Museum. (According to V. Gilyarovsky.)
(100 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives. No verbs. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Designate the spelling "N and nn in participles and adjectives." Determine how the words with this spelling are formed.
10. Emerald City
The next morning, after several hours of travel, the friends saw a faint green glow on the horizon. “This must be the Emerald City,” said Ellie.
As they walked, the radiance grew brighter and brighter, but only in the afternoon did the travelers come to a high stone wall of bright green color. Directly in front of them was a large gate adorned with enormous emeralds that glittered so brightly that they dazzled even the Scarecrow's painted eyes. At these gates there ended a road paved with yellow bricks, which had guided them faithfully for so many days and finally led to the long-awaited goal.
A bell hung at the gate. Ellie pulled on the rope and the bell answered with a deep silvery ringing. The great gate slowly opened, and the travelers entered a vaulted room, on the walls of which glittered countless emeralds. (A. Volkov.)
(114 words. Prefixes. Roots with alternating vowels. Vowels after sibilants. Adjective suffixes. Complex adjectives. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label all the studied spelling in adjectives and participles.
Control dictation
11. Home yard
Ten minutes later he [Vladimir] drove into the master's yard. He looked around him with an indescribable excitement. For twelve years he had not seen his homeland. The birches that had just been planted along the fence under him have grown and are now tall, branchy trees. The courtyard, once decorated with three regular flower beds, between which there was a wide road, carefully swept out, turned into an unmown meadow on which a restrained horse grazed. (A. Pushkin.)
(62 words, b and b. Suffixes of adjectives and participles. Numerals. Not with adjectives.)
Not with participles
Educational dictation
12. Unsuccessful hunt
At this time, the hare jumped out of the forest and ran across the field. Berestov and the stirrup screamed at the top of their lungs, let the dogs go and followed them at full speed. Muromsky's horse, which had never been on a hunt, was frightened and carried away. Muromsky, who proclaimed himself an excellent rider, gave her free rein and was internally pleased with the opportunity that saved him from an unpleasant interlocutor. But the horse, galloping to a ravine, which it had not previously noticed, suddenly rushed to the side, and Muromsky did not sit still. Falling rather heavily on the frozen ground, he lay, cursing his scanty filly, which, as if coming to her senses, immediately stopped as soon as she felt herself without a rider. (A. Pushkin.)
(94 words. Roots - skak-, - skoch-. Not with adjectives. Participial phrases. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling "Not with participles and adjectives." Explain the punctuation marks for participial phrases.
Reference.
Stirrup and stirrup - a groom-servant who looked after his master's riding horse, as well as a servant who accompanied the master during the hunt.
Control dictations
13. In a thunderstorm
The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured like a bucket. Streams of muddy water flowed from Vasily's back into the puddle that had formed on the apron. First, the dust knocked down by the pellets turned into liquid mud, which was kneaded by the wheels. The tremors diminished, and muddy streams flowed along the muddy ruts. The lightning shone wider and paler, and the thunderclaps were no longer so striking behind the uniform noise of the rain (L. Tolstoy.)
(59 words. Prefixes. Complex sentence.)
Assignment Graphically indicate the syntactic function of participial phrases and explain the conditions for separating them.
14. The raven-prankster
In the reserve, I heard many stories about the tricks of the prankster Petka. It was said that one day he stole money from a handbag, and another time, at lunchtime, he threw and stole the documents of some commission that came for an audit. Petka hid the stolen things above the roof, in an empty nest of storks, which he managed to survive. Knives, spoons and forks were found here. Petka was especially annoyed by the visiting drivers. As soon as the car stops, the driver spreads out his instruments - Petka is right there! The chauffeur will grab, but the most necessary nut is not there.
They said that Petka does not like women. Sits on the shoulder of a dressed-up girl and lets confuse her festive hairstyle or pinch her ear painfully.
Petka was not fond of wild ravens and ravens, to which he sometimes tried to approach. They beat and drove him away, as if not wanting to forgive the betrayal. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov.)
(123 words. Prefixes. Vowels after hissing words at the root. Case endings of adjectives and participles. Nn in adjectives and participles.)
15. Moscow signs
Signs in the capital appeared in time immemorial, but they differed from what we are used to. The usual signs above the shops were samples of goods hung over the entrance on a pole. Not everyone knew the letter and could read the written text. Therefore, a large gilded or yellow pretzel was hung over the bakery, and a painted tin boot was hung over a shoe store. There were some kind of signs in pharmacies. The showcases displayed spherical vessels filled with multi-colored liquids. In the evening, they were illuminated from behind with bulbs. Hairdressers displayed carefully combed and curled wax heads for women and men.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of letter signs increased. On the outskirts of the city, there were often semi-literate and funny signs: "Rabbits, squirrels, chickens and other songbirds." (According to V. Bokova.)
(110 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives, in participles and verbal adjectives. Not with different parts of speech. Participle expressions.)
16 campfire night
Late in the evening we stop for the night in the mountains. At the fontanel oozing from the ground, old fir trees grow, and gnarled birches supported by fir trees stretch. A bright star lit up over the mountains. in summer, shepherds lived under tall fir trees. There used to be a booth made of fir shingles here. Wind and bad weather have long swept away the light shepherd's dwelling. We set about restoring the destroyed booth. Among hunters and travelers, there are people especially invaluable in travel. My friend skillfully blows the fire. His face is lit by flashes of fire. Red sparks are carried away into the invisible sky and cool down. At night, we, awakened by the cold, the unusual lodging for the night, will get up to put fuel on the fire. Here I am putting the prepared firewood into the fire. The flame begins to hotly lick dry logs. How good, how wonderful is the starry night over the mountains!
(119 words) (After I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Assignment Specify real, passive participles, define the type, designate suffixes. Underline verbs in the present and future tense, indicate conjugation.
17. Reading enjoyment
Reading Pushkin is a real pleasure. In early childhood, we with excitement, anxiety, and sympathy follow the fate of Tsarevich Guidon, expect a miracle, and it happens before our eyes. Everything that he tells us about seems to be genuine, absorbs us entirely.
Over the years, a deeper understanding of poetry comes, we again read familiar lines, illuminated by Pushkin's love for all living things, imbued with hatred of slavery.
There is no artificiality in his poems, they are written naturally and lively. Sometimes these are ancient legends, sometimes poems dedicated to exiled friends, or descriptions of autumn nature. The poet, keenly noticing the slightest changes in nature, also perfectly knows folk customs.
His poems combine simplicity of presentation with an amazing depth of thought. There is no one who does not love Pushkin. His poetry is imbued with a deep faith in man.
Task Draw a diagram of the second sentence. Write out a passive participle, a possessive pronoun, a verb in the indicative mood from the text. Make a morphological analysis of the participle.
18. The birth of the book
Once Stevenson drew a map for his stepson Lloyd. It was beautifully painted, latitudes and longitudes were indicated on it, bays and bays were indicated. The bends of the coast of the island invented by him captivated Stevenson's imagination, transferred him to a piece of land lost in the ocean. Stevenson, at the mercy of fiction, fascinated by the coves he marked on the map, wrote their names. Throwing a thoughtful glance at the outlines of the island, resembling a dragon in its contours, he saw among the bays he had invented, the hills of the heroes of his future book. At first, Stevenson did not even think about creating a book designed for the general public. The manuscript was intended to be read to Lloyd. The boy was delighted with the idea of his stepfather, who decided to compose a story about sailing on a schooner in search of treasures buried by pirates. He listened with unflagging attention to the story of his journey across the island, born of Stephenson's fantasy.
Communion is one of the most important topics in a basic Russian language course. Her knowledge is also tested in exams, so it is simply necessary to master it well. In this article, we will analyze what a participle is, why you need to use it, and also find out what types of participles exist in Russian.
Definition of the participle
What is a participle? First of all, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the sign of an object by action. The participle answers the questions of the adjective, it can have gender, number and case. From the verb, it received the following features: type, voice, tense. Participles can be formed exclusively from verbs. Examples: running - running, lying down - lying down, reading - reading, reading - reading, etc.
How to distinguish a participle from an adjective?
The biggest challenge for many students is the ability to see the difference between an adjective and a participle. Both answer the question "what?", "What?" and so on. So how can you tell them apart?
It is worth remembering that a participle can only be formed from a verb. Other parts of speech cannot take part in its formation. Adjectives are most often derived from nouns and adverbs. Examples: speed - fast, fast - fast.
However, there are also verbal adjectives. They can easily be mistaken for the sacraments if you do not know what the differences are. First of all, an adjective cannot have the features of a verb, that is, it has no collateral meaning and temporal. Also, a participle can have dependent words, as opposed to a verbal adjective. This possibility for this part of speech is called verbal control.
Why use the participles?
Of course, in everyday speech and simple communication on everyday topics, we are unlikely to use participial phrases. They will be too bulky, long, difficult to understand. However, in written speech and in a variety of works of authorship, they will be quite appropriate.
The participles add more expressiveness to the text, help in describing various phenomena and events. Schoolchildren often have to write various essays and essays. There, participial phrases will also be needed.
Places of participles
But before you start actively introducing participial phrases into your speech, you need to figure out what they are. There are two types of participles: real and passive. What is the difference? To understand how to determine the order of the sacrament, we will consider them separately.
Valid participles
Examples of
The cat independently performed a certain action (ran), therefore, the participle "running" is valid.
The girl walking in the park was pretty.
The girl independently performs the action (walk), therefore, the participle belongs to the category of valid ones.
Passive participles
If the participle indicates a sign of an object over which someone performs certain actions, then it will be passive. That is, if the object does not itself perform the action, then the dependent participle will be passive.
Examples of
Scattered beads lay on the table.
Someone scattered the beads, that is, an action was performed on this object. The participle "scattered" will be classified as passive.
The flowers he had placed on the windowsill remained.
The flowers did not arrange themselves, that is, someone performed this action on them. From this we can conclude that the participle "set apart" is passive.
How are valid participles formed?
Now let's look at ways to form valid participles. First of all, you need to determine the type of the verb and its conjugation. Further, the formation of real participles occurs by adding certain suffixes. They are formed from the infinitive. In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh / sh must be added to the stem of the verb. Examples: screaming - shouting, standing - standing, reading - reading, etc.
In the present tense, the participle is formed using the suffixes -usch / yusch, if the basis was the verb of the first conjugation. Examples: draw - draw, moan - moan, drown - drown, etc.
From the verbs of the second conjugation, the participle will be formed using the suffixes -asch / yasch. Examples: flying - flying, circling - circling, ringing - ringing, etc.
How are passive forms formed?
When forming passive participles, as in the case of real ones, it is necessary to pay attention to the form of the verb and its conjugation.
Past participles are also formed from the infinitive with the following suffixes: -nn / enn / enn / t. Examples: draw - drawn, teach - taught, surround - surrounded, open - open, etc.
In order to form the present participle from the first conjugation, the suffixes -em / ohm must be used. Examples: close - lockable, reflect - reflective, etc.
From verbs of the second conjugation, the present participle will be formed using the suffix -im. Example: store - stored.
table
To make all of the above data easy to assimilate and turn into a kind of system, we will present the participle categories in the table. Examples of participle formation have been given above.
| Discharge | Valid participles | Passive participles | ||
| Time | Elapsed time | The present | Elapsed time | The present |
| Suffixes | Infinitive stem + | 1 conjugation: 2 conjugation: | Infinitive stem + -nn / -enn / -enn / -t | 1 conjugation: 2 conjugation: |
This participle table will help you determine which suffix to use when in doubt.
Brief participles
Since the participles can answer the question "which?", "Which?" etc., then they also have some signs of an adjective. Therefore, like them, participles can be short. Moreover, it is necessary to remember that only passive participles can take this type.
The short form is formed from the complete one using the following endings: -a, -o, -y, or zero.
Examples: drawn - drawn, drawn, drawn, drawn.
The short form, like the full one, can vary by gender and number. In sentences, short participles play the role of a predicate. It should also be remembered that "not" with the short form is written separately: not drawn.
In order to confidently use participial phrases in oral and written speech, it is necessary to distinguish between the categories of participles, as well as to understand from which verb they are conjugated.
The form of the verb will directly affect the choice of suffixes. It should also be remembered that only passive participles take the short form.
In the Russian literary language, as you know, the following groups of participles are distinguished:
1) the actual pledge of the present tense (presenter, sleeping);
2) the actual pledge of the past tense (who gave, left);
3) the passive voice of the present tense (given, bearable);
4) the passive voice of the past tense (removed, hammered, it is necessary).
The participles of these groups have different uses in different styles of the literary language. The participles of the first three groups are characteristic for the codified literary language, written speech, the participles of the fourth group are also used in the spoken language.
The participles of the present tense, both the active and the passive voice, are generally not peculiar to dialects. The corresponding formations used here are, as a rule, forms either substantiated (manager, manager) or adjectivized (cf .: native land, i.e. ‘fertile’, unknown person, i.e. ‘unfamiliar’). The past participles of the active voice in general across dialects are used relatively rarely. Thus, this category of verb forms is represented in dialects almost exclusively by the passive participles of the past tense.
For a general description of participles in dialects, two features of their functioning are essential, one of which applies to all dialects, the other - only to a certain part of them:
1) unlike the literary language, where the full forms of all participles usually appear in the attributive function, dialects are characterized by the predicative use of the past participles in full form: he was recently buried; he was taken into the army; husband and son are both lost;
2) in part of the North Russian and Central Russian dialects, short passive participles are characterized by a tendency to turn into unchangeable forms (raspberries are collected; holes are dug).
Russian dialectology / Ed. Kasatkina L.L. - M., 2005
In the course of studying morphology, students study the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles." Let's take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, the controversy of linguists does not subside. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are convinced that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its origin, then we can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. And it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), And their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common solution.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which Russian is taught at school, also approach this situation in different ways. For example, M.M.Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verb form, and V.V. Babaitseva - to an independent part of speech. But in both textbooks it is said that it is still not clear to which category it should be attributed.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called valid. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider an example: "The wind blowing from the sea was raging."
As we can see, the wind blew from the sea on its own, without resorting to anyone's help and without being exposed to any influence. It is these forms that are called valid.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was of a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle "she guarded" belongs to the category of valid participles.
Passionate
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are subjected to it.
Let's take an example: "Parents called to school by the teacher were worried."
In this sentence, we see the participle "called out". It was formed from the verb "cause". Let's make sure that the parents did not make the decision to come to school themselves, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by themselves, it is performed on them. Therefore, such a participle is referred to as a passive one. That is, the parents “suffer” as it were, experiencing someone's influence.
Real and Passive Present Suffixes
Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own peculiarities of word formation.
The suffixes for real and passive participles will differ from time to time. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -usch and -ych, as well as -asch and -ych. Example: rebel, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, they are all valid. For the passive, they are different: -th, -im, -em. Example: drawn, persecuted, condemned.
In the real participle of the present tense, all suffixes have peculiarities of spelling.
If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us in this - to fight. Let's define its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if a word belongs to 1 conjugation, write -usch or -yusch. If to the second - then -asch or -yasch. Thus, we have found out that in the word "struggling" it is necessary to write -us. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.
Suffixes of real and passive past participles
Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh and -sh are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The passive ones have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pricked.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of real and passive participles.
With the first category, everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive ones it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But this is not the case. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb "offend" ends in -net, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Take another example: "dressed up". And again, remember the rule: if a verb ends in -it, -ty, or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix -enn.
Let's do the same in the words "baked" (to bake), "brought" (to bring), "asked" (to ask).
Tasks
In Russian lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you to understand it most fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form from them a participle of different categories and times.
For example:
- stabbing (1 ref.) - stabbing (valid, present), stabbing (valid, last);
- speak (2 ref.) - speaking (acting, present time), speaking (acting, past time);
- shave (1 ref., excl.) - shaving (active, present), shaved (active, last), shaved (suffering, last);
- to offend (2 sp., excl.) - offended (suffering, present), offended (suffering, last).