Labor market in Russia: features. Regulation of the labor market

The labor market is a special sphere where employees exercise trade in their own, knowledge and skill. This market is not standard in understanding the average man. However, it is successfully operating, allowing you to meet the needs of all its participants. What is it, the labor market, the current state and the problems of which remain at the permission stage?

In the same market, as well as in all others, there are their laws - the law of supply and demand, as well as the so-called prices. As a price here is the salaries of a particular employee, as well as payment that can be offered to potential employers.

The more the applicant requests the level of possible wages, the smaller the number of potential employers can adopt it (the law of demand). And the smaller salary offers an employer, the smaller officers are ready to start work (the law of proposals). And only at the place of intersection of these two conditional direct allows you to determine the real labor market.

The labor market and its characteristic at the present stage makes pay attention to one important feature: the employer puts a potential employee to accept obviously unprofitable conditions for him, since otherwise he can remain without work.

What is the labor market in modern economic conditions

The modern market is some kind of disproportion, which has already been rooted, lack of motivation in the professional sphere, low payment. The minimum wage in the country is very small, significantly lower (up to several tens of times) than in developed countries of close and far abroad. Today there are practically no stimulation of the professional development of employees and non-working specialists. You can allocate certain development criteria:

• ascending of unemployment)
• the appearance of immigrants and refugees who are subject to employment)
• ineffective use of the employment potential of employees - due to the reduction of production, the need to use the existing labor potential of employees in full disappears)
• significant unemployment benefit size)
• an increase in the growth of shadow employment of the population)
• the complexity of entering some sectors: Applicants with higher education do not have the ability to access employment in certain sectors, such as the banking sector, due to the establishment of monopolization, high wages and requirements)
• real differences between the officially registered amount of unemployed, as well as generally the total number of unemployed.

Unemployment - unpleasant, but mandatory component

The modern labor market in any country determines the level of social status of the entire population. Its main component is unemployment. It is present in each country, but it differs only in its level. The demand for workers can be adjusted not to the level of cost of their work, but by direct volume of production. Therefore, the labor market is directly and very closely associated with the existing economy in the country, directly depends on it.

Foreign experience should teach us that the correct and gradual development of the labor market and market relations necessarily provides for building and efficient protection of certain groups of the population.

The modern labor market and its demand for a professional was very clearly formed, and almost all employers look at this one. A valuable professional is a person who can respond to certain criteria: Initially, that the person is a good specialist in his business. He must also be mobile and versatile.

Modern labor market and unemployment

Unemployment is a special position, in the presence of which a certain part of the workable population cannot successfully manage to be successful with the estimated level of wages, or it is difficult to find it at all. It is known to achieve equilibrium demand and suggestions is simply impossible. Due to the inconsistency of the stated demand by the proposal, such a situation standard leads to the emergence of different levels of unemployment. Unemployment is mainly distributed in certain circles, the most unprotected of which are:

• young women,
• the youth,
• national minorities
• persons who left the place of imprisonment.

It is possible to conditionally identify three main components of unemployment:

1. High level of existing wages. In the case of raising the wage level above the average (for example, according to the requirements of trade unions), employers decreases the level of necessary proposals for posting posts. This leads to unemployment. With this phenomenon, it is possible to fight only by stabilizing the wage level.
2. The low demand level is also the cause of unemployment. For example, with a decrease in the level of demand for goods, the level of demand for sales employees is reduced.
3. Imperfection and inflexibility of the market. It is believed that unemployment is derived from the fact that many employers cannot adapt to changes in sales at the right time.

To combat unemployment, it is necessary to make efforts to deal with the factors provoking unemployment. Among them, you can allocate the most problematic:

• The demographic situation in a specific region, where the struggle with unemployment occurs. This is the level of birth and mortality, migration flows (both from the region and to the region), the level of life expectancy.
• The process of the transfer of ownership at enterprises from the public in private through the behavior of the standard privatization procedure. In this case, a huge number of employees of such enterprises are supposed to be without work.
• Organizational and economic factors. Here are meant the processes for changing any organizational and legal form, as well as mergers and acquisitions of a variety of companies. In these situations, employees can change the actual place of their work to other regions and vice versa. All these movements affect oscillations affecting the labor market.
• Technical factor. Taking into account the development of scientific and technological progress today, as well as its development prospects in the future, many companies (especially production) cease to need some categories of employees, which provokes the emergence of global layoffs.

Labor market, its modern structure

The modern labor market in our country has the following structure:

• Healthy competition. The modern structure provides for the presence, in a mandatory embodiment, natural competition between employers and applicants, as well as between representatives of the same group.
• The mechanism for regulating relations in the labor market at the state level.
• Building a system of full social protection of a workable population.

The subject of the market of modern labor is very numerous. There are employers themselves, workers already hired, unemployed faces, self-employed workers. All alleged members of the modern labor market, representing a group of applicants, can be conditionally divided into categories:

• "Blue collars." This category is representatives of factories and factories that perform exceptionally physical work.
• "White-collar". This category is represented only by employees who use mental abilities and knowledge to perform work.
• "Gray collar." This category represents ordinary ordinary and utility workers.

The main components in the labor market can be determined by a set of proposals that cover all the labor force, as well as the cumulative demand, which determines the overall need of the economy in the hired labor force.

Regulation of the labor market at the state level in our country

In regulating the employment market, the state plays the state. It has a great influence on some points that affect the development of employment, both in separate industries and globally. For example, the state can influence:

• the level of the salary proposed, working conditions,
• providing additional benefits to individuals or categories of workers,
• social security level.

The state can actively deal with unemployment by creating additional jobs, state bodies that monitor and fight unemployment, effective programs that allow the interest of potential employers, etc. It is often here to provide government programs that allow employers additional benefits in the employment of unemployed persons with disabilities or specialists of certain professions, as well as to replace vacant positions and ensure the unemployed work.

Government stock exchanges as a way to reduce the level of existing unemployment

The exchange created by the state helps to actively deal with the existing unemployment rate in the country as a whole, as well as in its separate regions. The main focus of these organizations is that they should provide the turnover of potential employees and ensuring their employment. To achieve such a goal, measures are being developed, aimed at changing the level of vocational training, as well as the change of the professional orientation of a potential applicant. Applicants are provided by free training courses, training courses for certain specialties, etc. All this helps not only to get additional knowledge, but also to find a job on the newly acquired profession.

Such institutions play a major role in the fight against unemployment, especially by increasing the social activity of the population, the labor market research in the region and the country in order to mobilize the job seekers. They help to achieve other bodies of the provision of preferential lending programs for individual entrepreneurs who have employees, improving the terms of service, reducing the tax rate, as well as the use of other types of promotion.

Special role of the stock exchange in the process of regulating market relations

Unfortunately, it should be noted that the work of labor exchange does not particularly affect the established labor market in the country. In our country, there is no obligation at the legislative level to carry out the appointment of the exchange by entrepreneurs and enterprises. The latter are trying to independently determine the range of possible applicants through their own personnel. This allows you to make a choice in fairly short time and decide on employment after communication with a large circle of possible specialists. And applicants, in turn, to avoid bureaucratic costs of communicating with stock exchanges, show a desire to communicate directly with potential employers.

Private recruiting companies

In addition to government agencies, there are private companies that are engaged in the selection of personnel for a variety of enterprises. Such organizations also work on potential employers, satisfying their needs in various levels of specialists, and help and assist applicants for certain vacancies.

The work of such companies significantly affects the labor market. A modern development trend helps to conduct personnel to replace the vacant position, as well as find the necessary work for the candidate. The role of such companies in the regulation of the labor market is very large, since they actually show good performance indicators and satisfying both parties. Since recruiting companies are private, then their activities are entirely aimed at achieving a certain result, in this case - satisfaction of employment needs.

Regulation of the labor market

Unfortunately, the created stockies cannot fully fulfill the role of the labor market regulator. The issue of the device to work continues to be at the critical level. In the conditions of an unstable economy, many institutions and organizations or cease to work for a while or become bankrupt. Accordingly, all employees who worked at such enterprises remain without work. Naturally, not all of them can get a job with the help of the stock exchange, many will remain in account (especially if the age is prenets or no appropriate profession). Also, the influx of unemployed falls for the period of the school year, since universities and specialized schools are much, and it is not possible to provide all graduates with work possible, at least immediately.

These problems have always been known, but they did not affect their special attention. Only recently began to pay sufficient attention to solve these problems. The position in terms of the labor market has changed, it is possible to replace the vacancies now after visiting the vacancies every monthly suitable fairs, as well as other similar events.

Definitely, not to take the role of the exchange in the regulation of the labor market is simply impossible. As already noted, the stock exchanges are engaged in recruitment, retraining, training of potential workers, and also actually help to the employment of citizens. In addition, it is of particular importance that the stock exchanges are engaged in collecting data on the number of unemployed, already employed, determining the list of in-demand professions, which helps to draw up statistics and plan of measures aimed at combating unemployment.

But, whatever the stock exchange, it does not solve the main problem. The person who has lost their work, having come to the stock exchange and getting an offer to acquire a new specialty, of course, agrees. But the labor market will be preferred to potential employees whose age is up to 45, there is a certain work experience at the necessary profession. And the real applicants who are looking for work through the stock exchange have no experience in a new profession, and age is often about the boundary or higher. The same happens with young people, which for the period of the behavior of the republic, may lose the real opportunity to work, in connection with the occupation of a vacant position by another specialist. That is, the question of retraining cannot solve the problem of employment.

Since still a lot of time passes until the problem is completely eliminated, effective intermediate solutions can be made. Although they do not solve the problem in general, however, they will not be superfluous:

• increase the minimum and maximum size of the benefit generated by the unemployed)
• direction of efforts to carry out the employment of the country's young population)
• application effort to actually search for jobs to the unemployed population.

In today's day, a huge role in stabilizing and improving the economy in the country, as well as economic processes, is playing the mobility of potential applicants. That is the ability of the employee, as well as members of his family, to change the place of their stay from the region to the region. This feature can lead to an increase in the performance and efficiency of the economy as a whole.

Solving problems available in the labor market

In the establishment of market relations, the most important sector of the economy is always affected - employment of labor resources. When conducting proper economic policies, the unemployment rate should not be above 5%, this is an ideal ratio. To date, it is possible to achieve such a situation and in our country. However, there are a number of factors that block the road to achieving this goal, namely:

• The existing labor market is not balanced. There are a large number of vacancies posted by a variety of companies, and there are a large number of unemployed, skill, training and work experience does not allow them to use the proposed vacancies.
• Existing restrictions, including legal, reducing the real possibilities of mobility of the workable population (the existing institution of registration and registration significantly binds a person to a certain location).
• There is no possibility of providing affordable housing, which reduces the mobility of good specialists to other regions.
• The level of labor productivity, in relation to other countries, remains at very low indicators.
• Monopolized economy. This successfully and for a long time allows employers to dictate their working conditions and the level of payment for the work, and the employee does not remain anything, how to take clearly disadvantageous conditions.

By eliminating all existing problems, you can achieve good performance and in the labor market, and in the economy, and in market relations. As already become visible, market relations and the economy as a whole depend on the labor market. And it remains to hope that quite a long time left until time when the labor market will be absolutely objective and will allow employers and workers to deal with equal to the satisfaction of their employment needs.

For economists from around the world, the Russian labor market is a very strange and fascinating riddle. The economic crisis that covered the country in 2014 led to a rapid fall of Russian salaries, but they, however, do not hurry work to change, and unemployment in the country is at a relatively stable and low level. At the same time, serious concerns of experts cause a situation when, with age, labor incomes of the population fall significantly: with the same professional qualities, an employee who is 15-20 years old will receive a significantly higher salary.

Russian economists from HSE have repeatedly described the state of the labor market in their regular reports. After analyzing several of them, the analytical center of the careerist. It was possible to highlight 7 of the main problems with which in one form or another it is necessary to face most Russian workers. They also had a place earlier, but will continue their influence in 2018. Let's start with the eternal problem - a very dubious increase in salaries.

Salaries grow, but decrease

The Russian labor market is characterized by a specific reaction to all economic crises that happened in the country. If in the West people usually lose their work at such a time, then in the Russian Federation employment remains at a relatively stable level. For example, in the crisis of 2008-09 increased unemployment only to 8%, but the indicators soon returned to the past. Much more influence the economic shocks have for labor income of Russians. So, according to HSE estimates, for 3 full-fledged crisis years, salaries lost about 10% of their volume. In 2017, the situation was somewhat aligned, and in the government did not cease to declare the growth of real salary - for example, in the first 10 months of 2017, an annual growth was 4.3% compared with the 2016 indicators. This, however, only gives the future to the future - the compensation of the indicators of past years is not yet necessary.

Exacerbate the situation of the "traditions" of Russian employers. First, a substantial negative impact has a massive introduction in the private sector of the salary part of the variable. Not news that many specific salary depends on productivity indicators or enterprise economic indicators. No wonder that in the conditions of the economic downturn, salaries will massively decline.

Secondly, we often see the picture of the mass transfer of personnel for part-time. Naturally, reduction of working time reduces and salary. Thirdly, only rare employers practiced indexation. So, even if the employee even managed to preserve the size of the salary at the same level, this does not mean that its purchasing power will not fall as a result of inflation.

The law not

If you proceed from the dry letter of the law, the Russian labor legislation is really tough in relation to the employer and its relationship with employees, in particular, in dismissal issues. The dismissal of an employee on the initiative of the employer, for example, is possible only in exceptional cases, and even then with certain costs from the employer. Such tough rules bear serious risks for business. Therefore, employers are massively preferred simply not to fulfill it. It concerns these many aspects of labor relations.

First of all, these are issues of employment. The employer is much easier to abandon the official design of the employee, which will allow him not only to save on the payment of taxes and insurance premiums, but also to dictate its rules to the employee. Estimated HSE, the illegal labor market covers about 30 million employees, despite the fact that able-bodied citizens of the Russian Federation - about 71-72 million people. In addition, employers are not shy to shift their costs on the shoulders of employees. So, despite the presence of serious sanctions, in Russia, no one will not surprise the salary delay. There are often cases of compulsory dismissal, when the employee is forced to dismiss "on their own".

This legal nihilism of employers with the weakness of state institutions that are engaged in supervisory activities are connected with such legal nihilism. As a result - the complete lack of confidence in the employer from employees, as well as the lack of confidence in the state as an impassable judge.

Exchange for the trade union

In fact, violations of labor legislation by the employer reached such a scale that an employee, even if it is arranged for a new job work officially, he does not have confidence that the work contract concluded with him will fully fulfill. Why there, there is no complete confidence even that he will pay the first salary until the employee receives her on his hands. The same situation consists in cases where a part of the salary is variable, approved in HSE.

To control the situation in theory should hundreds of Russian trade unions operating or within the whole country, or in its separate regions or even in separate enterprises. However, they prefer to relent, remembering their members only when they cease to pay membership fees regularly.

In general, near ordinary people makes the impression that Russian trade unions are much more likely to defend the employer with whom they must be on the logic of things, on the contrary, to be "on different sides of the barricades." Nevertheless, in relation to the relationship between the employer and employees, they prefer not to intervene, limited to a modest collection of membership fees. We are talking about huge money.

For example, the largest trade union organization of Russia is the Federation of Independent Trade Unions. It includes about 21 million members, 80% of which are regularly transferred by 1% of their salary. So, according to our coarse calculations, the FNP annually accumulates about 70 billion rubles only at the expense of contributions. What, with such financing, their contribution to protecting the rights of workers, we are very difficult to assess.

Outdated jobs

According to average estimates, the annual increase in the number of modern jobs in the world is 10-15% - a similar number of old jobs is reduced. That is, there is a gradual bearing and improving job productivity, which, of course, is characteristic primarily for developed countries, Russia is presented with Russia. However, in the Russian Federation, this process is inhibited not only compared to advanced, but even with developing states, confident in HSE.

So, over the past 10 years, the number of jobs in large and middle business has decreased by 5 million units, from 39 to 34million. That is, it is in fact it turns out that employers reduced jobs in a much larger volume than new ones. According to experts, if the enterprise is growing, the share of created new jobs on it does not exceed 4-5% per year. First, it is significantly less than in the West and even in neighboring China. Secondly, it is not at all about high-tech workplaces. That is, the growth of productivity at workplaces is only in exceptional cases.

Main functions

The labor market is characterized by two basic functions in which its value is manifested:

• Social function It implies the provision of a worthy standard of living of the population through wage workers and other guarantees. It is also about the quality of education, which should ensure the replacement of qualified personnel.
• Economic function It is to ensure the production and non-productive sphere with sufficient personnel to achieve the maximum effect.

The role of the labor market

More narrowly the essence of the labor market can be reflected in the following functions:

• the establishment of the fee for labor, which occurs under the action of supply balance and suggestions;
• determining the conditions for which hiring and dismissal is made, which avoids discrimination;
• formation of norms regarding safety and working conditions;
• education and advanced training in the case when production goes to a fundamentally new level.

Supply and demand

The main categories by which it is possible to characterize the labor market, are supply and supply. Thus, the first concept implies the current number of employees of a particular specialty and qualifications. It is worth noting that, as in the case of the goods market, the demand begins to decline as the average salary is growing.

Speaking about the proposal of labor, it must be said that this is the amount of able-bodied population that is ready to start work. This indicator is also characterized by qualifications and level of formation of potential personnel. In contrast to demand, the proposal of labor will steadily grow with an increase in the average wage indicator.

Features of the labor market

Most people are accustomed to apply the concept of "market" only to the economic environment where it is about buying and selling certain goods. Nevertheless, this category is related to the workforce. So, the nature of the labor market can be described as follows:

• the self-regulation of this mechanism occurs based on the assumption that the relationship in the economic environment is free and are based on the priority of private property;
• each person has the right to independently choose a place and a variety of work, and forced it to anyone nobody has the right (exceptions are forced work appointed by the court sentence);
• each participant in labor relations has the full right to start its own entrepreneurial activity both independently and on the basis of partnerships (at the same time, he himself becomes an employer).

Labor market in Russia

In each individual state, working relationships are built up to approximately similar principles, but with their specific points. Thus, the development of the labor market in Russia under the influence of different political and historical processes, which has led some of its features. Before the collapse of the USSR, this sphere was completely under the control of the state, which excluded such concepts as a "lack of personnel" and "unemployment". With the collapse of the Union, the situation in the economy was sharply aggravated, which led to crisis phenomena and a sharp reduction in the number of employed citizens. Nevertheless, passing through a long period of rehabilitation, the labor market began to return to its normal state, which is expressed in the balance sheet of demand and supply of labor.

Analysis of the labor market, conducted on the basis of statistical data and sociological studies, indicates that at the moment the number of unemployed citizens does not exceed 5%, which is a completely permissible indicator. Nevertheless, it is averaged, and therefore does not give absolutely objective information. The fact is that unemployment in a number of regions is much more significant, which is due to natural conditions, the geographical position and the absence of industry.

The main problems of the domestic labor market

The labor market in Russia can be characterized by the presence of a variety of significant problems. The main ones can be considered the following:

• Every year millions of labor migrants arrive in the country. If we consider that they have much more modest requirements and working conditions than that of the state of the state, it is quite natural that employers prefer them. This situation is mainly observed in the market of unqualified labor.
• The discrepancy between the demand and supply of labor. This is not only about quantitative indicators. The main problem is that employers cannot offer applicants for the position of the desired level of remuneration. This leads to a decrease in the income of the population, as well as to the leakage of qualified personnel, which are suitable for suitable conditions in foreign companies.
• Citizens from regions with a high unemployment rate are quite difficult to work in other areas. This is due to the fact that in almost all organizations a prerequisite for admission to work is the presence of local registration or temporary registration.

Legislative regulation

The main legislative act, on the basis of which the labor market regulation is carried out is the law "On employment of the population of the Russian Federation". It indicates the following points:

• the procedure for recognizing citizens by the unemployed and their relevant registration;
• promoting the realization of the right to labor activity;
• the main state policy postulates regarding the functioning of the labor market;
• events to improve the situation in the field of employment of the population;
• the procedure for activities of employment services in the regions;
• determining the rights and obligations of all participants in the labor market;
• the procedure for compiling and analyzing statistical reporting;
• the rights to work provided by special unprotected categories of citizens.

In addition to the above law, working relations are also governed by the Labor and Civil Code.

Structure of the labor market

The modern labor market is characterized by a rather complex structure that includes the following elements:

• subjects of labor relations, which are applicants for a certain position, as well as employers directly;
• market situation, which is a set of demand and suggestions, as well as working conditions, average wages, education and qualifications;
• legislative acts that contain norms regulating labor relations;
• government bodies authorized to solve issues related to employment;
• an alternative employment that can be expressed in the works of a temporary nature or incomplete employment;
• system of social guarantees for the unemployed, as well as people who are not able to conduct employment in connection with the physical condition or due to old age;
• educational and informational components aimed at preparing and retraining personnel reserves, as well as raising their qualifications.

Competitive model of labor market

The labor market operating on the basis of a model with clean competition is characterized by the following features:

• the number of companies operating in the industry is quite large, and therefore there is a high level of competition for labor resources;
• the number of employees of a certain qualifications applying to similar posts is also at a significant level;
• the current market situation does not give a single side of labor relations to dictate conditions regarding wages.

Thus, the system is regulated independently based on market conditions. Increasing the average wage level provokes an increase in supply and reduction in demand. And vice versa.

Monopoly on the labor market

In order for the labor market to be considered monopolistic, he must have a number of mandatory signs, namely:

• the majority of employees of a particular specialty and qualifications focuses in a single organization;
• employees are not able to alternative employment (this may be caused by economic and geographical features, as well as the specifics of the education obtained);
• all rights and powers regarding the setting of wages belong to an exclusively hiring company (figures can vary significantly depending on the quantitative composition of workers).

Such a situation is characteristic of small and remote settlements, where there is only one city-forming enterprise or there is a tense situation in terms of employment. The activities of such firms should control the trade unions in order to prevent violation of the rights of the working people.

international experience

The goal of most advanced economies of the world (American, Japanese and many others) is absolute (or complete) employment, and the labor market in this case will be considered optimal. To achieve such a task, the following activities are often used:

• support for developing firms, as well as harsh control of large organizations in order to in some way to equalize wages, which they can offer applicants;
• from the previous position, the rule flows, which obliges enterprises to be solidarized in the wage policies (so, small organizations will overestimate this indicator, and large, on the contrary, are somewhat incomprehensible);
• entrepreneurs receive some benefits and subsidies, in exchange for which they undertake to work with unqualified personnel with decent pay and working conditions;
• those sectors of the economy that produce socially significant products or services receive comprehensive state support even in case of unsatisfactory economic results.

It is worth noting that the labor market is not distinguished by static, but is inclined to constant changes. They can occur both under the influence of market factors and as a result of interference from state bodies.

The labor market in Russia was formed under the conditions of transition from the command and administrative economy to the market, when all its participants were forced to react to the changed conjuncture. With the introduction of cooperatives for private entrepreneurship, many spheres have become available, which were previously impossible to think. Many large businessmen are the captains of the Domestic Economy - then laid the foundations of their business to prepare later on mortgage auctions and to take direct participation in the privatization of the most lacking pieces of state ownership, which subsequently form the basic assets of most participants in the Russian Forbes list.

The entrepreneur is always interested in receiving profit, and maximizes it in three ways: the increase in prices for its products, an increase in the issue due to the growth of labor productivity, as well as reduced costs. And among the main costs, as you know, the wage is located, which also, in addition to the employee's actual payments, carries a large tax burden on the employer, which currently for the general taxation regime is 30% of the salary (22% accounted for contributions to the pension Fund of Russia, 2.9% - to the social insurance fund, 5.1% in the federal fund of compulsory medical insurance). In addition, with the salaries of the employee, the tax on income of individuals in the amount of 13% is held. So that the employee receive 50 thousand rubles per month "in the hands", the employer has to charge almost 75 thousand rubles per month. The tax burden lay on salaries and in earlier times of the Russian labor market (to modern contributions until 2010 there was a single social tax in the amount of 26%, even earlier in Russia there was a progressive tax scale, which was replaced by flat to increase tax collecting).

Even taking into account the possible return of most firms to "gray" schemes for salaries, with the exception of the largest firms, as well as banks and other financial institutions, employers are unlikely to increase wages in proportion to "saved" in this way to taxes. Most likely, they will continue to pay the same salary, only on new conditions, and the released funds will be allowed into circulation or personal goals. This assumption only emphasizes that the salary is the costs that need to be reduced to maximize profits, and no arguments will be able to convince them in the opposite.

In the modern economy of the Western Sample, in such conditions, entrepreneurs should have very strong opponents in the person of the state and trade unions, which are able to withstand such pressure and not allow a unreasonable decline in wages, and if it still occurs, then control this process is to control the salary Not lowered below a certain level.

Officially in the Russian Federation there is a federation of independent trade unions of Russia (FNPR) - a public organization, under the auspices of which most large Russian trade unions consist. It was formed in 1990 as "the National Trade Union Center independent of the state, political and entrepreneurial structures." FNPR, according to information from its official website, unites 122 membership organizations, 5 All-Russian trade unions have a cooperation agreement with FNPR. FNPR covers more than 20 million people - about 95% of all members of trade unions in our country.

The main problems associated with the activities of the FNPR are the actual monopolization of the trade union movement, pronounced pronounced orientation, imitation of the struggle for the rights of workers. FNPR is convenient for power and business, participates in the three-sided commission on the regulation of socio-labor relations, but not so successfully protects the rights of workers. Requirements sounding from the filing of FNPR, they sound peacefully towards power, all rallies and events are consistent without any problems. At one time, the FNPR approved the law on monetization of benefits that caused mass protests of the population. The creation of independent trade unions is blocked by the law on trade unions in Russia, and the trade unions preserved after the collapse of the USSR, by a member of the expression of G.E. Alpathov, play the role of "non-working TV" - occupy a place, but do not function properly. This situation suggests that now in Russia "Organized" trade unions do not exist and are not able to influence the business in order to protect the rights of the employee in the dispute with the employer.

In Russia, there is a minimum wage (minimum wage) - the established minimum amount of remuneration, less than which the employer cannot pay his employee, except for cases of compatibility. From January 1, 2016, the magnitude of the minimum wagon in Russia is 6204 rubles per month, which is equal to 54% forecast by the government of the subsistence minimum for the working-age population for 2016. Even the declared increase from July 1, 2016, the level of minimum range up to 7500 rubles. It seems only a small step towards the equality of the minimum wage and the subsistence minimum. In Russia, there is still aimed at the legislative difference between the minimum wage and the cost of a statistically calculated product basket, which is lower than the real minimum of products and services needed for living in modern Russian megalopolis. Against the background of economic cataclysms, inflation caused by the sanctions and devaluation of the ruble, the increase in the minimum wage is clearly insufficient.

The presence of a "gray" labor market is traditionally typical for the domestic economy, which is expressed in the high proportion of unofficially occupied workers, especially in the small business sector. Also, Russians reluctantly use the services of the public employment service, in which only a small proportion of the work of citizens is registered as the unemployed. To smooth out the lack of data, the statistical analysis uses the method of examination of the population on employment issues, conducted by questioning citizens based on a selective method of household selection method with subsequent extrapolation of outcomes to the entire population of the studied age group. According to Rosstat, which are shown in Table 1, the share of registered unemployed on their total number was 34% in 2009 and decreased to 22.7% in 2014.

The reason for such a low share of the registered lies in an extremely low unemployment benefit, which is also inferior to the minimum wage and subsistence minimum. For 2016, the minimum amount of unemployment benefits is 850 rubles, the maximum amount of unemployment benefits is 4900 rubles, which is less than the magnitude of the All-Russian minimum wage at 6204 rubles. And even more so the future of the magnitude of the minimum wage at 7500 rubles. Note that these boundaries do not change since 2009 and it is amazing against the background of inflation, which took place all these years. Of course, unemployment benefit should serve as an incentive to ensure that the candidate is looking for work and has not lived on a manual, but its value must be sufficient to attract those who are looking for work to send the industry to the state in need, in support of which Domestic economy, in particular in import-substituting production. Such a magnitude is submitted by a subsistence minimum, which should be a reference point not only to calculate the abstract minimum quality of life, but also minimal wages and unemployment benefits, at least its maximum border.

Improving unemployment benefits to the level of subsistence minimum, which should also correspond to the minimum welfare, would be a key step to eliminate the shortcomings of the interaction of labor market subjects. This is important to increase the efficiency of the employment service, which in such a way can cover a much larger number of unemployed than now. The search process of work will move from the unofficial plane to the official, since many citizens who have no work seeking to receive benefits will register and consider the vacancy offered by him. This will increase the possibility of the latter to influence employment in certain industries and will reduce the volume of "gray" uncontrolled by the state of the labor market. Instead of getting a small salary in envelopes, many will have an incentive to abandon such work, to register in the employment service, getting increased relative to current levels of allowance and look for the opportunity to work out on the salary above this level, which will also give impetus to raising salaries in Economy at the expense of their lower segment. Worker Union Unemployment

One of the effective measures could be the integration of employment service with specialized companies operating in the recruitment market. For example, such popular sites such as Headhunter, Superjob, could receive an additional fee from the budget for the applicant device for vacancies, the filling of which is necessary according to the plan of socio-economic development of one or another region. In the interaction of state structures and private market participants, great potential lies, the work on which would improve the labor market infrastructure of the country and the region, which should better cope with their main task - to fill out jobs in the economy, helping the proposal of labor to meet the available demand.

We also note that in Russia the monthly, not hourly minimum wagon is used, as in other countries. A shorter interval stimulates the growth of employee income, which cannot be said in the case of a monthly interval. Taking into account the magnitude of the minimum wagon, which does not cover the cost of living, can undoubtedly be argued - in Russia there is a problem of improving the minimum wagon, which is a conscious government policy to achieve the local authorities of the planned indicators, despite declarative and indecisive discussions of possible changes. It can be concluded that instead of stimulating the growth of wages, there is an artificial slowdown in wages, both from the state and from the supporting business.

Statistical data can be given, which indicate a constant share of wages in GDP. Dynamics of household costs correlates with the dynamics of labor costs. Taking into account the approximate share of 45%, which has a wage in GDP, the data on which is shown in Table 2, the increase in wages in the labor market means increasing the essential share of demand in the market's market. It could entail the demand for investments in machinery and equipment in industries that produce benefits that are in demand for households, the demand for labor equipment for the production of these machines and equipment and, ultimately on the development of infrastructure. Demand of households - the basis of other components of aggregate demand, possessing, according to G.E. Alpathov, "much more multiplicative effect than is considered to be considered in the macroeconomic theory."

Thus, it is possible to observe the problems of imperfection of the Russian labor market in modern conditions. In addition to demographic problems, the trends in the workforce from neighboring regions by million cities, which does not contribute to the development of a single economic space in the country, there are problems of labor market infrastructure that impede its normal functioning.

For Russia, the labor market is characterized by the situation of marketing for market forces in favor of the employer, so it is important to eliminate the excessive impact of the demand for labor that opposes an inorganized, fragmented proposal of labor, which has much less strong position in our country, in contrast to Western countries with their long history of existence actually working trade unions and other elements of the labor market infrastructure. One of the ways to solve this problem is to reduce the supply of labor, which in the case of Russia means a change of migration policy. An important decision that should increase the level of wages in the economy is to reduce the influx of migrants from the CIS countries with low human capital and focused mainly on unqualified work. Against the background of the events taking place in Western Europe related to the flow of refugees from the Middle East, a fresh look at the migration processes in the post-Soviet space. Foreigners, occupying jobs, took a large proportion of jobs in the construction industry, and their dumping in the labor market undermined the relationship of Russians to working professions as worthy ways to make money, with the result that many potential workers who do not have due knowledge and qualifications refuse workers Professions, not even having other alternatives.

An important step in this direction could be the introduction of additional restrictions on the path of such migration. For example, an effective measure could be the discovery of a warranty deposit from the Migrants entering the country in a sufficient amount, which guarantees law-abiding behavior on their part and complies with intending to disrupt the regime of stay in the Russian Federation. The obtained funds could be treated in the event of a violation of migration legislation, and at the time of finding a citizen of a foreign state in the Russian Federation these funds could be posted in the financial market and bring the budget of the Russian Federation additional income. When departing a migrant from the country, these funds would return to him in the prescribed manner. It can be confident that the amount of such a deposit in the amount of at least 100 thousand rubles. Significantly reduce the influx of migrants, in particular the youth, which does not even know the Russian language. There would be only those who are really configured to work in Russia, not violating legislation, and is ready to subsequently integrate into Russian society, confirming their intentions, including financially.

The country's labor resources need protection against cheap labor imports in the face of "death" migrants. In the context of modern informatization of society, any workplace should be issued through an electronic application on the Labor Exchange. Receiving migrants to work without a message about the availability of the vacancy on the stock exchange must be prohibited. Foreigners can occupy jobs only in the absence of applications from domestic citizens, as is done in other countries, in particular in Germany. It is also advisable to increase the tax burden on working foreigners to reduce their competitiveness in the labor market. For example, it is twice to increase the cost of a patent for foreign citizens, whose size in St. Petersburg in 2016 is 3000 rubles per month.

The noted measures will help reduce the proposal of unqualified, cheap labor in the labor market, will limit the influx of foreign workers to Russia, and thus make market positions of workers stronger positions of employers, which are clearly dominated, which is ultimately expressed in low wages of the country's economy.

It should also be noted that the development of the labor market in Russia is restrained by the low working force mobility, which manifests itself only in the desire of residents of the rest of Russia to move to large megalopolises, primarily in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the level of salaries and income of the residents of which are distinguished against the background of the remaining Russian Regions, with the exception of the Tyumen region and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Such a state of affairs does not contribute to the development of a single economic space in Russia, which differs in Western European countries, where there is no such difference in the socio-economic development of the regions.

In addition to the fact that it is necessary to develop territories, create production and jobs, it is necessary to increase the mobility of the workforce, which could manifest itself in the right state to participate in priority projects in a particular region. First of all, measures are needed to ensure the permanent place of work at a certain region on request housing and the necessary attributes of social infrastructure for workers and members of their families: children's gardens and schools, clinics and hospitals, other social facilities. In fact, this means that it is necessary to return to the Soviet system of distribution of graduates of institutes in the country's enterprises. Only in modern conditions, this should not occur in coercion, but with the help of material incentives - for example, to ensure a housing worker in the region, provided that it will work in an enterprise or in the holding structure, which it represents at least 10 years. You can also limit the possibility of selling this property to a certain period to avoid speculation by those who want to extract from this unreasonable material benefit.

Of course, it is not a fact that many will agree to this, but will undoubtedly affect the increase in migration flows within the country and activates the labor market. Also, such a system could be linked to the all-Russian rating of universities, according to which the amount of compensation for one or another graduate would be varied. A lot of the practice of Soviet years was unnecessarily discarded, although many institutions of the planned economy functioned effectively. It should be borne in mind that the share of the state in the economy increases, in many markets there are state corporations, which consolidate the former once private assets, and large enterprises own businessmen close to the highest leadership of the country or completely loyal. In the presence of a pulse from above and sufficient political will, these transformations can increase the mobility of the Russian labor market and make ultimately the economic territory of the country is more uniform, without the sharp regional differences that are inherent in it now.

Of course, large facilities are needed to implement such a program, but taking into account how budget revenues are inefficiently spent, it can be found by reducing corruption and by optimizing other budget articles necessary funds. For example, the reduction in ineffective investment reports of large state corporations could improve the quality of corporate governance and strengthen the state system of a balanced economy.

The set of measures proposed above is preliminary. However, the implementation of some of them would help increase the level of wages and contribute to economic growth and increase the competitiveness of the economy of Russia and its regions through an increase in the consumption component, which is the most important component of GDP. They affect various interests, not everyone favorable and are cositive, but in the context of the crisis in which the domestic economy is located, such decisive actions could serve as a powerful impulse to the development of the domestic labor market as an integral element of the country's economy.

Russian Economic University named after George Valentinovich Plekhanov

Efimov Oleg Nikolaevich, Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management at the enterprises of trade and public catering of the Ufa Institute (branch) REU them. G. V. Plekhanov

Annotation:

The article presents the characteristics of the Russian labor market, identified on the basis of problems and trends of its development. The problems of the state of the labor market in Russia are considered, projections are made regarding its prospects and directions. Conclusions about the need for various educational programs. On the basis of statistical data, paradoxes and regularities of the labor market in Russia have been revealed, and a number of its specific features are presented.

This Paper PRESENTS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN LABOR MARKET, IDENTIFIED ON THE BASIS OF ISSUES AND TRENDS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. The Problems of the Labor Market in Russia, Made Projections of Its Prospects and Trends. Are Different Conclusions about the Need for Educational Programs. On The Basis of Statistical Data Revealed Paradoxes and Regularities of the Labor Market in Russia and Also Present A Number of Its Specific Features.

Keywords:

labor activity; unemployment; resources; branch of the economy; market relations; economically active population

lABOR ACTIVITY; unemployment; The Resources; Sector of the Economy; Market Relations; THE ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION

UDC 331.52.

The labor market is one of the most important elements of a market economy, which is characterized as a system based on private property, freedom of choice and competition. The peculiarity of this market is that the contract of contracts here is the ability of a person to work. Especially important forms here takes a change of economic order, as labor activity is the main source of income for a large number of people, and is also the main field of personality self-realization. Summarizing the foregoing, it can be concluded that the labor market is defined as a special sector of the economy, where the employees themselves carry out the knowledge and skills of their own forces, knowledge and skills.

The functions of the labor market are:

• in ensuring the production and scope of labor resources, their distribution between enterprises and various sectors of the economy
• in rational use, placement, labor regulation
• in providing employees to employees and authority to receive livelihood
• in coordination of the cost and criteria of labor between employees and employers
• in stimulating employees and employers

The basis of market relations is an independent regulation of the labor market. The main components of the labor market self-regulation are the demand and proposal, as well as competition between employees and employers of the firm. As a result of this mechanism, the proportions and level of employment are established. It depends on both the magnitude of wages and the size and structure of unemployment.

It is known that the demand for the labor market is a set of demand for the country's labor resources at their time, and the proposal is a cumulative proposal of workers' labor resources at all possible prices for labor. State employment policy, the level of development of education and vocational training systems, trade unions are the indicators that affect the demand and supply. The national differences of lifestyle are essential.

The main task of this article is to identify the peculiarities of the "Russian Way" in the field of employment.

The labor market in Russia and the situation that has developed on it is one of the most complicated and most confusing problems of the modern production market. The main influence has a poorly predicted human factor. In addition, the number of unemployed is gradually increasing in the labor market, while the number of people capable of work is reduced annually. In the era of globalization of the global economy, the main problem is the problem of ensuring better functioning of national labor markets. In front of the labor market there is an important and serious problem, which consists in creating conditions under which employees and employers could unhindered to interact with each other.

Another acute task is to ensure the stability of the equivalence of their relationship. An important component is to create such conditions in the labor market, in which employees and employers feel equally full and equal participants in labor relations. The main objective of the state is the problem of creating an effective labor market, as well as its development and maintenance.

To eliminate this problem, the state needs:

• Prepare true and full participants in the labor market, that is, employers and workers
• Try to provide all the layers and types of the population of high-quality and complete education
• Try to prepare qualified workers and specialists developed in many industries
• Create conditions under which participants will interact with each other
• Provide professional and territorial mobility of labor market participants
• Allow problems connected with housing and education
• To affect all regions of the country, all layers and population types
• Create peculiar rules
• Develop and create peculiar rules and conditions of action on the market, as well as regulate and monitor their observance
• Develop such legislation that would allow both employees and employers to feel the equal participants in labor relations
• And also, when analyzing the trends and problems of the development of the Russian labor market, it is very important to take into account the national characteristics of the regions

At the moment, the National Labor Market has a large number of serious and important problems. First of all, it is a solution to such issues as: the elimination of open unemployment, an increase in remuneration, decent pension provision of citizens, improving the labor insurance system, ensuring labor mobility, improving the level of labor productivity, ensuring employment efficiency, overcoming excessive division of income of various segments of the population and Many other questions. It is very important with all this to take into account the fact that an unfavorable demographic situation takes place in Russia. The Russian labor market must certainly be improved in the conditions of exceeding birth mortality. Another significant obstacle to the study of socio-labor relations in Russia is the presence of large sizes of the informal hidden sector of the economy.

Thus, the main problems of creating a fully working market of labor are raised to issues of education and professional mobility, as well as issues of legislation that regulate and control labor relations.

The most important thing in the modern labor market of each country is the situation of its population. The main component of which is unemployment. Unemployment exists in each country and differs only by its level. The immediate object of production can be regulated by the demand for workers.

From here it follows that the labor market is directly and directly related to the economy in the country, and also very much depends on it. Unemployment is called a socio-economic phenomenon, in which a part of the population capable of work cannot safely find a job. Such part of the population becomes a reserve army of labor.

It is believed that it is simply impossible to achieve equilibrium between supply and supply on the market. Such a situation as the inconsistency of the declared demand by the proposal to the proposal, is very part leads to the emergence of various types of situations.

Table 1 presents the unemployment level data in Russia, starting with 2000, finishing 2013.

Table 1. The unemployment rate in the Russian Federation in 2000-2013.

	Unemployed, thousand years	The number of economically active population, thousand people.	Unemployment rate, %

As we see from the table, the percentage of unemployment in recent years is reduced. Based on the methodology of the International Labor Organization, the level of overall unemployment in the first half of 2013 amounted to 5.8% of the economically active population, it is 1.6 times less than in 2000, and 0.9 times more than in 2007. Compared Since 2000, where the number of unemployed reached 7 thousand people, in 2013 this number has become much smaller, and equal to 4367 thousand people. These facts indicate that the labor market has almost completely recovered after the crisis.

Compare also the dimensions of unemployment benefits. If in 1996, the minimum unemployment benefit was equal to minimal wage, and the maximum amount of the benefit was not limited, since 2003, the minimum unemployment benefit was equal to 35% of the subsistence minimum, and the maximum benefit size was 100% of the subsistence minimum. By 2008, the maximum amount of unemployment benefits was equal to 3123 rubles, and the minimum amount of benefits was 780 rubles. By the end of 2008, the subsistence minimum was 4635 rubles, and the minimum wage for January 2009 was established in the amount of 4335 rubles. Based on the data provided by the International Labor Organization, it can be concluded that the trend in material support is the unemployed category of citizens deteriorates.

A very serious impact on the labor market has a demographic situation in the country, since the functioning of the labor market, the process is not how much consumption and use of labor, how much formation and production. In Russia, as in many developed countries of the world, a heavy demographic situation has developed. According to the data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service, for January 2010, the number of permanent population of the Russian Federation amounted to 141,927,298 people. At the same time, the number of economically active population on the results of the survey of the population on employment issues is 74,600 thousand people, which is 52% of the total population of the country.

Table 2 presents the number of economically active population in Russia.

Table 2. Economically active population in Russia.

On the basis of the table, we observe that in recent years there is an increase in the indicator. Thus, in 1995, the number of economically active population amounted to 70,740 thousand people, which is 0.95 times less than in 2005, and 1.05 less than in 2010.

It should be remembered that in the conditions of a negative demographic situation, economic growth is not long-term, since the aging of the economically active population is. By 2008, the number of employed in the economy was 70965 thousand people, while in January 2010 this figure was already 6,7700 thousand people. In 2009, there was a sharp decline in the number of employed in the economy, which is associated with the incredible crisis of 2008 and, and correspondingly increased unemployment.

The situation in the labor market, clearly characterizes the dynamics of demand for specialists from various directions. The data, the most popular professions in Russia for 2000, 2010 and 2014, is reflected in Table 3.

Table 3. The most demanded professions in Russia.

	Merchandel	Sales Manager	IT specialist
		Qualified workers	Design engineer
		Accountant
	Bank employee

Sources: 1). [Site] http://edunews.ru/ (date of handling: 03.11.2015).

2). Methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO)

Based on Table 3, it can be concluded that market trends significantly change every year. If in 2000, the merchandises are particularly valued, as well as in 2010, by 2014 the priority was the profession related to IT technologies. For 15 years, doctors have not come out of the top fives of the leading professions, since this profession will always be in demand.

Conclusion. Consequently, on the basis of all of the above data, it can be concluded that the labor market began to restore. By 2010, the situation was largely stabilized. But the full and final conclusions are wrong, since the Russian labor market will develop, improving every new year.

The formation of the labor market is hampered by a number of reasons. In modern Russia, such problems remain as a severe demographic situation, which acts itself on a constant influx of immigrants that fill in the country's labor. One problem involves another, and the following question is that with a constant immigration process, the threat of national security and the preservation of national culture begins.

At the moment, the nature of economic reforms in the country is contradictory, which does not allow to predict the exact date for the formation of an effective labor market. It is only known that to reduce the costs and period of Russia's entry into the civilized market, it is possible through the creation of a competitive environment in all markets for resources, services and goods, as well as through the formation of labor motivation among the population.

Bibliographic list:

1. Federal Law of 19.04.1991 N 1032-1 (Ed. Of October 18, 2007)
2. Gavrilenkov E. Russian economy: the prospect of macroeconomic policies // Economy issues, 2000, №4
3. Gritsyuk M. Rating of the most demanded professions in the labor market // Rossiyskaya Gazeta - 2010 - Federal Note No. 5207 (128)
4. Pochkova N.V. Trends in the Russian labor market // Russian Entrepreneurship - 2011 - Federal output number 11 (195)
5. Shurkalin A.K. Basics of economic theory // Infra-M, 2001
6. Yanbarisov R.G. Economic theory: Tutorial // "Forum": Infra-M, 2009 - 623 p.

Reviews:

11/26/2015, 21:03 Fedotova Tatyana Anatolyevna
Review: It is necessary to determine the work more carefully and edit, because There are unrelated and illogical proposals (for example: the most important thing in the modern labor market of each country is the situation of its population. The main component of which is unemployment.) In the annotation it is necessary to bring suggestions to one time: the present or past (presented, considered, are submitted) . Table 1 and all the more Table 2 must be updated - already have data for 2014. The amount of benefits is also analyzed for 1996, 2003 and 2008, but since 2008 it has changed significantly today. No author's proposals and development results. From uv. TA