GDZ on drawing 8 cl rd 161. Practical and graphic work on drawing

The reading of the drawing lies in the presentation on flat images of the volume form of the subject and in the definition of its size. This work is recommended to be carried out in such a sequence:

1. Read the main inscription drawing. From it, you can find out the name of the part, the name of the material from which it is manufactured, the scale of images and other information.

1. Determine which types of details are given in the drawing, which one is the main one.
2. Consider species in mutual communication and try to determine the form of details with all the details. This task helps the analysis of images, data in the drawing. Representing the geometric shape of each part of the part according to the drawing, they mentally unite them into a single whole.
3. Determine the size of the details and its elements according to the drawing. We give an example of reading the drawing of the part (first given questions to the drawing, and then answers to them).

Questions to the drawing (Fig. 143. Questions are compiled in a sequence corresponding to the correct reading order)

1. What is the name of the item?
2. What material does it make it?
3. What scale is the drawing?
4. What types does the drawing contain?
5. Describe the general form of the part.
6. What are the overall dimensions of the parts and the size of individual parts?

Fig. 143. Drawing of details

Answers to questions for drawing (see Fig. 143).

Read the drawing in Figure 145.

Fig. 145. Task for exercises

Questions for drawing

1. What is the name of the item?
2. What material is it made of?
3. What types are given in the drawing?
4. What geometric bodies is the form of the detail?
5. What parts of the details are shown on the main form two circles with a diameter of 10?
6. The image of which elements are circumference with a diameter of 18 and why they are carried out on the main form of the dash lines?
7. What are the overall dimensions of the part?

Practical work number 7. 1. Oral reading drawings

Read on the instructions of the teacher, one of the drawings in Figure 146. Answers to the questions write down in the notebook.

Fig. 146. Tasks for practical work number 7

Questions for reading drawings

1. What is the name of the item? What material does it make it?
2. What scale is specified in the drawing?
3. What images are the details?
4. What geometric bodies is formed by its form?
5. Describe the part form.
6. What are the overall dimensions? What is the magnitude of the geometric bodies forming the form of the part?

2. Solution of entertaining tasks

Fig. 148. Tasks for exercises

Graphic work number 8. Perform the drawing of the subject in three types with the transformation of its shape (by removing the part of the subject)

Fig. 151. Tasks for graphic work number 8

Guidelines for work. Tasks 1-4, as preparatory, follow in the working notebook, task 5, as the main one, on the A4 sheet. Images perform with the preservation of the proportions of the subject; Do not apply dimensions.

Workbook

Practical and graphic work on drawing

The notebook has developed a teacher of the highest category of drawing and from Nesterova Anna Alexandrovna Teacher MBOU "SOSH№1 G. LENSK"

Insertion

History of the occurrence of graphic ways of images and drawing

Drawings in Russia were manufactured by the "drawers", the mention of which can be found in the "Pushkar Order" Ivan IV..

Other images - drawings - drawings, were a view of the construction "From a bird's eye view"

At the end of the 12th century In Russia, large-scale images are introduced and dimensions are affixed. In the 18th century, Russian drawers and the King Peter і itself performed drawings by the method of rectangular projections (the founder of the method is French mathematician and engineer Gaspar Monzh). By order of Peter I, the teaching of the drawing was introduced in all technical educational institutions.

The entire history of the drawing development is inextricably linked with technical progress. Currently, the drawing has become a major document of business communication in science, technology, production, design, construction.

Create and check the machine drawing is impossible, not knowing the foundations of the graphic language. With whom you will meet by studying the subject"Drawing"

Varieties of graphic images

The task: sign image names.

Materials, accessories, drawing tools.

From the history

The Iron Circle was found on the territory of France in the Gallic Kurgan of the 1st century of our era. In the aspira, falling asleep nineteen centuries ago, archaeologists also discovered many bronze circles.

In ancient Russia, a circular ornament from small regular circles was common. Steel Circular Cutter was found in the excavation in Novgorod a great one.

Pencil got his name from the merger of two Turkic words:ka - Black I. tash - a rock. In the 16th century, the British found the deposits of graphite. Fragile rods were placed in an elegant frame of cane or mahogany and only at the end of the 18th century, Czech Y. Harmut proposed to make writing rods from a mixture of crushed graphite and clay. The rods for the letter were called "Kohinor" - "not having equal".

Protractor - a tool for degree and drawing angles made of tin or plastics.

Leaf - Thin plate with curved edges, which serves to draw curves (lectured) lines that cannot be carried out with a circulation.

Word eraser it turns out that happened from the abbreviated word "gummeylastic", which is translated asrubber.

Ready - a set of drawing tools and accessories laid in case.

Fixing material:

On the instructions of the teacher, students in the working notebook using drawing tools are carried out vertical, horizontal and inclined lines, as well as circumference.

The concept of GOSTs. Formats. Frame. Drawing lines.

Notebook, textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, accessories, F4

D / s:

Tools, notebook, textbook Ed. A. D. Botunnikova, issue F4 (without font)

Assimilate

Presentations of Gostas, ECCD, Formats, Main Hanging

Be able to:

Determine the thickness, drawing, type of lines when performing graphic images, arrange format.

Exercise 1

Graphic work number 1

"Formats. Frame. Drawing lines »

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova p. 20, accessories, F4

D / s:

Tools, notebook, textbook Ed. A. D. Botunnikova, Millimetrovka.

Assimilate

Drawing rules, the phase of work on the drawing.

Be able to:

Carefully and rationally work the drawing tools. Observe the drawing rules, drawing lines.

Examples of performance

Test tasks for graphic work number 1

Option number 1.

What designation according to GOST has a format size 210x297:

a) a1; b) a2; c) A4?

2. What is the thickness of the barchpuncting line, if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 0.8 mm:

a) 1mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.3 mm?

______________________________________________________________

Option number 2.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

At what place of the drawing is the main inscription:

a) in the lower left corner; b) in the lower right corner; c) in the upper right corner?

2. What size should the axial and center lines and center lines be performed for the contour:

a) 3 ... 5 mm; b) 5 ... 10 mm4 c) 10 ... 15 mm?

Option number 3.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What is the location of A4 format allowed by GOST:

A) vertical; b) horizontal; c) Vertical and horizontal?

2.. What is the thickness of a solid thin line, if a solid basic thick line is 1 mm in the drawing:

a) 0.3 mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.5 mm?

Option number 4.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

At what distance from the edges of the sheet spend the drawing frame:

a) on the left, on top, on the right and below - 5 mm; b) left, top and bottom - 10 mm, right - 25 mm; c) left - 20 mm, top, right and bottom - 5 mm?

2. What type of line axial and centered lines are performed on the drawings:

a) solid thin line; b) a barchpunctive line; C) Strike line?

Option number 5.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What sizes in GOST has A4 format:

a) 297x210 mm; b) 297x420 mm; c) 594x841 mm?

2. Depending on which line, the thickness of the drawing lines are selected:

a) barchpunctive line; b) a solid thin line; c) solid main thick line?

Fonts (GOST 2304-81)

Notebook, textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botninnikova, accessories, millimeters.

D / s:

Notebook, textbook §2.4 p. 23-24, millimeter.

Assimilate

Drawing font, basic drawing inscription.

Be able to:

Use the font when drawing drawing

Types of fonts:

Font dimensions:

Practical tasks:

Calculations of drawing font parameters

Relates.

the size

Size in mm.

3.5

Height

capital letters

3.5

Height

lowercase letters

0.7 һ

2.5

3.5

Distance between letters

0.2 һ

0.7

0.1

1.4

2.0

2.8

Minimal distance between string bases

1.7 һ

6.0

8.5

12.0

17.0

24.0

Minimum distance between words

0.6 һ

2.1

3.0

4.2

6.0

8.4

Thickness of letters

0.1 һ

0.35

0.5

0.7

0.1

1.4

Test tasks

Option number 1.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What a magnitude is taken for font size:

a) the height of the lowercase letter; b) the height of the capital letter; c) the height of the intervals between the lines?

Option number 2.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What is the height of the capital letter of the rift number 5:

a) 10 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 5 mm; d) 3.5 mm?

Option number 3.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What is the height of the lowercase letters having the protruding elements in, d, b, r, f:

a) height of the capital letter; b) height of the lowercase letter; c) more height of the capital letter?

Option number 4.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

Whether in writing uppercase and lowercase lettersA, E, T, G, and:

a) differ; b) do not differ; B) differ in writing individual elements?

Option number 5.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What corresponds to the height of the figures of the drawing font:

a) height of the lowercase letter; b) height of the capital letter; c) half the height of the capital letter?

Drawing. Scale

Notebook, textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, accessories.

D / s:

Notebook, textbook §2.5-2.6, F4 (vertical)

Assimilate

Dimensional application rules

Linear

Corner

Numbers in drawings

Signs R, Diameter, Square

Be able to:

Apply the sizes. Read sizes in drawings. Proper use scale

Dimensions are:

Signs that are used when drawing dimensions:

L -

R -

Ǿ -

The task:

Apply

Scale –

Test tasks

Option number 1.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

1. What length of the subject should be specified in the drawing, if it is equal to 1250 mm, and the scale of the image is 1:10:

a) 125: b) 1250; c) 12.5?

2. What letter should be applied before the dimensional number when specifying the thickness of the part:

a) r; b)L.; in)S.?

Option number 2.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

The drawing is set to 2: 1. How will linear dimensions of the image with linear dimensions of the Sprieced Item:

a) the image is more than the valid value of the subject; b) the image corresponds to the valid value of the subject; c) an image of less than the valid value of the subject?

Option number 3.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What scale is preferable for the performance of the Detail:

a) increase; b) reduction; C) Natural?

2. What denotes the R sign, applied before the dimensional number:

a) circumference length; b) circle diameter; c) circle radius?

Option number 4.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

Which of the options corresponds to the scale of reduction:

a) m 1: 2; b) m 1: 1; c) m 2: 1?

2. What is the minimum distance between the image circuit and the dimensional line:

a) 5 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 10 mm?

Exercise on fixing material

(work with color pencil)

Graphic work number 2

"Flat Drawing"

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, Accessories, F4 (vertical)

D / s:

Notebook, textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, Accessories (Circul)

Assimilate

Difference rules, drawing design (fonts, lines).

Be able to:

Perform drawing, apply the sizes, use drawing tools.

Cards - Tasks

1 option

2 option

3 option

4 option

Conjugation. Geometric constructions

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, accessories (Circul).

D / s:

Notebook, textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botninnikova, Accessories (Circul), F4, §15.2 -15.3 Fig.137

Assimilate

Rules for constructing parallel and perpendicular direct, conjugations of angles, two parallel direct, straight and circumference and division of the circle to equal parts, constructing the right polygons.

Be able to:

Perform geometric constructions using drawing tools. Read drawing.

Pairing -

Fixing the material studied:

Perform the drawing of the door key

Conjugation of stupid, acute and direct corners

Geometric constructions

Dividing circle on 5 and 10 parts

Dividing circle on 4 and 8 parts

Dividing circle on 3, 6 and 12 parts

Segment dividing on 9 parts

Projection. Projection method. Projection on one projection plane

D / s:

Accessories, 2 match boxes, textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova p. 31-34 Read.

Assimilate

Basics of projection. Concepts: Center, perpendicular, parallel

Be able to:

Analyze the form of the item, mapping on the plane.

Obtaining images on 2 planes of projections.

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, accessories, notebook.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova §4 p. 37-38.

Assimilate

The rules of the image of the shape on the mutually perpendicular plane. Basics of rectangular projection method.

Be able to:

To be able to build projections on 2 planes of projections.

The exercise:

Make models from match boxes, as shown in Fig. 56 a. Compare the drawings of the models with their visual images. Make yourself another one - two models of two or three boxes and perform their drawings.

Practical task:

Using a visual image, build a horizontal projection. Apply the sizes.

Task for repetition:

Obtaining images for 3 projection planes

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova §4 -5 p.37-38 Fig. 51.

Assimilate

Procedure for projection by 3 planes. The number of types of types used on technical drawings. Principles of choosing a major type.

Be able to:

Perform a drawing of a simple form. Select the number of species. Read a simple form drawing.

Oral work:

Frontally on the chalkboard to build a third kind of detail

Fastening material

Practical work:

According to these types, build the third. Scale 1: 1

Option number 1

Option number 2.

Option number 3.

Option number 4.

Location of species. Local species. Tasks for drawing up drawings on scattered images

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, accessories, notebook, tracing.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botnennikova §5 Fig. 55-56, scissors, glue, wire, matchboxes, colored paper.

Assimilate

Procedure for projection on the plane. The number of types of types used on technical drawings. Principles of choosing a major type.

Be able to:

Perform a drawing of a simple form, choosing the required number of species in accordance with the gtales. Read a simple form drawing.

View –

What is called local species?

Fastening material

Write the answers to the working notebook:

Option number 1

Option number 2.

Practical work number 3.

"Modeling according to the drawing."

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, Wire or Cardboard, Matchbox, glue, etc.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova

Assimilate

Methods for modeling according to the drawing.

Be able to:

Guidelines for work

For the manufacture of a model from a cardboard, first cut its workpiece. The size of the workpiece is determined by the image of the part (Fig. 58). Next (outline) cutouts. Cut them by outlined contour. Remove the cut parts and curb the model drawing. In order for the cardboard after the bending, it is not straightened, in the bend place to read from the outside of the line some sharp object.

Wire for modeling it is necessary to use a soft, arbitrary length (10 - 20 mm).

Procedure for building images in the drawings

tools, tutorial, notebook, cart

D / s:

§13, F A4, color pencils, accessories.

Assimilate

Be able to:

Build cutouts and cuts, perform technical pattern of elements.

Fastening material

The task:

Option number 1 Option number 2

Fastening material

The task:

In the working notebook, perform the drawing of the part in the 3 types. Apply.

Option number 3 Option number 4

Analysis of the geometric shape of objects. The bodies of rotation. Group of geometric tel.

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, accessories, notebook.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova §10, 11, 16, color pencils.

Assimilate

Rules for performing drawings of geometric bodies.

The sequence of reading a group of geometric bodies.

Be able to:

Fastening material

Work on cards

Fastening material

Using color pencils, check the card.

Analysis of geometric form

Drawing of details on two data

instruments,

D / s:

f A4, Tools

Assimilate

Be able to:

Analyze drawings, give an accurate verbal characteristic of the object shown in the drawing.

Obtaining axonometric projections of flat figures

Homework:

Repeat clause 7-7.2; Complete Table 1 Construction.

Equipment for students:

textbook "Drawing" ed. Botunnikova A. D., Workbook, drawing accessories.

Square in dimectric projection

The task:

Build a square in isometric projection

Triangle in Dimetry Triangle in Isometric

Hexagon in dimethics and isometric

The task:

Build a hexagon in isometric projection

The task:

Axonometric projections volumetric tel

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova, Notebook, Tools.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova p. 49 Table # 2, §7-8.

Assimilate

Rules for building axonometric projections. Methods for building a bulk part in isometric.

Be able to:

Build images in axonometry starting with flat figures lying at the base of the part. Learning to analyze the resulting images.

Task for repetition:

Build on the horizontal plane of the projection geometric shape.

Amount (extension)

Continue

Task for fixing

Accidentometric projection details with cylindrical elements

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, accessories, notebook.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova § 7-8.

Assimilate

Rules for constructing parts with a curve surface. The general concept of "Axonometry of the part".

Be able to:

Analyze the part form, the resulting image.

Ellipse -

Oval -

Algorithm for constructing ovala

1. We will construct an isometric view of the square - rhombus Abcd.

2. Denote the intersection points of the circle with a square 1 2 3 4

3. From the summit of rhombus ( D. ) We spend straight to the point 4 (3). We get a cut D. 4, which will be equal to the radius of the arc R. .

4. Hold an arc that connect points 3 and 4 .

5. When crossing the segment AT 2 and AC we get a point O1.

When crossing the segment D. 4 and AC we get a point O2.

6. From the obtained centers O1 and O2. carry out ards R. 1 which connect points 2 and 3, 4 and 1.

Fastening a new material

! Work in the working notebook

The task:

Perform isometric circumference circle parallel front and profile projection planes.

Drawing and visual image details

F A4, Tools, Tutorial

D / s:

§12, Cataca

Assimilate

Zun.

Be able to:

Analyze the details form, build 3 types of details and apply the sizes.

Technical figure

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botninnikov§9, accessories, notebook.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botvinnikova § 9

Assimilate

Rules for performing technical drawings and receptions of the part.

Be able to:

Perform axonometric projections with the image of flat figures. Perform a technical drawing.

Technical figure –

Hatching Methods:

Fastening material

Perform the technical pattern of the details, two species of which are given in Fig. 62.

Projections of vertices, ribs and facest faces

Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova, accessories, notebook, color pencils.

D / s:

Accessories, Textbook "Drawing" ed. A. D. Botunnikova §12, F4, color pencils.

Assimilate

Ways to highlight the point on the plane. Principles of constructing ribs and faces.

Be able to:

Build the projection of the point and face.

? Problem

What is a rib?

What is the vertex of the subject?

What is the face of the subject?

Point projection

Practical work:

Establive projections

points in the drawing Details marked on a visual image.

IN)

Graphic work number 9.

Sketch details and technical drawing

D / s:

Tools, millimeters, F4, § 18

Assimilate

What is a sketch. Rules for performing a sketch

Be able to:

Sketch in the required quantity of species. By sketch, perform a drawing.

What is calledsketch ?

Fastening material

Tasks for exercise

Differences with the form of the subject

tools, textbook, notebook, tracing.

D / s:

Fig. 113 (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9)

Assimilate

The general rule of drawing in the drawing.

Be able to:

Repetition and fixing the material passed.

Oral exercise

Practical work:

Cutouts and sections on geometric bodies

Elements of details

SLOT - Groove in the form of a slot or groove on the parts of the machines. For example, a slot in the screw head or screw, which inserts the end of the screwdriver when they are screwed.

GROOVE - oblong recess or hole on the surface of the part, limited from the sides of parallel planes.

Lysk. - flat slice with one or two sides of cylindrical, conical or spherical parts of the part. Lyas are designed to capture a wrench and others.

Pier - This is a ring groove on the rod, technologically necessary to exit a threaded tool in the manufacture of parts or other purposes.

Shponchny's groove - Slit in the form of a groove, which serves to install the key, which transmits rotation from the shaft to the sleeve and vice versa.

Hole center - Element of parts that serves to reduce its mass, supplying lubrication to rubbing surfaces, connecting parts and other holes can be through and deaf.

CHAMFER - Trip on a truncated cylindrical edge cone.

The task: Instead of numbers write the names of the part items

The task: Perform aksonometric projection details

Practical work number 7.

"Reading drawings"

Tutorial, notebook, leaf.

D / s:

Millimeter, §17

Assimilate

Master the methods for building 3 types, analysis of the geometric shape of the subject, know the names of the items of the part.

Be able to:

Analyze drawing, define dimensions, give an accurate verbal characteristic

Graphic dictation

"Drawing and technical drawing details on verbal description"

Format (notebook), tools

D / s:

Tools, millimeters.

Assimilate

Rules for performing sketches

Be able to:

Determine the necessary and sufficient type for this part. Choose the main look. Dimension.

Option number 1

Housing It is a combination of two parallelepipeds, of which the smaller delivered by a large base at the center of the top base of another parallelepiped. Through the centers of parallelepipeds, a through stepped hole is vertically.

Total height of 30 mm details.

The height of the lower parallelepiped is 10 mm, length 70 mm, width 50 mm.

The second parallelepiped has a length of 50 mm, a width of 40 mm.

The diameter of the lower level of the opening of 35 mm, the height is 10 mm; The diameter of the second stage is 20 mm.

Note:

Option 2.

Support It is a rectangular parallelepiped, to the left (smallest) face of which is attached a semi-cylinder with a total lower base with a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of parallelepiped, along its long side, the grooves of the prismatic form passes. Based on the part there is a through hole of the prismatic form. Its axis coincides on top view with the axis of the groove.

The height of the parallelepipeda is 30 mm, length is 65 mm, width 40 mm.

Height half cylinder 15 mm, baseR. 20 mm.

The width of the groove of the prismal form 20 mm, the depth of 15 mm.

Hole width 10 mm, length 60 mm. There is a hole at a distance of 15 mm on the right side of the support.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option 3.

Housing It is a combination of a square prism and a truncated cone, which is a big base in the center of the top base of the prism. Along the cone axis passes through a stepped hole.

Total part height 65 mm.

The height of the prism is 15 mm, the size of the base of the base is 70x70 mm.

The height of the cone is 50 mm, the lower base is 50 mm, the upper - ǿ 30 mm.

The diameter of the lower part of the opening is 25 mm, the height is 40 mm.

The diameter of the upper part of the opening is 15 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option 4.

Sleeve It is a combination of two cylinders with a stepped through hole, which passes along the axis of the part.

Total height of 60 mm details.

The height of the lower cylinder is 15 mm, the base is 70 mm.

The base of the second cylinder ǿ 45 mm.

Hole below ǿ 50 mm, height 8 mm.

The upper part of the hole is 30 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 5.

Base It is a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of parallelepiped, along its long side, the grooves of the prismatic form passes. There are two cross-cutting cylindrical holes. The centers of the holes will be removed from the ends of the part at a distance of 25 mm.

The height of the parallelepipeda is 30 mm, the length is 100 mm, the width is 50 mm.

PAZ depth 15 mm, width 30 mm.

Hole diameters 20 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option 6.

Housing It is a cube, along the vertical axis of which pass through a hole: on top of a decayonic one, and then turning into a step-cylindrical.

Cube of 60 mm cube.

The depth of the hole of the 12 mold hole is 35 mm, the upper base is 40 mm, the lower - ǿ 20 mm.

The height of the lower stage of the opening of 20 mm, the base is 50 mm. The diameter of the middle part of the hole is 20 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 7.

Support It is a combination of a parallelepiped and a truncated cone. The cone is a large base in the center of the top base of the parallelepiped. In the center of the smaller side faces of the parallelepiped pass two cuts of the prismatic form. Along the axis of the cone drilled through a hole of the cylindrical shape ǿ 15 mm.

Total height of 60 mm details.

The height of the parallelepiped is 15 mm, the length is 90 mm, the width is 55 mm.

The diameters of the base of the cone 40 mm (lower) and 30 mm (top).

The length of the seal of the prismatic form is 20 mm, width is 10 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 8.

Housing It is a hollow rectangular parallelepiped. In the center of the upper and lower base of the case there are two tides of conical shape. Through the centers of tides passes through the cylindrical shape ǿ 10 mm.

The total height of the detail is 59 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped 45 mm, length 90 mm, width 40 mm. The wall thickness of the parallelepiped is 10 mm.

The height of the cones is 7 mm, the base is 30 mm and ǿ 20 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 9.

Support It is a combination of two cylinders with one common axis. Through the axis passes through a hole: on top of a prismatic shape with a square base, and then a cylindrical shape.

The overall height of the part 50 mm.

The height of the lower cylinder is 10 mm, the base is 70 mm. The diameter of the base of the second cylinder is 30 mm.

The height of the cylindrical opening is 25 mm, the base is 24 mm.

The base side of the prismoid hole is 10 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Test

Graphic work number 11.

"Drawing and visual image of details"

A3 format, tools

D / s:

Tools, notebook, tutorial.

The task:

According to axonometric projection, build the drawing of the detail in the required amount of 1: 1 species. Apply the sizes.

Graphic work number 10.

"Sketch of details with design elements"

tools, tutorial, millimeter

D / s:

Tools, millimeters.

Assimilate

Rules for performing a sketch

Be able to:

Sketch, properly lifted

The task:

Perform the drawing of the part that has been removed parts of the applied markup. The direction of projection to build the main type is indicated by the arrow.

Graphic work number 8.

"Drawing of details c. transformation of its shape "

tools, F4, Tutorial

D / s:

Tools, millimeters.

Assimilate

Be able to:

Perform drawing

General concept on form conversion. Drawing connection with markup

Tutorial, notebook, millimeter, accessories

D / s:

Tutorial Fig. 151 (Meet), F4

Assimilate

Be able to:

Analyze the form. Perform drawing in orthogonal rectangular projection.

Graphic work

Perform the drawing of the subject in three types with the conversion of its shape (by removing the part of the subject)

The task:

Perform the technical picture of the part by making it instead of the protrusions marked with arrows, the recesses of the same shape and sizes in the same place.

Logical Task

Subject "Design of drawings"

Subject "Drawing tools and accessories"

Crossword "Projections"

1.Tochka, from which projection rays proceed with central projection.

2. What is obtained as a result of modeling.

3. Grand Cuba.

4. The image obtained in projection.

5. In this axonometric projection, the axis is located at an angle of 120 ° to each other.

6. In Greek, this word means "double dimension".

7. Side view of the face, subject.

8. Curve, isometric circumference.

9. The image on the profile plane of projections is the view ...

Rebus on the topic "View"

Rebus

Subject "Sweep geometric bodies"

Crossword "Axonometry"

Vertically:

Translated from French "Front View".

The concept in drawing on what the projection of the point or subject is obtained.

The border between the halves of the symmetric part in the drawing.

Geometric body.

Drawing tool.

Translated from the Latin language to "throw, discard forward".

Geometric body.

Science of graphic images.

Unit of measurement.

Translated from the Greek language "Double Measure".

Translated from the French side view.

The drawing "she" is thick, thin, wavy, etc.

Technical dictionary of drawing

Axonometry

Algorithm

Analysis of the geometric form of the subject

Boss

Burture

Shaft

Vertex

View

Type of chief

Viewadditional

View of local

Screw

Sleeve

Gabritis

Nut

Fillet

Geometric body

Horizontal

Graduated

Face

Division of circumference

Segment division

Diameter

ESKD

Treatment tools

Calca

Pencil

Layout drawing

Design

Circuit

Cone

Curves lectal

Circular curves

Leaf

Rulers

Line - Folding

Remote line

Transition line

Line dimensional

Line solid

Strode line

Barchpunctry line

Lysk

Scale

Method Monta

Polyhedron

Polygon

Modeling

The inscription is the main

Application

Stroke drawing

Break

Oval

Ovoid

Circle

Circle in aksonometric projection

Ornament

Axonometric axes

Axis of rotation

The axis of projections

Axis of symmetry

Hole

Groove

Shponchny's groove

Parallelepiped

Pyramid

Plane of projections

Prism

Axonometric projections

Projection

Projection isometric rectangular

Projection Frontal Dimetric Koshogol

Projections

Pier

Scan

The size

Dimensions of dimensions

Dimensions constructive

Sizes coordinating

Dimensionsdesign elements

Break

Frame of drawing

Edge

Picturetechnical

Symmetry

Conjugation

Standard

Standardization

Arrows

Scheme

TOR

Point of conjugation

Protractor

Corolbles

Simplifications and conventions

Chamfer

Formats drawings

Frontal

Proceeding Center

Conmark Center

Cylinder

Compass

Drawing

Work drawing

Drawing

Number dimensional

Reading drawing

Washer

Ball

Slot

Shraffing

Font

Hatching

Sharchka in axonometry

Ellipse

Sketch

2.1. The concept of ECD standards. If each engineer or draft performed and drawing up the drawings in its own way, without observing uniform rules, then such drawings would not be understood by others. To avoid this, state standards of a unified system of design documentation (ECCD) are accepted in the USSR.

ECCD standards are regulatory documents that establish uniform rules for the implementation and design of design documents in all industries. Design documents include drawings of parts, assembly drawings, schemes, some text documents, etc.

Standards are installed not only on design documents, but also on certain types of products manufactured by our enterprises. Government standards (GOST) are mandatory for all enterprises and individuals.

Each standard is assigned its number with a simultaneous indication of the year of its registration.

Standards from time to time revise. Changes to standards are associated with the development of industry and improving engineering graphics.

For the first time in our country, standards for drawings were introduced in 1928 called "Drawings for all types of mechanical engineering". In the future, they were replaced with new ones.

2.2. Formats. The main inscription drawing. Drawings and other design documents of industry and construction are performed on sheets of certain sizes.

For economical spending paper, ease of storage of drawings and using them, the standard sets certain sheet formats that will be powered by a thin line. In school, you will enjoy the format, the size of the sides of which is 297x210 mm. It is denoted A4.

Each drawing must have a frame that limits its field (Fig. 18). Frame lines - solid thick main. They are carried out on top, on the right and from the bottom at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame, performed by a solid thin line, which covers the sheets. On the left side - at a distance of 20 mm from it. This strip is left to binder drawings.

Fig. 18. Registration of a sheet of format A4

In the drawings in the lower right corner there are the main inscription (see Fig. 18). The form, sizes and content of it sets the standard. On training school drawings you will perform the main inscription in the form of a rectangle with the parties 22x145 mm (Fig. 19, a). The sample of the completed primary inscription is shown in Figure 19, b.

Fig. 19. Basic learning drawing inscription

Production drawings performed on A4 sheets are only vertically, and the main inscription on them is only along the short side. In the drawings of other formats, the main inscription can be placed along the long, and along the short side.

In the form of an exception on the study drawings of the A4 format, the main inscription is allowed to have both along the long and along the short side of the sheet.

Before starting the drawing, the sheet is applied to the drawing board. To do this, attach it with one button, for example, in the upper left corner. Then they put onto the board and have the top edge of the sheet parallel to its edge, as shown in Figure 20. Press the sheet of paper to the board, attach it to the buttons first in the lower right corner, and then in the rest of the corners.

Fig. 20. Preparation of sheet to work

Frame and graphs of the main inscription are performed by a solid thick line.

What dimensions is the A4 sheet? At what distance from the outer frame should be drawing lines of the drawing? Where do the main inscription in the drawing? Name its size. Consider Figure 19 and list which information indicate it.

2.3. Lines. When performing drawings, lines of different thickness and drawing are used. Each of them has its own purpose.

Fig. 21. Drawing lines

Figure 21 shows the image of a detail called roller. As you can see, the drawing of the part contains different lines. In order for the image to be all clear, the state standard sets the lines in and indicates their main purpose for all industry drawings and construction. In the lessons of technical and maintenance work, you have already used different lines. Recall them.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the thickness of the lines of the same type should be the same for all images on this drawing.

Information about the drawing lines are given on the first driver.

1. What is the purpose of a solid thick main line?
2. What line is called a barcode? Where is it used? What is the thickness of this line?
3. Where is used in the drawing barccotted thin line? What is its thickness?
4. In what cases in the drawing use a solid thin line? What thickness should she be?
5. What line is shown on the scan of the fold line?

Figure 23 You see the image of the part. On it figures 1.2, etc. Different lines are marked. Make a table on this sample in the working notebook and fill it out.

Fig. 23. Task for exercises

Graphic work number 1

Prepare a sheet of drawing paper A4 format. Draw the framework and graphs of the main inscription in the dimensions indicated in Figure 19. Spend various lines as shown in Figure 24. You can choose another location of lines on the sheet.

Fig. 24. Task for graphic work number 1

The main inscription can be placed both along the short and along the long side of the sheet.

2.4. Drawing fonts. Dimensions of letters and figures of the drawing font. All inscriptions in the drawings must be made of drawing font (Fig. 25). Inscription letters and figures of the drawing font is set by the standard. The standard determines the height and width of the letters and numbers, the thickness of the stroke lines, the distance between the letters, words and lines.

Fig. 25. Inscriptions in the drawings

An example of constructing one of the letters in the auxiliary grid is shown in Figure 26.

Fig. 26. An example of building a letter

The font can be both tilted (about 75 °) and without inclination.

The standard establishes the following font dimensions: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5; 3.5; five; 7; 10; fourteen; twenty; 28; 40. For the size (h) of the font, the value is made determined by the height of the capital (title) letters in millimeters. The height of the letter is measured perpendicular to the base of the string. The lower elements of the letters d, c, u and the upper element of the letter is performed due to the gaps between the rows.

The thickness (d) of the font line is determined depending on the height of the font. It is 0.1h;. The width (g) letters are chosen equal to 0.6h or 6d. Width of the letters a, d, g, m, f, x, c, etc., sh, b, s, yu more than this value of 1 or 2d (including lower and upper elements), and the width of the letters g, 3, with less on d.

The height of the lowercase letters approximately corresponds to the height of the next smaller font size. Thus, the height of the lowercase letters of size 10 is 7, size 7 is 5, etc. The upper and lower elements of the lowercase letters are performed due to the distances between the rows and go beyond the row on 3D. The width of most lowercase letters is 5D. The width of the letters a, m, c, b is equal to 6D, letters w, t, f, sh, etc., y, y - 7d, and letters s, s - 4d.

The distance between letters and numbers in words is taken equal to 0.2h or 2d, between words and numbers of -0,6h or 6d. The distance between the lower rows rules take 1.7H or 17D.

The standard establishes another type of font - type A, narrower than just considered.

The height of letters and numbers in the drawings made in the pencil must be at least 3.5 mm.

The drawing of the Latin alphabet in GOST is shown in Figure 27.

Fig. 27. Latin font

How to write drawing font. It is necessary to draw up drawings with inscriptions. Inflexible inscriptions or casually applied numbers of different numbers may be incorrectly understood when reading the drawing.

To learn to write beautifully drawing fonts, first for each letter draw the grid (Fig. 28). After mastering the skills of writing letters and numbers, you can only carry out the top and bottom line lines.

Fig. 28. Examples of inscriptions drawing font

The contours of letters are planned with thin lines. Making sure that the letters are written correctly, drive them down with a soft pencil.

For letters G, D, and, I, L, M, P, T, X, C, W, you can only spend two auxiliary lines at a distance equal to their height of A.

For letters B, V, E, N. P, U, h, b, s, b. I should add another one between the two horizontal lines in the middle, which is performed by the average elements. And for the letters 3, O, F, YU spend four lines, where the middle lines indicate the boundaries of the rounds.

To quickly perform inscriptions, drawing fonts sometimes use various stencils. The main inscription you will fill in the font 3.5, the name of the drawing is font 7 or 5.

1. What does the font size fit?
2. What is the width of the capital letters?
3. What is the height of the lower case letters of size 14? What is their width?

1. Perform in the working notebook but the task of the teacher several inscriptions. You can, for example, write your surname, name, home address.
2. Fill out the main inscription on the graphic sheet No. 1 with the following text: Dwelle (surname), checked (surname Teacher), School, Class, Drawing No. 1, Title of work "Lines".

2.5. How to apply dimensions. To determine the value of the drawn product or any part of it, but the drawing is applied to it. Dimensions are separated on linear and angular. Linear dimensions characterize the length, width, thickness, height, diameter, or radius of the measured part of the product. The angular size characterizes the magnitude of the angle.

Linear dimensions in drawings indicate in millimeters, but the designation unit is not applied. The angular dimensions indicate degrees, minutes and seconds with the measurement unit designation.

The total number of sizes in the drawing should be the smallest, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.

Dimensional rules are set by the standard. Some of them you already know. Recall them.

1. Dimensions in drawings indicate dimensional numbers and dimensional lines. For this, the remote lines are first carried out perpendicular to the segment whose size indicates (Fig. 29, a). Then, at a distance of at least 10 mm from the contour, the parts are carried out parallel to it dimension line. The dimensional line is limited from both sides by arrows. What an arrow should be, shown in Figure 29, b. The remote lines go out of the ends of the arrow of the dimensional line by 1 ... 5 mm. Remote and dimensional lines are carried out with a solid thin line. Above the dimension line, closer to its middle, is caused a dimensional number.

Fig. 29. Drawing linear dimensions

2. If there are several dimensional lines in the drawing parallel to each other, then smaller size is applied closer to the image. So, in Figure 29, in first the size 5 is applied, and then 26 so that the remote and dimensional lines in the drawing are not intersected. The distance between the parallel size lines must be at least 7 mm.

3. For the designation of the diameter before the dimensional number, a special sign is applied - a circle crossed by the line (Fig. 30). If the dimensional number inside the circle is not placed, it is carried out beyond the limits of the circle, as shown in Figure 30, B and the city are similarly incurred by applying the size of the straight line segment (see Fig. 29, B).

Fig. 30. Drawing of circles

4. To designate the radius in front of the dimensional number, the capital Latin letter R is written (Fig. 31, a). The dimensional line to indicate the radius is carried out, as a rule, from the center of the arc and end the arrow on one side, resting to the arc point of the circle.

Fig. 31. Drawing arcs and angle

5. When specifying the size of the angle, the dimensional line is carried out as an arc of the circle with a center at the top of the angle (Fig. 31, b).

6. Before the dimensional number indicating the side of the square element, the sign "Square" (Fig. 32) is applied. At the same time, the height of the sign is equal to the height of the numbers.

Fig. 32. Square size

7. If the dimensional line is located vertically or obliquely, the dimensional numbers have, as shown in Figures 29, B; thirty; 31.

8. If the item has several identical elements, then the drawing is recommended to apply the size of only one of them with an indication of the number. For example, writing on the drawing "3 resp. 0 10 "means that there are three identical holes with a diameter of 10 mm in the details.

9. When depicting flat parts in one projection, the thickness of the part is indicated as shown in Figure 29, B. Please note that in front of the dimensional number indicating the thickness of the part is the Latin lowercase letter 5.

10. It is allowed to specify the detail in a similar way (Fig. 33), but in addition to the dimensional number in this case, the Latin letter is written l..

Fig. 33. Drawing size size

1. In which units are linear dimensions on machine-building drawings express?
2. What thickness should be remote and dimensional lines?
3. What distance leave between the contour of the image and the dimensional lines? Between dimensional lines?
4. How do the dimensional numbers on the inclined dimensional lines?
5. What signs and letters are applied before the dimensional number when specifying the size of diameters and radii?

Fig. 34. Task for exercises

1. List in the workbook, retaining the proportion, the image of the part given in Figure 34 by increasing it 2 times. Apply the required dimensions, specify the thickness of the part (it is 4 mm).
2. Draw in the working notebook of the circle, the diameters of which are equal to 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm. Apply their size. Draw an arc of a circle with radii 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm and apply dimensions.

2.6. Scale. In practice, it is necessary to perform images of very large parts, such as the parts of the aircraft, the ship, cars, and very small - parts of the hourly mechanism, some devices, etc. images of large parts may not fit on sheets of standard format. Small details that can be barely noticeable with the naked eye, it is impossible to draw in the natural value of existing drawing tools. Therefore, when drawing large parts, their image is reduced, and the small increases compared with the actual dimensions.

Scale is the ratio of linear dimensions of the image of the subject to valid. The scales of the images and their designation in the drawings sets the standard.

Scale Reduction-1: 2; 1: 2.5; 1: 4; 1: 5; 1:10, etc.
Natural value-1: 1.
Scale zoom-2: 1; 2.5: 1; 4: 1; 5: 1; 10: 1, etc.

The scale is most desirable 1: 1. In this case, when performing an image, you do not need to recalculate the dimensions.

Scale is recorded as follows: M1: 1; M1: 2; M5: 1, etc. If the scale is indicated in the drawing in a graph specifically designed for this, the scope of the main inscription is not written before designation.

It should be remembered that, in whatever scale, the image is carried out, the dimensions in the drawing are valid valid, i.e. those that should have the part in nature (Fig. 35).

Corner sizes when decreasing or increasing the image do not change.

1. What is the scale for?
2. What is called scale?
3. What are you known to the magnification scale set by the standard? What are you known for a decrease scale?
4. What are the records: M1: 5; M1: 1; M10: 1?

Fig. 35. Drawing of the gasket made at various scales

Graphic work number 2
Drawing "Flat Details"

Perform drawings of the "laying" details on the available half images separated by the axis of symmetry (Fig. 36). Apply the dimensions, specify the thickness of the part (5 mm).

Perform work on A4 sheet sheet. Scale image 2: 1.

Guidelines for work. Figure 36 is given only half an image of the part. You need to imagine how the item will look completely, remembering the symmetry, sketching its image on a separate sheet. Then go to the performance of the drawing.

On the sheet of A4 format, the frame is drawn and highlight the place for the main inscription (22x145 mm). Determine the center of the working field of the drawing and the image is based on it.

Initially, the axis of symmetry is carried out, build a rectangle with thin lines, corresponding to the general form of the part. After that, images of rectangular items details are placed.

Fig. 36. Tasks for graphic work number 2

Having determined the situation of the centers of the circle and semicircle, conduct them. Dimensions of elements and dimensional, i.e., the largest in length and height, the size of the part, indicate its thickness.

Drop the drawing with lines set by the standard: first - circles, then horizontal and vertical straight. Fill the main inscription and check the drawing.

Graphic and credit work on the subject "Drawing" allow you to organize an independent, individual and collective work in the lessons, taking into account the characteristics of students.

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Starting control of learning on drawing in grade 8 (for grade 7)

Surname, class: _________________________________________________________

1. What is the subject of studying the subject "Drawing"? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How deciphered: e with k d?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Name the main lines of the drawing: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Write the known dimensions of the drawing font and the angle of inclination of letters for the inclined font type B: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the types of triangles: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Name the types of quadrangles: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. List the names of geometric tel: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Varieties of corners and their designation: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is a pairing? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7th grade

1. On horizontal

1. Build four circle radius30 mm each
2. 3, 4, 5 and 6 equal parts

7th grade

Graphic work on drawing

"Division of the circle on equal parts" Task:

1. On horizontal Located notebook sheet in the center of the working field to conduct an axial (center) line to further build circles on it.

Type of line-shaped thin line.

1. Building circles start from the middle of the center line.
2. Build four circle radius30 mm each With the help of a circulation. To pay attention to the fact that the construction of the circle begins with the construction of a perpendicular second center line passing through the center of the circle.
3. From left to right built circles alternately divided previously learned methods3, 4, 5 and 6 equal parts. Auxiliary to build a line Save.
4. As a result of the work, four regular polygons entered the circumference should be obtained.

7th grade

Graphic work on drawing

"Division of the circle on equal parts" Task:

1. On horizontal Located notebook sheet in the center of the working field to conduct an axial (center) line to further build circles on it.

Type of line-shaped thin line.

1. Building circles start from the middle of the center line.
2. Build four circle radius30 mm each With the help of a circulation. To pay attention to the fact that the construction of the circle begins with the construction of a perpendicular second center line passing through the center of the circle.
3. From left to right built circles alternately divided previously learned methods3, 4, 5 and 6 equal parts. Auxiliary to build a line Save.
4. As a result of the work, four regular polygons entered the circumference should be obtained.

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Drawing - Grade 7

_________________________________________

Graphic work on the topic of the drawing line.

Work with drawing tools. "

1. Draw a square with a side of 15 cm in the working notebook on a separate sheet.
2. Split the square with a diagonal spent from the left lower corner.
3. In the following constructions as a result of dividing areas:

A) in the same area to carry out horizontal lines with an interval of 1 cm.

B) in another area, vertical lines with an interval of 0.5 cm.

_______________________________________________________________

Circuit work on the topic "The subject" Drawing ". Blueprints"

1. What studies the "Drawing" object?
2. What do they call the drawing?
3. List the drawing tools used in the screaming lessons at school.
4. List the area of \u200b\u200bthe industry where the drawings use.
5. What can be determined by the drawing of the product, "reading" it?

When answering questions, it is not necessary to rewrite the question itself.

Need to write its sequence number and answer

Above the square to draw an equally chained trapezium with the bases of 120 mm (lower) and 70 mm (top). The height of the trapezium is 50 mm.

Squared to place a rectangle with the sides of 140 mm and 50mm.

The rectangle is divided into four parts by diagonals.

_________________________________________________________

Work should be performed clearly and neatly,

trying to spend all the lines of the same thickness.

_______________________________________________________________