Word formation of verbal nouns in Russian is dealt with by morphemics. Morphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and word forms of a language, organized by the minimum significant linguistic units - morphemes. The tasks of morphemics include the definition of the function of a morpheme as a unit of language [Zubova, Menshikova: 5]. This study examines such morphemes as suffixes, and their main derivational function is the formation of verbal nouns.
In Russian word formation of verbal nouns, the suffix method of word formation is used, which also includes the non-suffix method, which is sometimes also called the truncation of the verb stem. The suffix method is the formation of words by attaching a suffix to the generating (in this case, the verb) stem. This is the most productive way of word formation in the Russian language [Zubova, Menshikova: 123]. In Russian, verbal nouns are formed according to the transpositional word-formation type - within the framework of this word formation, the derivative word and the generating stem are different parts of speech [Zubova, Menshikova: 142].
The non-suffix way of forming nouns
As a result of the truncation of the verb stem, the following types of nouns are formed:
Masculine nouns, masculine-middle variety of I substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action. Motivating verbs are type I and V verbs with a stem of the infinitive on - a and type X with a stem on - and: start up - start; find - search; bring - bring.
Other types and subtypes of motivating verbs are less common: salute - salute; split - split; inspect - inspection.
Motivating verbs by structure: simple: walk is a move; catching - catching; buzz - buzzing; verbs with suffix morphs - а-, - в-: lack of sleep - lack of sleep; tide - tide; perfective prefix verbs: fill up - blockage; scatter - scatter;
Nouns of this type are not formed from type I verbs with a stem on - e, type IV, verbs on - nach / -chaat.
When the derivative is formed, the final vowel of the verb stem is not preserved. Also cut off: the endings of infinitive stems - ova - and - irova-: trade - bargaining; flirt - flirt; finals - well - and - willow - in cases where fundamentals with these finals can be considered motivating: swing / swing - swing; pledge - pledge; knock - knock.
The stem of the present tense of the verb can appear in nouns motivated by verbs of VI, VII, IX types. For example: grow - I grow, grew ( form 1 person singular present and past tense, respectively) - height; howl - howl howl; call - call(form 1 person singular present) - call[GRSRL: 142].
When forming masculine derivatives, the following alternations occur: the final soft consonant of the verb stem with a hard one: salt - salting; come - arrival; [k] - [h]: click - cry; screaming - screaming; [n "] - [pl"]: yell - scream; [w "] - [sk]: squeak - squeak; [w"] - [zg]: squeal - squeal; alternations vowels v root: sniff - glanders; murmur - murmur; push - pressure; calculate - miscalculation; press - press.
Words of this type designate acts regardless of the duration and nature of their course. Often they acquire the meaning of a single act (look, sneeze, froze). Secondary object meanings: instrument of action, device: tray, drive unit; object and result of action: recess, neckline, digging; scene: paddock, entrance, output.
This type is productive in technical terminology, in colloquial and artistic speech, especially derivatives motivated by prefix verbs. Derivatives motivated by verbs without prefixes are used in artistic speech [GRSRL: 143].
Feminine nouns of I substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state. This type is not productive. The number of such verbal nouns in modern Russian is limited ( pay, payment, surcharge, spending, loss, cost, embezzlement, grass, mordant, poison, massacre, government, crossing, living, alive, profit, merit, service, seniority, cold, cold, praise, praise, theft, theft, a loss, loss, attack, conversation, annoyance, nap, thought, riding, thirst, drought, protection, the game, hassle, resentment, custody, siege, crossing, chase, mercy, damage, bait, embellishment, oath, the missing, Work, parting, massacre, argument, cold bustle, yearning, a threat, delight).
Words of this type belong to the hard declension with alternation of paired soft consonants with hard ones. There are exceptions [GRSRLA, p.144]: [d] - [g] to disappear - loss; [t "] - [h] spoil - damage; [b] - [bl"] row (row) - row; [in] / [in "] - [ow"] trade - trade; [n "] - [pl"] buy - buy.
Another unproductive type of derivatives is a noun of the same educational structure as the previous type, denoting an inanimate object characterized by the action of a motivating verb ( meta, litter, estimate, omen, reward, fence, block, frame, seasoning, food, veil, dam, burden, renewal, support, horseshoe, gilding, glaze, half a day, yarn, seedling, loan). The morphonological characteristics here are the same as in the previous type of derivatives.
Feminine nouns of the II substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state with motivation mainly by simple verbs: scolding - scolding; trembling - trembling; cut - cut; drizzle - drizzle.
When verbal nouns of this type are formed, the final vowel of the verb stem disappears. The following alternations occur: paired hard consonants of the end of the verb stem with soft: to preach is to preach; dorsal consonants with hissing: to lie is a lie; irregular ratio basics: help (help) - help.
This type is productive in colloquial and artistic speech.
Nouns of the pluralia tantum group with the meaning of abstract action: to bother - chores.
It is possible to cut off the final base - willow - and reverse alternation [g] - [d]: re-judge - gossip: talk - negotiate... In this case, the final vowel of the stem is cut off. [GRSRL: 145]
Nouns motivated by a verb are formed, as a rule, by attaching a suffix to the stem of the past tense. In this case, the final vowel of the verb stem in the structure of the noun may or may not be preserved. Sometimes the noun suffix is attached to the stem of the present tense of the verb, but such forms are rare and are described separately [GRSRL: 46].
Nouns with the meaning of abstract action. Suffixes of nouns with the meaning of abstract action.
Suffix - nij-
Neuter nouns with suffixes - nij - / - enj - / - anj - / - tyj - / - and j - denote action on the verb. Morphs - nij - and - tij - appear in a position after the final vowel of the infinitive stem, while the first of them - after the vowels [a], [e], and the second - mainly in formations with monosyllabic verbal roots after [a], [and ], [OU]. Morphs - enj - / - anj - / - tij - appear in a position after the consonant, joining the stem of the infinitive, the final vowel of which is cut off. It is also possible to attach these morphs to the present tense base. The morph - anj - in this case appears only after the hissing and [j].
Morphs - nij - / - enj - are highly productive, while - anj - and - andj - are not productive.
Nouns with the morph - nij - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:
Verbs I, V, X types with a stem on - a - and type II on - ova-: blink-blink, punish-punish, draw-draw, hold-hold. Also, among the motivating verbs there are verbs with suffixal morphs - willow-, - wa-, - a - ( cutting down - cutting down, play out - play out); - ova-, - irova-, - izirova - ( design - design, theorizing - theorizing); - stvo-, - nicha - ( wakefulness, aping), prefix-suffix, suffix-postfix with suffix morphs - a-, - ova - ( make public - make public fraternization - fraternization, use - use, freeze - freeze), prefix perfective verbs ( to conquer - conquest); prefix-postfix, prefix-suffix-postfix with suffix morphs - a-, - willow - ( inquire - inquiry, grow - growth, tapping - tapping) [GRSRL: 65].
Verbs of I and X types on - e - ( smolder - smolder, to endure is patience), including suffix and prefix-suffix with suffix morph - e - ( aging - aging) and prefix ( master - mastery, blush - redness).
Verbs of other types and subtypes: sing - singing, publish - edition, ask - task. In some cases, when forming a verbal noun, the final - va - the verb stems "drops out": intend - intention, bewildered - bewilderment, suspect - suspicion.
Nouns with the morph - enj - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:
X type verbs with stems on - and - ( smoking - smoking, store - storage), including suffix, prefix-suffix and suffix-postfix with morphs - and - ( complicate - complicate); perfective prefix verbs ( extract - extract, displace - displacement); prefix-postfix perfect ( reign - accession). When forming nouns from verbs of this group, there is an alternation of consonants: [т`] - [h]: shine - glow; [t`] - [w`]: illuminate - lighting; [d`] - [w]: ironing - ironing; [d`] - [j`]: walk - walking; [st`] - [sh`]: revenge is revenge; [zd`] - [zd`]: pile up - pile up; [s`] - [w]: to wear - wearing; [z`] - [f]: distort - distortion; [b`] - [bl`]: weaken - weakening; [v`] - [vl`]: to melt - melting; [м`] - [ml`]: feed - feeding; [n`] - [pl`]: strengthen - strengthening; [ф`] - [fl`]: graphite - graphite.
Verbs of types VI and VII, 1. In this case, the foundations of the present are motivating. Here, paired hard consonants alternate before the suffixes with a morph with soft: [d] - [d`]: attack (attack) - attack; [t] - [t`]: read (read) - read; [s] - [s`]: to save (I will save) - salvation; [p] - [p`]: rub (rub) - friction... Rear-lingual [k] and [g] alternate with hissing [h] and [g]: neglect (neglect) - neglect, crush (confusion) - crush.
Type III and IV verbs. To form a verbal noun, either the base of the infinitive is used, in which [y] - [ov`] are alternated, or the base of the past tense in - g with alternating [g] - [g]. The first case is demonstrated by the following examples: arise - the emergence, to dare is daring, disappear - disappear... The second case includes: throw in - throw in, erupt - eruption, to expel - extermination.
Some verbs of types I, II and V form derivatives by cutting off the final - and the stem: to know - knowledge, to fall - confluence, rotate - rotation... Before the suffix alternate: [b] - [b`], [c] - [c`], [d] - [d`], [c] - [c`], [t] - [t`], [ d] - [w], [n] - [pl`]. In the case of the verb read - read there is an alternation of root vocalism [and] - [?]. Finals - ova - and - willow - there are no verbal stems in the cases: worry - excitement, stretch - stretch etc. [GRSRL: 66]
Separate verbs of other types that form verbal nouns with this inflection: twirl - twirl, wash - ablution, forget is oblivion, rot - rotting, beat - beating, kill - kill e (obsolete).
Nouns with morphs - tj-
When forming verbal nouns with the morph - тij - verbs like:
I, 4-5: inflate - bloat, shedding - spilling, sewing - sewing;
VII, 2-3: to live - living (living), sailing - sailing, accept - acceptance;
IX: crucify - crucifixion, conceive - conception... In this case, an irregular ratio of bases may be present: hug - hug, undertake - enterprise;
separate verbs of other types and subtypes and isolated verbs: bend - bend, to be - being, depart - departure;
Morph - ani - appears in formations motivated by verbs to give and do well: to give - alms, prosper - prosperity... Also, with the verbs finish and endeavor with cutting off the final vowel of the infinitive stem: the ending, diligence.
In nouns with the morph - иj- (-j-), the following act as motivators:
Verbs of types I and X with stems on - a, - and: having fun is fun suffocate - suffocate, trust (trust) - trust, communion - communion;
Type II verbs, mainly n - st, in which the ending - ova - is cut off: being in misery is a disaster, act - action, wandering - wandering, march - procession etc.[GRSRL: 67]
- walk - take a walk
- accommodation - to live
- institution - to establish
- connection - connect
First, about the concept itself: verbal nouns are such entities that have originated / are formed from verbs and, as a result, denote any action.
They can be distinguished by the suffixes with which they are formed. These are the following suffixes: -chik - // - schik-, -tel-, -zn-, -isch-, -niy - // - eniy-.
Examples of verbal nouns:
- loader (to load);
- imagination (to imagine);
- contemplation (contemplate);
- listener (listen);
- residence (reside);
- inspection (inspect).
Verbal nouns are nouns formed from verbs, using a suffix (for example, improvement (suffix -eniy-) from improve) or a non-suffixed way (for example, departure from flying out) and denoting a phenomenon as an action, a process.
Verbal nouns (the so-called deverbatives) are those nouns that are derived from verbs or are directly related to verbs. There is a direct lexical relationship between such nouns and verbs that are of the same root with them.
There is no point in memorizing the list of suffixes and endings that we can meet in verbal nouns. This is both difficult and illogical.
A much more correct way is to understand the meaning of a word and understand if it has one-root (related) verbs.
For example.
- Shot . This is a noun. Is it verbal or not? There are verbs shoot and shoot. The latter is the starting morphological point that we need. The word shot can be considered a verbal.
- Mama . Mommy. Mommy. There are no verbs mamit mamit. Nouns are not verbal.
- Carrot . Carrots. No verbs carrot or carrot. Therefore, carrots - not a verbal noun. Like carrot. See how simple everything is? There are no signs of a verbal process in carrots and cannot be.
The question may arise: How to find out whether a noun arose from a verb or a verb from a noun? When defining verbal nouns, this is not so important. We will not consider the entire etymological chain. If only these two parts of speech were close neighbors of this chain.
Verbal, or deverbatives, we call verb-derived nouns that have the meaning of an objectified action... The deverbative, as a rule, can be completely replaced by a descriptive verbal turnover:
- the entrance is the place where you enter;
- a bookmark is an item that is being laid;
- coercion is a process directly related to the verb coerce;
- decision is the process or result of the action of the verb to decide.
In the Russian language deverbatives are formed as follows:
1) using a wide variety of suffixes (suffix method):
- -Tel- with the meaning of the producer of the action: to educate the educator; conjure the caster; listen to the listener; undertaking an entrepreneur;
- -CHICK- (-CHIK-) with the value of the action producer: run across the defector; load a loader; sawed saw (I note that some of these words are derived from the nouns: beacon beacon; lantern lamplighter);
- -L- with the values of both the action producer and the process: throw the scammer; imagine imagining; catch catching; poison bickering;
- -TO-: forging forging; give a hint; embroider embroidery;
- -B-: fight wrestling; mow mowing; chase the chase;
- -OTN-, -H-: run and run; gnaw bickering;
- -SHCH-: run away asylum; to pester a haven; ashes (book) ashes;
- -OK-: add an appendage; give a gift; gnaw the stub;
- -ZNE-: live life, be afraid of fear; sick disease;
- -ATSIY-: integrate integration; urbanize urbanization;
- -NY-, -ENY-: questionnaire survey; to shift the arrangement;
- -THY-: curse curse; to take taking, to be - being.
(I note that the last sound of the suffixes -ATSIY-, -NIY-, -ENIY-, -TIY- is in the letter E, only the second sound indicated by it is the inflection of the ending);
2) in a non-suffix way of word formation:
- view preview;
- run into a raid;
- retell the retelling, etc.
So to distinguish deverbatives from other nouns, they help us together with their general grammatical meaning (objectified action), and suffixes. But it is impossible to distinguish them by suffixes alone, since there are homonymic suffixes in the language, for example, the diminutive -OK- and augmenting ISH- form nouns from nouns (sometimes verbal): carriage; walker walker; cold chill; house house, watermelon watermelon.
Verbal nouns- a term that has speaking the name itself. It is easy to conclude that such nouns are derived from a verb. They have a lexical meaning associated with the process of the action itself, its result, the part is called the person who performs the action, etc.
Basically, the names of such materialized actions are formed using suffixes, for example:
send - sending;
reforg - reforge;
whitewash - whitewash;
to dwell - dwelling;
admire - admiration.
And these nouns denote a process or its result:
salt - salting - pickling;
boil - jam - jam;
smoke - smoking - smoked;
inlay - inlay.
I will find many verbal nouns formed with the help of suffixes among the words that name a person by profession, occupation, hobby:
run - run un,
swim - pilaf ets,
instruct - instruct op,
staged - staged box,
interview - interview ep.
A huge layer of Russian vocabulary belongs to verbal nouns formed using the morpheme- invisible; - zero suffix.
The suffix (s) are cut off from the generating stem of the verb as unnecessary and the following nouns are obtained using the zero suffix:
alloy - alloy;
exchange - exchange;
rest - rest;
sunbathing - tanning;
frighten - fear;
prick - prick;
trade - bargaining;
scolding is scolding.
Verbal nouns can be formed from verbs using various suffixes or formed in a non-suffix way.
Examples of suffixes:
Build -> Builder.
Stab -> Kolschik.
These 2 suffixes are directly used to form a noun that denotes an object that performs a particular action. That is, if there is some kind of action (expressed by a verb), then there is also a person who performs this action.
Mock -> Publishing House. Spend the night -> Overnight.
Examples of non-fixative the formation of verbal nouns:
Run -> Run.
Sunbathe -> Sunburn.
Verbal nouns are nouns formed from a verb, which is well understood from the name of these nouns.
How can you tell whether a noun is derived from a verb, or, on the contrary, a verb is derived from a noun? This is not difficult, since nouns formed from verbs do not denote an abstract object, but an action, a process of action.
For comparison: breaking - breaking (a process, a noun is clearly a verbal) and printing - printing (printing is an independent word, denotes an object, here you can immediately see that this verb originated from a noun, and the verb has also lost part of the meaning of the noun: printing is not necessary print, but on a typewriter, on a computer).
Other examples of verbal nouns:
Measuring, learning, climbing, cooking, etc.
Verbal nouns are those that are formed from verbs. They denote an objectified action.
Verbal nouns are often used in formal business speech. They make the text heavier and lend a bureaucratic touch. Examples of such nouns are: payment, state, order, exercise, questionnaire, agreement, management, nomination, extension, provision, spelling, application, establishment, arrival, avoidance, service, replenishment.
You need to use such verbs carefully, they introduce ambiguity.
Example: The meeting will focus on the implementation of the plan. It is not clear what will be discussed - the outcome, progress or implementation activities.
Verbal nouns are also called mazdar. They exist not only in Russian.
Verbal nouns are nouns that are formed from verb stems, they denote an objectified action (process, state) and represent it in an abstract sense.
Verbal nouns are formed :
—in an affix-free way education:
Export; absenteeism; catching; swim; heating.
—suffix way:
Rewarding; drilling; foreclosure; wandering; laying; pouring; cleaning; threshing; shooting; ba; walking.
Verbal nouns are used in all styles of speech:
Scientific; colloquial; journalistic; official and business.
The most important difference from verbal nouns is that they do not denote an object, but a process. Sometimes such nouns also include the source of this action, for example, amplifier (from the verb strengthen).
Such a noun can be traced back to a verb.
So the processes:
Where did such strange words - verbal nouns come from? The source of their appearance is clerical speech.
In the practice of investigative bodies (police, courts), ready-made folders are used, on which it is already printed: "Case ...", it remains to add the names of the events (... about the fire) or offenses (... arson). Let's imagine the following situation: a drowned man was found on the bank of a river (remember from AS Pushkin: "... Tyatya, Tyatya, our nets brought a dead man"). The "Case of ..." is started - what is it about? It is impossible to write: "... about murder", because it could be an accident and in vain they will look for the culprit of the crime. It is also impossible to write: "... about suicide", because the investigation may go down the wrong path. According to the satirical writer, the investigator in a similar case wrote: "... about unauthorized entry into the water and not leaving it." Of course, the words "drowning" and "drowning" given in the title are artificial words.
Writers have used similar words to stylize speech or parody. For example: The hostess then came out to carry out the idea of rolling the pie(N.V. Gogol); A business... about gnawing a plan thereof with mice(A. I. Herzen); Announce to widow Vonina that she did not attach the sixty-kopeck mark ...(A.P. Chekhov); From his words it was possible to conclude that he sees in the actions of Blum the fact of bending the stick.(I. Ilf and E. Petrov).
A great master of creating a comic effect in parodies of clerical language was M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In his Modern Idyll, one of the characters proposes a project of compensation for insults developed by him.
For verbal abuse and reproach for lack of good manners - 20 kopecks.
For verbal abuse, reproach for lack of good manners with raising a hand, but without applying - 75 kopecks.
For a blow to the face with a hand with a dissection of any part thereof (nose, eyebrows, lips, etc.) - 3 r.
Note. It is likewise prohibited to gouge out the eye, bite off the nose, cut off an arm or leg, take away the head, etc.
It does not at all follow from what has been said that verbal nouns cannot be used.
First, they are convenient due to their brevity. Wed: When morning came, all nature was revived. - With the onset of morning, all nature revived.
Secondly, verbal nouns are widely used in the role of terms, for example: addition, subtraction, sensation, perception, agreement, control, adjoining, laying, driving, importing, exporting, etc.
But there are objections to artificial formations such as “taking the leg out of the boot” or the unjustified clerical character of the ordinary text, for example, in the announcement of the house manager: “Message about avoiding tenants pollution stairs by dogs ". And in student works there is an unsuccessful use of constructions with verbal nouns, for example: “Nagulnov allows beating kulaks "; "Writing the novel "Eugene Onegin" refers to the era before the Decembrist uprising "; "For disclosure the episode of her conversation with the nanny gives a lot of the image of Tatyana ”; "At Bazarov's infection occurred cadaveric poison "(instead of: Bazarovgot infectedcadaveric poison).
In order to avoid such mistakes, it should be remembered that it is always better to use a verb predicate, and not a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb: Is growingself-awareness of the masses. - "There is growth self-awareness of the masses ”; Paulorganizescircle.- "Paul organizes mug"; Nilovnabegins to understandinterests of the son.- "To Nilovna understanding of interests begins to come son. " The second synonymous constructions are perceived with difficulty, because the predicate is complicated in them: instead of simple verbs grows, organizes, begins to understand clumsy verb-nominal combinations are used. A similar “splitting of the predicate” (as these “pearls” of clerical eloquence are called) also complicates the perception of such a sentence: “We were all interested in why there is a decrease academic performance in some subjects "(instead of: academic performance decreases). And here's another awkward turn of written speech: “On the agenda of the class meeting was the question about improving discipline ”. Here it would be better to completely omit the verbal noun: the question of discipline.
In the writings of schoolchildren, there is unnecessary word creation associated not only with verbal nouns. For example: "Unprincipledness- Oblomov's character trait ". The author of this phrase combined the adjective unscrupulous and noun adherence to principles and got the non-existent word "unprincipled". Another example: “The Young Guards showed miracles heroism ". Two-word adjective heroic and noun heroism- the student formed a third, which does not exist in the Russian language.
The creation of neologisms is a natural process in the development of a language, but for the time being, refrain from actively participating in this process.
A verbal noun in Russian is a part of speech that most closely resembles an English gerund. Despite the fact that formally there is no gerund in the Russian language, the verbal noun has many similarities with it. the main thing when studying such nouns is not to compare them with similar phenomena in other languages, but to "get to the bottom" of the essence. After all, their history of origin and application can shed light on many questions: not only philological, but also everyday, and even philosophical.
What it is?
Verbal nouns are a part of speech derived from a verb and performing a nominative function for actions. Simply put, these nouns call actions, give them "names." These "names" fall into two main categories:
- One category names the action itself. For example: create - create, improve - improve, simplify - simplify, heat - heat.
- The second category names the one who performs this action: persecute - persecutor, kidnap - kidnapper, substitute - substitute, represent - representative.
To form such a noun, you can use the suffix method:
- -ni-, -ani-, -eni-: teach - teach, instruct - instruct, allow - permission.
- -k-: stack - stack, charge - charge.
It looks like this: burn - burn, fly out - fly out, bribe - bribe.
Why use it?
Ideally, the use of verbal nouns is not strictly necessary and is mandatory only in the following cases:
- When it is impossible to find a simpler verbal analogue or to rearrange a sentence.
- When a redesigned proposal or an alternative version does not sound formal enough, it does not match the tone of the event or resource to be published.
But if verbal nouns were used only for these purposes, they would not have entered everyday communication so easily. However, other goals are hidden under the guise of "innocence".
Why is it used in reality?
Politicians, economists, labists, media workers, and simply resourceful people have found alternative uses for verbal nouns. You just have to take a closer look at them to come to the same conclusion on your own. In fact, all examples of verbal nouns, in or out of context, sound very, very solid. In addition, sentences with them are often overloaded and difficult to understand, so that it is easier to hide the true meaning behind them.
How to deal with overwhelming supply?
It is a matter of practice to identify chains of verbal nouns and turn them into something euphonious. For example, an overloaded version would sound like this:
- The departure of the aircraft is scheduled to begin at six o'clock.
- The experts decided to immediately implement the product improvement plan.
Now let's try to simplify these sentences:
- The plane will take off at six o'clock.
- The experts decided to immediately implement the product improvement plan. The experts decided to immediately improve the product.
- An intergonal noun (also deverbativ) in a number of inflectional languages, including Russian, is a noun formed directly from a verb. Examples: walking (from walking), eating (from eating).
In terms of many semantic and syntactic properties, a verbal noun is close to a gerund (although it is believed that, say, there is no gerund in Russian).
From one verb base, it is possible to form two types of verbal nouns: the deverbative of the action name - lat. nomen actionis (sowing, transformation, salvation) and the name of the actor or sender of the action - lat. nomen agentis (sower, reformer, rescuer).
In German, there are two types of verbal nouns: the substantivized infinitive, or "process name" (examples: sein - das Sein, schwimmen - das Schwimmen, etc.) and "result name" in -ung. Most verbs can form both the first and second forms; from "static" verbs, usually only the first is formed, from "dynamic" both forms can be formed (the first has a more abstract meaning).
With regard to oriental languages, the verbal noun is traditionally called "masdar" (Arabic: مصدر). It is a source of word formation according to the opinion of scientists of the Basrian school of morphology. They argue this by the fact that he indicates only a certain concept or state. It is simpler and more elementary than a verb, which is burdened with a connection with the time and face of the agent. For example: شُكْرٌ غُفْرَانٌ "gratitude" - "ShuKRun" (the concept is not associated with either time or the doer), "forgiveness" - GuFRaanun (there is also no hint of an answer to the questions: "when?" And "who?")
Verbal nouns are widely used in various styles of the language:
In socio-political and special literature as terms formed in various ways:
using the suffix -ni-e (-ani-e, -ni-e), for example: concreting, loosening, denationalization, questioning, subtraction, addition, coordination, management;
using the suffix -к-а, for example: masonry, putty (process and result of the process); in the presence of options of both types (engraving - engraving, marking - marking, pressing - pressing, grinding - grinding), the first option has a more bookish character;
in a non-affix way, for example: flying out, pressing, firing, measuring, dumping, if there are options (heating - heating, firing - firing, draining - draining), a large degree of bookiness is preserved behind the forms.
In a formal business speech, for example: Nomination of candidates has begun; The negotiations ended with the establishment of diplomatic relations; An agreement was reached to extend the agreement for the next five years; The leave request was granted.
In headlines, for example: Launch of the space complex; Screening of new films; Presentation of orders and awards; Homecoming. The usual wording of the points of the plan is phrases with a verbal noun as the main word.