1. Natural complex. The relationship of the components of the natural complex.
Natural complex or PTK (natural-territorial complex) is a set of interrelated natural components on a certain territory. The largest PTK on the surface of the Earth is the geographic shell (it consists of the top of the lithosphere, the lower part of the atmosphere and the entire hydrosphere). In turn, the geographical envelope is divided into smaller PTK - the mainland and oceans, natural zones and even smaller natural complexes: ravine, river valley, hill, etc.
All of them are formed for a long time under the influence of external (the energy of the Sun) and the internal (internal energy of the Earth) processes. In the natural complex there is a constant interaction of natural components, all of them are interconnected and affect each other. These include: climate, water, vegetable and animal peace, relief and rock, soil, man. With a change in one natural component, the entire natural complex varies. (Final cutting leads to the appearance of another PC - field)
The natural complex, as well as the entire geographical envelope with a part of which it is, develops according to special laws, the most important of which are integrity, rhythm, stability and geographical zonality manifests itself.
Integrity. All natural components are interconnected through a cycle of substances and energy. Among them, the cycle of rocks, the circulation of air masses, the global cycle of water in nature, biological circulation and others.
Rhythmic is the repeatability of the same phenomena after a certain period of time.
Stability. Renewal of the PTK in the absence of external influence.
PTC change is subordinate to geographic zonality. (Change of natural zones when driving from the equator to poles)
2. Australia: Geographical position, opening history and mainland research.
Australia is the most dry and small mainland on the planet. Its area is 7.7 million square meters. km and with islands - 9 million square meters. km.
Its length from north to south (3 thousand km) and from west to east (4 thousand km) is almost the same.
The mainland is located in two hemispheres: southern and eastern. Washed by the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. (King Bay, Timor Sea, Joseph Bonaparte Bay, Arafur Sea, Carnation Bay, Torres Strait, Coral Sea, Tasmanovo Sea, Strait Bass, Spencer Bay, Big Australian Bay)
The extreme points of the mainland:
north - Cape York 10 ° Yu. sh. 142 ° C. d.,
south - Cape South-East Point 39 ° sh. 147 ° C. d.
eastern - Cape Byrone 28 ° sh. 154 ° C. d.,
western - Cape Step Point 26 ° sh. 114 ° C. d.
Story study of the mainland.
Australia was opened by Europeans later than other continents. Dutch opened this land. In the first half of the XVII century, they already knew the north, western and south-west coast of the mainland. A lot of information about the mainland was collected by the expedition of Tasman, Torres, D. Kuka.
In 1606, Spaniard Torres opened the most northern tip of the Australian Peninsula Cape-York, and the strait separating New Guinea from Cape York, called Torres.
A. Tasman. 1642-1643 Hollandets Tasman, bypassing New Holland along the ring route, proved that it is a special continent. Tasman did not see the eastern shores, as it was too far from them, but he opened the section of the coast of New Zealand.
D Cook. On August 22, 1770, Cook landed on a small island in Torres-Strait and introduced the British Crown to the British Crown, the entire east coast of New Holland, which he called the new South Wales. So the opening of the fifth continent of the Earth - Australia was completed.
3. Give the definition that is a river. Show on the map following rivers: Volga, Amazon, Neal, Mississippi, Murray, Ob, Yenisei.
The river is a water stream, which is currently in the rod developed.
Natural components -composite parts forming landscape complexes. Properties of components, and some themselves, are largely derived to interact in PTK. Basic Natural PTK Components:masses of rocks, foundation of the earth's bark (lithosphere); air masses of the lower layers of the atmosphere (troposphere); water (hydrosphere) presented in landscapes in three phase states (liquid, solid, vapor-shaped); Vegetation, animals, soil. All natural components by their origin, properties and functions in landscapes are combined into three subsystems:
1. Lithogenic base(geological breeds and relief); lower part of the atmosphere (air of the troposphere); Hydrosphere (water) - geome.
2. Biota- vegetation and animal world.
3. Soil– bioco subsystem.
Sometimes as special components that have a great influence on the formation and properties of landscapes, they call the relief and climate. However, they are just important properties of the earth's crust (lithogenic basis) and surface air masses, which are an outer form and a set of parameters and processes of contact layers of the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Properties of natural components:
1. Real(Mechanical, physical, chemical composition).
2. Energy(Temperature, potential and kinetic energy of gravity, pressure, biogenic energy, etc.).
3. Information organizational(Structure, spatial and temporal sequence, relaxation and communication).
It is the properties of natural components that determine the specifics of the interaction of components within landscape geosystems. At the same time, they are derived to these interactions.
Natural components have many a variety of properties, but they are far from the same for the organization and development of territorial geosystems of geographical dimension. Most active and important for the specific level of the organization PTK, interacting properties of components are called natural factors.Among the factors are distinguished by leaders, the main ones for a certain level of the organization of geosystems, and minor, determining the specifics of the geosystems of other levels. It is they are among the main reasons for the driving forces that determine the results and types of interaction between natural components, as well as the structural and functional features of landscape geosystems (relief type; climate, type of vegetation, etc.).
The influence of various factors on the properties of natural components in landscape complexes can be represented by the following examples.
The real composition of the surface layer of the Earth (granites, basalts, clays, sands, water, ice) affects the albedo (reflectivity) of the surface and the nature of vegetation, which affects the temperature mode of the surface atmosphere. The temperature regime, depending first of all from the radiation balance of the territory, also affects vegetation cover and water regime in landscapes. The chemical composition of rocks and water masses, closely associated with other natural components, for example, determine geochemical and
the species peculiarity of soils, vegetation and landscapes in general on different sites of sushi and oceans. Powerful and active landscape factors can be gradients according to the substance and its properties between the components (the difference in temperature and heat capacity, the difference in the chemical composition, in moisturizing, the difference in the inertia of structures and processes is a lithogenic basis and vegetation; lithogenic base and air or water masses ). Due to the fact that each natural component is a special substantial substance, in the zone of their maximum and active contact, that is, on the surface of the Earth, significant gradients are observed by substance and its properties. These gradients determine the formation and functioning of landscape complexes.
The main external energy factors creating the primary energy basis for the functioning of landscape geosystems are solar radiation, gravitational forces of the Earth and the Moon, internally heat.
Among the factors are allocated to leaders that have a basic influence on the organization of geosystems of a certain rank and type, as well as secondary, determining the specifics of the geosystems of other levels.
Natural components as factors that determine the specifics of landscape geosystems
Lithogenic baselandscape complexes, or geosystems are the composition and structure of rocks, terrestrial surface.
The lithogenic base through the composition of rocks and relief is set to a hard, very inertial framework formed on it natural complexes. In one natural zone, various vegetation is formed on different mechanical composition. Thus, in the forest zone of the Moderate PTK belt on clay and thin rocks, they are characterized by spruce forests, and in the sands - the predominance of pine bors. If clay breeds in the south-cottage subzone are oched, then coniferous-decide forests are obtained. Differences are pronounced in desert landscapes formed on sand, clay and gravelly sediments.
The rock rocks of various mechanical and chemical composition determine the differences in the ratios and volumes of the flow of surface and underground watercourses, in the yonny drain, as well as the differences in the soils formed on them (drunken, sandy, sandy, crubstone, carbonate, acid, weakly alkaline, etc. ).
It is known to have a high-altitude explanation in the mountains and its change depending on the height and exposure of the slopes. Redistributing atmospheric precipitation, relief determines moisturizing in natural complexes (other things being equal). It was the difference between the reliefs of the territories and the PTK forming on them determine the unequal potential and kinetic energy concentrated in the landscapes. This energy is implemented, first of all, in the form of various erosion processes, as well as in the structural elements of the relief itself (the shape of the valleys, the dismemberment of the territory, etc.).
Different breeds form slopes of different steepness, and the slopes of different steepness and their exposures absorb the unequal amount of heat. Warm habitats are formed on the southern slopes, and on the north are colder (the rule presented V.V. Alekhina). All this is reflected in the landscaped features of the territory.
So, the lithogenic basis is the most inert element of the landscape shell. Therefore, its main properties are often leading factors affecting the structural and functional organization of the geosystems of a number of regional, and especially local, intra-roofing hierarchical PTC levels. This manifests itself through the features of the relief of the territories, the presence of surfaces with different slopes, plaster meters and exposure, which determine the redistribution of zono-sectoral and local hydrothermal resources, the provision of plants with nutritional elements contained in the soils of different types.
Atmosphere, or more precisely, air massesthe lower, surface part of the troposphere also enters as a component into the composition and forms landscape complexes. Depending on the rank and type of landscape geosystems (local, regional), the power of the air mass included in the geosystems changes from tens to hundreds and first thousand meters. The most important properties of air affecting the characteristics of other landscape components can be represented as follows.
The chemical composition of the air, namely the presence of carbon dioxide, is one of the foundations of the photosynthesis of green plants. Oxygen is necessary for breathing to all representatives of wildlife, for oxidation and mineralization of dead organic residues - mortmasses. In addition, the presence of oxygen determines the formation of the ozone screen in the stratosphere, protecting the protein forms of life, characteristic of the landscape shell, from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. At the same time, free oxygen in the atmosphere itself is a product of the photosynthesis process and is highlighted by plants
in atmosphere. Nitrogen is an important component of proteins and, accordingly, one of the main elements of plant nutrition.
The air of the atmosphere, relatively transparent for sunlight of the visible spectrum, due to the presence of carbon dioxide and water vapor in it, well delays infrared (thermal) radiation of the Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect is ensured, then the temperature fluctuations are smoothed, and the heat of solar radiation is delayed longer in the landscapes.
Air flows in the atmosphere, carrying heat and moisture from some areas to others, smooth down the hydrothermal differences between landscapes. Air provides heat and material metabolism between different components of geosystems. So, the air enriched with dust raised from the earth's surface, including the salts, can carry it into the reservoirs, and the latter enrich air moisture, chlorine ions, sulfates, etc. air flows are transferred to land. Moreover, wind thumps are capable of forming the meso and microfores of the relief (verakhan, dunes, revelations, etc.) and even determine the forms and nature of plants (for example, flag-shaped, rolling-field).
If a lithosphere sets a hard frame and is a very inertial component that defines rigid and sharp frontiers in the spatial differentiation of landscapes, then the air masses as a substance is dynamic, on the contrary, integrate natural complexes, smoothing transitions between the geosystems, enhance the continuality of the landscape shell.
Hydrosphere, or Natural Waters- Important part of landscapes. With dominant temperatures in landscapes, water can be in three phase states. The presence of more or less flooded territories sharply differentiates the landscape shell of the Earth on ground (sushi) and aqueous geosystems (aqual and territorial landscape complexes).
Water is one of their most heat-powered substances on Earth (1 cal / g of degrees). In addition, it is characterized by very high costs of absorbed and seized heat with phase transitions (ice, water, steam). This determines its main role in heat exchange between the regions, as well as components and elements inside the geosystems. It is water, due to its properties, forms many different-scale cycles of matter and energy, connecting different natural complexes and their components into single geosystems.
Surface drain - a very powerful factor of the redistribution of the substance between the geosystems, as well as the formation of exogenous rear-20
fo- and lithogenesis. With aquatic streams, the main types of exchange and migration of chemical elements are carried out both between the components of the landscapes and between the landscape complexes themselves or geosystems. At the same time, water with different acid-alkaline properties are formed in different landscape conditions. The latter define unequal conditions for water migration and concentration of different chemical elements in landscapes. So, A.I. Perelman proposed the following classification scheme of natural waters according to the features of migration in them or other chemical elements (t a b l. 2.1).
It is obvious that the geographic shell device depends on a particular region, so it consists of separate natural complexes.
Natural complexes of land
The geographical envelope has a mosaic structure, this is due to different natural complexes that enter it. A part of the earth's surface, which possesses the same natural conditions, is customary to be called a natural complex.
Uniform natural conditions are relief, water, climate, soil, animal and vegetable world. Separately, natural complexes consist of components that are interrelated by historically established connections.
That is why if one of the components of nature occurs, then all the components of the natural complex are changed.
The geographic envelope is a generallylanet natural complex and the largest. The shell is divided into smaller natural complexes.
Types of natural complexes
The separation of the shell into individual natural complexes is due to the heterogeneity of the earth's surface and the structure of the earth's crust, as well as uneven heat.
In view of these differences, natural complexes are classified on zonal and avonal.
Azonal natural complexes
Oceans and continents are considered the main abonal natural complexes. They are the largest in size. Smaller it is customary to be the plain and mountain areas that are on the mainland.
For example, Caucasus, West Siberian Plain, Andes. And these natural complexes can be divided into smaller - southern and central Andes.
River valleys, hills, various slopes that are located on their territory will be considered even smaller natural complexes.
The relationship of the components of natural complexes
The relationship of the components of natural complexes is a unique phenomenon.
This can be traced on a simple example: if the amount of solar radiation and its impact on the earth's surface will change, the nature of vegetation in this area will change. This transformation will lead to a change in soil and relief formation.
Impact of man for natural complexes
Human activity has a significant impact on natural complexes since a long time. After all, a person not only adapts to the nature of the Earth, but also has a constant and extensive effect on it.
For many centuries, a person has improved his skills and created various ways to use nature in its own interests. It extremely negatively affected the development of most natural complexes.
It is for this reason that they are increasingly talking about such a phenomenon as rational nature management. Under this concept, it is customary to understand the activities of a person aimed at the careful development of natural complexes and the preservation of natural resources in any circumstances.
Geographic shell and its features
All land shells are closely interrelated. As a result of this interaction, the upper layers of the lithosphere, the lower layers of the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrosphere formed a special environment - geographic shell.
Properties of the geographic shell:
1. Within the geographical shell of the substance are in three states
2. There is life within its limits.
3. Different circulation proceeds in it
4. The main source of energy is the sun
Fig. 1. Scheme of geographic shell
Fig. 2. Stages of the development of the geographic shell
Natural complex
Within the geographical shell, its components constantly interact with each other, forming natural complexes.
Fig. 3. Scheme of interaction of natural components
Natural Complex -the combination of natural components on a certain territory, closely related to each other.
Fig. 4. Scheme of the natural complex and its components
Examples of natural complexes
The natural complexes of the Earth are very diverse, they differ among themselves vegetable, animal composition, geographical position, sizes, soils, climate, etc. The main component affecting the placement of the natural complex is climate.
Fig. 5. Types of natural complexes
The largest natural complex is the geographical shell of the Earth.
Human impact
Man and its activities with the development of science and technology, with an increase in the population, increasingly affect the natural environment and its components. At the same time, we must not forget that when a single component of the natural complex changes, others change.
Fig. 1. Factory pipes
Therefore, the use of natural benefits by a person should be carried out carefully and reasonable.
Fig. 2. Man and Nature: Positive interaction
In connection with the increasing influence of a person on a natural environment in front of science and society, new questions arise. Already, scientists think how to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, how to reuse many types of resources, try to develop new sources of energy and much more.
Protect nature - this does not mean not to use its wealth and not change it. The main thing is to carefully treat nature, economically and carefully use its resources, not to take extra, develop new technologies, plant trees, protect rare types of flora and fauna.
Nature Organization
Currently there are many international Organizations for the Protection and Protection of Nature:
1. The World Wildlife Foundation (main goal is to preserve the biosphere).
Fig. 3. Wildlife Fund emblem
2. Greenpeace (the main goal is to solve global environmental problems).
3. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
Fig. 4. Emblem UNEP
4. World Nature Union
5. Green Cross, etc.
Erecting dam
When the river is raised on the river, they create a reservoir, thereby increasing the amount and volume of water above the flow. Due to this, the humidity of the area increases, the territory of the territory, the emergence of new plants and animals instead of the former inhabitants of these places can occur. Thus, thanks to human activity, there is a change in the natural complex.
Red Book
The Red Book is a list of rare and endangered plants, animals and mushrooms. In Russia, this book is published in the form of two volumes.
Fig. 5. Red Book of the Republic of Belarus (Plants)
Earth Day
April 22 - Earth Day. At the end of the XX century, this date has become an international action. In Russia, the Earth Day is celebrated since 1992.
Bibliography
Basic
1. The initial course of geography: studies. for 6 cl. general education. institutions / etc. Gerasimova, N.P. Nezlukov. - 10th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop; Dick, 2011. - 32 s.
3. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, Dick, 2013. - 32 p.
4. Geography. 6 CL.: CONT Maps: M.: Dick, Drop, 2012. - 16 s.
Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Directory and Statistical Collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
1.Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
3.Geografia.ru ().
The study of the content of the paragraph provides the ability:
Ø deepen understanding the essence of the concept of "components of nature" and the relationship between them;
Ø Examine the structure, basic properties of PTK and landscape
Natural component - This is a composite material part of nature, representing one of the spheres of the geographic shell of the Earth (a lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, etc.). Natural components on the surface of the Earth are presented rocks, air, surface and underground waters, soils, vegetable and animal peace. The climate (long-term weather mode) and relief are not components of nature, since they are not material bodies, but reflect the properties of the air masses and the earth's surface.
Three groups of natural components are distinguished: lithogenic, hydroclimatogenic and biogenic (Fig.).
All components of nature are in close relationship and change one, leads to a change in others.
The most close interaction of the components is characteristic of the near-surface (soil) and the nearest super-surface layer of the Earth, since it is here that the contacts of all areas of the geographical shell of the Earth (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, etc.) occurs. For example, the influence of the terrain is influenced by the climatic features. Climate and relief affect the formation of water, soil, vegetation and animal world. In turn, the vegetable and animal world combined the system of interaction between themselves and influence other components of nature. The relationship between the components of nature must be taken into account when organizing economic activities. For example, drainage leads to a decrease in groundwater territory, and this affects, soil, vegetation and animal peace, etc.
Natural components, closely interacting with each other on a certain territory, form complexes, which are called natural-territorial complexes. Under naturally territorial complex (PTK) It is understood as a relatively homogeneous section of the earth's surface, which is characterized by a peculiar combination of natural components. The magnitude of the territory is distinguished by a PTK of three levels: planetary, regional and local
The largest planetary or global PTK level is presented on the planet with a geographic shell.
PTK of the regional level: continents, natural zones, physico-geographical countries are structural parts of the geographic shell. Local level PTK are represented by landscapes (facies, tract).
The borders of the PTK are usually brightly detected and the transition from one complex to another is gradually. On the cards of the boundaries of natural complexes are applied with lines that are a conditional sign. For each natural complex, its structure is characteristic. PTK structure - This is a combination of the components of the nature of the forming PTK.
PTK properties.The main property of the PTK of different rank should be considered its integrity. Integrity Indicates the close interconnection of PTK components.
Another important property of the natural complex - sustainability, which lies in the possibility of PTK to return to its original state when exposed to external forces (cutting down of forests, amelioration, etc.).
The stability of natural complexes is of great importance in connection with the enhancement of human impact on nature. Crisis phenomena in nature arise when the stability and ability of the PTK to self-healing is disturbed. Stability is provided by a variety of relationships between the components of the natural complex. The harder PTK, the more stable, i.e. It has more opportunities for self-healing and counteracting human economic activities.
PTK is constantly developing, i.e. possess such a property as variability. This can be seen by the example of local complexes, when the processes of overgrowing lakes, the occurrence of ravines, the rooting of forests, etc. It is believed that in natural conditions the evolution of natural complexes occurs in the direction of increasing their sustainability. In this regard, the main problem in anthropogenic exposure to nature is not to reduce the natural stability of the natural and territorial complexes.
Landscape concept. Landscape structure . With the development of geography changed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe PTK. Based on the teachings on the natural and territorial complexes, a new direction was formed - landscape studies, the object of studying the landscape (from it. Land-land, Schaft - suffix expressing the relationship).
The landscape is a homogeneous natural formation within the natural zone and reflects its main features. The landscape can be accepted as a major unit in physical geographic zoning. To form submissions about the territory, it is enough to study it within the landscape. Each landscape is part of larger territorial geographical units.
The landscape is a relatively homogeneous portion of a geographic shell, characterized by a natural combination of its components and the nature of the relationship between them.
The landscape includes not only natural components, but also small PTK - facies and arugation that make up its morphological structure.
The simplest (elementary) complex is a fagree that is characterized by the greatest homogeneity of natural components. An example may be a plot of a small river valley, hollow, small Buregin, etc., which have homogeneous geological sediments and soils, the same microclimate, water regime and biocenosis composition.
Fatations are combined into a tract. The tract is a system of facilities dedicated to a separate large form of relief or watershed on a homogeneous substrate and the general orientation of physico-geographical processes. Examples of a tract can serve as a PTK within the ravine, a hill. A landscape is a landscape, which is a combination of a tract, naturally repeated within the landscape. The separation of localities is due primarily to the peculiarities of geological structure and relief.
Anthropogenic landscapes.As a result of the transformative activity of a person at the site of natural landscapes, converted - anthropogenic.
In landscape, depending on the degree of anthropogenic effects, allocate primary natural landscapes, which are formed by the action of only natural factors; natural and anthropogenic landscapes, which are formed by the action of both natural and anthropogenic factors, and anthropogenic landscapes, the existence of which is supported only at the expense of people's activities. The degree of their change depends on the intensity of economic use. The greatest changes occur with industrial, vehicle and agricultural use of landscapes.
Under anthropogenic landscapeit is understood as the geographical landscape, transformed by the activities of people and differing in structure and properties from natural. Since human activity, causing the formation of anthropogenic landscapes, can be targeted and unfinished (unintentional), various anthropogenic landscapes are formed. Mix the loss, modified and highly changed landscapes.
The targeted impact on landscapes leads to their conversion and formation of landscapes with specified parameters and functions. Agricultural, industrial, recreational, urbanized and others are formed, which are sometimes called indentured, or cultural. Under cultural landscape It is understood as the territory at which, as a result of human activity, the landscape acquired new properties compared to their previous condition (rice ...).
Landscapes, over time, inherent in qualitative and quantitative parameters. Such transformations are called - landscape development. Factors causing landscape development processes are divided into internal and external. As a result of the development of some landscapes may be transformed and disappeared, others, on the contrary, to form. The task of rational nature management is to prevent unwanted destruction (degradation) of landscapes, i.e. Manage the development of the landscape.
Questions and tasks
1. What is a PTK and which natural components are allocated in them?
2. What does the concept of "PTK stability" mean and, which factors provide it?
3. As a result of what economic activity can be destroyed by the interrelation of PTK?. Give examples.