Peter State Administration Reform 1. Financial reforms of Peter I - briefly

Petra reforms I. :

Reform

Description (characteristic) Peter reforms

Control system

January 30, 1699. Peter issued a decree on the self-government of the cities and elections of the burramusers. The main Burmister Chamber (Town Hall), who obeying the king, was in Moscow and was one of the elected people in the cities of Russia.

Along with the new orders, some office arose. Preobrazhensky order - a rapid and punitive organ.

(Administrative institution, which existed in 1695-1729. and made affairs of state crimes, is a Preobrazhensky order)

Gubernskaya reform 1708-1710gg. The country was divided into 8 provinces. Heading the provinces stood governor-general and governors, they had assistants - vice-governors, Ober-Commandants (who were hosting military affairs), Ober-Commissioners and Ober-Provitmaster (in their hands there were monetary and bread fees), as well as Landrychters, The hands of which were justice.

In 1713-1714. Another 3 provinces appeared. From 1712 The provinces began to share on the province, and from 1715. The provinces were divided no longer on the counties, but on the "share" led by Landra et al.

1711 - Creating a Senate, almost at the same time Peter I founded a new control and revision institute of the so-called fiscal. Fiscals all their observations were sent to the collapse of the ward, from where it was done to the Senate. In 1718-1722. The Senate was reformed: all presidents of the Boards became his members, his members were members, the position of prosecutor general was introduced. In 1711 established by Peter I in 1711, the Government Senate replaced ...
Boyar Duma, whose activity gradually fades.

Gradually pierced the road and such a form of public administration as a collegium. In total, 11 colleges were established. The order system was cumbersome and vulgar. Camera Board - tax collection and other receipts in the treasury.

During the reign of Peter I, the state administration authority
engaged in tax collection and other receipts in the treasury, called
"Cameras ...- College".

"Stattz-office - College" - state expenses

"Audit-College" - control over finance

In 1721 In St. Petersburg, the main magistrate and urban magistrates were recreated under the rights of the central institution.

Finally, in addition to the Preobrazhensky order, a secret office was established to solve the affairs of political school in St. Petersburg.

Decree on the Prestiplock in 1722 Peter I adopted a decree on the Preconsession: the emperor could appoint himself the heir on the basis of the interests of the state. He could cancel the decision if the heir would not justify hopes.

Legislative Act of Peter I on church management reform and
submission to the church is called the state. "Spiritual Regulations" .. (1721)

The reforms of the state system carried out by Peter I led to ...

strengthening the unlimited power of the king and absolutism.

Taxation, financial system.

In 1700 The owners of Torzokov took the right to collect duties, the Archaic Tarkhans were canceled. In 1704 All the innovations were taken to the treasury (as well as income from them).

By decree of the king from March 1700. Instead of surrogates, copper money, half and half-headed. From 1700g. began to enter into circulation and large gold and silver coins. For 1700-1702gg. The monetary mass in the country increased dramatically, the inevitable depreciation of the coin began.

Protection policy, policies aimed at the accumulation of wealth inside the country, mainly the predominance of export over the importation is an increased customs gathering from foreign merchants.

1718-1727. - The first audit census of the population.

1724g. - Introduction of the pillow.

. Agriculture

The introduction into the practice of the harvest of bread instead of the traditional Sickle - Lithuanian Spit.

Stubborn and persistent introduction of new breeds of cattle (cattle from Netherlands). From 1722 Casual shepherds began to be transmitted to private hands.

The treasury is vigorously organized and horse plants.

The first attempts of state protection of forests were undertaken. In 1722 The post of Val Dmeister was introduced in the areas of large forest arrays.

Transformation in industry

The most important direction of reform was the forced construction of the treasury railway plants. Construction in the Urals was particularly active.

Creating a large shipyard in St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Moscow, Arkhangelsk.

In 1719 For managing industry, the manufactory of the board is created, and for the mining industry - a special Berg-Collegium.

Creation in Moscow Admiralty sailing factory. In the 20s XVIII century The number of textile manufactories has reached 40.

. Transformation of social structure

Tabel about rank 1722g. - Given the opportunity to participate in public service, to increase social status, all introduced 14 ranks. The last 14th grade is a college recorder.

General Regulations, a new system of ranks in civil, courtiers and military services.

Liquidation of holsters as a separate class, boyars as a separate class.

Decree on the unionage of 1714g. Allowed the nobles to transmit real estate only to the eldest in kind, the difference between the local and military land tenure was eliminated.

Regular army

In total, from 1699 to 1725, 53 sets were produced (284,187 people). Military service at that time was lifelong. By 1725 After the end of the Northern War, the field army consisted of only 73 regiments. In addition to the field army, a system of military garrisons, intended for the internal objectives of the protection of peace and order, was created in the country. The Russian army became one of the strongest in Europe.

An impressive Azov fleet was created. Russia had the most powerful fleet on the Baltic. Creating the Caspian Fleet occurred already in the 20s. XVIII century

In 1701 The first large artillery school in Moscow opened, in 1712. - In Petersburg. In 1715 The St. Petersburg Marine Academy of Officer's Frames began to act.

Church transformations

1721 - Synod education led by the president.

Destroyed the patriarchate

Establishment of a special "collegium of church affairs"

Establishment of the position of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Synod.

Culture Europeanization

German Sloboda

Administrative reforms- A complex of transformations of state administration bodies taken by Peter I great during his reign by the Russian kingdom and the Russian Empire. Most of the administrative apparatus was either abolished or reorganized in accordance with the accounting of European traditions, the experience of which the king was drawn during the Great Embassy of 1697-1698.

A complete list of reforms relating to the administrative sphere can be studied in the table below.

Administrative transformations of Peter I

Briefly about the essence and content of administrative reforms

The main essence of almost all administrative transformations of Peter I was to build the absolutist form of the monarch, which involves the concentration of judicial, administrative and financial leverage in the hands of the sovereign and the people entrusted him.

Causes of state apparatus reforms

• Peter I sought to build a rigid vertical power. The creation of an absolutist monarchy was to prevent possible conspiracies, rebounds and stop mass shoots of soldiers and peasants.
• An outdated administrative system has slowed down economic development and has been nervous in solving emerging problems.
• Northern War with Sweden and plans for the modernization of industry required monetary and human resources - for the organization of supply, new administrative institutions were needed.

Goals and objectives
administrative reforms

• Building the vertical of the authorities of the central and local levels, each of the members of which solves specific tasks and brings personal responsibility.
• A clearer distinction of the functions of the state apparatus.
• Administrative and territorial transformations that contribute to improving the supply of the army and the fleet with the necessary equipment, a provisionant, quartering.
• Introduction of the principle of collegial decision-making, the development of uniform administrative executive rules.

Reforms of the Central Administration of Peter I Great

Creating a neighboring office and the abolition of the Boyar City Council

With the arrival of Peter I to power, the Boyarskaya Duma began to lose its powerful powers, turning into another bureaucratic department. The king tried to change the established orders (members of the Boyar Duma were elected from local noble nobles) and put people controlled by him personally controlled by him. FROM 1701 its functions as the highest government body began to perform the so-called "Consil Ministers"- The council of the heads of the most important government departments, among whom were a lot of skimar. After 1704, there are no mention of the meetings of the Borean Duma, although its official abolition and did not take place.

Neighboring officewas created in 1699.to control the financial spending of all orders, as well as administrative decisions - all the most important papers, the main royal advisers and ministers were to sign, for which a special book of registered decrees was instituted.

Creation of the Governing Senata

March 2, 1711Peter I created Government Senate - the body of the highest legislative, judicial and administrative power, which was supposed to manage the country during the absence of the king (the Northern War occupied most of his attention). The Senate was completely controlled by the king, was a collegial body whose members were appointed by Peter I personally. February 22, 1711for additional supervision of officials during the absence of the king, a position was created fiscala.

Creation of colleges

C 1718 to 1726 The creation and further development of the colleges, the purpose of which Peter I saw the replacement of the outdated system of orders, which were overly neglected in solving the problems of the state and, often duplicated their own functions. As the college is created, the orders absorbed orders. In the period from 1718 to 1720, the presidents of the colleges were senators and met in the Senate, but later, the representative office in the Senate was left only for the most important: military, admiralty and foreign affairs.

The creation of the collegium system completed the process of centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus. A clear distribution of departmental functions, uniform standards of activity (according to the General Regulations) - all this significantly distinguished the new apparatus from the order system.

Comparison of orders and colleagues are presented in the schemes below.

System of orders

Edition of the General Regulation

Decree OT May 9, 1718. Peter I instructed the presidents of the chamber, revision, and military teams on the basis of the Swedish charter to start developing General Regulations - Document management systems called "College".

The regulation argued a collegial method of decision-making by the Board, determined the procedure for discussion of cases, organization of office work, relations between colleges with the Senate and local authorities.

March 10, 1720 The general regulation was published and signed by the king. This charter of civil service in Russia consisted of administration, 56 chapters containing the most general principles of the staff of all government agencies, and applications with interpretation of foreign words in it included.

The procedure for consideration of cases in the colleges and duties of officials under the General Regulations of 1720

Creation of Holy Synod

Closer to the end of the Northern War with Sweden, Peter I began preparations for the introduction of a new type of administrative institutions - colleges. According to a similar principle, the Supreme Governing Body of the Church was intended to establish a bishop of Faofan Prokopovich was instructed to develop Spiritual Regulations. February 5, 1721 was published Manifesto on the establishment of the Spiritual College, later called "Holy Government Synod."

All Synod members signed the Regulations and personally swore the king in loyalty, and also obliges the interests of the Fatherland and Peter I. May 11, 1722 - To control the activities of the Synod, the position of the Ober-Prosecutor, which reported by Peter I on the state of affairs was created.

Thus, the sovereign embedded the church into the state mechanism by making it one of the administrative institutions with certain responsibilities and functions. The abolition of the Patriarch position, which has an effect on ordinary people, comparable with the influence of Peter I itself, focused all the power in the hands of the king and became another step towards strengthening the absolutist form of government.

Creating a Secret Office (Transfiguration Order)

Preobrazhensky orderwas established by Peter I in 1686,as a stationery for managing the Preobrazhensky and Semyan-haired shelves. Gradually, as Power I am strengthened, the order received all new functions - in 1702, the king issued a decree, according to which all informed about state crimes (treason, attempted monarch) were sent precisely to the Preobrazhensky order. In this way, basic functionwhich this institution performed is the persecution of participants in the anti-refreshment speeches (about 70% of all cases) and opponents of Peter I. political transformations.

Secret Office - one of the central controls

The secret office was established in February 1718 In Petersburg. It was created for the investigation in the case of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, then other political affairs of extreme importance were transferred to her; Subsequently, both institutions merged into one

Local Control Reforms

Provincial reform

Local reform began long before the creation of the Board - first stage of the provincial reform already in 1708 The year introduced the division of the state in the province - this was done in order for tax fees to contain the fleet, and the recruits entering the service could be quickly deployed to war.

Heads of administrative levels as a result of the provincial reform

Second phase became possible after the difficult years of war passed, so Peter I December 7, 1718 Approved the decision of the Senate on the creation of the provinces and divide them on the distributors managed by the Zemskiy Commissioners. In this way, regional reform divided local government for three links: province, province, District.

The governors were prescribed by Peter I personally and received all the completeness of the authorities over manageable provinces. Governors and the provincial administration were appointed by the Senate and submitted directly to the Boards. Four colleges (cameras, co-office, altitz and fault) have places on places with their own Camericists (tax control), commandants and treasurers. The head of the province was usually the voivode, the Zemstvo Commissioners were in charge of a financial and police department.
The major cities of the provinces possessed a separate city administration - magistrates.

The provincial administrative authorities were built into the general system

Urban reform

In 1720. Peter I creates Magistrate, and next 1721 Releases to it appropriate regulations. The division of cities to discharge was introduced, and residents (Posad people) - in the category.

For all connoisseurs of Russian history, the name Peter 1 will forever remain connected with the period of reforming almost all spheres of life of Russian society. And one of the most important in this turn was a military reform.

The whole period of his reign Peter the Great fought. All his military campaigns were directed against serious opponents - Sweden and Turkey. And in order to lead endless exhaustive, and, moreover, offensive wars need a well-equipped combat-ready army. Actually, the need to create such an army and was the main cause of Peter's military reforms of the first. The process of transformation was not simultaneous, each of his stage was held at one time and was caused by certain events during the fighting.

It is impossible to say that the king began reforming the army from scratch. Rather, he continued and expanded military innovations, conceived by his father Alexei Mikhailovich.

So let's consider Peter's military reforms 1 briefly on points:

Reforming shooting troops

In 1697, the shooting shelves, which were the basis of the army, were disbanded, and subsequently abolished at all. They were simply not ready to keep permanent hostilities. In addition, the Streetsky Bunty undermined the confidence of the king. Instead of Streltsov in 1699, three new regiments were formed, which were also worked out by also the sucked regiments of ingenic building and recruits.

Introduction of recruitment uncensity

In 1699, a new system of the recruitment of the army was introduced in the country - the recruitment service. Initially, recruit sets were carried out only as needed and regulated by special decrees in which the current number of recruits were negotiated. The service was lifelong. The basis of the recruit sets was the consistent class of peasants and citizens. The new system made it possible to create a numerous permanent army in the country, which had a significant advantage over European hired troops.

Changing the Military Training System

Since 1699, the training of soldiers and officers began to hold in a single raising charter. The focus was made on permanent military training. In 1700, the first military school for officers was opened, and in 1715 - the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg.

Changes in the organizational structure of the army

The army was officially divided into three kinds of troops: infantry, artillery and cavalry. The whole structure of the new army and fleet was reduced to uniformity: brigades, shelves, divisions. The army business management was transferred to four orders. Since 1718, the Military Collegium becomes the highest military authority.

In 1722, a chance of ranks was created, which clearly structured the military rank system.

Re-equipment of the army

Peter I began to arm the infantry with flint guns with a bayonet of a single caliber and swords. With it, new samples of artillery guns and ammunition were developed. The newest types of ships were created.

As a result of the military reforms of Peter 1, a rapid growth of the economy began in Russia. After all, in order to provide such army Mahina, we needed new steel and weapons, plants for the production of ammunition. As a result, by 1707, the dependence of the state from the import of weapons from Europe was completely eliminated.

The main results of the reform were to create a numerous and well-trained army, which allowed Russia to start an active military rivalry with Europe and get out of it the winner.

Prerequisites and features of Peter's reforms 1

Peter Reform Backgrounds 1	1. Russian lag in socio-economic, military and cultural attitude from European countries 2. Active Wallave Activity Peter 1, Orientation for Transformation in the Country 3. Awareness of the need for reforms using European experience 4. The preceding development of the country in 17B. Attempts by reforms of the kings of Alexei Mikhailovich and Fyodor Alekseevich 5. Peter's trip to Europe - "Great Embassy" 1697-1698.
Essence of reform	The basis of Peter 1 transformations were the following ideas: 1. Serving Fatherland as the highest value for the monarch 2. total good, "folk benefit" as the purpose of this ministry 3. practicism and rationalism as a basis for activity
Features of reform	1. The scale of reforms and the dissemination of innovations to various areas of life 2. Asensity, the absence of any reform plan 3. Imitation of Western European political traditions and institutions (the political model of the Regular State of J. Locke) 4. Many undertakings were not brought to the end 5. The desire for complete state control of the life of society

Scheme characteristic features of Petrovsky reforms

Economic reforms Peter 1

	Features
Creating a manufacturing industry	XVII century - About 30 manufactories First four XVIII century - More than 200 manufactories Forced support of manufactory working force on the basis of subway and frostal labor in accordance with the Decrees of Peter I: 1703 - about the asscript peasants who were attributed to manufactory to work at the expense of state-owned 1721 - about the sessions of peasants. Manufactory owners were allowed to buy for the work of serfs
Implementation in the economic sphere of state policy	The policy of mercantilism is the economic policy of the state aimed at the accumulation of funds within the country Protection policy is an integral part of the policy of mercantilism aimed at the fencing of the country's economy from foreign competition
Active state intervention in the trade activities of Russian merchants	1. Introduction of a state monopoly for sale of a number of goods (salt, tobacco, bread, flax, resin, wax, iron, etc.); 2. Forced resettlement of merchants to the new capital - St. Petersburg, great terms and obligations in favor of the state

State-administrative reforms Peter 1

Abolition of Boyar Duma
Institution of the Senate with legislative and control and financial functions
Replacing old managerial bodies - orders - on new - colleges	1718-1721.
Local Reform - Administration of the provinces
The abolition of the patriarchate and the introduction of state administration of the Orthodox Church through the new organ - Holy Synod led by the Ober Prosecutor	1700 1720
Creation of punitive state bodies of total control over the functioning of society - Fiscals and prosecutors	1714 1722
Changes in the prestoliya system. Now the monarch itself appointed a successor
Proclamation of Russia Empire

Scheme Authorities and Management

Military reforms Peter 1

	Introduction of the recruitment obligation regarding the suppressed estates as the basic principle of the acquisition of a mass regular army. Existed in Russia from 1705 to 1874
	The beginning of the preparation of domestic officer personnel. For them open: School of Mathematical and Navigata Sciences (1701) Engineering School (1712) Artillery School (1701) Medical School (1707)
	New military statutes are created. A new uniform form, orders and medals are introduced, raising in the rank for military differences.
	The re-equipment of the army is carried out, new types of weapons are created - grenades, guns with a bayonet, mortar
	Military fleet created

Social reforms Peter 1

In the period of the implementation of Petrovsky reforms there were changes in the situation of social groups and in the social structure of the Russian society:

Social group	Reforms, transformation
	Completion of the process of formation of noble estate Introduction of a mandatory service for nobles in which the principle of origin ("breeds") is replaced by the principle of service A new hierarchical division inside the noble class (14 classes) on the basis of the "Range Tabel" (1722) Institution of Majorate, i.e., ban on crushing Position inheritance. Final legal merger Votchin and place
Citizens (residents of Posadov)	Urban reform of Peter I (1699-1720): 1. Bringing to the uniformity of the social structure of the city 2. The introduction of Western European socio-city institutions in Russian cities (Posadakh) 3. Separation of residents of the city a hundredflie sign on the workshop and guild 4. Management of the city through the Town Hall and Magistrates
Peasants	According to the reform, the peasants were divided into 3 main categories (estates): 1. State peasants (a new estate formed) - in this category on the taxi (tax) principle, the Odnodvords of the South, the Black Holy Peasants of the North, the Yasak Peasants of the Volga region and Siberia were combined 2. • Protmier (private owner) Fortress peasants 3. Hollows that existed from the period of ancient Russia were translated into a discharge in the fortress peasants

Peter 1 reforms in the spiritual sphere

Transfiguration of the state and society as a result of Petrovsky reforms

	What happened	Positive effect	Negative effect
There are political system for centuries with its archaic institutions of power (Boyarskaya Duma, orders, district management). Prolonate political traditions (manage and live "in antiquity").	The reforms of the state apparatus: 1711-creation of the Senate (the highest law-based body); 1718-1720 - the introduction of colleges (central organs); 1708 - 1715 - Introduction of the provincial administrative and territorial division and field management system. 1720 - "General Regulation". 1722 - Creating a higher controlling authority (prosecutor's office).	1. Moscow aristocracy and bureaucracy lost power and influence. 2. The primate of the tradition comes to replace the primate of expediency. 3. Liquidated bloated and internally contradictory system of orders. 4. Eliminated ridiculous division of the country for 215 counties.	1. The new Petersburg bureaucracy will grow up on the yeast. 2. Presentations of Peter about the appropriate sometimes did not have anything in common with reality. 3. The principle of collegiality (joint decision-making) in fact was often wrapped by collective irresponsibility. 4. 8 provinces - other extremes: For the vast territory of Russia, such a number of provinces was clearly not enough.
The local principle of replacing positions for the knowledge of origin.	From 1722, the principle of service of the ranks and ranks on the "table of ranks".	In Petrovsky, many energetic and talented people of low origin are succeeded and made a dizzyer.	Soon after Peter's death, numerous loopholes will be invented in order to bypass the need for driving.
The church was the largest feudal, often joined the dispute with secular power and adjusted the political line in favor of his interests. Many princes of the church were surrounded by obscures, opponents of science and any forms of secular culture.	In 1701, the control of the monastery order for the economic activity of the Church was restored. In 1721 Peter and F. Prokopovich publish a "spiritual regulation" containing the main provisions of the future church reform. The patriarchy is abolished, from 1722 the church is managed by a synod, headed by a secular official (Ober-prosecutor).	Reactionary clergy lost all power and influence. The church comes out of a political game.	The church acquires the features of the state institution, which radically contradicts the canonical concept of the church. Paralyzed church self-government. The priests turned into officials with the duties of agitators (propaganda of the interests of the state on sermons) and informants (the message of information received for confession). Peter's struggle with monasteries led to the cliff of the ancient Russian tradition of the monastery hostel.
The noble militia was extremely disorganized. Nobles were not on the teachings and sights, deserted from the wars.	Recruited service is introduced: recruits, selected from the peasants, served life.	In Russia, a regular army and fleet appear, which ensured a brilliant victory in the Northern War.	The bloated states of the army and fleet demanded huge funds on their maintenance in peacetime. In addition, heated the fate of recruits, forever torn off from his native focus and traditional mistake.
Permanent shortage of money in the treasury.	Peter is inventing various taxes and other ways to extract profits, effectively replete treasury.	Forced industrialization of the country, successes on a military field.	Unbearable tax burden led to the impoverishment of a significant part of the country's population.
Few existing manufactories in the country in the overwhelming majority treated the sphere of light industry.	Creation in a short term of the heavy industry (enterprises of the Urals).	Russia occupies a leading position in the world of cast iron.	The created industry was ensured by serfdom, which made it on low productivity growth, technological stagnation and a quick loss of leading positions.
The domination of church culture.	Commission of Russia to secular Western culture, science, everyday life.	New values \u200b\u200bturned out to be easily perceived, and soon and enriched with independent achievements.	There was a cultural conflict between the nobility and the peasantry, which continued to live in the Doperer cultural paradigm.

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Sourse of information:History in Tables and Schemes. / Edition 2E, -SPB: 2013.

Social (estate) reforms Peter I - briefly

As a result of Social reforms of Peter I, the position of the three main Russian classes - nobles, peasants and city inhabitants changed.

Serve nobles After Peter I reforms began to perform military service not with the local militia themselves, but in regular shelves. The service nobles now (in theory) began with the same lower ranks as the commoner. Suites from the non-invalid classes on a par with nobles could surchase to the highest ranks. The procedure for the passage of official degrees was determined from the times of Peter I reforms no longer beging and not the customs like local estates, but published in 1722 " Tabel about ranks" She installed 14 ranks of the Army and civil service.

For preparing for the service, Peter I also ordered the nobles to undergo initial learning of diploma, cyphyry and geometry. The nobleman, who could not withstand the established exam, was deprived of the right to marry and receive an officer rank.

It should be noted that the landfill of the estate and after Peter's reforms I still had pretty important official advantage over people dinner. The noblemen who arrived at military service, as a rule, were counted not to ordinary army regiments, but to the privileged Guards - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, leaning in St. Petersburg.

The main change in social situation peasants was associated with the submitted reform of Peter I. It was held in 1718 and replaced the former outlook (from each peasant yard) method of taxation pillow (from the soul). According to the results of the census, 1718 introduced subtle.

This purely financial, at first glance, the reform had, however, and important social content. The new pillow was ordered equally charged not only from the peasants, but also with previously not paid government taxes of private owner kestops. This prescription of Peter I near the social position of the peasantry with a powerless Kholaopsky. It predetermined the evolution of view on the fortress towards the end of the 18th century not as sovereign people (which they were considered before), but as on full of gentlemen slaves.

Cities : Peter I reforms were aimed at arranging urban management for European samples. In 1699 Peter I provided Russian cities the right of self-government represented by elected burmistrovwho had to make up town Hall.. Citizens are now divided into "regular" and "irregular", as well as on guilds and goals by occupation. By the end of the board of Peter I, the Town Hall were converted to magistrateswho had more rights than the town hall, but were elected to a less democratic way - only from the "primostal" citizens. At the head of all magistrates stood (from 1720) the metropolitan major magistrate considered special college.

Peter I. Portrait of a brush P. Demosha, 1838

Military reform of Peter I - briefly

Administrative and state reforms of Peter I - briefly

Financial reforms of Peter I - briefly

Petra's economic reforms - briefly

Like most European figures of the second half of the XVII - early XVIII century Peter I followed in the economic policy the principles of mercantilism. Applying them to life, he hardly tried to develop the industry, built plants for public funds, by broad benefits encouraged such construction by private entrepreneurs, attributed to factors and manuffs of serf peasants. By the end of the reign of Peter I, there were already 233 factory in Russia.

In foreign trade, the Mercantilism policy of Peter I led to strict protectionism (high duties were introduced for imaging to prevent them from competing with Russian products). The state regulation of the economy was widely applied. Peter I contributed to the laying of channels, roads and other ways to communicate, intelligence minerals. A powerful impetus to the Russian economy gave the development of the Mineral Wealth of the Urals.

Church reform of Peter I - briefly

As a result of the church reform of Peter I, the Russian Church, previously quite independent, became a complete dependence on the state. After the death of Patriarch Adrian (1700), the king prescribed do not choose The new patriarch, and the Russian clergy then did not have it to the Cathedral of 1917. Instead the king was appointed "Location of the Patriarch Throne" - Ukrainian Stefan Yavorsky.

Such a "undefined" state of affairs was maintained, until in 1721, the final reform of the church governance was carried out, developed with the actual participation of Feofan Prokopovich. According to this church reform of Peter I, the Patriarchate was finally abolished and replaced by the "spiritual board" - Holy Synod. Her members did not choose the clergy, but appointed the king - the church now and legally became a complete dependence on secular power.

In 1701, the land owners of the Church were transferred to the Office of the Second Monastic Order. After the Synodal reform of 1721, they were formally returned to the Clear, but since the latter now fully obeyed the state, this return did not have much importance. Under strict state control Peter I put monasteries.